PROGRAM NAME: SMADA 6.

43 for Windows (Stormwater Management and Design Aid)

Additional Programs Installed but not included on SMADA Menu:

LOOPS2 (Simplified Hardy Cross Calculator)

PIPE CALCULATOR (Circular Pipe)

Additional Programs Installed Separately into SMADA directory:

Ei2rnf - Earth Info export to SMADA rainfall (RNF) converter

Rparser Rainfall Parser
Musking Muskingum Routing Calculator
Tower1 Water Tower Simulation

OPERATING SYSTEM: Windows

DEVELOPER: Dr. Ron Eaglin

DISTRIBUTOR: University of Central Florida.

DOCUMENTATION (Not Included):

The methods used in SMADA are outlined in Hydrology: Water Quantity and Water
Quality Control 2nd Edition, published by John Wiley and Sons.

PROGRAM OVERVIEW/OUTLINE

NOTE: The following information is a partial listing of the SMADA HELP files. Some
of the text, figures and equations have been omitted. Please use the SMADA ON-LINE
HELP for complete information.

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CONTENTS:

I. WATERSHEDS
II. RAINFALL
III. HYDROGRAPHS
IV. PONDS
V. UTILITY PROGRAMS
A. MATRIX CALCULATOR
B. TIME OF CONCENTRATION CALCULATOR
C. POLLUTANT ANALYSIS
D. STATISTICAL REGRESSION ANALYSIS
E. STATISTICAL DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS
F. STORM SEWER DESIGN
VI. ADDITIONAL PROGRAMS INSTALLED WITH SMADA (NOT PART OF SMADA MENU)
A. LOOPS (Simplified Hardy Cross Calculator)
B. CIRCULAR PIPE CALCULATOR

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I. WATERSHEDS

CREATING A WATERSHED

The available input fields for creation of a watershed are:

Total Area (in acres)

Impervious Area
Percent Impervious Directly Connected Time of Concentration
Additional Abstraction on Pervious Region
Additional Abstraction on Impervious Region

The two infiltration methods available to estimate the potential infiltration are:

1. Horton Method

2. Soil Conservation Service Curve Number (SCS-CN) Method

More information about the use of the watershed parameters is contained in the
Water Budget section of the help system.

OPENING AND SAVING WATERSHED FILES

Watershed Files can be saved and opened. The files should be assigned a legal DOS 8
character name. A default extension of (. SHD) will automatically be placed on the
watershed. Watersheds can only be opened and saved by SMADA. Opening a watershed
file will automatically replace the existing watershed file in memory. If you wish
to delete old watershed files you may do so using File Manager.

HORTON INFILTRATION ESTIMATION

The Horton Infiltration Estimation requires the input of four parameters:

Maximum Infiltration
Horton Limiting Infiltration Rate
Horton Initial Infiltration Rate
Horton Depletion Coefficient

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SCS CURVE NUMBER INFILTRATION ESTIMATION

The SCS Curve Number requires the input of three parameters

Maximum Infiltration
Curve Number
Initial Abstraction Factor

In the SCS-CN Method of infiltration prediction, a curve number is chosen which

represents the cover crop or soil type. This number typically ranges from 25(for
well covered forest with hydrologic Soil Group A) to 98(for paved Impervious
areas). An initial abstraction factor(not to be confused with additional
abstraction which is a purposefully diverted water volume) can be specified. The
SCS-CN Method typically uses an initial abstraction of 0.2S, however the user may
specify other values. The 0.2 value is referred to as the abstraction factor.

Runoff Curve Numbers for Pervious Areas*

Hydrologic Soil Class
Land Use A B C D
Bare Ground 77 86 91 94
Natural Desert Landscape 63 77 85 88
Garden or Row Crops 72 81 88 91
Good Grass Cover (>75%) 39 61 74 80
Poor Grass Cover (50-75%) 68 79 86 89
Lightly Wooded Area 36 60 73 79
Good Pasture and Range 39 61 74 80
* adopted from USDA-SCS, 1986 and 1975

Other data on soil types, hydrologic classification, and curve numbers are
available in appendix F(USDA-SCS, 1986). Judgment on the type of land use has to
be exercised and a conservative estimate (higher CN values) is prudent when doubt
exists.

