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2K views18 pagesC04 PDF
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/ 18
Drawings of small objects can be prepared of the same size as the objects they
represent. A 150 mm long pencil may be shown by a drawing of 150 mm length.
Drawings drawn of the same size as the objects, are called full-size drawings. The
ordinary full-size scales are used for such drawings.
A scale is defined as the ratio of the linear dimensions of element of the object
as represented in a drawing to the actual dimensions of the same element of the
object itself.
ras a reat gen ane areata
sence epee ams
The scales generally used for general engineering drawings are shown in table 4-1
[SP : 461.
TABLE 4-1
All these scales are usually 300 mm Tong and sub-divided Troughout ther
lengths. The scale is indicated on the drawing at a suitable place near the title. The
complete designation of a scale consists of word scale followed by the ratio, i.e.
scale 1:1 or scale, full size.
It may not be always possible to prepare full-size drawings. They are, therefore,
drawn proportionately smaller or larger. When drawings are drawn smaller than the
actual size of the objects (as in case of buildings, bridges, large machines etc.) the
scale used is said to be a reducing scale (1 : 5). Drawings of small machine parts,
mathematical instruments, watches etc. are made larger than their real size. These
are said to be drawn on an enlarging scale (5 : 1).
The scales can be expressed in the following three ways:
(1) Engineer’s scale: In this case, the relation between the dimension on the
drawing and the actual dimension of the object is mentioned numerically in the
style as 10 mm = 5 m etc. 52 Engineering Drawing Ich. 4
2) Graphical scale: The scale is drawn on the drawing itself. As the drawing
becomes old, the engineer's scale may shrink and may not give accurate results.
However, such is not the case with graphical scale because if the drawing shrinks,
the scale will also shrink. Hence, the graphical scale is commonly used in survey maps.
(3) Representative fraction: The ratio of the length of the object represented
con drawing to the actual length of the object represented is called the Representative
Fraction (ie. R.F).
Length of the drawing
‘Actual length of object
‘When a 1 cm long line in a drawing represents 1 metre length of the object, the
Lem em
1
RE is equal to TS" = 7 Soh cm — 799 and the scale of the drawing will be
1:100 or 1 full size. The R.A. of a drawing is greater than unity when it is drawn
RE
on an enlarging scale. For example, when a 2 mm long edge of an object is shown in
icm _ 10mm
2mm
a drawing by a line 1/cm long, the RF is ST . Such a drawing is
said to be drawn on scale 5:1 or five times full-size.
4-3. SCALES ON DRAWINGS Zz
When an unusual scale is used, it is constructed on the drawing sheet. To construct
a scale the following information is essential:
(1) The R&. of the scale,
2) The units which it must represent, for example, millimetres and centimetres,
or feet and inches etc.
) The maximum length which it must show.
The length of the scale is determined by the formula:
Length of the scale = RF. x maximum length required to be measured.
It may not be always possible to draw as long a scale as to measure the
longest length in the drawing. The scale is therefore drawn 15 cm to 30 cm long,
longer lengths being measured by marking them off in parts.
TYPES QP /SCALES: Ses el oe 2 GZ
The scales used in practice are classified as under:
(1) Plain scales (4) Vernier scales
(2) Diagonal scales (5) Scale of chords.
(3) Comparative scales
(1) Plain scales: A plain scale consists of a line divided into suitable number of
equal parts or units, the first of which is sub-divided into smaller parts. Plain scales
represent either two units or a unit and its sub-division,
In every scale,
(i) The zero should be placed at the end of the first main division, i.e. between
the unit and its sub-divisions, Art. 44] Seales 53.
i) From the zero mark, the units should be numbered to the right and its
sub-divisions to the left.
(ii) The names of the units and the sub-divisions should be stated clearly below
or at the respective ends.
(iv). The name of the scale (e.g. scale, 1 : 10) or its R.F. should be mentioned below
the scale.
