1

BREASTFEEDING PRACTICES OF TEENAGE MOTHERS IN SELECTED

BARANGAYS OF PARAAQUE CITY: INPUTS TO APPROPRIATE
COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING PROGRAM

A Thesis
Presented to the
Faculty of the Health Related Science
Olivarez College of Paranaque

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the
Course Bachelor of Science in Nursing

BY:
Araja, Cheyen Joyce
Araneta, Jasmine Marian
Hope, Delie Joyce
Upao, Satra

Chapter I
THE PROBLEM AND REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Introduction
One in ten young Filipino women age 15-19 has begun childbearing
and 8 percent are already mothers. Survey also reveals that one in five
(19%) young adult Filipino women had already initiated sexual activities
before the age of 18 and is more common among young adult women with
less education and those in poorer household which causes lower
breastfeeding initiation. A wide variety of reasons applies why mothers
decide not to initiate breastfeeding or discontinue breastfeeding early
(Thurman & Allen 2008). However, it is advisable for newborn to breastfeed
rather than bottle feed since it contains all essential nutrients and other
factors important for growth and development which cannot be replicated by
any formula milk. Thus, infant feeding is a key tool in improving child survival
(Veneman, 2008).
In the Philippines, research reveals majority of mothers dont practice
exclusive breastfeeding particularly in urban areas during the first month of
life, only half of all infants in the Philippines are exclusively breastfed. Of
those who remain, 8.4% are not breastfed, 18% receive breast milk and
water, 22% receive breast milk and other milk, and 2% receive breast milk
and solid or semi-solid foods. Likewise, Exclusive breastfeeding is the most
efficient type of infant feeding for the first six months of life. (Duncan et al.
2009). Under the circumstances, developing breastfeeding education and
promotion programs is a relevant baseline in understanding of what teenage
mothers know prior to receiving formal breastfeeding education. Thus, the
purpose of this chapter is to investigate breastfeeding teenage mothers

knowledge and negative attitude towards breastfeeding that may influence

practices and constitute barriers to optimizing the benefits of the babyfriendly initiative.
Review of Related Literature and Studies
Effective breastfeeding has an extraordinary range of benefits for it
has profound impact on a childs survival, health, nutrition and development
but also creates a special bond between the mother and child during
breastfeeding and has positive repercussions for life, in terms of stimulation,
behavior, speech, sense of wellbeing and security and how the child relates
to other people. Hence, Studies have shown that breastfed infants do better
on intelligence and behavior tests into adulthood than formula-fed babies
(Unicef.org) This, together with its other important effects, on the prevention
of infections, on the health and well-being of the mother, on child-spacing, on
family welfare, on family and national economics, and on food production,
makes it a key aspect of self-reliance, primary health care and current
development approaches. (ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, 2006)
Moreover, the Innocenti Declaration is a UNICEFs strategy for infant
and young child feeding which is based upon for the protection, promotion
and support of breastfeeding. Consequently, it was adopted in 1990 and was
subsequently, endorsed by the World Health Assembly and UNICEF's
Executive Board. Member States of the UN reaffirmed the relevance and the
urgency of the four Innocenti targets in the Global Strategy for Infant and
Young Child Feeding adopted by the World Health Assembly in May 2002.
Therefore, it is a responsibility of society to promote breastfeeding and to
protect pregnant and lactating mothers from any influences that could disrupt
it. Hence, under the republic act of No. 10028 or known as "Expanded

