International Journal of Computer Application

Available online on http://www.rspublication.com/ijca/ijca_index.htm

Issue 3, Volume 3 (May-June 2013)

ISSN: 2250-1797

g**-closed sets in topological spaces

Pauline Mary Helen M
Associate Professor in Mathematics, Nirmala College, Coimbatore, India
Mythili. S
PG Student, Nirmala College, Coimbatore, India
___________________________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT
In this paper we introduce a new class of sets namely g**-closed sets which is settled
properly in between the class of -closed and the class of g**-closed sets. The notion of the
g**-continuous maps and g**- irresolute maps are introduced and certain results regarding
the above said maps are found. T * * space and *T * space are introduced and studied.
Keywords: g**-closed set, g**-continuous map, g**-irresolute maps, T * * spaces ;

T spaces
___________________________________________________________________________
*

1.INTRODUCTION
Levine [8] introduced the class of generalized closed sets, a super class of closed sets in 1970.
Andrijevic[1] defined semi- pre-open sets in 1986. Dontchev[6] introduced on generalizing
semi- pre-open sets in 1995.

Balachandran[3], Sundaram and Maki introduced on

generalized continuous maps in topological spaces in 1991. Arya[2] and Nour defined
Characterizations of s-normal spaces in 1990. Pauline Mary Helen [13], PonnuthaiSelvarani
and Veronica Vijayan introduced g**-closed sets in topological spaces in 2012.
Veerakumar[14] defined g*-closed sets in 1996.
Levine [9], Njasted[12] introduces semi- open sets, pre-open sets, -closed sets. The
complement of a semi-open (resp. pre-open, -open, semi- pre-open) set in 1963. Maki [11],
Devi and Balachandran defined associated topologies of generalized -closed sets and generalized closed sets in 1994. Devi [4], Maki and Balachandran introduced Semi-

R S. Publication, rspublicationhouse@gmail.com

Page 36

International Journal of Computer Application

Available online on http://www.rspublication.com/ijca/ijca_index.htm

Issue 3, Volume 3 (May-June 2013)

ISSN: 2250-1797

generalized closed maps and generalized closed maps in 1993. Gnanbambal [7] defined on
generalized pre regular closed sets in topological spaces in 1997. Devi [5], Maki and
Balachandran introduced Semi-generalized homeomorphisms and generalized semihomeomorphism in topological spaces in 1995. We proved that g**- closedness is
independent from g**-closedness. Applying g**-closed sets, two new spaces namely,
T**-spaces and *T * -spaces are introduced. Maragathavalli[10] and Sheik Jhon introduced
on sg**-closed sets in topological spaces in 2005.
2.Preliminaries
Throughout this paper (X,), (Y,) and (Z, ) represent non- empty topological spaces on
which no separation axioms are assumed unless otherwise mentioned. For a subset A of a
space (X,), cl(A) and int(A) denote the closure and the interior of A respectively.
Definition 2.1: A subset A of a topological space (X,) is called
1) a semi-open set [9] if

A cl(int(A)) and semi-closed set if int(cl(A)) A.

2) a semi-pre-open set [1] if A cl(int(cl(A))) and semi-pre closed set [1] if

int(cl(int(A))) A.
3) an -open set if A int(cl(int(cl(A))) and an -closed set [12] if
cl(int(cl(A))) A.
Definition 2.2: A subset A of a topological space (X,) is called
1) a generalized closed set (briefly g-closed) [8] if cl(A) U whenever A U and U is
open in (X, ).
2) a generalized semi-closed set (briefly gs-closed) [2] if scl(A) U whenever A U and
U is open in (X, ).
3) a generalized closed set (briefly g-closed) [11]if cl(A) U whenever A U and
U is open in (X, ).
R S. Publication, rspublicationhouse@gmail.com

Page 37

International Journal of Computer Application

Available online on http://www.rspublication.com/ijca/ijca_index.htm

Issue 3, Volume 3 (May-June 2013)

ISSN: 2250-1797

4) a generalized * closed set (briefly g*-closed) [14] if cl(A) U whenever A U and U

is g-open in (X, ).
5) a generalized ** closed set (briefly g**-closed) [13] if cl(A) U whenever A U and
U is g*-open in (X, ).
6) a generalized semi-pre closed set (briefly gsp-closed) [9] if spcl(A) U whenever A
U and U is open in (X, ).
7) a semi generalized * closed set (briefly s g*-closed)[10] if cl(A) U whenever
A U and U is

g*-open in (X, ).