Problem 4-1. (fig. 4-1): Construct a scale of 1: 4 to show centimetres and long
enough to measure upto 5 decimetres.
Fi, 4-1
(i) Determine R.f. of the scale. Here it is 1+
(ii) Determine length of the scale.
Length of the scale = R.f. x maximum length = ; x 5 dm = 12.5 cm.
(i) Draw a line 12.5 em long and divide it into 5 equal divisions, each representing
1 dm
(iv) Mark 0 at the end of the first di
subsequent division to its right.
(¥) Divide the first division into 10 equal sub-divisions, each representing 1 cm,
(wv) Mark cms to the left of 0 as shown in the figure.
To distinguish the divisions clearly, show the scale as a rectangle of small width
(about 3 mm) instead of only a line. Draw the division-lines showing decimetres
throughout the width of the scale. Draw the lines for the sub-divisions slightly
shorter as shown. Draw thick and dark horizontal lines in the middle of all alternate
ivisions and sub-divisions. This helps in taking measurements. Below the scale,
print DECIMETRES on the right-hand side, CENTIMETRES on the left-hand side,
and the RE in the middle.
To set-off any distance, say 3.7 dm, place one leg of the divider on 3 dm mark and
the other on 7 cm mark. The distance between the ends of the two legs will represent
3.7 dm.
Problem 4-2, (fig. 4-2): Draw a scale of 1: 60 to show metres and decimetres and
long enough to measure upto 6 metres.
sion and 1, 2, 3 and 4 at the end of each
——— 37 +
a ——_
os 2
DECIMETRES METRES 54 Engineering Drawing (ch. 4
(Determine RF. of the scale, here R.
(i) Determine length of the scale.
Length of the scale = 2 x 6m = <1 metre = 10 cm
Draw a line 10 cm long and divide it into 6 equal parts.
(iv) Divide the first part into 10 equal divisions and complete the scale as shown.
The length 3.7 metres is shown on the scale.
(i
Problem 4-3. (fig. 4-3): Construct a scale of 1.5 inches = 1 foot to show inches
and long enough to measure upto 4 feet.
{2 ww
=
Pees 0 + ? 3
Notes EET H
art
Fie, 4-3
(Determine RF. of the scale, RE = Laine —
) Draw a line, 1.5 x 4 = 6 inches long.
Divide it into four equal parts, each part representing one foot
(iv) Divide the first division into 12 equal parts, each representing 1. Complete
the scale as explained in problem 4-1, The distance 2'-10" is shown measured
in the figure.
Problem 4-4. (fig. 4-4): Construct a scale of RE = Zh to read yards and feet, and
Jong enough to measure upto 5 yards.
eerie
ser T 2 7 4
fect vaaos
Flo. 4-4
(Length of the scale = RF x max. length = 2 x 5 yd
1
= & yd = 3 inches.
(ii) Draw a line 3 inches long and divide it into 5 ‘equal parts.
(ii) Divide the first part into 3 equal divisions.
(iv) Mark the scale as shown in the figure,
Problem 4-5. (fig. 4-5): Construct a scale of Rf
furlongs and long enough to measure upto 6 miles.
to show miles and
1
84480
pet a
eet7 0 T 2 3 +
FURLONGS, Mes
Fic, 4-5 Arte 4-4)
1 1
34460 * © = Tago Miles = 43
(Length of the scale =
(i) Draw a line 44" long and divide it
8 equal divisions and complete the scale as shown.
Seales 55
to 6 equal parts. Divide the first part into
The distance 4 miles and 3 furlongs is shown measured in the figure.
(2) Diagonal scales: A diagonal scale is used when very minute distances such
as 0.1 mm etc. are to be accurately measured or when measurements are required
in three units; for example, dm, cm and mm, or yard, foot and inch.
Small divisions of short
explained below.
