1

CHAPTER 5
5.1 The function to evaluate is
f (cd )

gcd
gm
tanh
t v(t )
m
cd

or substituting the given values

f (cd )

9.81cd
9.81(80)
tanh

cd
80

4 36

The first iteration is

0.1 0.2
0.15
2
f (0.1) f (0.15) 0.860291(0.204516) 0.175944

xr

Therefore, the root is in the first interval and the upper guess is redefined as xu = 0.15. The second iteration
is
0.1 0.15
0.125
2
0.125 0.15
100% 20%
a
0.125
f (0.1) f (0.125) 0.860291(0.318407) 0.273923
xr

Therefore, the root is in the second interval and the lower guess is redefined as xu = 0.125. The
remainder of the iterations are displayed in the following table:
i

xl

f(xl)

xu

f(xu)

xr

f(xr)

1
2
3
4
5
6

0.1
0.1
0.125
0.1375
0.1375
0.1375

0.86029
0.86029
0.31841
0.05464
0.05464
0.05464

0.2
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.14375
0.140625

1.19738
0.20452
0.20452
0.20452
0.07551
0.01058

0.15
0.125
0.1375
0.14375
0.140625
0.1390625

0.20452
0.31841
0.05464
0.07551
0.01058
0.02199

a
20.00%
9.09%
4.35%
2.22%
1.12%

Thus, after six iterations, we obtain a root estimate of 0.1390625 with an approximate error of 1.12%.
5.2
function [root,fx,Ea,n] = bisectnew(func,xl,xu,Ead,varargin)
% bisection roots zero
% [root,fx,Ea,n] = bisectnew(func,xl,xu,Ead,varargin)
%
uses bisection method to find the root of a function
%
with a fixed number of iterations to attain
%
a prespecified tolerance
% input:
%
func = name of function
%
xl, xu = lower and upper guesses
%
Ead = (optional) desired tolerance (default = 0.000001)
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may be displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the
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%
p1,p2,... = additional parameters used by func
% output:
%
root = real root
%
fx = function value at root
%
Ea = absolute error
%
n = iterations
if func(xl,varargin{:})*func(xu,varargin{:})>0 %if guesses do not bracket a
sign change
disp('no bracket')
%display an error message
return
%and terminate
end
% if necessary, assign default values
if nargin<4|isempty(Ead),Ead=0.000001;end %if Ead blank set to 0.000001
xr = xl;
% compute n and round up to next highest integer
n = round(log2((xu - xl)/Ead) + 0.5);
for i = 1:n
xrold = xr;
xr = (xl + xu)/2;
if xr ~= 0, ea = abs((xr - xrold)/xr) * 100; end
Ea = abs(xr - xrold);
test = func(xl,varargin{:})*func(xr,varargin{:});
if test < 0
xu = xr;
elseif test > 0
xl = xr;
else
Ea = 0;
end
end
root = xr; fx = func(xr,varargin{:});

The following script uses the function to solve Prob. 5.1 with Ea,d = 0.0001.
clear,clc,format long
fcd=@(cd,m,t,v) sqrt(9.81*m/cd)*tanh(sqrt(9.81*cd/m)*t)-v;
[root,fx,Ea,n] =bisectnew(fcd,0.1,0.2,0.0001,80,4,36)

The results for Prob. 5.1 are

root =
0.14013671875000
fx =
-4.063639939673180e-004
Ea =
9.765625000002220e-005
n =
10

5.3 The function to evaluate is

f (cd )

9.81cd
9.81(80)
tanh

80
cd

4 36

The first iteration is

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may be displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the
publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their
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xr 0.2

1.19738(0.1 0.2)
0.141809
0.860291 (1.19738)

f (0.1) f (0.141809) 0.860291( 0.0352109) 0.03029

Therefore, the root is in the first interval and the upper guess is redefined as xu = 0.141809. The second
iteration is
xr 0.141809

0.0352109(0.1 0.141809)
0.140165
0.860291 (0.0352109)