Definition 2.3: A function f: (X,) (Y,) is called

1) a continuous if the inverse image of every closed set in (Y , ) is closed in ( X , ) .
2) an g continuous [7] if the inverse image of every closed set in (Y , ) is g closed
in ( X , ) .
3) ags-continuous [5] if the inverse image of every closed set in (Y , ) is gs-closed in

( X , ) .
4) agsp-continuous [6] if the inverse image of every closed set in (Y , ) is gsp-closed in

( X , ) .
5) a g*-continuous [14] if the inverse image of every closed set in (Y , ) is g*-closed in

( X , ) .
6) a sg*-continuous [14] if the inverse image of every closed set in (Y , ) is sg*closed in ( X , ) .
7) a g * irresolute [14] if the inverse image of every g*-closed set in (Y , ) is g*closed in ( X , )

R S. Publication, rspublicationhouse@gmail.com

Page 38

International Journal of Computer Application

Available online on http://www.rspublication.com/ijca/ijca_index.htm

Issue 3, Volume 3 (May-June 2013)

ISSN: 2250-1797

Definition 2.4: A topological space (X,) is said to be

1) a T1 / 2 * space [14] if every g*-closed set in ( X , ) is closed in ( X , ) .
2) an Tc space [14]if every g closed set in ( X , ) is g*-closed in ( X , ) .
3) a Tb space [4] if every gs-closed set in ( X , ) is closed in ( X , ) .
4) a Tb space [11] if every g closed set in ( X , ) is closed in ( X , ) .
5) a Tb space [3] if every g closed set in ( X , ) is closed in ( X , ) .
3.Basic properties of g**-closed sets
We now introduce the following definition.
Definition 3.1: A subset A of (X,) is said to be a g**-closed set if cl(A)U whenever
AU and U is g**-open in X.
The class of g**-closed subset of (X,) is denoted by g**C (X,).
Proposition 3.2: Every closed set is g**-closed.
Proof follows from the definition.
The converse of the above proposition need not be true in general as seen in the following
example.
Example 3.3:Let X = {a,b,c} and = {,X,,{b},{b,c}}. Let A={c}, then A is g**-closed
but not closed.
So, the class of g**-closed setg is properly contained in the class of closed sets.
Proposition 3.4: Every g*-closed set is g**-closed.
Proof follows from the definition.
The converse of the above proposition need true and in general it can be seen from the
following example.

R S. Publication, rspublicationhouse@gmail.com

Page 39

International Journal of Computer Application

Available online on http://www.rspublication.com/ijca/ijca_index.htm

Issue 3, Volume 3 (May-June 2013)

ISSN: 2250-1797

Example 3.5:Let X= {a,b,c}, = {,X,{a},{a,b}}. Let A = {b} is g**-closed but not g*closed.
Proposition 3.6: Every g**-closed set is gs-closed.
Proof follows from the definition.
The converse of the above proposition need true and in general it can be seen from the
following example.
Example 3.7:Let X={a,b,c}, = {,X,{a},{b,c}}. let A={c} & {a,c} is gs-closed but not
g**-closed.
Proposition 3.8: Every g**-closed set is g-closed.
Proof follows from the definition.
The converse of the above proposition need true and in general it can be seen from the
following example.
Example 3.9: Let X={a,b,c}, = {,X,{a},{b,c}}. let A={a,c} is g-closed but not g**closed.
Proposition 3.10: Every g**-closed set is gsp-closed.
Proof follows from the definition.
The converse of the above proposition need true and in general it can be seen from the
following example.
Example 3.11:Let X={a,b,c}, ={,X,{a}}. Let A={a,c} then A is gsp-closed but not g**closed.
Proposition 3.12: Every g**-closed set is sg*-closed.
Proof follows from the definition.
The converse of the above proposition need true and in general it can be seen from the
following example.

R S. Publication, rspublicationhouse@gmail.com

Page 40

International Journal of Computer Application

Available online on http://www.rspublication.com/ijca/ijca_index.htm

Issue 3, Volume 3 (May-June 2013)

ISSN: 2250-1797

Example 3.13:Let X={a,b,c}, = {,X,{a},{b,c}}. let A={b} is sg*-closed but not g**closed.
Theorem 3.14: For each x X either {x} is g**- closed (or) {x}c is g * * closed

in X.

Proof: If {x} is not g**-closed then the only g**-open set containing {x} c is X.

cl{x}c X and hence {x} c is g * * closed .