Principle of diagonal scale: To obtain divi
multiples of % its length, e.g. 0.1 AB, 0.2 AB, 0.3 AB etc. (
(At one end, say B, draw a line perpendicular to AB and
along it, step-off ten equal divisions of any length, starting
from B and ending at C.
(i) Number the division-points, 9, 8, 7,
(i) Join A with C.
(iv) Through the points 1, 2 etc. draw lines parallel to AB and
cutting AC at 1', 2' etc. It is evident that triangles 11C ,
22C ... ABC are similar.
Since C5 = 0.5BC, the line 5'5 = 0.5AB.
Similarly, 1°1 = 0.1AB, 22 = 0.2A8 etc.
Thus, each horizontal line below AB becomes progressively shorter
in length by 7% AB giving lengths in multiples of 0.1AB.
as shown.
Problem 4.
ig. 4
metres, decimetres and centimetres and to measure upto 6 metres.
3
Length of the scale = 535 x 6 m = 9 em.
Dre c
10)
CENTIMETRES
108 6420 1
DECIMETRES
es are obtained by the principle of diagonal division, as
ns of a given short line AB in
Construct a diagonal scale of 3: 200 ie. 1:66 3 showing 56 Engineering Drawing Ich. 4
(Draw a line AB 9 cm long and divide it into 6 equal parts. Each part will show
a metre.
(i) Divide the first part AO into 10 equal divisions, each showing a decimetre or
O1 m.
At A erect a perpendicular and step-off along it, 10 equal di
length, ending at D. Complete the rectangle ABCD.
(iv) Erect perpendiculars at metre-divisions 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4.
(¥) Draw horizontal lines through the division-points on AD.
(vi) Join D with the end of the first division along AO, viz. the point 9
(wii) Through the remaining points i.e. 8, 7, 6 etc. draw lines parallel to D9.
In a OFE, FE represents 1 dm or 0.1 m, Each horizontal line below FE progressively
diminishes in length by 0.1FE. Thus, the next line below FE is equal to 0.9FE and
represents 0.9 A 1 dm = 0.9 dm or 0.09 m or 9 cm.
Any length between 1 cm or 0.01 m and 6 m can be measured from this
scale. To show a distance of 4.56 metres, i.e. 4 m, 5 dm and 6 cm, place one
leg of the divider at Q where the vertical through 4 m meets the horizontal
through 6 cm and the other leg at P where the diagonal through 5 dm meets the
same horizontal.
Problem 4-7. (fig. 4-8): Construct a diagonal scale of RF
and long enough to measure upto 500 metres.
jons of any
1
Foon £2 show metres
700 20
METRES
Fic, 4-8
1
x 500 m = 5 metre = 12.5 em.
4
000
(Draw a line 12.5 em long and
100 metres.
(i) Divide the first part into ten equal divisions. Each division will show 10 metres.
(il) At the left-hand end, erect a perpendicular and on it, step-off 10 equal divisions
of any length.
(iv) Draw the rectangle and complete the scale as explained in problem 4-6.
The distance between points A and B shows 374 metres,
Length of the scale =
ide it into 5 equal parts. Each part will show
Problem 4-8. (fig. 4-9): Draw a diagonal scale of 1 : 2.5, showing centimetres and
millimetres and long enough to measure upto 20 centimetres. Act. 44) Seales 57
Length of the scale = 5+ x 20 cm = 8 cm,
(Draw a line 8 cm long and divide it into 4 equal parts. Each part will represent
a length of 5 cm.
i) Divide the first part into 5 equal divisions. Each division will show 1 cm.
(ii)_At the left-hand end of the line, draw a vertical line and on it step-off 10 equal
ns of any length.
Complete the scale as explained in problem 4-6. The distance between points
€ and D shows 13.4 cm.
MILLIMETRES
5 0 5 10 15
ARs oe (CENTIMETRES
Fic. 4-9
Problem 4-9. (fig. 4-10): Construct a diagonal scale of RF Po showing yards,
feet and inches and to measure upto 4 yards.