Breastfeeding Promotion Act of 2009" is a law that provides incentives to all

government and private health institutions with rooming-in and breastfeeding
practices and for other purposes.
Likewise, the Milk Code or Executive Order 51 is correspondingly the
law of the Republic Act of the Philippines that protects and promotes
breastfeeding in the Philippines aim to contribute to the provision of safe and
adequate nutrition for infants by the protection and promotion of
breastfeeding and by ensuring the proper use of breastmilk substitutes and
breastmilk supplements when there are necessary, on the basis of adequate
information and through appropriate marketing and distribution.
Ingram J, (2006) conducted a study on teaching the effectiveness of breast
feeding technique to determine whether a specific 'hands-off' breastfeeding
technique, based on the physiology of suckling and clinical experience, if
taught to mothers in the immediate postnatal period, improves their chances
of breastfeeding successfully and reduces the incidence of problems. To
investigate the factors associated with breastfeeding at two and six weeks
prospective cohort phased intervention postpartum using logistic regression
analysis
Proper breastfeeding practices are effective ways for reducing
childhood morbidity and mortality. While many mothers understand the
importance of breastfeeding, others are less knowledgeable on the benefits
of breastfeeding and weaning. (Gov.ph)
Current statistical reports about breastfeeding shows that the 7th National
Nutrition Survey (DOST-FNRI) revealed that among infants 0-5 months old,
only 36 out of every 100 were exclusively breastfed; only 37 of every 100
were breastfed at the same time given a complementary food and as many
as 27 out of every 100 infants were given other milk and other foods.

The World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Childrens
Fund (UNICEF) designed a Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI), which is
a program developed to guide hospitals in helping mothers to learn how to
breastfeed.
Likewise, Breastfeeding is the first preventive health measure that can
be given to the child at birth. It also enhances mother-infant relationship.
Furthermore, the practice of breastfeeding could save the country valuable
foreign exchange that may otherwise be used for milk importation.
K Madhu, (2003) conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study on Breast
feeding practices and newborn care in rural areas. The primary objective of
this study was to describe the breastfeeding and newborn care practices in
rural areas and the secondary objective was to describe the factors affecting
the initiation and duration of breastfeeding.
Adequate nutrition during infancy and early childhood is essential to
ensure the growth, health, and development of children to their full potential.
It has been recognized worldwide that breastfeeding is beneficial for both the
mother and child, as breast milk is considered the best source of nutrition for
an infant.
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that infants be
exclusively breastfed for the first six months, followed by breastfeeding along
with complementary foods for up to two years of age or beyond. Exclusive
breastfeeding can be defined as a practice whereby the infants receive only
breast milk and not even water, other liquids, tea, herbal preparations, or
food during the first six months of life, with the exception of vitamins, mineral
supplements, or medicines. The major advantage of exclusive breastfeeding

from 4 to 6 months includes reduced morbidity due to gastrointestinal

infection.
However, many researchers are questioning if there is sufficient
evidence to confidently recommend exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months for
infants in developed countries due to the fact that breast milk may not meet
the full energy requirements of the average infant at 6 months of age.
Nevertheless, there is scanty data that give estimation about the
proportion of exclusively breastfed infants at risk of specific nutritional
deficiencies.
Several studies have shown that mothers find it difficult to meet
personal goals and to adhere to the expert recommendations for continued
and exclusive breastfeeding despite increased rate of initiation.
Some of the major factors that affect exclusivity and duration of
breastfeeding include breast problems such as sore nipples or mothers
perceptions that she is producing inadequate milk; societal barriers such as
employment and length of maternity leave; inadequate breastfeeding
knowledge; lack of familial and societal support; lack of guidance and
encouragement from health care professionals. These factors in turn
promote the early use of breast milk substitute.
When breast milk or infant formula no longer supplies infants with
required energy and nutrients to sustain normal growth and optimal health
and development, complementary feeding should be introduced According to
the WHO recommendations, the appropriate age at which solids should be
introduced is around 6 months owing to the immaturity of the gastrointestinal

tract and the renal system as well as on the neurophysiological status of the
infant.
Factors that influence the weaning process include infant feeding
problems such as refusal to eat, colic, and vomiting among others. These
factors represent challenges for mothers and in turn may either directly or
indirectly influence the feeding pattern. Hence, understanding the factors
affecting infant nutrition in Mauritius can help in developing strategies to
promote breastfeeding and overcoming problems faced by mothers and
children.
Predictors of breastfeeding and weaning practices vary between and
within countries. Urban or rural difference, age, breast problems, societal
barriers, insufficient support from family, knowledge about good
breastfeeding practices, mode of delivery, health system practices, and
community beliefs have all been found to influence breastfeeding in different
areas of developing countries. Information on the prevalence and factors
influencing infant feeding practices is limited in Mauritius and dates back to
1996. This present study aims to determine infant feeding pattern and its
predictors among Mauritian mothers with the following objectives: (1) to
elucidate breastfeeding practices, in terms of initiation, exclusivity, and
termination, and the factors influencing them; (2) to determine the time when
weaning starts, the challenges met by mothers, and the type of weaning
adopted.
Many of the identified health benefits of breastfeeding may be related
to not only the composition of human milk, but also to the close contact
between the mother and her infant during feeding (Moore, Anderson,
Bergman & Doswell, 2012). Breastfed infants also have more control over