Theorem 3.15: A is a g * * closed set of ( X , ) if cl ( A) \ A does not contains any nonempty g**-closed set.
Proof: Let F be a g**-closed set of ( X , ) such that F cl ( A) \ A .Then A X \ F since A
is g * * closed and X \ F is g**-open, cl ( A) X \ F .This implies F X \ cl ( A) so

F ( X \ cl ( A)) (cl ( A) \ AS ) ( X \ cl ( A)) cl ( A) F

Remark 3.16: g * * closedness and g * * closedness are independent.
In example (3.5) A={b} is g * * closed but not g**-closed.
In example (3.10) A= {c} is g * * closed but not g * * closed .

The above results can be represented in the following figure.

Closed

g*-closed

gsp-closed

g**-closed

gs-closed
Where A B(resp. A

sg*-closed

g-closed

B ) represents A implies B (resp. A & B are independent)

R S. Publication, rspublicationhouse@gmail.com

Page 41

International Journal of Computer Application

Available online on http://www.rspublication.com/ijca/ijca_index.htm

Issue 3, Volume 3 (May-June 2013)

ISSN: 2250-1797

4.g**-CONTINUOUS MAPS AND g**-IRRESOLUTE MAPS.

We now introduce the following definitions.
Definition 4.1: A map f : ( X , ) (Y , ) from a topological space ( X , ) to a topological
space (Y , ) is called g * * continuous if the inverse image of every closed set in (Y , )
is g * * closed in ( X , ) .
Theorem 4.2: Every continuous map is g**-continuous.
Proof:Let f : (X,) (Y,) be continuous. Let F be closed set in (Y,) then f

-1

(F) is closed

in (X,). Since every closed set is g**-closed, f-1(F) is g**-closed in(X,).

f is g**-continuous in (X,).
The converse of the above theorem need not be true and in general it can be seen from the
following example.
Example 4.3: Let X=Y = {a,b,c}, , = {,X,{a,b}}, = {,Y,{a}} f : (X,) (Y,) is
defined as the identity map. The inverse image of all the closed sets in (Y,) are g**-closed
in (X,). But f --1({b,c})= {b,c} is not closed in (X,). Therefore f is g**-continuous but not
continuous.
Theorem 4.4: Every g*- continuous map is g**-continuous.
Proof: Let f : (X,) (Y,) be g*-continuous. Let F be closed set in (Y,) then

f - 1(F)

is g*-closed in (X,). Since every g*-closed set is g**-closed, f -1(F) is g**-closed in(X,).

f is g**-continuous in (X,).
The converse of the above theorem need not be true and in general it can be seen from the
following example.
Example: 4.5: Let X = Y= {a,b,c} and = {X,,{a},{a,b}}, = {Y,,{b,c},{a}}.

f : (X,)

(Y,) is defined as f(a)=b; f(b)=a; f(c)=c . The inverse image of all the closed sets in (Y,)

R S. Publication, rspublicationhouse@gmail.com

Page 42

International Journal of Computer Application

Available online on http://www.rspublication.com/ijca/ijca_index.htm

are g**-closed in (X,). But f

--1

Issue 3, Volume 3 (May-June 2013)

ISSN: 2250-1797

({a})= {b} is not g*-closed in (X,). Therefore f is g**-

continuous but not g*-continuous.

Theorem 4.6: Every g**- continuous map is gs-continuous.
-1

Proof:Let f : (X,) (Y,) be sg**-continuous. Let F be closed set in (Y,) then f

(F) is

g**-closed in (X,). Since every g**-closed set is gs-closed, f-1(F) is g**-closed in (X,).

fis gs-continuous in (X,).

The converse of the above theorem need not be true and in general it can be seen from the
following example.
Example: 4.7: Let X = Y= {a,b,c} and = {X,,{a},{b,c}}, = {Y,,{a},{a,b}}.

f : (X,)

(Y,) is defined as f(a)=b; f(b)=c; f(c)=a . The inverse image of all the closed sets in (Y,)
are gs-closed in (X,). But f -1({c}) = {b} is not g*-closed in (X,). Therefore f is gscontinuous but not g**-continuous.
Theorem: 4.8 Every g**- continuous map is g-continuous.
Proof: Let f : (X,) (Y,) be g**-continuous. Let F be closed set in (Y,) then
is g**-closed in (X,). Since every g**-closed set is g-closed, f -1(F) is

f - 1(F)

g-closed in

(X,). f is g-continuous in (X,).