0.140165 0.141809
100% 1.17%
0.140165

Therefore, after only two iterations we obtain a root estimate of 0.140165 with an approximate error of
1.17% which is below the stopping criterion of 2%.
5.4
function [root,fx,ea,iter]=falsepos(func,xl,xu,es,maxit,varargin)
% falsepos: root location zeroes
%
[root,fx,ea,iter]=falsepos(func,xl,xu,es,maxit,p1,p2,...):
%
uses false position to find the root of func
% input:
%
func = name of function
%
xl, xu = lower and upper guesses
%
es = desired relative error (default = 0.0001%)
%
maxit = maximum allowable iterations (default = 50)
%
p1,p2,... = additional parameters used by function
% output:
%
root = real root
%
fx = function value at root
%
ea = approximate relative error (%)
%
iter = number of iterations
if nargin<3,error('at least 3 input arguments required'),end
test = func(xl,varargin{:})*func(xu,varargin{:});
if test>0,error('no sign change'),end
if nargin<4|es<=0, es=0.0001;end
if nargin<5|maxit<=0, maxit=50;end
iter = 0; xr = xl;
while (1)
xrold = xr;
fl=func(xl,varargin{:});
fu=func(xu,varargin{:});
xr = xu - fu*(xl - xu)/(fl - fu);
iter = iter + 1;
if xr ~= 0,ea = abs((xr - xrold)/xr) * 100;end
test = fl*func(xr,varargin{:});
if test < 0
xu = xr;
elseif test > 0
xl = xr;
else
ea = 0;
end
if ea <= es | iter >= maxit,break,end
end
root = xr; fx = func(xr,varargin{:});

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may be displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the
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The following script uses the function to solve Prob. 5.1:

clear,clc,format long
fcd=@(cd) sqrt(9.81*80/cd)*tanh(sqrt(9.81*cd/80)*4)-36;
[root,fx,ea,iter]=falsepos(fcd,0.1,0.2,2)

The results for Prob. 5.1 are

root =
0.14016503741282
fx =
-9.964474382826438e-004
ea =
1.17284536190266
iter =
2

5.5 (a) The graph can be generated with MATLAB

>>
>>
>>
>>

x=[-1:0.1:6];
f=-12-21*x+18*x.^2-2.75*x.^3;
plot(x,f)
grid

This plot indicates that roots are located at about 0.4, 2.25 and 4.7.
(b) Using bisection, the first iteration is
1 0
0.5
2
f (1) f (0.5) 29.75(3.34375) 99.47656

xr

Therefore, the root is in the second interval and the lower guess is redefined as xl = 0.5. The second
iteration is
0.5 0
0.25
2
0.25 (0.5)
100% 100%
a
0.25

xr

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may be displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the
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5
f (0.5) f ( 0.25) 3.34375( 5.5820313) 18.66492

Therefore, the root is in the first interval and the upper guess is redefined as xu = 0.25. The remainder
of the iterations are displayed in the following table:
i

xl

f(xl)

xu

f(xu)

xr

f(xr)

1
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.4375
0.4375
0.42188
0.42188

29.75
3.34375
3.34375
3.34375
0.863098
0.863098
0.269471
0.269471

0
0
0.25
0.375
0.375
0.40625
0.40625
0.41406

12
12
5.5820313
1.4487305
1.4487305
0.3136673
0.3136673
0.0234052

0.5
0.25
0.375
0.4375
0.40625
0.421875
0.414063
0.417969

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

3.34375
5.5820313
1.4487305
0.8630981
0.3136673
0.2694712
0.0234052
0.1227057

100.00%
33.33%
14.29%
7.69%
3.70%
1.89%
0.93%

Thus, after eight iterations, we obtain a root estimate of 0.417969 with an approximate error of
0.93%, which is below the stopping criterion of 1%.
(c) Using false position, the first iteration is
xr 0

12(1 0)
0.287425
29.75 (12)

f (1) f (0.287425) 29.75(4.4117349) 131.2491

Therefore, the root is in the first interval and the upper guess is redefined as xu = 0.287425. The
second iteration is
xr 0.287425

4.4117349(1 (0.287425))
0.3794489
29.75 ( 4.4117349)

0.3794489 ( 0.2874251)
100% 24.25%
0.3794489
f (1) f (0.3794489) 29.75(1.2896639) 38.3675

Therefore, the root is in the first interval and the upper guess is redefined as xu = 0.379449. The
remainder of the iterations are displayed in the following table:
i

xl

f(xl)

1
2
3
4
5

1
1
1
1
1

29.75
29.75
29.75
29.75
29.75

xu
0
0.28743
0.37945
0.40523
0.41217

f(xu)

xr

12
4.4117349
1.2896639
0.3512929
0.0938358

0.287425
0.379449
0.405232
0.412173
0.414022

f(xr)
4.4117349
1.2896639
0.3512929
0.0938358
0.0249338

a
24.25%
6.36%
1.68%
0.45%

Therefore, after five iterations we obtain a root estimate of 0.414022 with an approximate error of
0.45%, which is below the stopping criterion of 1%.
5.6 A graph of the function can be generated with MATLAB
>>
>>
>>
>>

x=[-0.5:0.1:1.5];
f=sin(x)-x.^2;
plot(x,f)
grid

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may be displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the
publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their
individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.