Using the SCS-CN procedure, rainfall excess calculations are a function of rainfall
volume and curve number. Assuming that storage at any time is proportional to
maximum storage and rainfall excess is proportional to precipitation volume, (USDA-
SCS, 1986).

When using the SCS-CN method with composite curve numbers, the user does not have
to specify the three land categories. The percentage of impervious area should be
specified as 0.0. In place of the Pervious Curve Number the user should specify the
Composite Curve Number.

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II. RAINFALL

CREATING A RAINFALL FILE

A rainfall file consists of a rainfall volume (in inches) for a series of time
increments. The maximum number of time increments allowed is 960. To determine the
number of time increments a rainfall will have divide the duration of the rainfall
by the time increment. For example a 1 hour long storm with 10 minute time
increments will have 6 steps (60 / 10).

The user has two basic options when creating a rainfall:

HAND ENTRY OF RAINFALL DATA

If you choose to enter a incremental rainfall by hand, you must choose a duration
and a time step for the rainfall. If you choose to create a USER rainfall, you do
not need to enter a total rainfall volume. When you hit the OK button you will be
placed in the Rainfall Edit Dialog Box. There may be more edit spaces available
than the number of steps in your rainfall. Any extra values you enter outside of
the duration of the rainfall will be ignored. The total rainfall will be
calculated after the rainfall values have been entered.

USE OF DIMENSIONLESS CURVES

SMADA has currently many types of dimensionless curves which can be entered; some
are SCS type II, SCS type II Florida modified, and SCS type III. (There may be
others available at the time this package arrives to you.) To use these curves you
must enter a duration, time step, and a total rainfall. Click the button
pertaining to the type of curve which you would like to use. A rainfall will be
created and you will automatically enter the rainfall View dialog box. You may
enter the rainfall edit routine to edit this rainfall. The edit routine
automatically truncates the rainfall to three decimal places and it may cause you
to lose the accuracy of the original rainfall create (8 places).

There should be no spaces and there should be a number on every line of the file.
From File/Import select rainfall. You will be asked to prompt the time step for
the rainfall data. The file will then be imported and the rainfall will be
assigned to the time steps specified by the rainfall interval.

SAVING AND OPENING RAINFALL FILES

The rainfall files saved to disk will automatically be assigned the default
extension (.RNF). Opening a rainfall file will automatically replace the rainfall
which is currently in memory. The program can then later retrieve these files.

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III. HYDROGRAPHS

HYDROGRAPH GENERATION ROUTINES

SMADA contains a number of hydrograph generation routines. Prior to the generation

of a hydrograph the user of the program must create or open both a Watershed and a
Rainfall. A hydrograph may also be opened from disk as hydrographs are saved with
both the watershed and rainfall information used to generate them. Currently
available methods are:

SCS Method
Santa Barbara Urban Hydrograph Method
Unit Hydrograph Method

Selecting the desired method from the menu will generate the hydrograph using the
current rainfall and watershed.

SCS METHOD HYDROGRAPH GENERATION

The SCS Method of hydrograph routing produces an outflow hydrograph by determining

and summing response to discrete pulse inputs (rainfall excess rate).The method
first determines what the outflow response would be to a unit input on the
watershed. This unit input is taken as an impulse function and a triangular shape
for output response is calculated using a triangular shape and the Attenuation
Factor entered by the user. The sum of the discrete values of all points on the
triangle is normalized to the value one.

Using these relationships and the summing of flows for each discrete time step,
SMADA creates a unit response function, similar to a unit hydrograph. An
individual response function is then generated for each of the steps of the
Instantaneous Hydrograph. These response functions are summed to produce an output
hydrograph.

All response functions and routings are performed using the default rainfall time
step. It is advisable that this time step be at least half the time of
concentration of the watershed.

