ADVANCED BUILDING ANALYST TRAINING PROGRAM

Mechanical Systems Efficiency

and Management for
Light Commercial Buildings

Instructors Guide
 Acknowledgements
Development of the Mechanical Systems Efficiency and Management for Light Commercial
Buildings program involved many professionals. Unless otherwise noted, the individuals listed below are
affiliated with the University of Florida.

Craig Miller Associate In, Program for Resource Efficient Communities. Mr. Miller served as overall coordinator for
development of the Mechanical Systems Efficiency and Management for Light Commercial
Buildings program. In addition to structuring the course and training materials for program presenters, he
assisted in the developed of the individual modules.

Lynn Jarrett, M.S. Water Resources Engineer, Program for Resource Efficient Communities. Ms. Jarrett was
responsible for developing the modules on Codes and Standards and Financial Analysis as well as a contributor on
all of the modules

Ward Simonton. PhD Consultant and co-founder of Simonton and McKinney, LLC, an energy efficiency
consulting firm. Dr. Simonton researched Nebraska-specific guidelines and supported the development of the
course structure and the individual modules.

Nelson Stephens Energy Services Specialist, Lincoln Electric System. Mr. Stephens provided input on light
commercial HVAC applications in Nebraska and provided monthly utility data on various LES customers.

Judy Sunday and Timothy Rauscher Commercial Energy Advisors, Omaha Public Power District. Ms. Sunday and
Mr. Rauscher provided input on light commercial HVAC applications in Nebraska.

Kenny Reed Associate, ME Group. Mr. Reed provided input on light commercial HVAC applications in Nebraska.

Lee DeBaillie, P.E. Principal Energy Engineer, Energy Center of Wisconsin. Mr. DeBaillie provided information on
simulation results for light commercial HVAC applications.

Christine Swanson Program Assistant, Program for Resource Efficient Communities. Mrs. Swanson assisted in
early development of the materials.

Barbara Haldeman Editorial Assistant, Program for Resource Efficient Communities. Mrs. Haldeman handled the
design and layout of the program materials.

First printed October 2012

Table of Contents
Preface ............................................................................................................................... iii

Notes to the Instructor ........................................................................................................... v

Module 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................... 1

Module 2. Fundamentals of Commercial Energy Use .......................................... 41

Module 3. Mechanical Systems Codes and Standards ......................................... 75

Module 4. Improvements in Heating, Ventilation and

Air-Conditioning (HVAC) ......................................................................... 147

Glossary ........................................................................................................................... 245

Course Evaluation

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ii
Mechanical systems and equipment account for about 64% of the electricity consumed in
the U.S. industrial/commercial sector. In these sectors alone, improvements to
mechanical systems could yield dramatic energy and cost savings. The key to these
savings is applying energy-efficiency equipment or implementing sound energy
management practices. The Program for Resource Efficient Communities (PREC) at the
University of Florida developed a Mechanical Systems Efficiency and Management for
Light Commercial Buildings course that will provide the mechanical worker/building
managers the knowledge and tools necessary to improve equipment and system
performance. Specific focus areas will include light commercial building HVAC and
Refrigeration Systems.

The training materials include an instructors manual of presentation materials (e.g.

PowerPoint slides) and a comprehensive student workbook/resource guide for each
module. Modules include a list of objectives, skills, and requirements. Most modules
consist of demonstrations, exercises, discussions (individual / group), and/or activities.
The training is proposed to be delivered in a 2-day format and consist of approximately
14-16 contact hours, which may in whole or in part, be credited toward continuing
education units (CEUs) required for licensure. The materials have been assembled into
the following units:

Unit I: (~ 7 hours):
Module 1: Introduction
Module 2: Fundamentals of Commercial Energy Use
Module 3: Mechanical Systems Codes and Standards
Module 4: Improvements in Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning (HVAC)

Unit II: (~7 hours):

Module 5: Improvements in Refrigeration
Module 6: Health and Safety
Module 7: Financial Analysis
Module 8: Putting It All Together

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 Units I and II require a written pre- and post-class assessment, which you are
expected to develop from the questions/answers provided on the included CD. Each
unit also includes a participant evaluation/feedback form.

iv
Sample agenda
The following sample agenda is a guide to allow enough time for you to adequately
address each module topic. The sample is by no means definite and you are
encouraged to deliver the training materials at a pace that is best for your particular
audience. You are encouraged, as part of the initial class introductions, to solicit
feedback from participants on their experiences and backgrounds. This agenda is
based on seven continuing education hours (CEUs) or approximately 350 minutes.

Sample Agenda: Unit I

Class introductions, course overview and agenda for the day 510 minutes

Pre-class assessment 1520 minutes

Module 1: Introduction 30 minutes

Module 2: Fundamentals of Commercial Energy Use 60 minutes

Module 3: Mechanical Systems Codes and Standards 80 minutes

Module 4: Improvements in Heating, Ventilation and

Air-Conditioning (HVAC) 120 minutes

Post-class assessment 1520 minutes

Participant evaluations/Summary 510 minutes

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 Pre/post-class assessments
You are responsible for selecting at least 20 questions from the Unit I Question Bank
(found on the supplied CD) for written assessments, which are assigned before and after
each days instruction. The questions and answers specific to each module are also found
in the Lesson Plan for that module. The Participants Guide contains the questions for
each module for you to use as a review.

Participant Evaluations
Please be sure that each individual completes the course evaluation at the end of the unit.

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Learning Objectives
By attending this session, participants will:

Understand the objectives of the course (Advanced Building Analyst III:

Mechanical Systems)

Become familiar with the process of conducting a complete commercial audit

Become familiar with certain steps in the processes of conducting a complete

commercial audit.

Key Terminology

Action plan Incentive

Benchmarking Initial analysis
Client goals Retro-commissioning
Energy audit

Supplemental Materials
Energy Savings Potential and RD&D Opportunities for Commercial Building HVAC
Systems. U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
Building Technologies Program. Sep 2011.
http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/publications/pdfs/corporate/savings_potential_
comm_hvac.pdf

HVAC &R Market Trends & the Influence of ASHRAE Members. ASHRAE
Journal. 2012.
www.ashrae.org/File%20Library/docLib/Media%20Kit/2012MediaKit/ASHRAEJour
nal_2012_HVAC-R-Market.pdf

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Institute for Building Efficiency, Benefits Beyond Energy

http://www.institutebe.com/Existing-Building-Retrofits/Productivity-Gains-from-
Energy-Efficiency.aspx

Energy Savings and Economics of Advanced Control Strategies for Packaged Air-
Conditioning Units with Gas Heat. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory for the
U.S. Department of Energy. Dec 2011.

ASHRAE HVAC Applications Handbook, Section 35

Classroom Props and Preparations

Printed samples of commercial energy audits

Example analysis reports

Possible Activities
1. Group discussion (facility managers, business owners): Discuss what barriers
exist that prevents many businesses to consider investing in whole-building energy
audits and/or retro-commissioning.

2. Group discussion (contractors and other service providers): Discuss strategies

for promoting and providing commercial building energy audit and/or retro-
commissioning for mechanical systems and refrigeration equipment.

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Unit I Instructor Guide 1: Introduction

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1: Introduction Instructor Guide Unit I

1. Introduction
2. Fundamentals of Commercial Energy Use
3. Mechanical Systems Codes and Standards
4. Improvements in Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning

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Unit I Instructor Guide 1: Introduction

5. Improvements in Refrigeration
6. Health and Safety
7. Financial Analysis and Incentives
8. Putting It All Together

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1: Introduction Instructor Guide Unit I

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Unit I Instructor Guide 1: Introduction

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Energy Savings Potential and RD&D Opportunities for Commercial Building HVAC
Systems, U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Building
Technologies Program, Sept. 2011
http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/publications/pdfs/corporate/savings_potential_comm
_hvac.pdf

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Unit I Instructor Guide 1: Introduction

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Increasing efficiency still is an underutilized and untapped energy resource in the world.
[page 2] An estimated 85% of buildings that will exist in urban areas in 2030 have
already been built. During an ASHRAE Net Zero Energy Building conference, the audience
was told that if every new building from this day forward was designed as net-zero, only
15% of the marketplace would be impacted by the year 2030.
Renovation of todays building stock offers the opportunity of significantly impacting
overall energy demand, reducing building carbon footprints and building a sustainable
future. The green building movement is growing with more requirements mandated by
federal, state and local governments.
While we can build efficient buildings, that means nothing if we cannot keep them
operating efficiently. Building performances typically deteriorate as much as 30% in the
first three to four years of operation. Commissioning is a quality focused process that if
implemented early in the design, can save time, money and improve the quality of a healthy
and productive building.
Studies show that retro-commissioning of existing buildings can save 10% to 40% simply
by improving operational strategies. The 20- to 50-cents-persquare-foot cost can returned in
less than one year through energy savings of at least 15%, according to the Building
Commissioning Association. [page 7]
www.ashrae.org/File%20Library/docLib/Media%20Kit/2012MediaKit/ASHRAEJournal_20
12_HVAC-R-Market.pdf

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Unit I Instructor Guide 1: Introduction

Energy Savings Potential and RD&D Opportunities for Commercial Building HVAC
Systems, US Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Building
Technologies Program, Sept. 2011
http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/publications/pdfs/corporate/savings_potential_comm
_hvac.pdf

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1: Introduction Instructor Guide Unit I

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Unit I Instructor Guide 1: Introduction

While it is difficult to quantify productivity in many workplaces, studies have been

performed based on questionnaires, interviews, and direct observations, as well as on
objective data such as absenteeism and incidence of complaints. These studies consistently
show that productivity increases when energy efficiency is improved.
http://www.institutebe.com/Existing-Building-Retrofits/Productivity-Gains-from-Energy-
Efficiency.aspx

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Institute for Building Efficiency, Benefits Beyond Energy

http://www.institutebe.com/Existing-Building-Retrofits/Productivity-Gains-from-Energy-
Efficiency.aspx

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Unit I Instructor Guide 1: Introduction

Institute for Building Efficiency, Benefits Beyond Energy

http://www.institutebe.com/Existing-Building-Retrofits/Productivity-Gains-from-Energy-
Efficiency.aspx

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1: Introduction Instructor Guide Unit I

Institute for Building Efficiency, Benefits Beyond Energy

http://www.institutebe.com/Existing-Building-Retrofits/Productivity-Gains-from-Energy-
Efficiency.aspx

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Unit I Instructor Guide 1: Introduction

Study by CBRE (a commercial real estate services firm) and the University of San Diego in
May 2009 Institute for Building Efficiency, Benefits Beyond Energy
http://www.institutebe.com/Existing-Building-Retrofits/Productivity-Gains-from-Energy-
Efficiency.aspx

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Unit I Instructor Guide 1: Introduction

Specifics of various energy savings measures will be discussed in the following modules.
Data for roof-top units (RTUs) from a study by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory for
the U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Savings and Economics of Advanced Control
Strategies for Packaged Air-Conditioning Units with Gas Heat, Dec 2011.

