Cognitive Radio

Fajar Adityawarman
Telecommunication Engineering 2014
Jalan Telekomunikasi No 1 Bandung
Fajar.Aditya1012@Gmail.Com

Abstract Standards groups and regulatory bodies around the world In addition to this there have been many instances where
are increasingly seeking new ways of using, allowing access to, or greater communications flexibility has been required. Along
allocating spectrum. This was made clear during the SDR Forums the way, there have been several significant milestones along
Global Regulatory Summit on SDR and Cognitive Radio
the road to develop cognitive radio technology.
Technologies (June 2005), when standards, regulatory, and other key
stakeholder representatives from around the world discussed their
spectrum management challenges and goals, and the role of new One example that exemplified the need for flexible
technologies. This interest in developing new spectrum utilization communications occurred in the Netherlands in 2000 when a
technologiescombined with both the introduction of SDR and the fireworks factory exploded killing 23 people, destroying much
realization that machine learning can be applied to radiosis of the town and injuring more than a thousand people. While
creating intriguing possibilities for new and promising technologies dealing with this catastrophe, the emergency services (fire,
such as cognitive radio. medical, police, etc) experienced real communications
difficulties because they all had different communications
systems and were unable to communicate with the other
I. INTRODUCTION
services.
Cognitive radio (CR) is one of the new long term
developments taking place and radio receiver and radio Another major emergency was the 9-11 terrorist attacks in
communications technology. After the Software Defined the USA. Again communications difficulties were
Radio (SDR) which is slowly becoming more of a reality, experienced.While often a variety of radios would be needed
cognitive radio (CR) and cognitive radio technology will be for intercommunications, this would not be viable for small
the next major step forward enabling more effective radio groups of people, and reconfigurable radios would have
communications systems to be developed. enabled far more effective communications to be achieved.
With spectrum becoming a more scarce resource many radio
The idea for cognitive radio has come out of the need to regulatory bodies started to look at how it might be more
utilise the radio spectrum more efficiently, and to be able to effectively used.
maintain the most efficient form of communication for the
prevailing conditions. By using the levels of processing that In the UK a report by Professor Cave was published in
are available today, it is possible to develop a radio that is able 2002 detailing the possibility of selling spectrum dependent
to look at the spectrum, detect which frequencies are clear, upon the bandwidth required. This cognitive radio technology
and then implement the best form of communication for the would lend itself to this approach of spectrum management as
required conditions. In this way cognitive radio technology is it would be able to utilise areas that were temporarily free and
able to select the frequency band, the type of modulation, and thereby maximise the use of particular areas.Similarly others
power levels most suited to the requirements, prevailing had been working on the possibility of self configuring radios.
conditions and the geographic regulatory requirements. In fact the term "Cognitive Radio" was coined by Joseph
Mitola while he was writing his doctoral thesis on the topic in
II. HISTORY 2002.

There have been many factors that have lead to the III. DEFINITION
development of cognitive radio technology. One of the major There are likely to be a variety of different views of what
drivers has been the steady increase in the requirement for the exactly what a cognitive radio may be. Accordingly a
radio spectrum along with a drive for improved definition of a cognitive radio may be of use in a number of
communications and speeds. In turn this has lead to initiatives instances.
to make more effective use of the spectrum, often with an
associated cost dependent upon the amount of spectrum used.
 A cognitive radio may be defined as a radio that is aware interference because sensing technology would not be able to
of its environment, and the internal state and with a identify the locations of nearby receivers.
knowledge of these elements and any stored pre-defined
objectives can make and implement decisions about its 4. Network/System Discovery
behaviour. For a cognitive radio terminal to determine the best
way to communicate, it shall first discover available networks
In general the cognitive radio may be expected to look at around it. These networks are reachable either via directed one
parameters such as channel occupancy, free channels, the type hop communication or via multi-hop relay nodes. For
of data to be transmitted and the modulation types that may be example, when a cognitive radio terminal has to make a phone
used. It must also look at the regulatory requirements. In some call, it shall discover if there is GSM BTSs or WiFi APs
instances a knowledge of geography and this may alter what it nearby. If there is no directed communication link between the
may be allowed to do. terminal and the BTSs/APs but through other cognitive radio
terminals some access networks are reachable, it can still
In some instances it may be necessary to use a software make a call in this circumstance. The ability to discovery one
defined radio, so that it can reconfigure itself to meet the hop or multi-hop away access networks is important.
achieve the optimal transmission technology for a given set of
parameters. Accordingly Cognitive radio technology and 5. Service Discovery
software defined radio are often tightly linked. Service discovery usually accompanies with
network/system discovery. Network or system operators
IV. TERMINAL CAPABILITY OF COGNITIVE RADIO provide their services through their access networks. A
NETWORKS cognitive radio terminal shall find appropriate services to
fulfill its demands.
The capabilities of cognitive radios as nodes of CRN can
be classified according to their functionalities. A cognitive B. Reconfigurable Capability
radio shall sense the environment (cognitive capability),
analyze and learn sensed information (self-organized 1. Frequency Agility
capability) and adapt to the environment (reconfigurable It is the ability of a radio to change its operating
capabilities). frequency. This ability usually combines with a method to
dynamically select the appropriate operating frequency based
A. Cognitive Capability on the sensing of signals from other transmitters or on some
other method.
1. Spectrum Sensing
2. Dynamic Frequency Selection
A cognitive radio can sense spectrum and detect
It is defined in the rules as a mechanism that
spectrum holes which are those frequency bands not used
dynamically detects signals from other radio frequency
by the licensed users or having limited interference with them.
systems and avoids co-channel operation with those systems.
The methods that a device could use to decide when to change
2. Spectrum Sharing
frequency or polarization could include spectrum sensing,
A cognitive radio could incorporate a mechanism that
geographic location monitoring, or an instruction from a
would enable sharing of spectrum under the terms of an
network or another device.
agreement between a licensee and a third party. Parties may
eventually be able to negotiate for spectrum use on an ad hoc
3. Adaptive Modulation/Coding
or real-time basis, without the need for prior agreements
Adaptive modulation techniques can modify transmission
between all parties.
characteristics and waveforms to provide opportunities for
improved spectrum access and more intensive use of spectrum
3. Location Identification
while working aroundother signals that are present. A
The ability to determine its location and the location
cognitive radio could select the appropriate modulation type
of other transmitters, and then select the appropriate operating
for use with a particular transmission system to permit
parameters such as the power and frequency allowed at its
interoperability between systems.
location. In bands such as those used for satellite downlinks
that are receive-only and do not transmit a signal, location
4. Transmit Power Control
technology may be an appropriate method of avoiding
 Transmit power control is a feature that enables a they can provide better services to mobile users, and allocate
device to dynamically switch between several transmission radio and network resources to deliver more packets per unit
power levels in the data transmission process. It allows bandwidth in a more efficient way.
transmission at the allowable limits when necessary, but
reduces the transmitter power to a lower level to allow greater A. Network Architecture
sharing of spectrum when higher power operation is not The CRNs can be deployed in network-centric,
necessary. distributed, ad hoc, and mesh architectures, and serve the
needs of both licensed and unlicensed applications. The basic
5. Dynamic System/Network Access components of CRNs are mobile station (MS), base
For a cognitive radio terminal to access multiple station/access point(BSs/APs) and backbone/core networks.
communication systems/networks which run different These three basic components compose three kinds of network
protocols, the ability to reconfigure itself to be compatible architectures in the CRNs: Infrastructure, Ad-hoc and Mesh
with these systems is necessary. architectures, which are introduced as follows.