how much food they eat and when they eat (Hung & Berg, 2011; Widstrm et
al., 2011), which may be part of the association between reduced rates of
obesity among breastfed infants (AAP, 2012).
Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk for Preterm and Vulnerable
Newborns because the feeding of human milk to preterm and vulnerable
newborns provides health and nutritional benefits, it should be promoted,
supported, and protected as the ideal and normative method for feeding
preterm and vulnerable newborns. Nurses, other health care providers, and
facilities should implement strategies to assist the mothers of vulnerable and
preterm infants to provide human milk whenever possible.

Review of Related Studies

According to Paige Smith, Sheryl Coley, Miriam Labbok, Susan Cupito, and
Eva Nwokah (2012) studies that many teen mothers do not have the skills to
incorporate breastfeeding or milk expression into their lifestyle as students
and/or employees.
Knowledge and understanding are very important in practicing
breastfeeding. However, the help of experienced mothers, nurses and health
workers can provide ideas on how the teenage mother to incorporate
breastfeeding in her lifestyle. It also requires commitment and patience to
fulfill the duties of mothers.
Moreover, Duncan (2011), teenage parents experienced a change in attitude.
Nowadays, teenager prefers to spend time in playing computer games,
hanging out with friends, doing social activities rather than spending time in
meaningful activities. Becoming a young mother is very challenging because
you have to adapt the attitude of motherhood which you have to think also
the welfare of your present family including providing sufficient care for your
baby.
Furthermore, Teens are not only afraid that breastfeeding will change the
shape and size of their breasts forever, they also fear--even more intensely
than the average nursing mother--being ridiculed if they are seen
breastfeeding in public, Leavan (1990)
Adolescents focus intensely on their own, changing bodies, behavior and
their physical appearance that their peers is a constant concern. Pressure to
them is very high because of the new responsibilities they have as young
parents. Adjusting in life may affect her decision most especially in practicing
breastfeeding.

10

According to Jarabata, Motherhood is such an important for which one has to

prepare herself in all areas.
Teen parents may feel she does not have enough knowledge to be a
mother, may not attend her duties as a mother, have fewer career
opportunities, lack of financial support, not getting respect from family and
friends, increases the risk of medical complication and may suffer from huge
emotional crisis that will affect the well-being of the infant if the teenage
mothers did not fulfill their duties and responsibilities to take care of their
family especially to her baby. But as a mother, youre going to learn in every
second of attending you duties as mother. As long as you think you can, and
through the support of partner they can be a good mother.
As stated in Moreover, Nakano, Per, Camarottieira, Medeiros, Santos
Monteiro (2011) that they indicated an underestimated ability of the teenage
mothers to care for the child.
Regardless of age, becoming a mother requires new adaptations.
Adaptation to the maternal condition involves developing the capacity to
provide care to the fragile dependent child. Among the capabilities to care for
the child, is feeding, which includes breastfeeding from birth up to early years
of childs life that the mothers should do to her baby.
Furthermore, Raising Children Network (2012), teenage parents can find
they have all the energy in the world to keep up with toddlers.
Teenage mothers can also be better than older parents in dealing with
the new lifestyle of being a parent; theyre much better at dealing with little or
no sleep, because of the lifestyle they had during their pre-pregnancy, they
used to sleep late at night or not meeting the 7 to 8 hours of sleep, usually
they have less than 7 hours or more than 9 hours.