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1: Introduction Instructor Guide Unit I

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Unit I Instructor Guide 1: Introduction

Heating, ventilation, air conditioning, and refrigeration account for a majority of the energy
consumption by mechanical systems in commercial buildings under 20,000 sq ft. Retro-
commissioning is based on operational improvements, regular maintenance, and cost-
effective equipment upgrades to improve energy efficiency and equipment performance
before more intensive capital projects are deployed.

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Unit I Instructor Guide 1: Introduction

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Unit I Instructor Guide 1: Introduction

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Traditional commercial energy audits involve many detailed steps. The ASHRAE HVAC
Applications Handbook, Section 35, identifies and distinguishes the tasks of three different
levels of energy audits: Level I, Walk-Through Assessment; Level II, Energy Survey and
Analysis; and Level III, Detailed Analysis of Capital Intensive Modifications. These levels
are helpful in identifying the tasks involved in building analysis; however, the approaches
recommended are tailored more to larger facilities and not light commercial applications.

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Unit I Instructor Guide 1: Introduction

Traditional energy audits may not be the best approach for many light commercial
applications. The cost of the audit, the focus on capital equipment replacement that is not
affordable by many businesses; the need for modeling to confirm energy savings; and the
history of audit reports not being acted upon, all combine to limit the effectiveness of audits
for many commercial buildings.

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1: Introduction Instructor Guide Unit I

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Unit I Instructor Guide 1: Introduction

RCx is a more focused process than traditional energy audits. The emphasis is on low cost
improvements beginning with operations and maintenance. RCx includes an assessment of
the building incorporating a study of past utility bills and interviews with facility personnel.
Diagnostic monitoring and functional tests of building systems may be required.
Component upgrades can also be a part of the solution (such as with HVAC equipment:
thermostat upgrade, zone control, variable speed fan motors and control (VFD), demand-
controlled ventilation (DCV), economizer). RCx should be applied periodically, every three
to seven years based on a buildings use, changes, and equipment.

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1: Introduction Instructor Guide Unit I

Because of its applicability to a wide range of light commercial applications, retro-

commissioning will be the focus of this course.

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Unit I Instructor Guide 1: Introduction

Cost savings from reduced energy use - electricity costs increased by an average of 43%
nationwide between 1999 and 2008 and are expected to continue to rise.
http://www.cacx.org/PIER/documents/bpt-handbook.pdf

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1: Introduction Instructor Guide Unit I

Sources:
Mills, E., H. Friedman, T. Powell, N. Bourassa, D. Claridge, T. Haasl, and M.A. Piette.
2004, The Cost-Effectiveness of Commercial-Buildings Commissioning, Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory. $0.11 to $0.72/sq ft in 2004
Energy Efficiency Guide for Existing Commercial Buildings, F.S. Goldner, NYC
ASHRAE May 25, 2010
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory http://cx.lbl.gov/documents/2009-
assessment/LBNL-Cx-Cost-Benefit.pdf

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Unit I Instructor Guide 1: Introduction

Many studies over the years have shown the impact that operational improvements,
maintenance, and relatively lower cost upgrades can have on both energy consumption and
system performance.
References:
Retro-Commissioning. M.E. Group Presentation. Maniktala, N, and K. Reed. 2010.
Improving Building Performance. The Carbon War Room Green Capital Operation.
June, 2012.
Energy Saving Strategies and Economics of Advanced Control Strategies for Packaged
Air-Conditioning Units with Gas Heat. PNNL Report 20955. Wang, W., Y. Huang, S.
Katipamula, & M. Brambley. Dec 2011.
Small Commercial HVAC Surveying the frontier of energy efficiency. Energy Center of
Wisconsin Presentation. 2010. L. DeBaillie, PE.

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1: Introduction Instructor Guide Unit I

Buildings that are not good candidates may include those with older equipment that should
be replaced, buildings that have been commissioned in past 3 5 years, and buildings with
low EUI relative to peers.

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Unit I Instructor Guide 1: Introduction

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Unit I Instructor Guide 1: Introduction

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Unit I Instructor Guide 1: Introduction

Assessment

Questions

1. Name two potential incentives for completing a commercial energy audit.

a. _________________________________________________________

b. _________________________________________________________

2. By conducting an initial analysis (data review, benchmarking, and financial

analysis) and determining client details (building type, use, changes, etc.) what
can be identified?

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

True or false

3. This course includes information on the complete commercial energy audit

process including benchmarking.

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1: Introduction Instructor Guide Unit I

Answers

1. Name two potential incentives for completing a commercial energy audit.

Any two of the following:

Utility rebates
Tax credits and deductions
Participation in green building certification programs such as
ENERGY STAR, LEED, etc.

2. By conducting an initial analysis (data review, benchmarking, and financial

analysis) and determining client details (building type, use, changes, etc.) what
can be identified?

Potential improvements

True or false

3. This course includes information on the complete commercial energy audit

process including benchmarking.

False

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Learning Objectives
By attending this session, participants will:

Be able to rank energy consumption by use for various types of commercial

buildings

Understand the various energy consumption and energy cost components of a

commercial utility bill

Be able to utilize utility bill data to prioritize mechanical system opportunities

for energy conservation and efficiency

Understand benchmarking and how it is used to identify the potential impact of

energy conservation and efficiency measures

Key Terminology
Baseload Energy Utilization Intensity (EUI)
Benchmarking Portfolio Manager

References & Supplemental Materials

Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey, U.S. Department of Energy
http://buildingsdatabook.eren.doe.gov/CBECS.aspx

Commercial Energy Benchmarks http://members.questline.com

ENERGY STAR Building Upgrade Manual, Chapter 2 Benchmarking, EPA Office

of Air & Radiation, 2008
www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=business.bus_upgrade_manual

ENERGY STAR Portfolio Manager Overview

www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=evaluate_performance.bus_portfoliomanager

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2: Commercial Energy Use Instructor Guide Unit I

Classroom Props and Preparations

Be familiar with the Excel-based tool provided for utility bill analysis (UBA)

Be familiar with the CBECS web site:

http://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/

Be familiar with Portfolio Manager: www.energystar.gov/istar/pmpam/

Make the case study utility bill datasets accessible

Pre-load the UBA spreadsheet tool with some of the case study data

Possible Activities
1. Utility Bill Analysis: With one of the two case study utility bill datasets

a) Enter the missing data into the UBA Excel tool

b) On the Electricity and Gas Consumption charts

How much of the energy use is baseload and how much is seasonal?
What might this say about the opportunities for improving
mechanical system energy efficiency?

Does the building have electricity demand charges? If so, do they

vary significantly over the year? Do they spike during certain times
of the year? How do demand charges compare to consumption
charges? What might this say about mechanical system
performance?

Do electrical costs dominate or are gas costs significant as well?

What does this indicate about priorities for improvement?

Are there other observations that might impact the potentially

reducing energy consumption?

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Unit I Instructor Guide 2: Commercial Energy Use

2. Benchmarking: Using the case study dataset from Activity 1

a. Compare the EUI of the case study with the appropriate chart in this
module for average businesses (office, retail, etc). Is the EUI higher or
lower than the average? Given that the average for each classification may
use 25% or more energy than an efficient operation, what does this indicate
about the potential for improvement in this building?

b. Using a pre-loaded Portfolio Manager building dataset, run the

benchmarking report to determine the statistical-based ranking relative to
the median and to an ENERGY STAR level of energy consumption.

c. Modify the Portfolio Manager example (e.g. by changing the building size
or staffing level) and re-run the benchmarking report to see the impact on
the ranking.

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Unit I Instructor Guide 2: Commercial Energy Use

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Unit I Instructor Guide 2: Commercial Energy Use

Sources for Nebraska light commercial buildings

1. Commercial Energy Benchmarks (members.questline.com)
2. DOE CBECS Building Energy Handbook (buildingdatabook.eren.doe.gov)

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2: Commercial Energy Use Instructor Guide Unit I

Sources for Nebraska light commercial buildings

1. Commercial Energy Benchmarks (members.questline.com)
2. DOE CBECS Building Energy Handbook (buildingdatabook.eren.doe.gov)

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Unit I Instructor Guide 2: Commercial Energy Use

Sources for Nebraska light commercial buildings

1. Commercial Energy Benchmarks (members.questline.com)
2. DOE CBECS Building Energy Handbook (buildingdatabook.eren.doe.gov)

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2: Commercial Energy Use Instructor Guide Unit I

Sources for Nebraska light commercial buildings

1. Commercial Energy Benchmarks (members.questline.com)
2. DOE CBECS Building Energy Handbook (buildingdatabook.eren.doe.gov)

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Unit I Instructor Guide 2: Commercial Energy Use

Sources for Nebraska light commercial buildings

1. Commercial Energy Benchmarks (members.questline.com)
2. DOE CBECS Building Energy Handbook (buildingdatabook.eren.doe.gov)

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2: Commercial Energy Use Instructor Guide Unit I

Sources for Nebraska light commercial buildings

1. Commercial Energy Benchmarks (members.questline.com)
2. DOE CBECS Building Energy Handbook (buildingdatabook.eren.doe.gov)

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Unit I Instructor Guide 2: Commercial Energy Use

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2: Commercial Energy Use Instructor Guide Unit I

Taking a close look at utility bills over at least a one year period, and preferably more, will
provide good insight into the opportunities for improvement. Each building and business
are unique users of energy. Utility bills show consumption history and variations over time
and how energy costs are distributed. This information is extremely valuable in
understanding the potential impact of improvements and what costs might be appropriate
for each specific application.

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Unit I Instructor Guide 2: Commercial Energy Use

The state maintains a list of the suppliers and their average prices, at
http://www.neo.ne.gov/statshtml/119.htm
Nebraskas Electricity Rates - http://www.neo.ne.gov/statshtml/119.htm
Nebraska Power Review Board, list of power suppliers,
http://www.nprb.state.ne.us/links.html

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http://www.oppd.com/prodconsump10g/groups/web/documents/webcontent/22_006954.pdf

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http://www.oppd.com/Rates/CommercialIndustrial/22_001501

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Unit I Instructor Guide 2: Commercial Energy Use

This is energy consumption data from a 15,094 sq ft office building in Lincoln, NE. The
EUI, or energy intensity index, of 136 kBTU/sq ft is very high compared to the average
shown earlier for Nebraska office buildings. Note the typical seasonal pattern of energy use
but also the high electricity baseload of approximately 20,000 kWh per month. What might
this data indicate about energy efficiency improvements for this building?