This plot indicates that a nontrivial root (i.e., nonzero) is located at about 0.85.
Using bisection, the first iteration is
0.5 1
0.75
2
f (0.5) f (0.75) 0.229426(0.1191388) 0.027333

xr

Therefore, the root is in the second interval and the lower guess is redefined as xl = 0.75. The second
iteration is
0.75 1
0.875
2
0.875 0.75
a
100% 14.29%
0.875
f (0.75) f (0.875) 0.119139(0.0019185) 0.000229

xr

Because the product is positive, the root is in the second interval and the lower guess is redefined as xl
= 0.875. The remainder of the iterations are displayed in the following table:
i

xl

f(xl)

xu

f(xu)

xr

f(xr)

0.5
0.75
0.875
0.875
0.875

0.229426
0.119139
0.001919
0.001919
0.001919

1
1
1
0.9375
0.90625

0.158529
0.158529
0.158529
0.0728251
0.0340924

1
2
3
4
5

0.75
0.875
0.9375
0.90625
0.890625

0.1191388
0.0019185
0.0728251
0.0340924
0.0157479

14.29%
6.67%
3.45%
1.75%

Therefore, after five iterations we obtain a root estimate of 0.890625 with an approximate error of
1.75%, which is below the stopping criterion of 2%.
5.7 (a) A graph of the function indicates a positive real root at approximately x = 1.4.

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may be displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the
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2
0
-3

-2

-1

-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
-12

(b) Using bisection, the first iteration is

0.5 2
1.25
2
f (0.5) f (1.25) 2.08629(0.2537129) 0.52932

xr

Therefore, the root is in the second interval and the lower guess is redefined as xl = 1.25. The second
iteration is
1.25 2
1.625
2
1.625 1.25
a
100% 23.08%
1.625
f (1.25) f (1.625) 0.253713(0.2710156) 0.06876

xr

Therefore, the root is in the first interval and the upper guess is redefined as xu = 1.625. The remainder
of the iterations are displayed in the following table:
i

xl

f(xl)

xu

f(xu)

xr

f(xr)

1
2
3

0.5
1.25
1.25

2.08629
0.25371
0.25371

2
2
1.625

0.6862944
0.6862944
0.2710156

1.25
1.625
1.4375

0.2537129
0.2710156
0.025811

a
23.08%
13.04%

Thus, after three iterations, we obtain a root estimate of 1.4375 with an approximate error of 13.04%.
(c) Using false position, the first iteration is
0.6862944(0.5 2)
1.628707
2.086294 0.6862944
f (0.5) f (1.628707) 2.086294(0.2755734) 0.574927

xr 2

Therefore, the root is in the first interval and the upper guess is redefined as xu = 1.628707. The second
iteration is

xr 0.2755734

1.4970143(0.5 1.628707)
1.4970143
2.086294 0.2755734

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1.4970143 1.6287074
100% 8.8%
1.4970143
f (0.5) f (1.4970143) 2.086294(0.1069453) 0.223119

Therefore, the root is in the first interval and the upper guess is redefined as xu = 1.497014. The
remainder of the iterations are displayed in the following table:
i

xl

f(xl)

xu

f(xu)

xr

f(xr)

0.5
0.5
0.5

2.08629
2.08629
2.08629

1
2
3

2
1.628707
1.497014

0.6862944
0.2755734
0.1069453

1.6287074
1.4970143
1.4483985

0.2755734
0.1069453
0.040917

8.80%
3.36%

Therefore, after three iterations we obtain a root estimate of 1.4483985 with an approximate error of
3.36%.
5.8 (a) Equation (5.6) can be used to determine the number of iterations
x 0
n log 2
E
a ,d

35
log 2
9.4512
0.05

which can be rounded up to 10 iterations.

(b) Here is an M-file that evaluates the temperature in oC using 10 iterations of bisection based on a given
value of the oxygen saturation concentration in freshwater:
function TC = TempEval(osf)
% function to evaluate the temperature in degrees C based
% on the oxygen saturation concentration in freshwater (osf).
xl = 0 + 273.15; xu = 35 + 273.15;
if fTa(xl,osf)*fTa(xu,osf)>0 %if guesses do not bracket
error('no bracket')
%display an error message and terminate
end
xr = xl;
for i = 1:10
xrold = xr;
xr = (xl + xu)/2;
if xr ~= 0, ea = abs((xr - xrold)/xr) * 100; end
test = fTa(xl,osf)*fTa(xr,osf);
if test < 0
xu = xr;
elseif test > 0
xl = xr;
else
ea = 0;
end
end
TC = xr - 273.15;
end
function f = fTa(Ta, osf)
f = -139.34411 + 1.575701e5/Ta - 6.642308e7/Ta^2;
f = f + 1.2438e10/Ta^3 - 8.621949e11/Ta^4;
f = f - log(osf);