1
Length of the scale = 3b x 4 yd = 18 yd = 4
1
a
Fic. 4-10
(i) Draw a line AB 43” long
(id) Divide it into 4 equal parts to show yards. Divide the first part AO into 3
equal divisions showing feet.
(i) At A, erect a perpendicular and step-off along it, 12 equal divisions of
any length, ending at D. Complete the scale as explained in problem 4-6
To show a distance of 1 yard, 2 feet and 7 inches, place one leg of the divider at P,
where the horizontal through 7" meets the vertical from 1 yard and the other leg at
where the diagonal through 2° meets the same horizontal. 58 Engineering Drawing Ich. 4
Problem 4-10. (fig. 4-11): Draw a scale of full-size, showing <3 inch and to
measure upto 5 inches
(Draw a line AB 5* long and
cone inch.
(i) Sub-divide the first part into 10 equal divisions. Each division will measure
ivide
to five equal parts. Each part will show
et inch.
j
At A, draw a perpendicular to AB and on it, step-off ten equal divisions of any
length, ending at D.
(iv) Draw the rectangle ABCD and complete the scale as explained in problem 4-6.
The line QP shows 2.68 inches.
D c
3
2
we 6420 ‘ 2 3
TENTHS INCHES
a Arad
Fic. 4-11
Problem 4-11. (fig. 4-12): The area of a field is 50,000 sq m. The length and the
breadth of the field, on the map is 10 cm and & cm respectively. Construct a diagonal
scale which can read upto one metre. Mark the length of 235 metre on the scale. What
is the RE of the scale?
10)
100 0 100 200 30 “00m
METRES 1
The area of the field
‘The area of the field on the map An. 441 Scales 59
5000
1 sq.cm = 20000 = 625 sqm.
Tom = 25 m.
Now representative fraction = 39" = = 1
2m 2500
1_ ,, 500 x 100 _ 50000
sngth of th sett pSO0/2 100: 50000 82 59 cr,
Length of the scale = 5-15 * Pay = 20-c
Take 20 cm length and divide it into 5 equal parts. Complete the scale as shown
in fig. 4-12.
(3) Comparative scales: Scales having same representative fraction but graduated
to read different units are called comparative scales. A drawing drawn with a scale
reading inch units can be read in metric units by means of a metric comparative
scale, constructed with the same representative fraction. Comparative scales may be
plain scales or diagonal scales and may be constructed separately or one above the other.
Problem 4-12, fig. 4-13(i) and fig. 4-13(i)]: A drawing is drawn in inch units
toa scale 2 full size. Draw the scale showing ; inch divisions and to measure upto
15 inches. Construct a comparative scale showing centimetres and millimetres, and
to read upto 40 centimetres. §
(Inch scale: ag) sh
Length of the scale | oH
3x28
3 3 s2to 3 6 ow
5 INCHES
= 9 & inches. Fic. 4-134)
Construct the diagonal scale
as shown in fig. 4-130).
(ii) Comparative scale:
Length of the scale
A =
3 x40 re) ee 0 eno eee a lee
=15 em. CENTIMETRES
Construct the diagonal scale Fic. 4-134)
as shown in fig, 4-13(i)
The line PQ on the inch scale shows a length equal to 11 5 « Its equivalent, when
measured on the comparative scale is 28.9 cm.
1
Problem 4-13. (fig. 4-14): Draw comparative scales of R.E = ——' — to read upto
80 kilometres and 80 versts. 1 verst = 1.067 km. 485000
VeRSTS
50 10 30
o50 0 2 © 4 80 6 70
KILOMETRES
Fic, 4-14 60 Engineering Drawing, ch. 4
1
485000
4
485000
Draw the two scales one above the other as shown in the figure.
Problem 4-14, (fig. 4-15): On a road map, a scale of miles is shown. On
measuring from this scale, a distance of 25 miles is shown by a line 10 cm long.