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2: Commercial Energy Use Instructor Guide Unit I

In this 15,094 sq ft office building, note the typical seasonal cost distribution between
electricity and natural gas, with gas costs exceeding electricity in the winter months. The
dominate costs however, are for base (non-seasonal) electricity charges of approximately
$1,500 monthly (almost 60% of the total energy costs each year); this contributes to
electricity being over 70% of the costs while being only just over 50% in consumption.
Note also that electricity demand charges exceed use charges by a significant amount.

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Unit I Instructor Guide 2: Commercial Energy Use

This is energy consumption data from a 12,512 sq ft grocery store in Lincoln, NE. How
does the EUI, or energy intensity index, compare to the average shown earlier for Nebraska
grocery stores? What might account for the high baseload electricity consumption?

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2: Commercial Energy Use Instructor Guide Unit I

How do these energy costs differ from the office building example?

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Unit I Instructor Guide 2: Commercial Energy Use

Tools such as the Department of Energys CBECS database

(http://www.buildingbenchmarks.com/) help businesses gather average consumption data for
use in comparison. A more complete tool is Portfolio Manager
(http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=evaluate_performance.bus_portfoliomanager); basic
business information is entered, such as hours of operation, number of employees and the size
of the conditioned space, along with monthly utility data, and statistics are used to predict
median and energy efficient use that is relevant to the particular business. Portfolio Manager
is also the tool used to verify ENERGY STAR level performance of commercial buildings.

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Unit I Instructor Guide 2: Commercial Energy Use

The earlier office building used as an example was benchmarked using ENERGY STARs
Portfolio Manager (www.energystar.gov/istar/pmpam). The table above compiles the
results. Note the difference in Site Energy Intensity (136 kBTU/sq ft) to the comparisons.
The Rating of 75 column is the level that would qualify the building, with its particular use
and data, as an ENERGY STAR building. Note also the differences in Energy Cost per sq ft
per year.

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Assessment
Questions

For questions 1-3, use the following answers for building types:

a. office
b. retail
c. restaurant
d. grocery
e. gas station/convenience

1. On average, which types of small commercial buildings in Nebraska have the

lowest and highest energy use intensity (measured in kBtu/sq ft)?

a. Lowest (82 kBtu/sq ft): ________

b. Highest (262 kBtu/sq ft): ________

2. On average, which types of small commercial buildings in Nebraska use the

least and the greatest electric power, when expressed as a % of total energy
consumption? (Note: The lowest % electricity will have the highest % natural
gas and fuel oil.)

a. Least (41%) _______

b. Greatest ( 90%) _______

3. Which two types of buildings typically have the highest total electricity use
and in them, what mechanical system uses the most electricity?

a. Building types ________

b. Mechanical system ________

4. List two kinds of useful information that can come from analysis of utility
bills.

a. _________________________________________________________

b. _________________________________________________________

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True or false

5. In most small to medium commercial buildings in Nebraska, heating ranks

either first or second in energy consumption, but not necessarily in energy cost.

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Answers

For questions 1-3, use the following answers for building types:
a. office
b. retail
c. restaurant
d. grocery
e. gas station/convenience

1. On average, which types of small commercial buildings in Nebraska have the

lowest and highest energy use intensity (measured in kBtu/sq ft)?

Lowest (82 kBtu/sq ft): b. retail

Highest (262 kBtu/sq ft): c. restaurant

2. On average, which types of small commercial buildings in Nebraska use the

least and the greatest electric power, when expressed as a % of total energy
consumption? (Note: The lowest % electricity will have the highest % natural
gas and fuel oil.)

Least (41%) c. restaurant

Greatest ( 90%) e. gas station/convenience

3. Which two types of buildings typically have the highest total electricity use
and in them, what mechanical system uses the most electricity?

Building types e. grocery or gas station/convenience

Mechanical system refrigeration

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4. List two kinds of useful information that can come from analysis of utility
bills.

Any two of the following:

An understanding of annual costs (electricity use, electricity

demand, natural gas and/or fuel oil) pointing to where
potential improvements could have the greatest impact
A calculation of annual energy intensity which is used for
benchmarking (compared to average energy use in similar
buildings)
Identify how energy consumption varies monthly break usage
into base-load and seasonal loads that can help set targets for
improvement
Separate electric power consumption and electric demand
charges it may be possible to reduce high demand charges with
equipment scheduling or to help set priorities for improvement

True or false

5. In most small to medium commercial buildings in Nebraska, heating ranks

either first or second in energy consumption, but not necessarily in energy cost.

True

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Learning Objectives
By attending this session, participants will:

Become familiar with the relevant parts of the 2009 International Energy
Conservation Code (IECC)

Become familiar with the relevant parts of the 2007 American Society of
Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) Standard
90.1

Learn the differences between the two codes

Key Terminology

ASHRAE 90.1 Performance path

Codes Prescriptive path
Complex mechanical systems Regulations
Dehumidify Semi-heated space
Demand control ventilation Simple mechanical systems
Energy recovery ventilators Standards
IECC

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Supplemental Materials
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers
http://www.ashrae.org/

International Code Council http://www.iccsafe.org/Pages/default.aspx

U.S. Department of Energy Building Energy Codes Program

http://www.energycodes.gov/

Online Code Environment and Advocacy Network (OCEAN) www.bcap-ocean.org

has a free checklist of code requirements, as well as other tools.

Evaluating Commercial Buildings for Energy Code Compliance:

(PDF) http://www.energycodes.gov/becu/documents/Commercial_90
_Percent_Eval_Inspect_Training.pdf

Commercial Mechanical Requirements of the 2009 IECC:

(PDF) www.energycodes.gov/training/pdfs/2009_iecc_mechanical.pdf
(webcast) www.youtube.com/watch?v=y-d_S7v3dro

Basics of Using COMcheck Software:

http://www.energycodes.gov/comcheck
(PDF) http://www.energycodes.gov/training/pdfs/comcheckbasics.pdf
(webcast) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XrsC9g44vMQ
Online version of COMcheck https://energycode.pnl.gov/COMcheckWeb

Building Code Studies:

Impacts of Standard 90.1-2007 for Commercial Buildings at State Level.
Sep 2009. (PDF)
http://www.energycodes.gov/publications/techassist/commercial/Commerci
al_Nebraska.pdf
Nebraska-specific Advanced Commercial Building Energy Code Study,
Final Report Documentation. Nov 2009. (PDF, 19.5 MB)
http://www.neo.ne.gov/home_const/iecc/documents/NebraskaEnergyStudy
FinalReport.pdf

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Classroom Props and Preparations

Review presentation and select any sections to emphasize or omit if desired.

Consider Activities if using discussion questions, prepare for range of possible

answers. If using COMcheck program, set building parameters for students to use,
and vary them to achieve desired results.

Review and print assessment questions.

Possible Activities
1. Discuss the impact of codes on increasing energy efficiency. Refer to building
code studies listed above.

2. For small retrofit projects that do not require compliance with energy codes,
discuss whether the students would recommend or plan to follow IECC or
ASHRAE 90.1 codes anyway? What would provide the greatest long-term benefit
for the client, and what would they base their decision on?

3. If students have computers with internet access introduce them to the online
version of COMcheck for a basic commercial building. It may be accessed at
https://energycode.pnl.gov/COMcheckWeb/ .

Provide simple building description, (say, an 8,000 ft2 office building80 ft 100
ft 15 ft, with slab on grade, with typical construction ). Provide building
envelope information and two options for HVAC systems. Ask students to input
data and check compliance based on the 2009 IECC code. Students could be asked
to determine the minimum EER needed for an air-cooled RTU with economizer to
comply.

This activity can be done in about 15 minutes, if input data is provided.

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The answer is buildings!

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Buildings includes residential and commercial.

Statistics are from 2007 data.
http://www.energycodes.gov/becu/documents/BECU_Codes_101_Intro.pdf
http://www.preservationnation.org/information-center/sustainable-
communities/sustainability/green-lab/additional-resources/nthp_energy_codes_101.pdf

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Architecture 2030, http://architecture2030.org/the_solution/buildings_solution_how

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http://www.iccsafe.org/cs/Pages/default.aspx

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Currently in Nebraska, the 2009 IECC code (a standard) is used as the basis for building
energy regulations.
The IECC is developed by a non-profit agency, the International Code Council. The IECC
code covers residential and commercial building design and construction. It frequently has
been adopted by state and local governments.
ASHRAE 90.1 provides energy standards, developed by consensus of many in the industry,
for all buildings other than single-family homes and multi-family buildings of 3 stories or
less.
The IECC code adopted ASHRAE 90.1 by reference, meaning that complying with it
satisfies the requirements of the IECC as well.
New editions of both standards are issued every 3 years. Currently in Nebraska, the 2009
IECC code is mandatory, as well as the sections of ASHRAE 90.1 that it references.
There are newer releases of both these codes now: 2010 ASHRAE, and 2012 IECC.
However, Nebraskas cycle of approval for adoption requires several years. If you want to
work beyond current code to a higher energy efficiency, you can refer to the newest
versions of the codes.

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Nebraskas local government energy codes may be viewed from this interactive map on the
States website: http://www.neo.ne.gov/home_const/iecc/iecc_codes.htm
If a town or county has not or does not wish to adopt an energy code, the Nebraska Energy
Office will enforce the Code in that jurisdiction.
Status of State Energy Codes Nebraska - Building Energy Codes
www.energycodes.gov/states/state_info.php?stateAB=NE

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NE Admin. Code, Title 107 - http://www.sos.ne.gov/rules-and-

regs/regsearch/Rules/Energy_Office/Title-107.pdf

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The study was specific for commercial buildings in Nebraska.

http://www.neo.ne.gov/home_const/iecc/documents/NebraskaEnergyStudyFinalReport.pdf

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http://www.neo.ne.gov/home_const/iecc/documents/NebraskaEnergyStudyFinalReport.pdf

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The IECC allows users to choose which of the Standards to follow. Previously, the IECC
allowed some sections of ASHRAE to be substituted, but now you must follow one entirely.
Documentation must be provided to the IECC. Plan review and construction inspection are
required.

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Prescriptive path Follow the Codes prescription for design meet the requirements for
each system individually, like following a recipe.
A design that follows the Performance path, does not meet all the particulars for every
element, but the overall building must be modeled and shown to perform as well or better
than an equivalent standard building. Note that some provisions are mandatory under either
option.
Use the prescriptive option for buildings with 40% of the total wall area in windows, and
for buildings with 3% of gross roof area in skylights.
http://www.energycodes.gov/training/presentations.stm IECC 2009 Building Envelope

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ASHRAE Standard 90.1 has a trade-off option for the building envelope requirements,
rather than a simplified approach. Trade-offs in the mechanical systems had been allowed
previously, but were eliminated in the 2007 version.
For the Performance Path, also see - Informative Appendix G Performance Rating Method.
Again, notice that some provisions are mandatory under either option.