The function can be used to evaluate the test cases:

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may be displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the
publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their
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>> TempEval(8)
ans =
26.7627
>> TempEval(10)
ans =
15.4150
>> TempEval(14)
ans =
1.5381

These results correspond to absolute approximate errors of Ea = 0.034. The true errors are all less than the
desired value of 0.05: Et = 0.018, 0.027, and 0.017, respectively.
5.9 Solve for the reactions:

R1=265 lbs.

R2= 285 lbs.

Write beam equations:

0<x<3

x
M (16.667 x 2 ) 265 x 0
3
(1) M 265 x 5.5555556 x3

3<x<6

x 3
2
) 150( x (3)) 265 x 0
2
3
2
(2) M 50 x 415 x 150
M 100( x 3)(

2
M 150( x (3)) 300( x 4.5) 265 x
3
(3) M 185 x 1650
M 100(12 x) 0
(4) M 100 x 1200

6<x<10

10<x<12

A plot of these equations can be generated:

1000
500
0
0

12

-500
0<x<3

3<x<6

6<x<10

10<x<12

Combining Equations:

Because the curve crosses the axis between 6 and 10, use (3).
M 185 x 1650

Set xL 6; xU 10

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10
M ( xL ) 540

xr

M ( xU ) 200

xL xU
8
2

M ( xR ) 170 replaces xL
M ( xL ) 170

xr

M ( xU ) 200

8 10
9
2

M ( xR ) 15 replaces xU

M ( xL ) 170

xr

M ( xU ) 15

89
8.5
2

M ( xR ) 77.5 replaces xL
M ( xL ) 77.5

xr

M ( xU ) 15

8.5 9
8.75
2

M ( xR ) 31.25 replaces xL
M ( xL ) 31.25

xr

M ( xU ) 15

8.75 9
8.875
2

M ( xR ) 8.125 replaces xL

M ( xL ) 8.125

xr

M ( xU ) 15

8.875 9
8.9375
2

M ( xR ) 3.4375 replaces xU
M ( xL ) 8.125
M ( xU ) 3.4375

xr

8.875 8.9375
8.90625
2

xr

8.90625 8.9375
8.921875
2

M ( xR ) 2.34375 replaces xL
M ( xL ) 2.34375
M ( xU ) 3.4375

M ( xR ) 0.546875 replaces xU

M ( xL ) 2.34375
M ( xU ) 0.546875

xr

8.90625 8.921875
8.9140625
2

M ( xR ) 0.8984

Therefore, x 8.91 feet

5.10 (a) The function to be evaluated is

f ( y) 1

400
9.81(3 y y 2 / 2)3

(3 y )

A graph of the function indicates a positive real root at approximately 1.5.

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual
may be displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the
publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their
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11

10
0
-10 0

0.5

1.5

2.5

-20
-30
-40

(b) Using bisection, the first iteration is

0.5 2.5
1.5
2
f (0.5) f (1.5) 32.2582(0.030946) 0.998263

xr

Therefore, the root is in the second interval and the lower guess is redefined as xl = 1.5. The second
iteration is
1.5 2.5
2 1.5
2
a
100% 25%
2
2
f (1.5) f (2) 0.030946(0.601809) 0.018624

xr

Therefore, the root is in the first interval and the upper guess is redefined as xu = 2. All the iterations are
displayed in the following table:
i
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

xl
0.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5

f(xl)
32.2582
0.03095
0.03095
0.03095
0.03095
0.03095
0.03095
0.03095

xu
2.5
2.5
2
1.75
1.625
1.5625
1.53125
1.515625

f(xu)
0.813032
0.813032
0.601809
0.378909
0.206927
0.097956
0.036261
0.003383

xr
1.5
2
1.75
1.625
1.5625
1.53125
1.515625
1.5078125

f(xr)
0.030946
0.601809
0.378909
0.206927
0.097956
0.036261
0.003383
0.013595

a
25.00%
14.29%
7.69%
4.00%
2.04%
1.03%
0.52%

After eight iterations, we obtain a root estimate of 1.5078125 with an approximate error of 0.52%.
(c) Using false position, the first iteration is
0.81303(0.5 2.5)
2.45083
32.2582 0.81303
f (0.5) f (2.45083) 32.25821(0.79987) 25.80248

xr 2.5

Therefore, the root is in the first interval and the upper guess is redefined as xu = 2.45083. The second
iteration is
0.79987(0.5 2.45083)
2.40363 2.45083
2.40363
a
100% 1.96%
2.40363
32.25821 0.79987
f (0.5) f (2.40363) 32.2582(0.78612) 25.35893

xr 2.45083

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12

The root is in the first interval and the upper guess is redefined as xu = 2.40363. All the iterations are
displayed in the following table:
i
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

xl

f(xl)

xu

f(xu)

xr

f(xr)