C. Self-Organized Capability 1. Infrastructure Architecture

In the Infrastructure architecture, a MS can only
1. Spectrum/Radio Resource Management access a BS/AP in the one-hop manner. MSs under the
To efficiently manage and organize spectrum holes transmission range of the same BS/AP shall communicate
information among cognitive radios, good spectrum with each other through the BS/AP. Communications between
management scheme is necessary. different cells are routed through backbone/core networks.
The BS/AP may be able to execute one or multiple
2. Mobility and Connection Management communication standards/protocols to fulfill different
Due to the heterogeneity of CRNs, routing and demands from MSs. A cognitive radio terminal can also access
topology information is more and more complex. Good different kinds of communication systems through their BS or
mobility and connection management can help neighborhood AP.
discovery, detect available Internet access and support vertical
handoffs, which help cognitive radios to select route and 2. Ad-hoc Architecture
networks. There is no infrastructure support (or defined) in ad-
hoc architecture. If an MS recognizes that there are some
3. Trust/Security Management other MS nearby and are connectable through certain
Since CRNs are heterogeneous networks in nature, communication standards/protocols, they can set up a link and
various heterogeneities (e.g. wireless access technologies, thus form an ad hoc network. Note that links between nodes
system/network operators) introduce lots of security issues. may be set up by different communication technology. Two
Trust is thus a prerequisite for securing operations in CRNs. cognitive radio terminals can either communicate with each
other by using existing communication protocols (e.g. WiFi,
Bluetooth) or dynamically using spectrum holes.
V. ARCHITECTURE OF COGNITIVE RADIO NETWORK

3. Mesh Architecture
In addition to spectrum sensing to effective improve
This architecture is a combination of Infrastructure and Ad
spectrum utilization, a cognitive radio in CRN can sense
Hoc architectures by enabling the wireless connections
available networks and communication systems around it. A
between BSs/APs, which is similar to the Hybrid Wireless
Cognitive Radio Network (CRN) is thus not just another
Mesh Networks. BSs/APs work as wireless routers and form
network to interconnect cognitive radios. The CRNs are
wireless backbones. MSs can either access the BSs/APs
composed of various kinds of communication systems and
directly or use other MSs as multi-hop relay nodes. Some
networks, and can be viewed as s sort of heterogeneous
BSs/APs may connect to the wired backbone/core networks
networks. The heterogeneity exists in wireless access
and function as gateways. Since BSs/APs can be deployed
technologies, networks, user terminals, applications, and
without necessarily connecting to wired backbone or core
service providers [4]. The design of cognitive radio network
networks, it is more flexible and less costly in planning the
architecture is toward the objective of improving the entire
locations of BSs/APs. For BSs/APs having cognitive radio
network utilization, rather than just link spectral efficiency.
capabilities, they may use spectrum holes to communicate
From the usersperspective, the network utilization means that
each other. Due to potentially lots of spectrum holes available,
they can always fulfill their demands anytime and anywhere
through accessing CRNs. From the operators perspective,
the capacity of wireless communication links among cognitive REFERENSI
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I CONCLUSION
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