Construct this scale to read miles and to measure upto 40 miles. Construct
comparative scale, attached to this scale, to read kilometres upto 60 kilometres
T mile = 1.609 km.
(0) Scale of miles:
Length of the scale =
Length of kilometre scale x 80 x 1000 x 100 = 16.5 cm.
Length of verst scale
X 80 x 1.067 x 1000 x 100 = 17.6 cm.
10 x 40
25
Draw a line 16 em long and construct a plain scale to show miles.
(i) Scale of kilometres.
RE
16 cm.
10 1
25 x 1.609 x 1000 x 100 ~ 402250
A x x 100 =
Founss * 60 * 1000 x 100 = 14.9 cm.
Construct the plain scale 14.9 cm long, above the scale of miles and attached to
it, to read kilometres.
Length of the scale =
KILOMETRES
Geer etsy mk verge Age)
Problem 4-15. (fig. 4-16): The distance between Bombay and Poona is 180 km.
A passenger train covers this distance in 6 hours. Construct a plain scale to measure time
upto a single minute. The R.F. of the scale is ——"
Find the distance covered by the
200000
train in 36 minutes.
Speed of the train = 12° = 30 km/hour.
18k km SOALE
j-—_——_8m__,,
slo os 0 5
0 [5 0 0 oft -!
sominuTes |
Fic, 4-16
(Distance scale (kilometres scale’
Length of the scale = RF. x maximum distance
4 = 15 cm.
Zoos * 30 X 1000 x 100 = 15 a Att. 44) Seales 61
Ail) Time scale (minute scale):
Speed of the train = 30 km/hour.
i.e. 30 km is covered in 60 minutes.
‘As length of the scale of 15 cm represents 30 km, 60 minutes which is the
time required to cover 30 km, can be represented on the same length of the
scale.
(ii) Draw a line 15. cm long and divide it into 6 equal parts. Each part represents
5 km for the distance scale and 10 minutes for the time scale.
(iv) Divide the first part of the distance scale and the time scale into 5 and 10
‘equal parts respectively. Complete the scales as shown. The distance covered
in 36 minutes is shown on the scale.
Problem 4-16. (fig. 4-17): On a Russian map, a scale of versts is shown. On
measuring it with a metric scale, 150 versts are found to measure 15 cm. Construct
comparative scales for the two units to measure upto 200 versts and 200 km respectively.
T verst = 1.067 km.
(Scale of verst:
15 x 200 _
Length of the scale = 19 7©°00 — 29 cm,
Draw a line 20 cm long and construct a plain scale to show versts.
(i) Scale of kilometres:
15 4
150 x 1.609 x 1000 x 10 ~ 160900
RE =
Length of the scale = x 200 x 1000 x 10 = 12.4 cm.
1
7160900
Construct the plain scale 12.4 cm long, above the scale of versts and attached to
it, to read kilometres (fig. 4-17).
42 0 118K
eS
o 0 0 0 0 720 760
Ake oto verst
Fic. 417
(4) Vernier scales: Vernier scales, like diagonal scales, are used to read to a very
small unit with great accuracy. A vernier scale consists of two parts — a primary
scale and a vernier. The primary scale is a plain scale fully divided into minor divisions.
AAs it would be difficult to sub-divide the minor divisions in the ordinary way,
it is done with the help of the vernier. The graduations on the vernier are derived
from those on the primary scale.
(a) Principle of vernier: Fig. 4-18 shows a part of a plain scale in which the
length AO represents 10 cm. If we divide AO into ten equal parts, each part will
represent 1 cm. It would not be easy to divide each of these parts into ten equal
divisions to get measurements in millimetres, 62 Engineering Drawing Ich. 4
Now, if we take a length 60
equal to 10 + 1 = 11 such equal
parts, thus representing 11 cm, and 4
divide it into ten equal divisions,
each of these divisions will represent
1"
4h = 1.1 em oF 11 mm ,
The difference between one part
‘of A0 and one division of BO will be +
equal 1.1-1.0= 0.1 cmortmm, *-;-++ 1th
Similarly, the difference between (CENTIMETRES
‘two parts of each will be 0.2 cm Fic. 4-18
or 2: mm.