0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5

32.2582
32.2582
32.2582
32.2582
32.2582
32.2582
32.2582
32.2582
32.2582
32.2582

2.50000
2.45083
2.40363
2.35834
2.31492
2.27331
2.23347
2.19534
2.15888
2.12404

0.81303
0.79987
0.78612
0.77179
0.75689
0.74145
0.72547
0.70900
0.69206
0.67469

2.45083
2.40363
2.35834
2.31492
2.27331
2.23347
2.19534
2.15888
2.12404
2.09077

0.79987
0.78612
0.77179
0.75689
0.74145
0.72547
0.70900
0.69206
0.67469
0.65693

a
1.96%
1.92%
1.88%
1.83%
1.78%
1.74%
1.69%
1.64%
1.59%

After ten iterations we obtain a root estimate of 2.09077 with an approximate error of 1.59%. Thus, after
ten iterations, the false position method is converging at a very slow pace and is still far from the root in the
vicinity of 1.5 that we detected graphically.
Discussion: This is a classic example of a case where false position performs poorly and is inferior to
bisection. Insight into these results can be gained by examining the plot that was developed in part (a). This
function violates the premise upon which false position was basedthat is, if f(xu) is much closer to zero
than f(xl), then the root is closer to xu than to xl (recall Figs. 5.8 and 5.9). Because of the shape of the
present function, the opposite is true.
5.11 The problem amounts to determining the root of
f ( S ) S0 vm t ks ln( S0 / S ) S

The following script calls the bisect function (Fig. 5.7) for various values of t in order to generate the
solution.
clear,clc,clf
S0=8;vm=0.7;ks=2.5;
f = @(S,t) S0 - vm * t + ks * log(S0 / S) - S;
t=0:50;S=0:50;
n=length(t);
for i = 1:n
S(i)=bisect(f,0.00001,10.01,1e-6,100,t(i));
end
plot(t,S)
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0

10

20

30

40

50

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may be displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the
publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their
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13

5.12 The function to be solved is

(4 x)

f ( x)

(42 2 x) 2 (28 x)

0.016 0

(a) A plot of the function indicates a root at about x = 16.

0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2 0

10

15

20

(b) The shape of the function indicates that false position would be a poor choice (recall Fig. 5.9). Bisection
with initial guesses of 0 and 20 can be used to determine a root of 15.85938 after 8 iterations with a =
0.493%. Note that false position would have required 68 iterations to attain comparable accuracy.
i
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

xl

xu

xr

0
10
15
15
15
15.625
15.625
15.78125

20
20
20
17.5
16.25
16.25
15.9375
15.9375

10
15
17.5
16.25
15.625
15.9375
15.78125
15.85938

f(xl)
-0.01592
-0.01439
-0.00585
-0.00585
-0.00585
-0.00228
-0.00228
-0.00114

f(xr)
-0.01439
-0.00585
0.025788
0.003096
-0.00228
0.000123
-0.00114
-0.00052

f(xl)f(xr)
0.000229
8.42x10-5
-0.00015
-1.8x10-5
1.33x10-5
-7
-2.8x10
2.59x10-6
-7
5.98x10

a
100.000%
33.333%
14.286%
7.692%
4.000%
1.961%
0.990%
0.493%

5.13 This problem can be solved by determining the root of the derivative of the elastic curve

w0
dy
0
5 x 4 6 L2 x 2 L4
dx
120 EIL

Therefore, after substituting the parameter values (in meter-kilogram-second units), we must determine the
root of
f ( x) 5 x 4 216 x 2 1, 296 0

A plot of the function indicates a root at about x = 2.6 m.