11

According to Edwards Rosann (2014) studies, unique bond and attachment

was the primary motivator to initiate breastfeeding by young mothers.
Attachment to infants through breastfeeding is very important
especially for the infants because they will feel the love, and protection of the
mother, that will help to their development. The time that the mothers will
spend in doing breastfeeding was the best decision that she will going to
make. Mothers body can help to regulate her infants temperature.
Likewise, Gwen Dewar (2008) stated that breastfeeding can associate the
attachment parenting.
Attachment parenting is likely to deal with few principles, like providing
consistent love and care to your child that starts from doing breastfeeding
because it will increase the attachment both infant and mother. Caring and
loving parents will give infants the confidence to explore the first step in their
lives, for example in walking, crawling, and climbing.
Furthermore, baby-mother bonds affect future adult relationships (Maureen
Salamon) 2011.
The strength of mother and babys relationship will be a better
preparation for the baby as she grows, all the knowledge and memories that
the baby have will retain to her memory and that will guide her in every
aspect of her life as she become independent and did better at resolving
conflict and enjoying stable, satisfying ties with their early adulthood.
According to Parashar, Singh, Kishore, Bilkish, Patavegar (2015),
breastfeeding is a crucial unrivalled way of providing ideal food for the
healthy growth and development of infants.
Studies stated that exclusive breastfeeding in the first 6months and
breastfeeding along with nutritional adequate complementary food up to 2

12

years of age provides various health benefits to both mother and child
including protecting children against acute and chronic disorders. However,
proper breastfeeding technique, position and attachment of the infant to the
breast are highly implemented to provide nutrition and could help the infant in
their growth and development.
Additionally, Hanna Rosin (2009) stated that breast is best.
Breast milk contains the perfect mix of vitamins and nutrients a baby
needs, all in one handy ready potion. That would be easy for the mother to
breastfeed her baby. Breast milk also contains immunity boosting powers
for both baby and mother and it has long term benefits in boosting brain
power.
Furthermore, Breastfeeding is probably the most overlooked means of
contributing to the health of our planet (ecochildsplay ) 2007.
Life can be easier for young mothers when they breastfeed. It is very
contributing to our environment because it is very convenient to give, you
dont have to run or leave your baby aside just to prepare for formula.
Breastfeeding saves you money. It also helps you save for other necessities.
According to DiGirolam and Grummer-Strawn (2008) studies stated the
importance of promoting certain maternity-care practices to move closer to
the goals for breastfeeding duration.
Initiating the maternity-care practices focuses in prolonging the
duration of breastfeeding, giving only breast milk and not giving pacifiers
even after controlling behavioral variables. Mothers should better focus on
and have positive experience with breastfeeding to properly attend the needs
of the baby. However, this will benefit to the wellness of the baby.

13

Moreover, Olaiya, Dee, Sharma, Smith (2016) Hospital plays an important

role in providing care that helps mothers establish and continue
breastfeeding.
At the young age of being a mother and having great responsibility,
the help of the health professionals are really needed especially when their
parents are not supporting them. Health professionals can give further
instruction or can educate the young mothers on what they are going to do to
provide good nutrition. They can also encourage mothers to practice
breastfeeding as part of the laws of the land and as they learn the
importance of it, they will surely do sacrifices for their infants to receive
breast milk.
Furthermore, families can encourage mothers to breastfeed (Boggs) 2016
Families and husband of the young mother are very important in this
new stage of their life because of the adjustments that she will make for
herself and for taking care of her baby. Showing genuine support to the
young mothers is very essential. Families will express their love and care to
young mothers through their support and encouragement. If the families
encourage the young mother to breastfeed, most likely she will listen.
According to Moreland and Coombs (2000), Formula increases health risks
to children when it unnecessarily replaces breast milk.
Milk formula is not that advisable for the infants unless the mother
breast cannot provide milk. For the reason, that the nutrients from breast milk
is different from the formula both of them can provide good nutrients to
infants but the breast milk is naturally processed in the mothers breast
compare to milk formula it undergo to laboratories. However, Milk formula will
be harder for the baby to digest the milk and it takes time for the infant
stomach to adjust in digesting.

14

Moreover, Tsogbayar (2016) breast milk is the best option for feeding
newborns,
Government Health Offices, encourage all the mothers to mothers to
participate in breastfeeding program because the breast milk they have
contains essential nutrients to satisfy the babies need. It is also naturally and
directly came from mother breast and does not undergo in the factory.
Furthermore, Exclusive breastfeeding reduces risk of mortality (Natchu)
2012,
Breastfeeding provides infants nourishments at a lower risk of
contamination than those formulas mixing with water. Breast milk is known to
improve the maturation of infants Gastro Intestinal system. Protective
effects of breastfeeding may augment in immune system and growth.
According to Boseley (2015) study, breastfeeding can increase a childs IQ.
The long term effects of breastfeeding proved that child is more
intelligent and they are improving in their educational attainment and they are
excelling in their school. However breastfeeding is one of the factors that can
contribute to childs outcomes
Likewise, Donnelly (2015) breastfeeding helps to build childs immune
system.
Having a strong immune system is an advantage for the infants
especially by the time they are facing new world. Breast milk has hormones,
enzymes and nutrients that help fight the infectious organisms to invade in
the body systems and cause disease.