The upper scale BO is the vernier. The combination of the plain scale and the vernier
is the vernier scale.
a
F
Voc
ees
ain
In general, if a line representing n units is divided into n equal parts, each part will
show a = 1 unit. But, if a line equal to n + 1 of these units is taken and then divided
Mette 2 unis,
into n equal parts, each of these parts will be equal to
The difference between one such part and one former part will be equal to
nt1_n_1
fet nd unit
Similarly, the difference between two parts from each will be 2 unit.
(b) Least count of a vernier: It is the difference of 1 primary scale division
and 1 vernier scale division. It is denoted by 2C.
ZC = 1 primary scale division - 1 vernier scale division
The vernier scales are classified as under:
(Forward vernier: In this case, the length of one division of the vernier scale
is smaller than the length of one division of the primary scale. The vernier
divisions are marked in the same direction as that of the main scale.
(i) Backward vernier: The length of each division of vernier scale is greater
than the length of each division of the primary scale. The numbering
is done in the opposite direction as that of the primary scale.
Problem 4-17. (fig. 4-19): Draw a vernier scale of RE = 3 t0 read centimetres
upto 4 metres and on it, show lengths representing 2.39 m and 0.91 m.
CENTIMETRES
‘ ¢
> 8
10) 55 METRES
Corer 1 2 3
tenet =
=
DEOMETRES xc gag
Length of the scale = z x 4 x 100 = 16 cm. Art. 44) Seales 63
(Draw a line 16 cm long and divide it into 4 equal parts to show metres.
Divide each of these parts into 10 equal parts to show decimetres.
(i) To construct a vernier, take 11 parts of dm length and divide it into 10
equal parts. Each of these parts will show a length of 1.1 dm or 11 cm.
To measure a length representing 2.39 m, place one leg of the divider at A on
99 cm mark and the other leg at B on 1.4 m mark. The length AB will show
2.39 metres (0.99 + 1.4 = 2.39)
Similarly, the length, CD shows 0.91 metre (0.8 + 0.11 = 0.91)
The necessity of dividing the plain scale into minor divisions throughout its
length is quite evident from the above measurements.
Problem 4-18, (fig. 4-20): Construct a full-size vernier scale of inches and show
on it lengths 3.67", 1.54" and 0.4
° 8
feette sti t |,
: INoHES
fic, 4.20
(Draw a plain full-size scale 4" long and divide it fully to show 0.1" lengths.
(ii) Construct a vernier of length equal to 10 + 1 = 11 parts and divide it into
10 equal pars. Fach ofthese pars wit PO} ag
The line AB shows a length of 3.67" (0.77" + 2.9"
and PQ show lengths of 1.54" (0.44% + 1.1
respectively,
Problem 4-19. fig. 4-21): Construct a vernier scale of R.E = Gf t0 read inches and
to measure upto 15 yards.
3.67"). Similarly, lines CD
1.54") and 0.48" (0.88" - 0.4" = 0.48")
Fic. 4-21
1 oo ae
Length of the scale = gh x 15 yd = 2 yd = 6f-
(Draw the plain scale 6" long and divide it fully to show yards and feet.
i) To construct the vernier, take a length of 12 + 1 = 13 feet-divisions and
divide it into 12 equal parts. Each part will represent 2 ft or 1-1",
Lines AB, CD and PQ show respectively lengths representing 4 yd 1 ft 9 in
9" + 4), 6 yd 2 ft 3 im (3! — 3° + 17) and 0 yd 2 ft 7 in (7 ~ 7 - 5°). 64 Engineering Drawing Ich. 4
(©) Circular vernier: The circular vernier are used in surveying instruments to
measure angle to the required accuracy. In the case of mechanical engineering, it
is used in measuring instruments such as micrometer.