5000
0
-5000 0

-10000

Using initial guesses of 0 and 5 m, bisection can be used to determine the root. Here are the first few
iterations:
i

xl

1
2
3
4
5

0
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5

xu
5
5
3.75
3.125
2.8125

xr
2.5
3.75
3.125
2.8125
2.65625

f(xl)

f(xr)

-1296.00 -141.31
-141.31 752.73
-141.31 336.54
-141.31
99.74
-141.31
-20.89

f(xl) f(xr)
183141
-106370
-47557
-14095
2952

a
33.33%
20.00%
11.11%
5.88%

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14

After 30 iterations, the root is determined as x = 2.683282 m. This value can be substituted into Eq. (P5.13)
to compute the maximum deflection as
y

250, 000
120(5000 109 )0.0003(6)

((2.683282)5 216(2.683282)3 1, 296(2.683282)) 0.00515 m

5.14 The solution can be formulated as

f (i ) 35, 000

i (1 i )7
(1 i )7 1

8,500

A script can be developed to generate a plot of the function and obtain the solution with the bisect
function:
clear,clc,clf,format short g
P=35000;A=8500;n=7;
f = @(irate) P*irate.*(1+irate).^n./((1+irate).^n-1)-A;
iplot=linspace(0.01,.2)';
fplot=f(iplot);
plot(iplot,fplot),grid
[xr,fx,ea,iter]=bisect(f,0.01,.3,0.00005)
2000
1000
0
-1000
-2000
-3000
-4000
0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

xr =
0.15346
fx =
-0.00026251
ea =
4.5056e-005
iter =
22

5.15 (a) The solution can be formulated as

f (t ) 1.2 80, 000e0.05t 110, 000

320, 000
1 31e 0.09t

A plot of this function can be generated with a script to suggest a root at about 36 years:

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may be displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the
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15

clear,clc,clf,format short g
Pumax=80000;ku=0.05;Pumin=110000;
Psmax=320000;P0=10000;ks=0.09;
f = @(t) 1.2*(Pumax*exp(-ku*t)+Pumin)-Psmax./(1+(Psmax/P0-1)*exp(-ks*t));
iplot=linspace(0,100)';
fplot=f(iplot);
plot(iplot,fplot),grid

2.5

x 10

2
1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
0

20

40

60

80

100

(b) The false-position method can be implemented with the results summarized as
i
1
2
3
4
5

tl
0
0
34.8656
34.8656
36.4206

f(tl)
218000
218000
12310
12310
4

tu
100.0000
53.9426
53.9426
36.6502
36.6502

f(tu)
-186134
-119280
-119280
-1817.89
-1817.89

tr
53.9426
34.8656
36.6502
36.4206
36.4211

f(tr)
-119280
12309.95
-1817.89
4.081795
0.000548

f(tl)f(tr)
-2.600E+10
2.684E+09
-2.238E+07
5.025E+04
2.236E-03

a
54.716%
4.869%
0.631%
0.001%

The root is determined to be t = 36.4211. At this time, the ratio of the suburban to the urban population is
147,538/122,948 = 1.2.
5.16 The solution can be formulated as
f (N ) 0

q N N 2 4ni2

where
1000

300

1360

2.42

73.81971

Substituting this value along with the other parameters gives

f (N ) 0

1.25494 10

17

2
N 1.54256 10
2

20

6.5 106

A plot of this function indicates a root at about N = 9109.

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may be displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the
publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their
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16

8.E+06
6.E+06
4.E+06
2.E+06
0.E+00
0.0E+00
-2.E+06

1.0E+10

2.0E+10

-4.E+06

(a) The bisection method can be implemented with the results for the first 5 iterations summarized as
i
1
2
3
4
5

Nl
0.000x100
0
0.000x10
6.250x109
9
6.250x10
7.813x109

Nu
2.500x1010
1.250x1010
1.250x1010
9.375x109
9.375x109

Nr
1.250x1010
6.250x109
9.375x109
7.813x109
8.594x109

f(Nl)
6.33x106
6.33x106
1.41x106
1.41x106
5.88x105

f(Nr)
-1.21x106
1.41x106
-1.09x105
5.88x105
2.25x105

f(Nl)f(Nr)
-7.7x1012
8.91x1012
-1.5x1011
8.27x1011
1.32x1011

a
100.000%
100.000%
33.333%
20.000%
9.091%

After 16 iterations, the root is 9.114109 with an approximate relative error of 0.004%.
(b) The false position method can be implemented with the results for the first 5 iterations summarized as
i
1
2
3
4
5

Nl
0
0.000x10
0
0.000x10
0.000x100
0
0.000x10
0.000x100

f(Nl)
6.33x106
6.33x106
6.33x106
6.33x106
6.33x106

Nu
2.500x1010
1.612x1010
1.206x1010
1.031x1010
9.591x109

f(Nu)
-3.49x106
-2.13x106
-1.07x106
-4.76x106
-1.97x106

Nr
1.612x1010
1.206x1010
1.031x1010
9.591x109
9.302x109

f(Nr)
-2.13x106
-1.07x106
-4.76x105
-1.97x105
-7.89x104

f(Nl)*f(Nr)
-1.3x1013
-6.8x1012
-3x1012
-1.2x1012
-5x1011

a
33.639%
16.973%
7.513%
3.106%

After 12 iterations, the root is 9.114109 with a relative error of 0.005%.