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Photos from Building Energy Codes University,

https://www.energycodes.gov/sites/default/files/becu/Commercial_90_Percent_Eval_Inspec
t_Training.pdf

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Introduced in 1998, the IECC addresses energy efficiency on several fronts, including cost
savings, reduced energy usage, conservation of natural resources, and the impact of energy
usage on the environment. Important changes in this sixth edition include:
A comprehensive set of changes includes measures to improve the thermal envelope,
HVAC systems, and electrical systems of residential buildings up to three stories in
height.
Commercial enhancements include required energy savings for windows, doors and
skylights; thermal envelope efficiency; and increased efficiencies for installed
HVAC equipment.
(116 pages) Sample Pages http://www.iccsafe.org/Store/Pages/Product.aspx?id=3800X12

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Climate zones for the 2004 Supplement to the IECC, the 2006 IECC, 2009 IECC, ASHRAE
90.1-2004, and ASHRAE 90.1-2007. The zones were revised in 2004.
Maps from the Building Energy Code Resource Center,
http://resourcecenter.pnl.gov/cocoon/morf/ResourceCenter/article/1420

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The mandatory provisions apply to all mechanical systems. They specify requirements for
HVAC load calculations, equipment sizing, HVAC equipment efficiency, system controls,
ventilation, and energy recovery ventilation requirements. They also include requirements
for duct and plenum insulation, piping insulation, HVAC completion documents, air system
design and control, fan power, and heating systems outside of a building.
http://www.energycodes.gov/training/pdfs/2009_iecc_comm_mechanical_transcript.pdf

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All of these are always mandatory, even if you are following the total building performance
option. They are described in Section 503.2 of the 2009 IECC.

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2009 IECC

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Interior design conditions specified in IECC Section 302, exterior conditions specified by
ASHRAE.
www.energycodes.gov/training/.../2009_iecc_comm_mechanical.ppt

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All HVAC equipment, such as furnaces, air conditioners, chillers, boilers, and heat pumps,
must meet performance and minimum efficiencies. The exception is for water cooled
centrifugal chillers, operating in non-standard conditions. An adjustment factor, kadjust is
used for this.

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https://www.energycodes.gov/sites/default/files/becu/Commercial_90_Percent_Eval_Inspec
t_Training.pdf

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From Section 503.2.5.1 of 2009 IECC.

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http://www.energycodes.gov/training/pdfs/2009_iecc_comm_mechanical_transcript.pdf

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2009 IECC

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2009 IECC Section 503.2.7

Note: There is an exception for continuously welded and locking-type longitudinal seams
on supply ducts with static pressure < 2 inches. ASHRAE Standard 90.1 has the same
standard without this exception.
Standard 90.1 also does not set the maximum leakage at 6, but instead allows a variable
amount. See Section 6.4.4.2.2
http://www.energycodes.gov/publications/research/documents/codes/90-
1_iecc_comparison_final_12-16-2009.pdf

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There are exceptions for hospital and lab systems, individual exhaust fans 1 hp, or fans
with fume hoods.
Brake horsepower (bhp) is the measure of an engine's horsepower before the loss in power
caused by the gearbox, alternator, differential, water pump, and other auxiliary components
such as power steering pump, muffled exhaust system, etc. Brake refers to a device which
was used to load an engine and hold it at a desired RPM. During testing, the output torque
and rotational speed were measured to determine the brake horsepower.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsepower
http://www.energycodes.gov/training/pdfs/2009_iecc_comm_mechanical_transcript.pdf

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Section 503.2.9
Other topics See http://www.energycodes.gov/training-courses/commercial-mechanical-
requirements-2009-iecc,
Presentation slides at:
http://www.energycodes.gov/sites/default/files/becu/2009_iecc_mechanical.pdf
Piping insulation (503.2.8),
Hydronic systems (503.4.3),
Water Loop Heat Pump systems (5043.4.3.3),
Part Load Control (503.4.3.4),
Pump Isolation (503.4.3.5),
Heat rejection equipment fan speed control (503.4.4),
Multiple zone system airside reqmts (503.4.5),
terminal devices for single duct VAV systems (503.4.5.1),
dual duct and mixing vav systems, supply air temp reset controls (503.4.5.4),
Heat recovery for service hot water heating (503.4.6),.
Service Water heating, Section 504.

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American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers, in existence

since 1894!
This is an international society (even though the name includes American) comprised of
organizations and individuals involved in heating, ventilation, air conditioning, and
refrigeration. The organizations purpose is to exchange experience and develop standards
and guidelines.
They publish The ASHRAE Handbook 4 volumes, both on-line and in hard copy:
Fundamentals, HVAC Applications, HVAC Systems and Equipment, and Refrigeration.

Rap video on You-tube: License to Chill: It's cool to be an HVAC engineer!

ASHRAE: Licensed to Chill features a hot soundtrack accompanied by interviews with
young members highlighting the importance of the HVAC&R industry to the world; the
diverse and creative opportunities related to engineering as a career; and the difference the
building industry makes related to sustainability.
"The video drives home the message that our industry truly engineers the world we live in,
and that young people don't want to miss out on the chance to be a part of that," he said.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P1sqBI9aPtA

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There are a number of ASHRAE standards and guidelines that you should be aware of.
ASHRAE standards are generally accepted but not legally binding, unless they are adopted
by state and local building codes. These are the latest versions of each. Standard 90.1 is
also sponsored by the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA) and
approved by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI).
Standard 90.1-2010 (I-P Edition) -- Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise
Residential Buildings (ANSI Approved; IESNA Co-sponsored)
Standard 62.1 See discussion paper:
http://www.automatedbuildings.com/news/jan03/articles/ebtron/ebt.htm
Standard 62.1-2010 -- Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality (ANSI Approved)
Standard 62.2-2010 -- Ventilation and Acceptable Indoor Air Quality in Low-Rise
Residential Buildings (ANSI/ASHRAE Approved) 2010
Standard 170-2008 -- Ventilation of Health Care Facilities (ANSI/ASHRAE/ASHE
Approved) 2008
Standard 189.1-2011 -- Standard for the Design of High-Performance Green Buildings
(ANSI Approved; USGBC and IES Co-sponsored)
Guideline 1.1-2007 -- HVAC&R Technical Requirements for The Commissioning Process
2008

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First, ASHRAE 90.1 is sometimes referred to as ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1

07. The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and the Illuminating Engineering
Society of North America (IESNA) are joint participants in developing the code.
* Nebraska sets the 50% threshold; most states require all modifications to meet the
ASHRAE code. Even though it is not required for small alterations, we strongly
recommend that it be carefully considered. In most cases the energy savings make it in
the owners interest to meet the ASHRAE code.

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https://www.energycodes.gov/sites/default/files/becu/Commercial_90_Percent_Eval_Inspec
t_Training.pdf

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https://www.energycodes.gov/sites/default/files/becu/Commercial_90_Percent_Eval_Inspec
t_Training.pdf
http://www.energycodes.gov/publications/research/documents/codes/90-
1_iecc_comparison_final_12-16-2009.pdf

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See
http://www.energycodes.gov/publications/techassist/commercial/Commercial_Nebraska.pdf
- especially beginning on pg 14
Changes from the 2003 IECC, and 2001 Standard 90.1 have affected areas other than
mechanical systems. Some of them are:
The changes in climate zones have resulted in more stringent building envelopes.
Before all windows met the same standard now there is some differentiation in
requirements by frame type and location of fenestration.
Stringent building insulation requirements
Simplified fenestration requirements excluding orientation and window wall ratio
Changes to lighting for retail desplays and outdoor lighting.

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http://www.energycodes.gov/publications/research/documents/codes/90-
1_iecc_comparison_final_12-16-2009.pdf http://www.scribd.com/doc/48719204/13/Semi-
heated-space-designa3on
Buildings exempt from ASHRAE 90.1:
Single or multi-family homes 3 stories high
Pre-manufactured and modular homes
Buildings using renewable energy supply (not fossil fuels or electricity).
Areas of buildings and equipment where energy use is primarily for industrial,
manufacturing or commercial processes.
Alterations to historic buildings
Alterations to buildings with energy consumption an equivalent building that meeting
Sections 5-10
There are many differences in items affecting the building envelope. For a summary of
them, see: http://www.energycodes.gov/publications/research/documents/codes/90-
1_iecc_comparison_final_12-16-2009.pdf

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http://www.energycodes.gov/publications/research/documents/codes/90-
1_iecc_comparison_final_12-16-2009.pdf

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ASHRAE has different values for climate zones 1, 2, 6, 7, and

8https://www.energycodes.gov/sites/default/files/becu/Commercial_90_Percent_Eval_Inspe
ct_Training.pdf
ASHRAE 6.4.3.4.3 Sets maximum air leakage rates for return air and outdoor air dampers:
10 cfm/ft2 damper area for motorized
20 cfm/ft2 damper area for non-motorized
40 cfm/ft2/damper area for dampers < 24 in L or W
In some cases the allowable damper leakage rates in Standard 90.1-07 are higher than
those in the 2009 IECC. Thus, in some cases, the 2009 IECC is more stringent.
Comparison of Standard 90.1-07 and the 2009 IECC with Respect to Commercial Buildings,
pg 3, December 2009. Also see discussion on Pg. 24.
http://www.energycodes.gov/publications/research/documents/codes/90-
1_iecc_comparison_final_12-16-2009.pdf

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http://www.energycodes.gov/publications/research/documents/codes/90-
1_iecc_comparison_final_12-16-2009.pdf

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http://www.energycodes.gov/publications/research/documents/codes/90-
1_iecc_comparison_final_12-16-2009.pdf

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http://www.energycodes.gov/publications/research/documents/codes/90-
1_iecc_comparison_final_12-16-2009.pdf

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http://www.energycodes.gov/publications/research/documents/codes/90-
1_iecc_comparison_final_12-16-2009.pdf

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http://www.energycodes.gov/publications/research/documents/codes/90-
1_iecc_comparison_final_12-16-2009.pdf

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http://www.energycodes.gov/publications/research/documents/codes/90-
1_iecc_comparison_final_12-16-2009.pdf

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3: Codes and Standards Instructor Guide Unit I

http://www.energycodes.gov/publications/research/documents/codes/90-
1_iecc_comparison_final_12-16-2009.pdf

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http://www.energycodes.gov/publications/research/documents/codes/90-
1_iecc_comparison_final_12-16-2009.pdf

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IECC 503.3.1 Also See integrated economizers in Standard 90.1 6.5.1.3 and IECC Section
503.3.1
https://www.energycodes.gov/sites/default/files/becu/Commercial_90_Percent_Eval_Inspec
t_Training.pdf
http://www.energycodes.gov/sites/default/files/documents/90-1_iecc_comparison_final_12-
16-2009.pdf

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2009 IECC does not have equivalent requirements.