Problem 4-20. A theodolite has main scale plate of 240 mm diameter graduated
to 0° to 360° with the vernier scale to read degree and minute. The main scale can
read to accuracy of 0.5° and the vernier is to read one minute. Draw the scale.
\ VERNER SCALE
iil
Fic. 4-22
Draw an arc of radius 120 mm. (Diameter 240 mm)
Mark with the protractor graduation as shown on the main scale, each division
sf.
Now one division of the main scale will read to accuracy of 3°
The vernier can read upto 1 minute
ieee ae (NG)
ie. 1 minute = 35 = (35) (3
One vernier scale can read = =f of main scale division.
(¥) But least count of the vernier
ZC = (1 msd-1 vs.d) where m.s.d. = main scale division
1msd.- + ms, v.s.d. = vernier scale
* 29 division of m.s.d.
(i) Draw clockwise arc from 150° above the main scale of the convenient radius
and arc length equal 29. divisions of m.s.d (ie. 14° - 30).
(vii) Divide this arc (vernier) into 30 division by protractor or divider. The last i
will coincide in this case at 164° - 30’. Ant, 4-4) Seales 65
(5) Scale of chords: The scale of chords is used to set out or measure angles when
a protractor is not available. It is based on the lengths of chords of different angles
measured on the same arc and is constructed as shown below.
(i) Draw a line AB of any length (fig. 4-23).
(ii) At B, erect a perpendicular.
iii) With B as centre, describe an arc AC cutting the perpendicular at a point C.
Then, the arc AC (or the chord AC ) subtends an angle of 90° at the centre B.
(iv) Divide AC into nine equal parts. This may be done
(a) by dividing the arc AC into three equal parts by drawing arcs with centres
A and C and radius AB, and then
(b) by dividing each of these parts into three equal parts by trial and error
method. Each of the nine equal parts subtends an angle of 10° at the
centre 8.
(¥) Transfer each division-point from the arc to the straight line AB-produced, by
taking A as centre and radii equal to chords A-10, A-20 etc.
(w) Complete the scale by drawing a rectangle below AD. The divisions obtained
are unequal, decreasing gradually from A to D. It is quite evident that the
distance from A to a division-point on the scale is equal to the length of
the chord of the angle subtended by it at the centre B. It may be noted
that the chord A-60 is equal to the radius AB.
ided into ten equal parts to
show degrees. In the figure, degrees are shown in multiples of 5.
DEGREES
Fig. 4-23 Fic. 4-24
Problem 4-21. (fig, 4-24): Construct angles of 47° and 125° by means of the scale
of chords.
Draw any line AB.
With any point P on it as centre and radius equal to 0-60 (from the scale of
chords), draw an arc cutting AP at a point R.
(ii) With R as centre and radius equal to 0-47 (chord of 47°) cut the arc at a
point T.
Draw a line joining P with T. Then Z RPT = 47°, 66 Engineering Drawing Ich. 4
As the scale of chords gives angles upto only 90°, angle of 125° may be set-off in
two parts viz. 60° + 65° or 90° + 35° as shown in the figure.
It may also be obtained by setting-off a chord SQ of 55° (180° ~ 125°) from the
right side.
Problem 4-22. (fig. 4-25): Measure the given angle
PQR by means of the scale of chords.
(With Q as centre and radius equal to 0-60,
draw an arc cutting PQ at A and RQ at 8.
(ii) Take the chord length AB and apply it to the p a
scale of chords which shows the angle to be
of 37°, Fic. 4-25
ey
EXERCISES 4 ZA
1. Fillup the blanks in the following sentences, using appropriate words, selected
from those given in the brackets:
(a) The ratio of the length of the drawing of the object to the actual length of the
object is called __ (resulting fraction, representative figure, representative
fraction).
R
(b) When the drawing is drawn of the same size as that of the object, the scale
used is _— (diagonal scale, full-size scale, vernier scale).