5.17 Using the given values, the roots problem to be solved is
f ( x) 0 1.25 3.576516

( x 2 0.7225)3/ 2

A script can be developed to generate a plot:

format short g
e0=8.9e-12;F=1.25;q=2e-5;Q=2e-5;a=0.85;
f = @(x) F-1/(4*pi*e0)*q*Q*x./(x.^2+a^2).^(3/2);
xx=[0:0.1:2];
ff=f(xx);
plot(xx,ff),grid

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may be displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the
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17

1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
0

0.5

1.5

The plot indicates roots at about 0.25 and 1.3. The bisect function can be used to determine these roots as
>> [x,fx,ea,iter]=bisect(f,0,0.5)
x =
0.24104
fx =
-4.6805e-007
ea =
9.8911e-005
iter =
21
>> [x,fx,ea,iter]=bisect(f,0.5,2)
x =
1.2913
fx =
-3.7927e-009
ea =
5.5391e-005
iter =
21

Therefore, the roots are 0.24104 and 1.2913.

5.18 The solution can be formulated as

f ( f ) 4 log10 Re

f 0.4

1
f

We want our program to work for Reynolds numbers between 2,500 and 1,000,000. Therefore, we must
determine the friction factors corresponding to these limits. This can be done with any root location method
to yield 0.011525 and 0.002913. Therefore, we can set our initial guesses as xl = 0.0028 and xu = 0.012.
Equation (5.6) can be used to determine the number of bisection iterations required to attain an absolute
error less than 0.000005,
x 0
n log 2
E
a,d

0.012 0.0028
log 2
10.8454
0.000005

which can be rounded up to 11 iterations. Here is a MATLAB function that is set up to implement 11
iterations of bisection to solve the problem.
function f=Fanning(func,xl,xu,varargin)
test = func(xl,varargin{:})*func(xu,varargin{:});
if test>0,error('no sign change'),end
for i = 1:11
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publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their
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18

xr = (xl + xu)/2;
test = func(xl,varargin{:})*func(xr,varargin{:});
if test < 0
xu = xr;
elseif test > 0
xl = xr;
else
break
end
end
f=xr;

This can be implemented in MATLAB. For example,

>> vk=@(f,Re) 4*log10(Re*sqrt(f))-0.4-1/sqrt(f);
>> format long
>> f=Fanning(vk,0.0028,0.012,2500)
f =
0.01152832031250

Here are additional results for a number of values within the desired range. We have included the true value
and the resulting error to verify that the results are within the desired error criterion of Ea < 5106.
Re
2500
3000
10000
30000
100000
300000
1000000

Root
0.0115283203125
0.0108904296875
0.0077279296875
0.0058771484375
0.0045025390625
0.0036220703125
0.0029123046875

Truth
0.0115247638118
0.0108902285840
0.0077271274071
0.0058750482511
0.0045003757287
0.0036178949673
0.0029128191460

Et
3.56x10-6
2.01x10-7
8.02x10-7
-6
2.10x10
2.16x10-6
-6
4.18x10
5.14x10-7

5.19 A script can be developed to generate the plot and the solution with the books MATLAB function
bisect:
clear,clc,clf,format short g
cp = @(T) 1.952e-14*T.^4-9.5838e-11*T.^3+9.7215e-8*T.^2+1.671e-4*T+0.99403;
TT=[0:1200];
cpp=cp(TT);
plot(TT,cpp),grid
cpr = @(T) 1.952e-14*T^4-9.5838e-11*T^3+9.7215e-8*T^2+1.671e-4*T-0.10597;
[root,fx,ea,iter] = bisect(cpr,0,1200)

The results indicate a root at about T = 544.09.

1.25
1.2
1.15
1.1
1.05
1
0.95
0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

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publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their
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19

root =
544.09
fx =
-4.4688e-008
ea =
5.2584e-005
iter =
22

5.20 The solution can be formulated as

f (t ) u ln

m0
gt v
m0 qt

Substituting the parameter values gives

f (t ) 1,800 ln

160, 000
9.81t 750
160, 000 2, 600t

A plot of this function indicates a root at about t = 21.