The converse of the above theorem need not be true and in general it can be seen from the
following example.
Example: 4.9: Let X = Y= {a,b,c} and = {X,,{a},{b,c}}, = {Y,,{a}}.

f : (X,)

(Y,) is defined as f(a)=c; f(b)=a; f(c)=b . The inverse image of all the closed sets in (Y,) are
g-closed in (X,). But f -1({b,c}) = {a,c} is not g*-closed in (X,). Therefore f is gcontinuous but not g**-continuous.
Theorem: 4.10:Every g**- continuous map is gsp-continuous.

R S. Publication, rspublicationhouse@gmail.com

Page 43

International Journal of Computer Application

Available online on http://www.rspublication.com/ijca/ijca_index.htm

Issue 3, Volume 3 (May-June 2013)

ISSN: 2250-1797

Proof: Let f : (X,) (Y,) be g**-continuous. Let F be closed set in (Y,) then
is g**-closed in (X,). Since every g**-closed set is gsp-closed, f-1(F) is

f - 1(F)

gsp-closed in

(X,). f is gsp-continuous in (X,).

The converse of the above theorem need not be true and in general it can be seen from the
following example.
Example: 4.11: Let X = Y= {a,b,c} and = {X,,{a}}, = {Y,,{a},{b,c}}.
f : (X,) (Y,) is defined as the identity map. The inverse image of all the closed sets in
(Y,) are gsp-closed in (X,). But f -1({b,c}) = {a,c} is not g*-closed in (X,). Therefore f is
gsp-continuous but not g**-continuous.
Theorem 4.12: Every g**- continuous map is sg*-continuous.
Proof: Let f : (X,) (Y,) be g**-continuous. Let F be closed set in (Y,) then
1

(F) is g**-closed in (X,). Since every g**-closed set is sg*-closed, f -1(F) is

sg*-

closed in (X,). f is sg*-continuous in (X,).

The converse of the above theorem need not be true and in general it can be seen from the
following example.
Example 4.13: Let X = Y= {a,b,c} and = {X,,{a},{b,c}}, = {Y,,{a}}.
f : (X,) (Y,) is defined as f(a)=c; f(b)=a; f(c)=b. The inverse image of all the closed sets
in (Y,) are sg*-closed in (X,). But f -1({b,c}) = {a,c} is not g*-closed in (X,). Therefore
f is sg*-continuous but not g**-continuous.
We now introduce the following definition.
Definition4.14: A function f : ( X , ) (Y , ) is said to be g * * irresolute if the inverse
image of every g * * closed set in (Y , ) is g * * closed in ( X , )
Theorem 4.15: Let f : ( X , ) (Y , ) and g : (Y , ) (Z , ) be any two functions then,

R S. Publication, rspublicationhouse@gmail.com

Page 44

International Journal of Computer Application

Available online on http://www.rspublication.com/ijca/ijca_index.htm

(i)

Issue 3, Volume 3 (May-June 2013)

ISSN: 2250-1797

g f : ( X , ) (Z , ) is g * * continuous if f is g * * irresolute and g is

g * * continuous .
(ii)

g f : ( X , ) (Z , ) is g * * irresolute if f and gare g * * irresolute .

(iii)

g f : ( X , ) (Z , ) is g * * continuous if f is g * * irresolute and g is

continuous.

Proof follows from the definitions.

Theorem 4.16: Every g*-irresolute map is g * * continuous
Proof follows from the definitions.
The above results can be represented in the following figure.
Continuous

g*-continuous

gsp-continuous

g**-closed

gs-continuous
Where A B(resp. A

sg*-continuous

g-continuous

B ) represents A implies B (resp. A & B are independent)

5. APPLICATIONS OF sg**-CLOSED SET.

As applications of g**-closed sets , new spaces namely, T**-space and *T * space are
introduced.
We introduce the following definitions.
Definition 5.1:A space ( X , ) is said to be T ** space , if every g**-closed set in ( X , ) is
closed in ( X , ) .