Diagram from US DOE Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, Building Energy Codes
University, http://www.energycodes.gov/sites/default/files/documents/90-
1_iecc_comparison_final_12-16-2009.pdf , slide 50

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http://www.energycodes.gov/publications/research/documents/codes/90-
1_iecc_comparison_final_12-16-2009.pdf

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http://www.neo.ne.gov/home_const/iecc/iecc_codes.htm
http://www.energycodes.gov/training/onlinetraining/2009comiecc.stm
2009 IECC Commercial Envelope Requirements presentation slides (PDF 1.4 MB)
2009 IECC Commercial Envelope Requirements transcript (PDF 149 KB)
webcast - www.youtube.com/watch?v=WrFttIL1N9g
Commercial Lighting Requirements of 2009 IECC:
www.energycodes.gov/training/presentations.stm ;
Transcript of webcast:
http://www.energycodes.gov/training/pdfs/2009_iecc_comm_lighting_transcript.pdf

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On occasion, the Nebraska Energy Office offers free codes training workshops. These
opportunities are made available as part of the Nebraska Energy Office's continuing effort to
assist local code officials, architects, engineers and others in their understanding of the
requirements and savings opportunities associated with the latest energy conservation codes.
Email Lynn K. Chamberlin or James Lucas to be notified about future training
opportunities.

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Studies on Residential Code Impacts:

Energy Impact Study of the 2009 IECC and 2012 IECC Energy Codes for Nebraska,
March 14, 2012 (PDF 0.17 MB),
http://www.neo.ne.gov/home_const/iecc/documents/NEcodesreport3-14-12.pdf
Energy Impact Study of the 2003 IECC and 2009 IECC Energy Codes for Nebraska,
August 2009, http://www.neo.ne.gov/home_const/iecc/documents/NE_codes_report_6-
30-09%5b1%5d.pdf
Life Cycle Cost Analysis of the 2000 International Energy Conservation Code for
Nebraska, August 2003,
http://www.neo.ne.gov/reports/unl_mec_study.htm
International Energy Conservation Code Cost Impact Memo, September 2009 (PDF),
http://www.neo.ne.gov/home_const/iecc/documents/2009IECCcostimpact9-30-09.pdf

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The DOE Building Energy Codes Program has 2009 IECC and ASHRAE Standard 90.1
checklists

The OCEAN checklist is at: http://bcap-

ocean.org/sites/default/files/resources/commercial_checklist.pdf

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Assessment
Questions

1. IECC heating load calculations must be no more than _____ F for interior
temperatures, and no less than ____ F. for air conditioning load calculations.

a. 74 and 78
b. 70 and 75
c. 72 and 75
d. 68 and 76

2. In Nebraska, ASHRAE 90.1 applies to additions and alterations in existing

buildings that cost ____ or more of the building value.

a. 100 %
b. 75 %
c. 50%
d. Requires all additions and alterations to meet ASHRAE code

True or false

3. Nebraska is currently using the 2012 IECC.

4. It is possible to mix and match requirements from the IECC and the AHRAE
Standard 90.1.

5. Economizers are required if cooling capacity exceeds 20 kBtu/h.

6. Energy recovery ventilation that is at least 50% efficient is required for

individual fan systems if the design supply airflow is 5000 cfm, with a
minimum of 70% outside air (with some exceptions).

7. Fan motor horsepower is limited when the total HVAC system power exceeds 2
hp (with some exceptions).

8. Both standards require HVAC systems with zones that exceed a combined area
of 5000 ft2 to be balanced and a written report to be provided.

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9. While there are differences in the mechanical systems code requirements of

both standards, ASHRAE most often specifies the more energy efficient
design.

10. The Nebraska Energy Office conducts free workshops on the energy
conservations codes.

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Answers

1. IECC heating load calculations must be no more than _____ F for interior
temperatures, and no less than ____ F. for air conditioning load calculations.

b. 72 and 75

2. In Nebraska, ASHRAE 90.1 applies to additions and alterations in existing

buildings that cost ____ or more of the building value.

c. 50%

True or false

3. Nebraska is currently using the 2012 IECC.

False (Nebraska is currently using the 2009 IECC.)

4. It is possible to mix and match requirements from the IECC and the AHRAE
Standard 90.1.

False (Either code must be followed in its entirety.)

5. Economizers are required if cooling capacity exceeds 20 kBtu/h.

False (They are required if cooling capacity exceeds 54 kBtu/h.)

6. Energy recovery ventilation that is at least 50% efficient is required for

individual fan systems if the design supply airflow is 5000 cfm, with a
minimum of 70% outside air (with some exceptions).

True

7. Fan motor horsepower is limited when the total HVAC system power exceeds 2
hp (with some exceptions).

False (Its limited when total system power exceeds 5 hp.)

8. Both standards require HVAC systems with zones that exceed a combined area
of 5000 ft2 to be balanced and a written report to be provided.

True

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9. While there are differences in the mechanical systems code requirements of

both standards, ASHRAE most often specifies the more energy efficient
design.

True

10. The Nebraska Energy Office conducts free workshops on the energy
conservations codes.

True

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Learning Objectives
By attending this session, participants will:

Understand that people are the key to success in obtaining the best balance of
comfort, indoor air quality, and energy costs

Be able to identify the most typical improvements in daily operations and

occupant maintenance to improve energy efficiency and be prepared to share
this information with others

Understand the importance of preventive maintenance and the tasks to include

that have the greatest impact on comfort, indoor air quality, and energy costs

Understand the basics of HVAC retro-commissioning upgrades and the typical

cost-effective applications for light commercial buildings in Nebraska

Key Terminology
Economizer Heat recovery ventilation (HRV)
Demand-controlled ventilation (DCV) Variable speed control

References and Supplemental Materials

Small HVAC System Design Guide. California Energy Commission, Oct 2003.
www.energy.ca.gov/2003publications/CEC-500-2003-082/CEC-500-2003-082-A-
12.PDF

Flex Your Power (CA) Business Case Study. Bank of America

www.fypower.org/pdf/CS_Biz_BofA.pdf

Comprehensive Building Tune-up. Puget Sound Energy

www.pse.com/savingsandenergycenter/ForBusinesses/Documents/CaseStudy_TheWe
stinBellevue.pdf

147
4: Improvements in HVAC Instructor Guide Unit I

Small Commercial Rooftops: Field Problems, Solutions, and the Role of

Manufacturers. Jacobs et al. National Conference on Building Commissioning. 2003.
http://bbistaff.com/bbi/report_1_files/2003_Jacobs_CEC%20Rofftop%20Unit%20stu
dy.pdf

Puget Sound Energy Case Study

http://pse.com/savingsandenergycenter/ForBusinesses/Documents/CaseStudy_KidsCo
untry.pdf

Energy Savings and Economics of Advanced Control Strategies for Packaged Air-
Conditioning Units with Gas Heat. U.S. Department of Energy PNNL-20955. Dec
2011.

Airside Economizers. Trane Engineers Newsletter Volume 35-2. 2006

http://www.trane.com/commercial/uploads/pdf/673/admapn020en_0406.pdf

Whats Cookin in the Kitchen? Energy Savings! Energy Impact Illinois. May, 2011.
http://energyimpactillinois.org/cases/whats-cookin-in-the-kitchen-energy-savings

Small Commercial HVAC - Surveying the Frontier of Energy Efficiency. Lee

DeBaillie, L. Energy Center of Wisconsin. 2010

Retrocommissioning and Other Control Based Measures. Elliot, K. CRN Summit. Jul
2011

Retrocommissioning Should Involve Operating Staff, Retrocommissioning Tips and

Tricks, Facilities.net
www.facilitiesnet.com/powercommunication/article/Retrocommissioning-Should-
Involve-Operating-Staff--11180

Encouraging Sustainable Behaviors in the Workplace. 2011 Behavior, Energy &

Climate Change Conference. Navigant Consulting Inc

Managing energy use of pumps. Electrical Energy Efficiency Starter Kit. EcoSmart
Electricians, National Electrical and Communications Association.
http://www.ecosmartelectricians.com.au/starter-kit/c01_71.html

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Classroom Props and Preparations

Review the case studies provided in the references and the slides

Possible Activities
1. Small group discussion on preventative maintenance (PM): Many studies have
highlighted the impact of preventive maintenance on mechanical system
performance. Discuss the reasons that businesses do not regularly contract for PM
programs and ideas that may improve the acceptance of PM.

2. Small group discussion on economizers: Engineers in Nebraska have highlighted

economizers as a means to lower cooling costs in many light commercial
applications and ASHRAE 90.1 Section 6.4.3.9 requires them for new systems
greater than 135kBtu/h for Climate Zone 5A. Discuss where economizers may be
a good fit and where they may not be a good fit (e.g. type and age of equipment,
local climate, equipment access for maintenance, equipment failure, and other
factors).

3. Small group discussion on retro-commissioning upgrades: The studies included

in this module by the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and the Energy
Center of Wisconsin demonstrate the impact of upgrade packages tailored for light
commercial applications. Companies are now offering retrofit packages with a
variety of performance claims. Discuss ways to assess when retrofit packages are
appropriate for a particular application and the challenges of this assessment.

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Each application is unique, requiring assessment of costs, benefits, and goals to determine
the best game plan for success. Applying economic value to tangible benefits, including
productivity, can be challenging but will provide a clearer picture of the impact. Including
intangibles such as impact on business reputation can be included as additional factors when
weighing options.

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Get staff on board reducing energy use through communication and discussions positively
and proactively.
Gather staff input and demonstrate their contributions and recommendations are valued.
Set SMART goals specific, measurable, attainable, realistic, and time-bound.
Use traditional best practices.
Follow-up and recognize contributions, reward performance, and celebrate successes.

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Control settings have a great impact on HVAC energy consumption. Times of operation,
temperature settings during occupancy, setback temperature settings, control of areas with
highly variable use, and ventilation (i.e. Fan On control when system is not calling for
heating or cooling) are all important to best match building use and energy efficiency.

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Flex Your Power Business Case Study, http://www.fypower.org/pdf/CS_Biz_BofA.pdf

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In addition, HVAC control settings for conference and ballrooms were re-set to
unoccupied as the default condition, and other control changes were made to the heating
and cooling system. While they are not able to separate the savings from the thermostat
setting changes alone, the total energy savings are ranging between 10 20%. (from Puget
Sound Energy,
http://pse.com/savingsandenergycenter/ForBusinesses/Documents/CaseStudy_TheWestinBe
llevue.pdf)

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There are also other ways to impact HVAC energy consumption. Small actions together can
add up to reducing the heating and cooling loads of the building.