(©) For drawings of small instruments, watches etc, ______ scale is always
used (reducing, full-size, enlarging).
(4) Drawings of buildings are drawn using —
scale, scale of chords).
(©) The RF. in case of (b), (c) and (d) above would be, :
(full-size scale, reducing
and respectively (equal to 1, less than 1, greater than 1).
(When measurements are required in three units scale is used
(diagonal, plain, comparative)
(g) The scale of chords is used to set out or measure ____ (chords, lines,
angles).
Answers to Ex. (1):
2-3, b2, 63, d2, e-1, 3 and 2, 41, 8-3.
2. Construct a scale of 1:5 to show decimetres and centimetres and to read upto
1 metre. Show the length of 7.6 dm on it.
3. Construct a scale of 1.5 cm = 1 dm to read upto 1 metre and show on it a length
of 0.6 metre.
4. Draw a diagonal scale of R. , showing metres, decimetres and centimetres,
and to measure upto 5 metres. Show the length of 3.69 metres on it.
5. Draw a scale of 1:50 showing metres and decimetres, and to measure upto
8 metres. 10.
uN
2
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
4 Seales 67
‘A 3.2 em long line represents a length of 4 metres. Extend this line to measure
lengths upto 25 metres and show on it units of metre and 5 metres. Show the
length of 17 metres on this line.
Construct a diagonal scale of R= Zt to read upto 1
metres on it. Show a length of 653 metres on it.
(On a map, the distance between two points is 14 cm. The real distance between them
is 20 km. Draw a diagonal scale of this map to read kilometres and hectametres,
and to measure upto 25 km. Show a distance of 17.6 km on this scale.
‘An area of 144 sq cm on a map represents an area of 36 sq km on the field.
Find the Rf. of the scale for this map and draw a diagonal scale to show
kilometres, hectametres and decametres and to measure upto 10 kilometres.
Indicate on the scale a distance of 7 kilometres, 5 hectametres and 6 decametres.
Construct the following scales and show below each, its RE and the units
which its divisions represent:
metre and to read
(@) Scale of 14° = 1 foot, to measure upto 5 feet and showing feet and inches.
(b) Scale of }° = 1 yard, to measure upto 10 yards and showing yards and feet.
(©. Scale of 13° = 1 mile, to measure upto 4 miles and showing miles and
furlongs.
Construct a scale of 1
length.
1 foot to read upto 6 feet and show on it, 4°
‘The RF of a scale showing miles, furlongs and chains is - Draw a scale
to read upto 5 miles and show on it, the length representing 3 m 5 f 3 ch.
Draw a 4" long diagonal scale of 1" = 1" and show on it, the length of 2.14” and
3.79,
The distance between two points on a map is 52'- The points are actually 20 miles
apart. Construct a diagonal scale of the map, showing miles and furlongs and to
read upto 25 miles,
1
Construct comparative diagonal scales of metres and yards having RE. = 5-55
to show upto 400 metres. 1 metre = 1.0936 yards.
Define simple and comparative scales. What is the R.F. of scale which measures
2.5 inches to a mile? Draw a comparative scale of kilometres to read upto 10 km.
1 mile = 1.609 km.
‘On a map showing a scale of kilometres, 60 km are found to equal 4.5 inches.
‘What is the RF? Construct a comparative scale of English miles. 1 km = 1093.6
yards.
On a Russian map, a scale of versts is shown. On measuring it with a metric
scale, 120 versts are found to measure 10 cm. Construct comparative scales
for the two units to measure upto 150 versts and 150 km respectively.
1 verst = 1.067 km. 6a
19.
20.
an
22,
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
a1.
Engineering Drawing Ich. 4
Prepare a scale of knots comparative to a scale of 1 cm = 5 km. Assume
suitable lengths. 1 knot = 1.85 km.
Draw a full-size vernier scale to read 3° and