SANTA BARBARA URBAN HYDROGRAPH

The Santa Barbara Method uses the routing equation:

Q2 = Q1*K[R1 + R2 - 2Q1]

K is the routing coefficient and is determined by the equation:

K = Delta t/(2tc + Delta t)

where:

Delta t = Time Increment

tc = Time of Concentration
Rn = Instantaneous Hydrograph flow at time n
Qn = Design Flow at time n

All routing involving this equation is done with the default time step used in the
rainfall entry. The instantaneous hydrograph is developed using the Infiltration
and abstraction information.

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IV. PONDS

POND GEOMETRY

Edit Basic Pond Information - The basic information for pond geometry is entered
using this routine. The following diagram shows the relationship between the
different entries:

Flood Control Volume

Flood Control Bottom/Storage Top Storage
Storage Volume
Permanent Pool
Top of Permanent Pool/Bottom of Storage Volume
Permanent Pool Bottom Stage

STAGE-STORAGE DISCHARGE RELATIONSHIPS

At the heart of all pond routings is the stage - storage discharge relationship.
This relationship relates the pond stage to the storage in the pond. The
relationship between these two parameters is dependent upon the pond geometry. One
method for the determination of this stage-storage relationship is using the stage-
area relationship. The area referred to is the surface area of the pond at any
given stage.

The calculation which uses this relationship is a simple mass balance:

Qin - Qout = Change in Storage

The Flow in (Qin) is received from a hydrograph or a pond. The Flow Out (Qout) is
calculated knowing the discharge which is found from the stage which is found from
the storage. The discharge relationship can be calculated from weir information or
input directly by hand.

ROUTING HYDROGRAPHS THROUGH PONDS

Simple Hydrograph to Pond routing can be performed using the Quick Route option in
the Routing Menu. This option will route the current hydrograph to the current
pond. The results can then be displayed with either the Print Pond Routing or Plot
Pond Routing.

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V. SMADA UTILITY PROGRAMS

A. MATRIX CALCULATOR (EZMAT Version 1.2) Information Not Available See Program

B. TIME OF CONCENTRATION CALCULATOR (TCCALC Version 1.05)

The following formulas and equations are available with the TCCALC:

Izzard's Formula
Kerby's Equation
Kirpich's Equation
Kinematic Equation
Bransby Williams Equation
Federal Aviation Agency Equation
TR-55 Worksheet

C. POLLUTANT ANALYSIS (PLOAD Version 1.0)

NOTE: HELP file and information on this program is not available at this time
please see program.

D. STATISTICAL REGRESSION ANALYSIS (REGRESS Version 1.0)

Using Regress is a simple matter of getting the data into the program, selecting
the type of curve you wish to fit and then viewing the output. You can input the X-
Y data directly into the spreadsheet section on the regression form. You can
import the data from an ASCII file which has numbers in an X Y format. You can
paste two columns from a spreadsheet directly onto the spreadsheet section on the
regression form. All analyses will fit the data to a curve. The only difference
between the different analyses is the type of output which is given.

Anova Table - Standard Statistical Anova Table

Data and Fit - Text print of X, Actual Y, and Predicted Y

Calculate Y - Spreadsheet output of X and Predicted Y, Allow you to change X

Values and see automatic recalculation of Y

Iterative Search - In equations with a third parameter "n" allows you to try
numerous values for "n" and view the results.

Plot Regression - Performs the regression analysis and gives a plot of the
fitted data. This is a real handy option to get a general idea of the goodness
of fit.

E. STATISTICAL DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS (DISTRIB Version 2.0)

DISTRIB is a computer program designed to aid in the fitting of independent data to

a theoretical probability distribution. The program was written in Visual
Basic(TM) for the Window(TM) operating system and is based upon the text Frequency
and Risk Analysis by G.W. Kite (Water Resources Publications, Littleton CO). The
objective of this program is to provide an easy to use and intuitive interface for
the analysis of data. The program was written by Dr. Ron Eaglin at the University
of Central Florida.