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Air filters have a very significant impact on indoor air quality and on energy efficiency.
Filters are frequently neglected, become clogged, and lead to poor filtration and higher
loading of the supply fan and the entire system due to reduced airflow.

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Filters in commercial systems may be in the roof top unit (RTU), may be in an air-handler
unit (AHU) in a mechanical closet, or may be in return grilles.

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(CA Energy Commission Small HVAC Design Guide (2003))

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Scheduling professional maintenance, at least once a year and preferably twice, will keep
the equipment in its best operating condition, impacting comfort, air quality, energy
consumption, and equipment service life.

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Too much or too little refrigerant will make system less efficient increasing energy costs and
reducing the life of the equipment. Data from 74 commercial roof top units in California
have shown that nearly half of the systems were operating with an incorrect refrigerant
charge (Jacobs, 2003). Improperly charged units can negatively impact the equipments
efficiency by as much as 20%.

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Dirty coils reduce the system's ability to cool cause the system to run longer, increasing
energy costs and reducing the life of the equipment. Fencing, shrubbery, or other issues
near condensers should be addressed to ensure effective airflow.

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Many systems should be in the 16 20F, with temperatures outside this range indicating
issues to be addressed, such as refrigerant charge and airflow being blocked.

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Parts that lack lubrication cause friction in motors, increasing the amount of electricity used,
and may impact demand as well. Belts that are loose or frayed reduce drive efficiency.
Dirty blowers can reduce system efficiency by up to 15 percent. Many older motors are not
sealed and require lubrication.

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Specify National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) premium motors on HVAC

equipment when motors must be replaced, and consider the option to include variable
frequency drives (VFD) on condenser and evaporator fans when appropriate for the specific
equipment. Premium efficiency models can save 35 to 45% on motor operation annually.
And VFDs, with frequently lower startup current, will reduce peak demand as well.

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Dirty filters overwork the equipment, result in lower indoor air quality, and add to energy
costs. Bowed filters indicate high air velocity and/or high return pressure, both indicating
air flow issues. Double filtration, e.g. with filters in an air handler and filters also in filter-
backed return grilles, also reduce airflow and increase the load on the supply fan.

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A blocked or closed OAD does not allow fresh air ventilation. An OAD that is set for a
larger opening than is required for proper ventilation and building pressurization increases
energy consumption.

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Airside economizer dampers are prone to failure, especially in packaged roof top units. They
can fail due to lack of maintenance, failed control components, or improper control settings.
A study found that 64% of installed roof top units have failed economizers.* An LES
engineer estimates that approximately half of economizers in the Lincoln area need service
(2012). The result of failure or components needing maintenance is higher-than-necessary
energy bills. Likewise the return damper in the mixing box must also open and close
properly.
* Upstream Solutions to Downstream Problems: Working with the HVAC and Efficiency
Communities to Improve Field Performance of Small Commercial Rooftop Units. Jacobs,
P.C., Higgins, C., Shwom, R. 2004 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings
Proceedings. Available online at:
http://www.eceee.org/conference_proceedings/ACEEE_buildings/2004/Panel_6/p6_18/paper

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Leaky connections are a fire hazard and can contribute to health problems. A dirty burner
or cracked heat exchanger causes improper burner operation. Either can cause the
equipment to operate less safely and efficiently.

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Does this sound familiar? It was already covered under operations, but is so important that
it needs repeating.

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Improving access will lead to reduced equipment failures and reduced energy costs. If
practical, provide easier access, particularly to the filter locations. To have a filter that is in
a location that is easy to get to is very important for ongoing maintenance. It is also
important that the cabinet or plenum that holds the filter is easy to open and close.

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Older style (nonprogrammable) thermostats do not allow for efficient control.

Programmable thermostats that are typically used in homes cannot control ventilation. At a
minimum the thermostat should have the ability to schedule the supply fan separately from
the heating and cooling cycles.
Unlike older models that used mercury switches, the electronic sensors in standalone, digital
thermostats generally cannot be recalibrated. However, these temperature sensors can drift
over time. Many programmable thermostats have a +/- 4F offset that can be used to adjust
for this drift and enable a closer indication to actual room temperature. Check the
thermostat display with an accurate temperature gauge and adjust for drift as appropriate.
This may help reduce staff overriding control setpoints.

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Pay attention to locations with multiple zones and thermostats and returns that are close to
one another. Based on many factors (heating or cooling load, occupancy patterns, duct
pressures, thermostat variation, etc), the zones that share air distribution may conflict with
one another.

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Duct leaks result in loss of efficiency, loss of system capacity, higher operational
costs, and reduced comfort for building occupants. In certain environments and
buildings duct leaks result in moisture-related structural damage. Leaks in returns
can result in spread of contaminants and lower indoor air quality.

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A balanced system with duct pressures within guidelines and supply registers
providing the appropriate airflow to each area results in improved comfort and
reduced operating costs.

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Older buildings may utilize walls or other building spaces for return air, leading to
contaminants entering the air distribution system and lowering both air quality and
system efficiency. Poor installation, particularly with flexible duct drops and
restrictions, results in higher fan pressures and reduced airflow.

TAB = test, adjust and balance

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Total equipment capacity may be within design guidelines, but controlling different
loads in various parts of a building may be difficult without zone controls.

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The surgery center had specific requirements for temperature, humidity and air filtering that
was not necessary for the majority of the building. The former system was very noisy with
high airflow. The initial payback period was estimated at 5 years, but larger than
anticipated energy savings are reducing the period to about 3 years.
www.cmiomaha.com
Data used by permission of Marsha Mulley, Office Manager

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Often available at a low incremental cost, economizers draw in fresh air from the outside
when the temperature outside is lower than the temperature inside. An economizer system
uses large quantities of outside air to meet the cooling load rather than operating the
mechanical cooling system. This involves providing the following: additional controls to
evaluate outside versus indoor air, dampers to allow up to 100% outside air to be brought
into the building, a mixing box that combines outside air and return air, and an exhaust or
relief fan.

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NE economizer estimate from LES, 06-2012

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Very often economizers are not well maintained and need service. See the preventive
maintenance section for particular PM measures to ensure good performance of an existing
economizer.

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In addition to energy savings, maintenance costs have been reduced because the new
compressor runs for shorter periods.
The building also uses automated controls, exceeds requirements of Washington States
Energy Code and has not reduced the comfort or safety of the occupants.
http://pse.com/savingsandenergycenter/ForBusinesses/Documents/CaseStudy_KidsCountry.
pdf

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See Trane Engineers Newsletter Vol 35-2 Airside Economizers for a good overview of
economizer equipment and operations. The link www.fscc-online.com/HIW-
Economizers%20(Spring'99)/hiw-economizers.html provides a quick overview. Integrated
economizer control, using a more sophisticated control unit to utilize outdoor air for cooling
simultaneously with condenser operation, may not be cost effective and may cause
equipment operation issues on simple DX systems (PNNL-20955 Energy Savings and
Economics of Advanced Control Strategies for Packaged Air-Conditioning Units with Gas
Heat, Dec 2011).

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For long duty cycle applications, like supply fans, reducing motor speed to better match
current loading has a big impact on power needs and therefore energy consumption. With
ventilation, dampers and variable speed motors can be controlled together to best meet
makeup air needs using the most efficient operation of the equipment.

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There are variable speed motor and drive packages available to fit a variety of HVAC
applications (roof top unit [RTU] and split systems); sources include motor manufacturers
such as Baldor and Yaskawa America.
For applications where the equipment has a high duty cycle near full load, NEMA
premium-rated or ECM (electrically commutated) motors may be a good option.

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Building codes require a minimum amount of fresh air be provided to ensure adequate air
quality. To comply, ventilation systems often operate at a fixed rate based on an assumed
occupancy and the floor area. The result is there can be more fresh air coming into buildings
than is necessary. In light commercial applications, particularly with split systems, there
may be insufficient control of ventilation air, and less ventilation air than required by code
and for good indoor air quality.
Typical roof top units (RTUs) with a constant speed supply fan and fixed outdoor air
dampers (OADs) will not adjust for variable ventilation loads. Ventilation air must be
conditioned, resulting in higher energy consumption and costs than is necessary with
appropriate ventilation. In humid climates, excess ventilation also can result in
uncomfortable humidity, and mold and mildew growth, making the indoor air quality (IAQ)
worse rather than better.

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A lack of adequate fresh air can make building occupants drowsy, uncomfortable, and if
working, less productive. Nationwide Insurance has participated in studies that indicate
employees lose productivity at levels above 600ppm CO2. (K. Smith, Crystal Air & Water,
2012)

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People exhale carbon dioxide (CO2) and this can be used to measure ventilation required for
good indoor air quality. Demand-controlled ventilation uses sensing to monitor CO2 levels
in the air inside a building, and an air-handling system to regulate the amount of ventilation
air admitted.

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Energy Impact Illinois http://energyimpactillinois.org/cases/?reload=y

Whats Cookin in the Kitchen? Energy Savings! May 26, 2011
A quaint breakfast restaurant located in the historic town of Lemont, Illinois: the owner of
this commercial kitchen was not comfortable with the energy usage of his kitchen
equipment. Consequently, he applied for a free investment grade energy efficiency audit of
his facility in the winter of 2011 the restaurants energy usage was assessed.
(Numbers were rounded from original document.)

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Demand-controlled ventilation saves energy by avoiding the heating, cooling, and

dehumidification of more ventilation air than is needed. If configured with variable speed
fan control, energy consumption is reduced further by lowering motor energy use.

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For maximum benefit, energy recovery designs should provide as close to balanced outdoor
and exhaust airflows as is practical, taking into account the need for building pressurization
and any exhaust that cannot be incorporated into the system. Exhaust for energy recovery
units may be taken from spaces requiring exhaust (using a central exhaust duct system for
each unit) or directly from the return air stream (as with a unitary accessory or integrated
unit). Where economizers are used with an energy recovery unit, the energy recovery
system should be controlled in conjunction with the economizer and provide for the
economizer function. Where energy recovery is used without an economizer, the energy
recovery system should be controlled to prevent unwanted heat, and an outdoor air bypass
of the energy recovery equipment should be used. In cold climates, manufacturers
recommendations for frost control should be followed. (AEDG Design Guides, 1999)

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Conditioning the ventilation air with an HRV improves heat pump performance by raising
the inlet temperature of the entering air in the wintertime. Also, a packaged retrofit that
includes a systems approach can improve building performance more cost-effectively.