R S. Publication, rspublicationhouse@gmail.com

Page 45

International Journal of Computer Application

Available online on http://www.rspublication.com/ijca/ijca_index.htm

Issue 3, Volume 3 (May-June 2013)

ISSN: 2250-1797

Definition 5.2:A space ( X , ) is said to be *T * space , if every g**-closed set in ( X , ) is

g*-closed in ( X , ) .
Theorem5.3: Every T ** space is T1 / 2 * space but not conversely.
Proof follows from the definitions.
The converse of the above theorem need not be true in general as seen in the following
example.
Example 5.4: In example (3.11), where X = {a,b,c} { , X , {a}} every g*-closed set is
closed.. ( X , ) is a T1 / 2 * space .In this space {b} is g**-closed but not closed in ( X , ) .
Therefore every g**-closed set is not closed in ( X , ) ( X , ) is not a T ** space .
Theorem5.5: Every T1 / 2 * space and Tc space is T ** space .
Proof follows from the definitions.
Theorem 5.6: Every Tb space is T ** space .
Proof follows from the definitions.
Theorem 5.7: Every Tb space is T ** space .
Proof follows from the definitions.
Theorem 5.8: Let f : ( X , ) (Y , ) be a g * * continuous map. If ( X , ) is T ** space
then f is continuous.
Proof: Let f : ( X , ) (Y , ) be g * * continuous .Let F be closed in (Y , ) then since f
is g * * continuous f

( F ) is g * * closed in ( X , ) Also since ( X , ) is a T ** space ,

f 1 ( F ) is closed in ( X , )
The inverse image f

( F ) is closed in ( X , ) f is continuous.

Theorem 5.9: Every Tc space is *T * space .

R S. Publication, rspublicationhouse@gmail.com

Page 46

International Journal of Computer Application

Available online on http://www.rspublication.com/ijca/ijca_index.htm

Proof: Let ( X , ) be

Issue 3, Volume 3 (May-June 2013)

ISSN: 2250-1797

Tc space Let A be g**-closed in ( X , )

Then by proposition (3.8), A is g-closed set in ( X , ) and since ( X , ) is Tc space , A is

g*-closed in ( X , ) Therefore every g**-closed set in ( X , ) is g*-closed in ( X , ) . ( X , )
is *T * space .
Theorem 5.10: Every Tc space is *T * space .
Proof follows from the definition.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. D. Andrijevic, Semi- per open sets, Mat. Vesnik, 38(1) (1986), 24-32.
2. S.P. Arya and T. Nour, Characterizations of s-normal spaces, Indian J. Pure. Appl.
Math., 21(8)(1990), 717-719.
3. K. Balachandran, P. Sundaram and H.Maki, On generalized continuous maps in
topological spaces, Mem. Fac. Kochi Univ. Ser. A. Math., 12(1991), 5-13.
4. R. Devi H. Maki and K. Balachandran, Semi-generalized closed maps and generalized
closed maps, Mem. Fac. Sci. Kochi Univ. Ser. A. Math., 14(1993), 41-54.
5. R. Devi H. Maki and K. Balachandran, Semi-generalized homeomorphisms and
generalized semi-homeomorphism in topological spaces, Indian J. Pure. Appl. Math.,
26(3)(1995), 271-284.
6. J. Dontchev, On generalizing semi- pre open sets, Mem. Fac. Sci. Kochi Ser. A,
Math., 16 (1995), 35-48.
7. Y. Gnanbambal, On generalized pre regular closed sets in topological spaces, Indian
j. Pure. Appl. Math., 28 (3) (1997), 351-360.

R S. Publication, rspublicationhouse@gmail.com

Page 47

International Journal of Computer Application

Available online on http://www.rspublication.com/ijca/ijca_index.htm

Issue 3, Volume 3 (May-June 2013)

ISSN: 2250-1797

8. N. Levine, Generalized closed sets in topology, Rend. Circ. Math. Palermo, 19 (2)
(1970), 89-96.
9. N. Levine, Semi-open sets and semi-continuity in topological spaces, Amer. Math.
Monthly, 70 (1963), 36-41.
10. S. Maragatharalli and M. Sheik Jhon, On sg**-closed sets in topological spaces,
ACTA CIENCIA INDICA, Vol XXXI 2005 No.3, (2005), 805-814.
11. H. Maki, R. Devi and K. Balachandran, Associated topologies of generalized -closed
sets and -generalized closed sets, Mem. Fac. Sci. Kochi Univ. Ser. A, Math., 15
(1994), 51-63.
12. O. Njasted, On some classes of nearly open sets, Pacific J. Math., 15(1965), 961-970
13. M. Pauline Mary Helen, PonnuthaiSelvarani. S, Veronica Vijayan, g**-closed sets in
topological spaces, IJMA, 3 (5), 2012, 1-15.
14. M.K.R.S. Veerakumar, Between closed sets and g-closed sets, Mem. Fac. Sci. Kochi
Univ. Ser. A, Math., 17 (1996), 33-42.

R S. Publication, rspublicationhouse@gmail.com

Page 48