WHAT IS A DISTRIBUTION?

Understanding distributions can best be done by example. So...

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In the study of hydrology it is very advantageous to predict a flood. It is,
however, almost impossible to predict if a flood will occur, say, next year.
Instead we try to predict the probability of a flood. If a flood has occurred 4
times in the last 100 years then we can very simply state that there is probably a
1 in 25 chance that one will occur next year. However, is the last 100 years
representative of the probability? What if one of the floods occurred last year.
If we were predicting a flood based on 100 years the year before the flood we would
have thought a flood occurred every 33 years and therefore there was a 1 in 33
chance of the flood. To alleviate these inaccuracies why don't we analyze all
storms that occurred in the last 100 years. Only those storms which are the
largest will cause a flood, but now our analysis is based on a lot more data. IN
FACT we can probably use only data from the last 10 years to predict a flood even
if a flood has not occurred in the last 10 years. Why? Because the data will
probably fit a distribution. Rainfall data typically fits any number of
distributions and fit them well.

We run DISTRIB and we find our data fits a 2 parameter log normal distribution very
nicely. Odds are any storms in the future will also fit nicely. We can predict
storms which occur every 200 storms, every 1000 storms, etc.. We have fit our data
to a distribution and we can make predictions based on that distribution. You may
be familiar with the most common distribution - the normal distribution. You know,
the one that is shaped like a typical bell curve. Well, surprise! there are many
distributions which fit many different types of data. This program will help you
fit your data to the distributions available in the program.

TYPES OF DISTRIBUTIONS

Normal
Log Normal
3 Parameter Log Normal
Pearson
Log Pearson
Gumbel

METHODS OF ANALYSIS

Maximum Likelihood
Method of Moments

IMPORTING DATA

Data can be imported in both DISTRIB 1.0 and DISTRIB 2.0. The data must be in ASCII
format with one number per line. There should be no extra spaces. For example if
you wish to import a set of data with 9 pieces of data then the file would look
like;

* * * * * Beginning of File - Do Not Put this Line in Your File

11.23
12.54
14.65
16.87
9.54
11.76
14.32
19.54
12.87
***** End of File Do Not Put this Line in Your File

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You can create this file using Windows NotePad or any ASCII text editor, be sure
there are no extra spaces at the end of your file.

PASTING DATA FROM SPREADSHEETS

Data can be pasted from a spreadsheet directly into DISTRIB. To do this you must
have the data in columnar format in the spreadsheet. In your spreadsheet highlight
your data in columnar format and copy it to the clipboard. Switch to DISTRIB [Alt
Tab or Ctrl-Esc]. Select Edit, Paste from the DISTRIB menu. The data will be
sorted and displayed in the spreadsheet control in the distribution window. You
may edit the data within this display. Do not worry about blanks in the data, as
DISTRIB will remove these automatically. Click Ok from the Paste data dialog. You
may now analyze the data.

EDITING DATA

Data can be edited directly by changing the data on the spreadsheet in the
distribution window. When the distribution is selected the data will be sorted.
This data can also be saved to disk.

PLOTTING THE DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS

The distribution Analysis can be plotted. The plot will contain the actual data
and the prediction. The plot can be sent to the Windows clipboard using the copy
button.

DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS

A Distribution analysis is automatically performed on the data in the main

spreadsheet, simply by clicking the button corresponding to the distribution type
desired. The probabilities for the individual points are calculated by Weibull
equation.

PLOTTING HISTOGRAM - DISTRIB 2.0 cannot plot Histograms.

F. STORM SEWER DESIGN (OPSEW Version 3.0)

OPSEW 3.0: HYDROLOGY

Hydrology is the scientific discipline which considers the occurrence of water

above, on, and below the surface of the earth. A major use we have in the field of
hydrology is determining the flow rate of water which will require conveyance
through the designed storm sewer system.