15

Moreover, breastfed kinds are wealthier (Lafrance) 2015

The efforts of the mother to breastfeed her infant is very beneficial
because it prepares the infants growth and development to become firm and
the antigens that infants needed will be seen in breast milk. Breastfeeding
will give you wealth in many matters like in social, physical and emotional.
When breastfeed infant is grown up, they become diligent and enthusiastic.
According to Sipsma et al.,( 2013) study found that the majority of adolescent
mothers want to breastfeed their infants, but a substantial proportion make
their decision to breastfeed late in pregnancy or when in hospital for the birth
It is important for adolescent mothers to receive supportive care from her
parents, husband, friends and health care providers because it will increase
her motivation to do breastfeeding and she will feel the importance of breast
milk for her baby.
Moreover Sarah Scott and her colleagues (2016) the impact of breastfeeding
peer support for young mothers under the age of 15-19.
Study stated that genuine support and encouragements from peers will show
their support and that her decision for herself would be acceptable when she
magnifies her duties and responsibilities as a mother.
Furthermore, longer durations of breastfeeding were associated

with better cognitive development (C.Jones) 2006

Longer durations of breastfeeding have found greater
protective effects to the infants and improved cognitive
performance. In which is the ability to utilized knowledge acquired
by mental processes. It is also linked to the total nutrients and
energy throughout the lifespan. Proper nutrients from the breast
milk will help to become healthy and perform the daily activities.

16

According to Watts, Liamputtong and Mcmichael (2015) Early motherhood

was often marred by a sense of loss
Being a mother in adolescent age would be so hard. It will affect most
of all your preparations for your future life. Teenage mother was not able to
complete their school education and obtain job. Some parents of the teenage
mother did not accept their daughters decision that will affect to the loss of
support from parents. However, it is a choice to be a mother at that age. In
every decision that we make there is a consequences. So the teenage
mother can learn to adjust herself in parenting and how to be a responsible
mother and wife.
Moreover, Cristina Herdman (1997) High Adolescent fertility rate are linked to
low education attainment and poverty.
Education is positively associated with contraceptive use by
increasing awareness, acceptability and utilization. Teenagers with some
secondary education are more likely to have a child. Due to lack of
knowledge the adolescent mothers are more likely to experience poverty
because they could not find a job to support for their everyday needs.
Furthermore, Adolescent pregnancy is one of the variables associated with
greater infant fertility.
These young women may not recognize the symptoms of pregnancy
that will more likely to increase the maternal complications like preeclampsia, abortion, and premature rupture of the ovarian membranes will
contribute to fetal complications. These complications correlated with low
number of prenatal visits, late prenatal care, and other factors such as level
of schooling, smoking

17

Synthesis

Statement of the problem

This study will be conducted to determine the feasible thing to improve
the breastfeeding practices of teenage mother in selected Barangays in
Paranaque City
1. How aware are the respondents on the standards of breastfeeding?
2. How do respondents understand the standards for breastfeeding?
3. How do respondents practice breastfeeding?
4. What are the factors that contribute to respondents practices to
breastfeeding?
5. What are the challenges encountered by the respondents on
practicing breastfeeding?

18

6. Based on the data given, what appropriate community health

nursing program can be developing to address the standards of
breastfeeding?
Significance of the study
This study is all about Breastfeeding practices of teenage mothers in
selected Barangays of Paranaque City. This was undertaken that the result
will prove beneficial to the following:
Infants: This study will be able to help them receive proper nutrients and
factors that can contribute to their growth and development.
Parents: This study will direct them on how to carry out proper breastfeeding
technique likewise will help them enhance their knowledge about benefits of
breastfeeding to mother to baby.
Teenage mother: This study will motivate them as to breastfeeding can
promote healthy benefits to both of them not only that but will also create
emotional bonding.
Community health nurse: This study can use the findings in formulating more
practical and effective ways in motivation and encouraging the mother to
breastfeed.
Health care provider: This study impacts a mothers decision to breastfeed.
This is very important period for mothers, and your role is extremely
important in helping mothers realize the benefits of breastfeeding, both for
their babies and mother.