2000
1000
0
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

-1000

Because two initial guesses are given, a bracketing method like bisection can be used to determine the root,
i
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

tl
10
10
20
25
25
26.25
26.25
26.25

tu
50
30
30
30
27.5
27.5
26.875
26.5625

tr
30
20
25
27.5
26.25
26.875
26.5625
26.40625

f(tl)
-528.899
-528.899
-238.723
-56.9155
-56.9155
-6.52111
-6.52111
-6.52111

f(tr)
158.9182
-238.723
-56.9155
46.13327
-6.52111
19.51345
6.424319
-0.0662

f(tl)f(tr)
-84051.7
126260.5
13587.07
-2625.7
371.1524
-127.249
-41.8937
0.431679

a
50.00%
20.00%
9.09%
4.76%
2.33%
1.18%
0.59%

Thus, after 8 iterations, the approximate error falls below 1% with a result of t = 26.40625. Note that if the
computation is continued, the root can be determined as 26.40784796.
5.21 Eqs. (5.11), (5.14) and (5.16) can be substituted into Eq. (5.13) to yield
0

K1
6

10 [H ]

K H pCO2 2

K 2 K1
6

10 [H ]

K H pCO2

Kw

[H ]

[H ] Alk

The function then becomes

function f = fpHAlk(pH,pCO2,Alk)
K1=10^-6.3;K2=10^-10.3;Kw=10^-14;
KH=10^-1.46;
H=10^-pH;
f=K1/(1e6*H)*KH*pCO2+2*K2*K1/(1e6*H)*KH*pCO2+Kw/H-H-Alk;
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual
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publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their
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20

For 2008, the resulting pH can be determined with

>> [pH2008 fx ea iter]=bisect(@fpHAlk,2,12,1e-8,50,386,0.4e-3)
pH2008 =
7.7748
fx =
-2.3932e-013
ea =
7.4867e-009
iter =
34

Notice how the presence of alkalinity has significantly raised the pH.
5.22 Archimedes principle says that

sVs g wVw g
where Vs = the total sphere volume (m3) and Vw = the below-water volume (m3). The below-water volume
is equal to the total volume minus the above-water volume,
Vw

4 r 3 h 2
(3r h)

3
3

Therefore, Archimedes principle amounts to finding the root of

4 r 3 h 2

4 r 3

0 w
(3r h) g s
g
3
3
3

or collecting terms
4 r 3

h2
0
(3r h)
w s w
3
3

Given the problem parameters, the following script can be employed to determine the root with the bisect
program from the text (Fig. 5.7):
clear,clc,clf,format short g
r=1;rhos=200;rhow=1000;
fh=@(h) 4/3*r^3*pi*(rhow-rhos)-rhow*pi*h.^2/3.*(3*r-h);
h=[0:2*r/20:2*r];fhh=fh(h);
plot(h,fhh),grid
[height f ea iter]=bisect(fh,0,2*r)

The result is

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may be displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the
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21

3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
-500
-1000
0

0.5

1.5

height =
1.4257
f =
-0.0018
ea =
6.6891e-005
iter =
21

5.23 Archimedes principle says that

sV f g wVw g
where Vf = the total frustrum volume (m3) and Vw = the below-water volume (m3). The total frustrum
volume is simply
Vf

h
3

(r12 r22 r1r2 )

In order to determine the below-water volume, we must first relate the radius to the height above water as
in
r r1

r2 r1
h1
h

The below water volume is

Vw

(h h1 )
3

2
r r
r r

r22 r1 2 1 h1 r2 r1 2 1 h1
h
h

Therefore, the solution amounts to determining the value of h1 that satisfies

2
( h h )
r r
r r

h 2

1
(r1 r22 r1r2 ) w
r1 2 1 h1 r22 r1 2 1 h1 r2 0

3
h
h
3

Given the problem parameters, the following script can be employed to determine the root with the bisect
program from the text (Fig. 5.7):
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may be displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the
publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their
individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.

22

r1=0.5;r2=1;h=1;rhof=200;rhow=1000;
fh1=@(h1) rhos*pi*h/3*(r1^2+r2^2+r1*r2)-...
rhow*pi*(h-h1)/3.*((r1+(r2-r1)/h*h1).^2+r2^2+(r1+(r2-r1)/h*h1)*r2);
h1=[0:h/20:h];fhh=fh1(h1);
plot(h,fhh)
[height f ea iter]=bisect(fh1,0,1)

The result is
500

-500

-1000

-1500

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

height =
0.87578
f =
0.00073518
ea =
5.4447e-005
iter =
=
21

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