FID CURVES

The major design concern for a sewer system is the water flow rate and surcharge
condition which must be handled. Surcharging occurs when the pipe design cannot
pass the flow rate and water builds up before entering the conveyance system. All
water resulting from rainfall must be transported from one place to another either
above ground or below ground in pipes. A key concept in determining this volume
and flow rate of water is event average intensity. This intensity is the average
amount of rainfall which occurs per time period (hour) over the course of the
rainfall event. For example if 2 inches of rainfall occurs during a hour storm
then the intensity will be 4 in/hr.

This brings up another important consideration- the event duration. This duration
is the length of the storm being considered. A typical Frequency-Intensity-
Duration (FID) curve will display statistics for storm events which last from about
8 minute to 24 hours. When reading an FID curve you may determine that (for a given

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return period) a 60 minute storm has an average intensity of 2.4 inches per hour
where a 24 hour storm has an average intensity of 0.2 inches per hour. The total
amount of rainfall for the 60 minute storm can be calculated as 2.4 inches (2.4
in/hour x 1hr) where the total amount of rain for the 24 hour storm is 4.8 inches.

In the last example both of these rainfalls are for a given return period. The
return period should be thought of as an inverse of an exceedence probability. A
five year return period means that on the average this rainfall will occur once
every five years. We should expect that a 100 year storm has more rainfall than a
2 year storm. Upon observing the curves we will find that this is the case. (Note:
FID curves do not tell us anything about the time variable rainfall distribution.
The rainfall distribution is a tabulation of how much rain falls for each time
period during the rainfall event.)

We would not expect that every part of the country or a state would have the same
probability of rainfall as every other part of the country or a state. This is why
any geographic area is divided into zones which have approximately the same
probability of the same rainfall events. The FID curves for the state of Florida
are included in the appendix. OPSEW supports Florida zones 1-11; Orlando is
located in zone 7, Miami in zone 10, Tallahassee in zone 2, etc.. Curve fits are
available for each of these zones, and these curves fits give reasonably good fit
for design purposes. (Note: The FID curves were developed using daily data with
assumed inter-event dry periods of approximately one day. With this assumption the
drainage system must drain in a 24 hour period or less. This includes time for the
downstream stage to return to the initial design stage.) For the state of Florida
these curve fits are published by the Florida Department of Transportation. The
form of the curve fit is:

I = A + B Log(DR) + C (Log(DR))2 + D (Log(DR))3

where-

I - Rainfall intensity (in/hr)

DR - Rainfall Duration (min)

When designing a sewer system, the time of concentration is used in place of the
duration for the determination of any given average intensity. The time of
concentration is the maximum amount of time it takes water to travel from any point
in the watershed to a sewer inlet. By using the time of concentration and the FID
curves we can determine the average intensity of rainfall and thus the flow rate
(runoff) reaching the sewer inlet at any of the sewer nodes. The data used for the
calculation of intensity are shown below. These data are the contents of the file
FLORIDA.FID. The format of this file is:

ZONE_NUMBER
RETURN_PERIOD_2 A B C D
RETURN_PERIOD_50 A B C D

Where A, B, C, D are the constants used in the above equation for the given zone
and return period.

In the ROUTINES menu there is a routine which will allow the user to read the FID
curves automatically without performing any design analysis.

FID data for Florida zones 1-10 for 3rd Order Polynomial Fit

1 (Equation Type used internally by OPSEW)

11 (Number of Zones)
6 (Number of Return Periods)