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Time, lack of maintenance, broken belts, and poor commissioning all lead to kitchen
exhaust systems that are out of balance, potentially moving too much or too little air,
spilling, and higher energy costs. Problems with exhausts impact the HVAC operation as
well.
On average, commercial kitchens exchange indoor air for fresh air 20 times/hr or more.
Exhaust fans often operate at full speed even when no one is cooking
About one-quarter of restaurant energy expense goes to conditioning make-up air from
exhaust hoods.
http://www.focusonenergy.com/files/document_management_system/business_programs/kit
chenventilation_factsheet.pdf

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A 4-foot deep hood is somewhat typical for restaurant exhaust, but you'll capture more
smoke and heat with a 5- or 6-foot deep hood.

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Balance in airflow is important, because either too much or too little exhaust will waste
energy and money. Air flow is likely out of balance if you notice either a suction when
opening doors, or that doors sometimes swing open on their own.
Commercial kitchen exhaust hoods are generally either on or off, suitable for periods of
peak kitchen usage or when the kitchen is unoccupied. But in off-peak hours, less
ventilation is needed. Variable-speed exhaust fans have sensors to match ventilation to
actual demand. They can be retrofitted to existing kitchen hoods as well as new
construction. They are typically able to reduce energy use by exhaust hoods from 30% to
50.
Benefits of DCV:
sensors match exhaust air to cooking levels
suitable for retrofit as well as new applications
expect to save 30% - 50% of exhaust energy
reduces noise levels in kitchen
reduces load on AC compressors and extends life
extends life of fan belts and AC filters
http://www.fypower.org/bpg/module.html?b=institutional&m=Food_Service&s=Ventilation
http://www.focusonenergy.com/files/document_management_system/business_programs/kit
chenventilation_factsheet.pdf

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The payback period was not calculated, but with an incentive the restaurant received, the
owner stated the payback period was negligible.
http://www.focusonenergy.com/files/document_management_system/business_programs/kit
chenventilation_factsheet.pdf

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http://www.trane.com/Commercial/CaseStudies/CaseStudyDetails.aspx?studyId=11

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"Solving the MUA Dilemma: Keeping Cooks in the Kitchen, a 2003 ASHRAE Journal
article, states that omitting makeup air (MUA) often increases kitchen comfort.
See ASHRAE Journal, July 2007, Stephen Brown, Dedicated Outdoor Air System for
Commercial Kitchen Ventilation at 65.105.2.10/File%20Library/docLib/.../Brown--July07-
Feature.pdf

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http://www.trane.com/Commercial/CaseStudies/CaseStudyDetails.aspx?studyId=32

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The goal of retro-commissioning is to optimize existing system performance with low-cost

improvements, rather than relying on major equipment replacement, that result in improved
indoor air quality, comfort, and energy conservation and efficiency. Inherent in the retro-
commissioning process is viewing all the components of the HVAC equipment as a system
and evaluating improvements, either by tuning up or by selectively augmenting with new
components, together to achieve the goal of optimizing system performance.

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Data is based on a simulation study by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Dec. 2011,
for Climate Zone 5A (includes all of Nebraska)
The base system has no economizer, except as noted for the 4th option.
Certain caveats on the above data include
The energy use intensities (EUI) for the base, or reference, case seems low for
Climate 5A compared to certain benchmarks, particularly heating. This, however,
should tend to make the savings estimates conservative.
The assumed equipment efficiency (energy efficiency ratio [EER], heating seasonal
performance factor [HSPF], and energy factor [EF]) of the reference case of the
different components are reasonable but many buildings will have lower efficiencies
in operation, again tending to make the estimates conservative.
There has not been a validation of the simulation results; this work is ongoing.
See details of assumed building geometry, envelope, HVAC (efficiency, schedule,
ventilation, and set points) and loads for each type of building in Appendix A of the report.
http://www.pnnl.gov/main/publications/external/technical_reports/PNNL-20955.pdf

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The data is from a simulation study by Lee Debaille of the Energy Center of Wisconsin.
The reference building is a 5,000 sq ft retail store:
located in Grand Rapids MN (Climate zone 7)
building envelope built to MN code (2011)
hours of operation: 7 a.m. to 7 p.m. Monday through Saturday; 10 a.m. to 4 p.m.
Sunday
The building is assumed to have:
a roof top unit (RTU)
direct expansion (DX) cooling (EER 9.5)
gas-fired heating
Utility costs:
Electricity $0.10/kWh
Natural Gas $0.80/therm.

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Packages require variable speed control of supply fan installed. Packages include sensing
and control equipment along with custom configuration and commissioning for
temperature, humidity, and ventilation control. In 2012 OPPD is evaluating options that
may be included into an incentive program.

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Retrocommissioning and Other Control Based Measures, CRN Summit, Jul 19, 2011, Katie
Elliot, E Source

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Note: this was a new building that had not been adequately checked. New buildings can
not reliably be assumed to perform energy efficiently.
This newspaper building was larger than those we are generally considering, but the
problems they experienced could occur in any building.

http://energytrust.org/library/case-studies/TheBulletin_CS_IND_1201.pdf

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This company earned back the money spent on improvements in only 4 months.
This is equivalent to investing that amount and earning 320% interest on it!
We will go over the calculation of payback period and rate of return in Module 7.

http://energytrust.org/library/case-studies/TheBulletin_CS_IND_1201.pdf

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Assessment

Questions
1. What are three examples of updating programmable thermostat settings that
will reduce HVAC energy use?

a. _________________________________________________________

b. _________________________________________________________

c. _________________________________________________________

2. List two reasons why preventive maintenance is a key factor in minimizing

HVAC energy use.

a. _________________________________________________________

b. _________________________________________________________

3. What are three typical maintenance issues found in small commercial HVAC
systems?

a. _________________________________________________________

b. _________________________________________________________

c. _________________________________________________________

4. Improving air distribution may be warranted in many applications during retro-

commissioning. What are two of the actions that may be needed?

a. _________________________________________________________

b. _________________________________________________________

5. Why does a variable speed HVAC supply fan motor, with appropriate drive
and controls, reduce energy consumption?

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

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6. Many small to medium commercial buildings are not ventilated according to

code. Many other buildings that do have ventilation controls are not operating
efficiently. List two options to help properly ventilate buildings in the most
energy efficient manner that is practical.

a. _________________________________________________________

b. _________________________________________________________

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Answers
1. What are three examples of updating programmable thermostat settings that
will reduce HVAC energy use?

Any three of the following:

Ensure the normal schedule matches building occupancy
Ensure setback temperatures are used when the building is not
in use
Account for low occupancy areas
Ensure settings are uniform in adjacent zones
Limit manual overrides
Ensure the building is not being ventilated when not in use

2. List two reasons why preventive maintenance is a key factor in minimizing

HVAC energy use.

Any two of the following:

Reduces repair expense
Ensures equipment is running close to design efficiency
Increases staff productivity
Improves client/customer satisfaction

3. What are three typical maintenance issues found in small commercial HVAC
systems?

Any three of the following:

Dirty filters
Air distribution problems
Poorly operating outside air damper or economizer
Incorrect refrigerant charge
Dirty evaporator coils

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4. Improving air distribution may be warranted in many applications during retro-

commissioning. What are two of the actions that may be needed?

Any two of the following:

Duct sealing and flex duct repair
Test and balance
Modify duct configuration
Incorporate zone controls

5. Why does a variable speed HVAC supply fan motor, with appropriate drive
and controls, reduce energy consumption?

For fans (and centrifugal pumps), a change in power consumption is

proportional to the cube of the change in speed. This is known as the
fan affinity law.

p1/p2 = (s1/s2)3

where, s1 and s2 are the initial and changed fan speed,

and p1 and p2 are the corresponding power usage.

For example, a fan running at 80% of the full rated speed (a 20%
reduction) results in using only 51% of the energy (a 49% reduction in
power needed).

If s2/s1 = 0.80, p2/p1 = (0.80)3

or p2/p1 = 0.512
p2 = 51% of the original power

6. Many small to medium commercial buildings are not ventilated according to

code. Many other buildings that do have ventilation controls are not operating
efficiently. List two options to help properly ventilate buildings in the most
energy efficient manner that is practical.

Any two of the following:

Ensure the fixed outdoor air damper is set properly
Reconfigure the ventilation controls
Evaluate fixed, mechanically controlled, and demand controlled
ventilation for the particular application
Evaluate heat recovery ventilation

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 Glossary

Module 1: Introduction

Action plan a written report that details the findings from an energy audit. It includes
the scope of work for whatever improvements are proposed, information on financing if
appropriate, and recommendations for maintaining or building on efficiency gains in the
future.

Benchmarking comparing the performance of buildings with similar functions based

on their energy intensity. Buildings performing worse than average are good targets for
energy efficiency improvements. Portfolio Manager, developed by the US EPA, is the
most common tool used to benchmark commercial buildings.

Client goals an itemized list based on interviewing the client/building occupants on

existing problems and desired outcomes. It should consider issues beyond energy costs,
such as occupant health and comfort and potential for improving building value and
occupant retention.

Energy audit an assessment of energy use within a building and methods for reducing
it. It examines the effectiveness of the building envelope and all energy uses with the
building and recommends measures to reduce consumption.

Incentive a cost reduction, rebate or other (usually financial) carrot to encourage

customers to take desired action. Public recognition or designation of high-performing
buildings may also be incentives.

Initial analysis a first, rough analysis of a buildings energy use and potential for
improved efficiency based on a review of utility bills, benchmark data and an initial
walk-through visit.

Retro-commissioning commissioning of existing buildings to optimize energy

efficiency, primarily through operation and maintenance changes and other low cost
measures.

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Baseload the energy consumption of a building or business that does not vary with time
of year.

Benchmarking comparing energy consumption of a business or building with the

average, median, and/or energy efficient use associated with a particular business
classification such as office, retail, restaurant, etc., in a particular climate zone; energy
intensity may be the sole measure of comparison, or the comparison may be statistical
using a tool such as EPAs Portfolio Manager that accounts for additional factors such as
hours of operation and staffing.

Energy Utilization Intensity (EUI) the ratio of energy consumption to a unit of

measurement (e.g. floorspace, number of staff, etc.); typically EUI is expressed in kBtu
per square foot.

Portfolio Manager a software tool developed by EPA for performing benchmarking of

commercial buildings.

Module 3: Mechanical Systems Energy Codes and Standards

ASHRAE 90.1 Standard from the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air
Conditioning Engineers for energy efficiency in buildings other than low-rise residential.
New editions are issued every 3 years.

Codes minimum safeguards for protecting health and safety, or specifying measures to
achieve a minimum level of energy efficiency in buildings.

Complex mechanical systems all HVAC systems that do not meet the definition of a
simple mechanical system, as defined by the IECC in Section 503.3. It includes those
with multiple zones, VAV systems, and hydronic heating and cooling.