19

Working mothers: This study can be significantly associated with feeding

practices or mothers, employees may be convince to make allowance for
lactation mothers employees by providing break time and facilities
transporting infants and mothers for feeding purposes.
Nursing student: This study will contribute to be an effective promoter of
breastfeeding campaign.
Researcher: This study will provide adequate recommendation for
strengthening breastfeeding implementation promotion and engendering on
the part of the health care providers a sense of worship of those
recommendation and commitment to implementing them.
Future researcher: This study will give them insights to conduct future
research related on their studies.
Theoretical and Conceptual Framework
For our Research Paradigm, we used the Self-Efficacy Theory.
The Self-Efficacy Theory (SET) is a conceptual development of
breastfeeding confidence and to guide effective supportive interventions, Dr.
Dennis incorporated Banduras (1977) Social Cognitive Theory and
developed the breastfeeding self-efficacy concept and theoretical model
[published: Journal of Human Lactation].This is done by focusing on the
mothers confidence in her ability to breastfeed her infant and it predicts:(1)
whether a mother chooses to breastfeed or not; (2) how much effort she will
expend; (3) whether she will have self-enhancing or self-defeating thought
patterns; and (4) how she will emotionally respond to breastfeeding
difficulties. Self-Efficacy is influenced by four main sources of information: (1)

20

performance accomplishments (e.g., past breastfeeding experiences); (2)

vicarious experiences (e.g., watching other women breastfeed); (3) verbal
persuasion (e.g., encouragement from influential others such as friends,
family, and lactation consultants); and (4) physiological responses
(e.g., fatigue, stress, anxiety).The SET it is hypothesized in terms of four
construct representing that health professionals may enhance a mothers
breastfeeding confidence by altering these sources of self-efficacy
information. These concepts were proposed as to measure breastfeeding
self-efficacy an instrument specific to tasks associated with breastfeeding
should be used. An added concept, cues the action would be inadequate for
tapping an individuals efficacy in managing tasks associated with a specific
behavior. A recent addition to SET is also a critical determinant of the selfregulatory practices in which individuals engage as they go about the
important task of self-correcting their actions and cognitions.
Conceptual Framework

Factors of
Breastfeeding

Awareness of teenage
Mother about
Breastfeeding

Challenges
Encountered by
the
Breastfeeding

Understanding of teenage
Mother about
Breastfeeding
Practice

Practice of Breastfeeding
The awareness of the respondents in breastfeeding provides
significant health benefits to mothers and infants, improving awareness
surrounding breastfeeding practice, awareness can be increased through
community outreach, improved sex education, informing mothers of its
benefits and promoting breastfeeding imagery in the public forum.
The factors that influenced the respondents about breastfeeding
decisions in adolescent mothers included social and cultural norms, personal
beliefs, promoting maternal competence and support from partners and
professionals also led to positive attitudes toward breastfeeding initiation and
continuation.
The practices of the respondents to be followed in breastfeeding a
baby. Human milk is the preferred feeding for all infants, including premature
and sick newborns, with rare exceptions. When direct breastfeeding is not
possible, expressed human milk, fortified when necessary for the premature
infant, should be provided.
Hypothesis
Beliefs, Attitudes and Practice of teenage mothers in San Dionisio
Paranaque City affect their choice and decision to breastfeeding practice.

Scope and delimitation or limitation

This study conducted is to determine the status in breastfeeding

practices of teenage mother in selected Barangay of Paranaque City. The
total of (135%).
The study is limited only to the respondent ages 15 to 19. It will focus
on the profile of the teenage mother to find out if they aware about
breastfeeding practices and the duration and relation between breast feeding
practices and variables.
Definition of terms

Attitudes. The manner or behavior of the mother towards breastfeeding and

actual feeding pattern
Awareness. Level of consciousness of a mother for having an adequate
knowledge.
Beliefs. Opinion of the mothers about breastfeeding.
Breastfeeding. The act of mothers in nourishing their babies using their own
breast milk.
Breast milk. Secreted by the mammary gland that provides numerous health
benefits to both mother and child.
Health worker. Provide good health to individual and promote healthy status.
Infant. A newborn baby that necessarily need proper nutrition. Age range
from 0- 12months old.
Teenage Mothers. Those who are responsible for their children in providing
adequate nutrition.

