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Compressed Biogas Project: Submitted by Submitted To Preetham Bharadwaj 1522 MER Coordinator (M.TECH REEM) REEM 2015-17

The document is a report on a compressed biogas project submitted by Preetham Bharadwaj. It consists of an introduction, description of the operation of the biogas production, purification, and bottling/distribution systems. The biogas production system involves slurry preparation, digestion to produce biogas, and gas collection. The purification system removes impurities like carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide. The final system compresses and bottles the purified methane for use as fuel. In conclusion, the industrial visit helped provide practical understanding of compressed biogas plants and their potential for socioeconomic development and rural energy independence.

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Preetham Bharadwaj
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66 views9 pages

Compressed Biogas Project: Submitted by Submitted To Preetham Bharadwaj 1522 MER Coordinator (M.TECH REEM) REEM 2015-17

The document is a report on a compressed biogas project submitted by Preetham Bharadwaj. It consists of an introduction, description of the operation of the biogas production, purification, and bottling/distribution systems. The biogas production system involves slurry preparation, digestion to produce biogas, and gas collection. The purification system removes impurities like carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide. The final system compresses and bottles the purified methane for use as fuel. In conclusion, the industrial visit helped provide practical understanding of compressed biogas plants and their potential for socioeconomic development and rural energy independence.

Uploaded by

Preetham Bharadwaj
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as RTF, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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COMPRESSED BIOGAS

PROJECT

Submitted By
PREETHAM BHARADWAJ
1522 MER
REEM 2015-17

Submitted To
Dr. NAQUI ANWER
Coordinator [M.TECH REEM]

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

My sincere thanks to Professor VIRENDRA KUMAR VIJAY, Centre for


rural development, IIT DELHI for enlightening us with his knowledge

Table of Contents
Introduction

Description & Operation

Conclusion

INTRODUCTION
Biomethanation
Bio-methanation process is one of the most essential processes for treating the Biodegradable portion of Solid Waste. In this process the organic matter is converted
into biogas that is a very useful form of energy. For the bio-methanation process,
the bio-methanation process reactor, called Bio-digester are used in which the
temperature and atmosphere is controlled for the process to occur. Anaerobic
processing of organic material is a two-stage process, where large organic polymers
are fermented into short-chain volatile fatty acids. These acids are then converted
into methane and carbon dioxide. Both the organic polymers fermentation process
and acid conversion occur at the same time, in a single-phase system. The
separation of the acid-producing (acid-organic) bacteria from the methane
producing (methano-genic) bacteria results in a two-phase system.
The main feature of anaerobic treatment is the concurrent waste stabilization and
production of methane gas, which is an energy source. The retention time for solid
material in an anaerobic process can range from a few days to several weeks,
depending upon the chemical characteristics of solid material and the design of the
bio-gasification system (e.g., single stage, two-stage, multi-stage, wet or dry,
temperature and pH control). In the absence of oxygen, anaerobic bacteria
decompose organic matter as follows:
The conditions for bio-gasification need to be anaerobic, for which a totally enclosed
process vessel is required. Although this necessitates a higher level of technology
than compared to composting, it allows a greater control over the process itself and
the emission of noxious odours. Greater process control, especially of temperature,
allows a reduction in treatment time, when compared to composting. Since a biogas
plant is usually vertical, it also required less area than a composting plant.
Biogas is a mixture of gases composed of methane (CH4) 40 - 70 % by volume,
carbon dioxide (CO2) 30 60 % by volume, other gases 1 5 % by volume including
hydrogen (H2) 0-1 % by volume and hydrogen sulphide (H2S) 0 3 % by volume
Organic matter + anaerobic bacteria ---- CH4 + CO2 + H2S+ NH3 + other end
products + energy

DESCRIPTION & OPERATION OF THE THREE SECTIONS OF


THE COMPRESSED BIOGAS PLANT

1. BIOGAS PRODUCTION PLANT:


It deals in generation of biogas from Cow Dung or Poultry droppings. Biogas is
produced in an anaerobic digester i.e. a Biogas plant. Biogas in its natural self
consists of Methane gas, Carbon dioxide, Hydrogen sulphide, Moisture and traces of
other gases. These are the components of the section:

I.

SLURRY PREPARATION: The Dung is mixed with water in the slurry preparation
tank with the help of mechanical stirrer. The ratio of the mixing of water and
waste depends upon quality of material. The feed material like dung is
gathered in the mixing tank. Using sufficient water, the material is thoroughly
mixed till homogeneous slurry is formed.

II.

INLET PIPE: The slurry is moved into the digester through the inlet pipe/tank.

III.

DIGESTER: The mixed slurry is then fed to the anaerobic digester for
production of biogas. It is equipped with a stirrer and heating system. Inside
the digester, the slurry is fermented. Biogas is produced through bacterial
action.

IV.

GAS HOLDER: The biogas thus formed gets collected in the gas holder. It
holds the gas till the time it is transported for purification. Either floating
drum on the digester or a separate biogas balloon can work as gas holder.

V.

OUTLET PIPE: The slurry is discharged into the outlet tank. This is done
through the outlet pipe or the opening in the digester.

2. PURIFICATION PLANT:
Biogas is an economical, renewable and an eco-friendly fuel. Biogas produced in
anaerobic digester consists of Moisture, Carbon dioxide, Hydrogen sulfide and
Methane gas. Methane has a high calorific value in its pure stage. Due to the
presence of impurities Biogas becomes a very low calorific value fuel and hence
finds a very limited application even though it is cheap and easily available.
We have to extract pure and high calorific value fuel methane from low calorific fuel
Biogas to make it suitable for compression. Once pure Methane is available in
suitable quality and quantity it finds a wide range of applications from running an oil

engine, driving a Motor car Engine, as cooking fuel and to operating a Gas Turbine
for rural power generation. Main components of the section:
I. PACKED BED TOWER: Biogas generated from the digester is allowed to flow
through moisture traps. This process drains out the water droplets present in the
gas. Raw Biogas is compressed by the Low Pressure Compressor and fed to the
bottom of Packed Tower and from the top water is sprayed through water Rota
pump. Gas and water interact inside the tower in counter current; as a result,
carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulphide dissolve in water. Water with dissolved gases
exits from the bottom of tower and releases dissolved gases in the cooling tower at
atmospheric pressure. The Physical Absorption Device is a specially designed
modern high pressure combined directional flow device for cleaning Biogas of it high
impurities.
II. REFRIGERATED DRIER: Enriched gas exiting from top of tower contains moisture
which is removed by condensing it at scrubber pressure and low temperature
through Refrigerated Drier.
III. BIOGAS ONLINE MONITORING: A monitoring device is fitted after the filters to
gauge the quantum of different gases H2S, CO2, CH4 and Moisture present in the
gas.

3. BOTTLING AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM:


It deals in Filtering, compressing and filling Methane in a Gas Bottle

FIG: SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF BIO GAS PLANT

FIG: CBG OPERATED VEHICLE RUNNING FROM 4 YEARS

Fig: Biogas Plant at IIT Delhi

CONCLUSION

This industrial visit bridges gap between theoretical knowledge and practical
understanding of CBG Plant

It also helps to co-relate the socio- economic development led by the


introduction of Renewable Energy Technologies in rural areas

Scrubbing technology can be used to produce desi energy and can help rural
areas to become energy independent

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