Dehumidify to remove a portion of the water vapor from the air.

Demand-controlled ventilation (DCV) ventilation with outside air is controlled by

carbon dioxide sensors to vary the amount of fresh air to match the occupancy of the
building. (Since people exhale CO2, the levels will increase as more people are present in
the building.)

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Energy recovery ventilation the process of recovering heat from exhaust air and using
it to pre-heat and humidify incoming fresh air (in winter). In summer, the same process,
cools and dehumidifies incoming outdoor air with exhaust indoor air. It reduces the
capacity needed for the HVAC system and saves energy.

Guidelines - improved, desired performance exceeding levels prescribed in Standards, or

covering topics not addressed by other standards.

IECC International Energy Conservation Code. A comprehensive code that sets

minimum regulations for energy efficiency in buildings. It is compatible with all
international codes published by the International Code Council (ICC). New editions are
published every 3 years.

Performance path also known as, the simulated performance alternative, this
method of complying with the IECC code uses modeling of the proposed design to show
that it performs at least as well as a similar house designed with the prescriptive path.

Prescriptive path one method of complying with IECC code where minimum design
elements, such as R-values and efficiency levels are prescribed in the code.

Regulations mandatory specifications adopted by law; they are often the same as
standards but may be modified by state or local governments before adoption.

Semi-heated space ASHRAE defines this as an enclosed space that is heated up to 15

Btu/hr/sq ft (for climate zone 5). Thermal requirements for the building envelope are
lower than for fully heated areas.

Simple mechanical systems an area served by unitary or packaged HVAC units, with
each serving 1 zone, controlled by 1 thermostat. The IECC specifies separate
requirements for simple vs. complex systems.

Standards an extension of codes, they specify materials, design, testing or installation

necessary to meet the minimum acceptable performance.

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 Module 4: Improvements in HVAC

Economizer mechanism and controls that utilize outside air for cooling under a
particular set of outside and inside environmental conditions.

Demand-controlled ventilation using CO2 sensors to assist in control of ventilation

rates based on load conditions rather than fixed or time or day settings; improves energy
efficiency by improved matching of ventilation rates to occupant load.

Heat recovery ventilation exchanging energy between incoming ventilation air with
an exhaust air stream, thus improving energy efficiency.

Variable speed control a means of controlling supply fan motors using variable
frequency motors and drives to improve matching the load with the airflow required
while also reducing energy consumption.

Module 5: Improvements in Refrigeration

Anti-sweat heaters to prevent this condensation and sweating, the refrigerated

display case doors and frames are heated. (Hence the name, anti-sweat heaters.) In
essence, the heater dries up any warm, humid air that may have gotten trapped inside the
display cases during customers opening and closing of the doors. Anti-sweat heater
controls, in turn, are used to ensure that the doors and frames are heated only when
necessary.

Beverage merchandisers merchandisers are self-contained, upright, refrigerated

cabinets that are designed to hold and/or display refrigerated beverage items for purchase
without an automatic vending feature. Typically they have glass doors and bright
lighting. These cases are commonly used in convenience stores, aisle locations in
supermarkets, and some retail stores and small foodservice establishments

Duty cycle is a fixed repetitive load pattern over a given period of time which is
expressed as the ratio of on-time to cycle period. When operating cycle is such that
electric motors operate at idle or a reduced load for more than 25% of the time, duty
cycle becomes a factor in sizing electric motors. Also, energy required to start electric
motors (that is, accelerating the inertia of the electric motor as well as the driven load) is
much higher than for steady-state operation, so frequent starting could overheat the
electric motor.

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Electronically Commutated Motor (ECM) an ultra-high efficiency programmable
brushless DC motor utilizing a permanent magnet rotor and a built-in inverter. EM
motors maintain a high efficiency of 6572% at all speeds

Latent Cooling Load Cooling load that results when moisture in the air changes from
a vapor to a liquid (condenses), releasing heat. The latent load puts additional demand on
the cooling system.

Micron a metric unit of length equal to one millionth of a meter

Power Consumption refers to the electrical energy over time that must be supplied to
an electrical device to maintain its operation. The power consumption is usually a result
of power used to perform the intended function of the device plus additional "wasted"
power that is dissipated as heat and/or light. Power consumption is usually measured in
units of Watts.

Preventative Maintenance the care and servicing for the purpose of maintaining
equipment and facilities in satisfactory operating condition by providing for systematic
inspection, detection, and correction of incipient failures either before they occur or
before they develop into major defects. Maintenance, including tests, measurements,
adjustments, and parts replacement, performed specifically to prevent faults from
occurring.

Refrigerants a substance used in a heat cycle usually including, for enhanced

efficiency, a reversible phase transition from a liquid to a gas. Traditionally,
fluorocarbons, especially chlorofluorocarbons, were used as refrigerants, but they are
being phased out because of their ozone depletion effects. Other common refrigerants
used in various applications are ammonia, sulfur dioxide, and non-halogenated
hydrocarbons such as propane. Many refrigerants are important ozone depleting and
global warming inducing compounds that are the focus of worldwide regulatory scrutiny.

Variable-speed drive (VSD) air compressor is an air compressor that takes advantage
of variable-speed drive technology. This type of compressor uses a special drive to
control the speed (RPM) of the unit, which in turn saves energy compared to a fixed
speed equivalent. The most common form of VSD technology in the air compressor
industry is a variable-frequency drive, which converts the incoming AC power to DC and
then back to a quasi-sinusoidal AC power using an inverter switching circuit. The
variable-frequency drive article provides additional information on electronic speed
controls used with various types of AC motors.

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 WICF Walk-in coolers and walk-in freezers (walk-ins or WICF) are large, insulated
refrigerated spaces with access door(s) large enough for people to enter, with a total
chilled storage area of less than 3,000 square feet. Walk-ins are used to store temporarily
refrigerated or frozen food or other perishable materials. The two major classes of walk-
ins are coolers (above 32F) and freezers (32F and below). Although walk-ins can be
used in a wide variety of applications, they are used primarily in food service and sales.

Module 6: Health and Safety

Acute a sudden, sharp and short duration disease or ailment, as opposed to a long-term
chronic problem.

Allergen a substance that causes an allergy; common allergens include pollens and
molds.

Asbestos a fibrous mineral, formerly used for fireproofing, that can separate into tiny
fragments and capable of causing lung disease if inhaled.

Asthma a lung disease in which airways narrow, resulting in wheezing and difficulty
breathing. Episodes are often brought about by allergies and inhaled irritants.

Bacteria microscopic, single celled organisms, found everywhere in the environment.

Some species can cause diseases.

Chronic (disease) a long-term or frequently recurring problem that usually is not easily
remedied.

Combustion appliance zone (CAZ) the area around an appliance in which combustion
occurs.

Carbon monoxide (CO) an odorless, colorless gas produced by incomplete combustion

of organic fuels. Breathing it can be fatal.

Draft a current of air moving caused by temperature differences in an enclosed space.

Formaldehyde a highly toxic, colorless gas used as a preservative and disinfectant as

well as in the manufacture of many products.

Fungi a biological kingdom of organisms, some single celled and some multi-celled,
that take in food by absorption. Common examples are molds, yeasts, and mushrooms.

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Humidity the amount of water vapor present in the air; it varies with temperature and
weather conditions.

Ozone An especially reactive form of oxygen, O3, formed naturally by lightning and by
sunlight reacting with nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds. It is helpful in the
upper atmosphere, but near ground level is harmful to breathe.

Radon a colorless, odorless, radioactive gas formed by decay of radium. It is found in

high concentrations in some soils and can cause health problems if allowed to accumulate
inside buildings.

Viruses sub-microscopic agents that are often capable of causing infections. They are
considered non-living but are capable of replicating inside living cells.

Volatile organic compounds (VOC) organic chemicals that give off gases at room
temperatures. They can be irritating or toxic to humans.

Module 7: Financial Analysis and Incentives

Discount rate an interest rate used to discount (reduce) the value of future amounts of
money when comparing with costs today. It may represent the cost of borrowing money
or the interest rate that could be earned by investing money at current rates.
First (initial) costs the purchase price plus any delivery or installation cost of
equipment.
Future value the worth of money or property at some time in the future. Future values
are greater than the present value of the same amount, assuming that inflation will occur
or that the present value could earn interest between now and the future time.
Internal Rate of Return (IRR) the interest rate that makes all present and future cash
flow equal to 0 (a break-even rate). It can be thought of as the interest rate money
invested in a project would need to earn to be equivalent to the projected benefits of the
project. If the IRR is greater than what the money could earn in an investment (or greater
than the cost of borrowing money) it is a good choice. If IRR is less than either of these,
the project costs money.
Lifecycle cost the total cost of an item over its full life, from the raw materials
through its disposal. Life-cycle costs ideally attempt to include environmental costs.
Life-time cost the costs that occur to the user: purchase, installation, energy,
maintenance and parts. It does not include environmental costs.

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 Payback period the time necessary for the cumulative benefits of a project to equal the
cost of the project. Usually interest rates are not considered and the simple payback
period is calculated as the cost / annual benefits, giving the answer in years.
Present value the value of some future amount or series of amounts discounted to the
present with an assumed interest rate. It can be calculated as: PV = FV / (1 + i)n where
FV is the future value, i is the interest rate and n is the number of years.
Rate of Return (ROR) a percentage that represents the benefits of a project. It is
determined by dividing the annual savings from a project by the cost. It is the inverse of
the payback period.
Return on Investment (ROI) another percentage used to express the benefits of a
project. It may be calculated as (Benefits Costs) / Costs. (Note, the same term is
sometimes used for what we are defining as the ROR or the IRR.)

Module 8: Putting It All Together

Energy Utilization Intensity (EUI) the ratio of energy consumption to a unit of

measurement (e.g. floorspace, number of staff, etc.); typically EUI is expressed in kBtu
per square foot.

Retro-commissioning a process to improve performance and energy efficiency of

electrical and mechanical systems in commercial buildings; the focus is on operational
changes, maintenance, and limited upgrades of existing equipment rather than major
equipment replacement.

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 Course Evaluation

Course title: Mechanical Systems Efficiency and Management for Light Commercial
Buildings, Unit I

Date: ______________________ Location: _______________________________

Strongly Strongly
Please circle your response:
Disagree Agree

1. The course objectives were accomplished. 1 2 3 4 5

2. The course started and finished on time. 1 2 3 4 5

3. The instructor(s) was well-versed in their

1 2 3 4 5
topic and well-prepared.

4. The materials presented were effective. 1 2 3 4 5

What did you like most about the course?

What did you like least about the course?

Please list other comments about this course, including ways to improve the course or
suggestions for other courses (more room on the other side!)