Practices. Habitual or customary performance of a mother toward

breastfeeding.

CHAPTER II
Methodology
This chapter will discuss the research methods available for the study
and what is applicable for it to use in response for the statement of the
problem in chapter 1 which is directed towards breastfeeding practices of
teenage mothers to assess and evaluate the underlying factors represented.
Likewise, this chapter will be able to present the various procedures
and strategies in identifying sources for the needed information on the
analysis and evaluation of breastfeeding practices of teenage mothers.
Thus, this part of the study will specify the methods of research that
will be used such as research designs, respondents of the study, data
collections, instruments used, validation and administration of the instrument,
data representatives and reliability, description of the study and analysis of
data.
Research Design
The descriptive method research will be used in the study to come up
with the underlying factors presented in breastfeeding practices of teenage
mothers.
Moreover, interviews and surveys will be conducted to gather
additional data and information about the current existing condition significant
to the study.

Respondents of the study

This study will involve 135 selected mothers in selected Barangays in
Paranaque. The respondents will be selected using the simple random
testing.
Research Instrument
The questionnaire will be used as the major data gathering instrument
used in the study and consists of three parts; the demographic profile of the
respondents, their attitudes, beliefs and underlying factors that hinders them
from breastfeeding and classifying appropriate and effective breastfeeding
programs.
Validation of the instrument
The questionnaire will be subjected for validation through distributing a
mock sample. After finding and evaluating the results, the researchers will
then be able to prepare the clear draft for the approval.
Research locale
San Dionisio is one of the earlier barrio in Paranaque. Following the
Spanish customs of naming people and places after patron saints, this barrio
was named after St. Dionyssius. Saint Dionyssius was a bishop who defied
death in order to propagate Christian Faith. In the previous years, the barrio
had a large area consisted of rice fields, salt beds and irrigable lands until
they have been converted into several subdivisions.

Barangay San Dionisio is located at the southernmost part of

Paranaque bounded by La Huerta in the north, Tambo and Balong in the
east, Las Pinas in the south and manila bay in the west. The old name of
San Dionisio was simply Palanyag or Paranaque. The place becomes known
as San Dionisio, when the image of its patron saint, Tata dude or San
Dionisio was brought it from manila in early 1800s.

The statistics of breastfeeding practices of teenage mother from year 2015

up to present aged 15-19 years old at San Dionisio health center Paranaque
city has a total number of 353 clients. This information will be provided by the
workers Barangay San Dionisio Health Center with an approval of Dra. Olga
Virtusio.
Instrumentation
The tool that will be use by the researchers in gathering information for
the study is through survey questionnaires. This enables us to gather
sufficient data to support our study. It will also involve the additional
breastfeeding practices to the teenage mother and to improve their skills and
understanding as an effective nursing interventions. The study is provide by
the respondent such as age, and support people at different specified ages
15-19 years old also include in the questioner.
Data gathering procedures
The researchers will start this study by submission of the proposed thesis
title to the thesis adviser. Upon approval of the thesis adviser, the
researchers then will start working with the chapter 1 and 2 for the validation,
clarifications and suggestions. After the approval form of their thesis adviser,

the researchers will be able to propose their chapters 1 and 2 to the

respective panelists for the pre-defense of the study.
Sampling Technique
The study focuses on breastfeeding practice of teenage mothers from
15-19 years of age and coping mechanism that they use. The researcher will
be able to select participants based on personal judgment about who will
competently represent breastfeeding practice of teenage mothers between
15 to 19 years old.
For the selection of respondent of this study, purposive sampling will
be employed.
The age as well as the ways of coping mechanism of early
breastfeeding practice of teenage mothers is the elements from which the
sample is categorize in our survey datas that will be taken.
After purposive sampling has been completed, the procedures will be
briefly described so that we can understand what is involved.
Statistical Treatment

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