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1 (Zone Number)
2 11.0983 -2.4724 0.00711 0.01886
3 11.97845 -2.6793 0.0244 0.01812
5 11.82413 2.28931 0.077735 0.02535
10 12.01819 -1.91394 -0.2146 0.03519
25 13.48736 -1.84774 -0.32753 0.04818
50 13.12334 -1.04283 -0.52846 0.06176
2
2 10.57745 -2.10106 -0.08181 0.02557
3 10.89437 -1.83108 -0.19224 0.03537
5 10.85901 -1.50267 -0.27902 0.04121
10 12.30743 -1.94991 -0.22855 0.03903
25 12.8104 -1.40033 -0.43207 0.05602
50 14.17099 -1.5675 -0.47317 0.06168
3
2 11.87566 -2.78220 0.0235 0.02058
3 11.40436 -2.01001 -0.1800 0.0355
5 11.42451 -1.65788 -0.2907 0.04438
10 11.51866 -1.25713 -0.41757 0.0543
25 11.30909 -0.30052 -0.70475 0.07704
50 12.16856 -0.12834 -0.82217 0.08822
4
2 12.75884 -3.55753 0.21171 0.00678
3 12.36825 -2.82718 0.0082 0.02248
5 11.81456 -2.18321 -0.14397 0.03866

10 12.54028 -2.13586 -0.2044 0.03866

25 12.76532 -1.45996 -0.42819 0.05666
50 14.56743 -2.19263 -0.30685 0.04897
5
2 12.89666 -3.55805 0.21227 0.00619
3 12.49905 -2.90429 0.04609 0.01794
5 12.28117 -2.34803 -0.11099 0.02995
10 13.6829 -2.93192 -0.00385 0.02241
25 12.69696 -1.223 -0.49561 0.06173
50 13.36862 -0.83912 -0.6688 0.07724
6
2 14.09519 -4.17207 0.31773 0.00029
3 14.98331 -4.44963 0.35683 -0.00224
5 14.54762 -3.89935 0.22564 0.00674
10 14.35386 -3.1014 -0.01003 0.02525
25 16.15961 -3.48135 -0.0016 0.02677
50 15.67671 -2.52365 -0.26055 0.04609
7
2 12.10821 -2.79255 0.02002 0.02053
3 12.4356 -2.56458 -0.0693 0.02787
5 12.51872 -2.17764 -0.19805 0.03849
10 12.49556 -1.67116 -0.34901 0.05017
25 12.92209 -1.11084 -0.55019 0.06666
50 13.2955 -0.70432 -0.70152 0.07933
8
2 11.51282 -2.10568 -0.16578 0.03515
3 11.1344 -1.44999 -0.34027 0.04808
5 11.41155 -1.34465 -0.38409 0.05149
10 11.54908 -0.89694 -0.53 0.06319
25 10.92111 0.5171 -0.9348 0.09473
50 11.58787 0.73605 -1.04111 0.10384
9
2 11.08062 -1.66022 -0.28464 0.04453
3 11.54667 -1.49353 -0.3596 0.05071

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 5 11.76664 -1.38391 -0.3988 0.05352
10 12.084 -1.00328 -0.53661 0.06491
25 12.38592 -0.27352 -0.77532 0.0837
50 14.16172 -0.73486 -0.75377 0.08518
10
2 11.33384 -1.86569 -0.22813 0.04005
3 11.32916 -1.38557 -0.36672 0.05012
5 11.19083 -0.93165 -0.48526 0.05836
10 10.84265 -0.18976 -0.69575 0.07495
25 11.83969 0.09353 -0.84451 0.08783
50 11.59208 1.00204 -1.10384 0.10762
11
2 10.09256 -2.25031 0.01661 0.01544
3 9.3081 -1.21537 -0.25504 0.0359
5 9.02699 -0.47796 -0.46784 0.05263
10 10.23814 -1.23242 -0.27724 0.03685
25 11.68811 -1.612 -0.25239 0.03706
50 9.94772 0.31312 -0.73271 0.07222

Another FID curve method used by OPSEW is the equation: I= A/(DR+ B)C

The file which contains the coefficients for this method is ZONE-DAT.ZN2 The format
for this file is,

NUMBER OF ZONES
NUMBER OF RETURN PERIODS
ZONE
RETURN PERIOD, A, B, C
<- Must reflect the number of return periods
ZONE
RETURN PERIOD, A, B, C
ZONE <- Must reflect the number of zones
etc...

DETERMINATION OF RUNOFF

After the rainfall reaches the ground there are four possible results; infiltrate
into the ground, flow along the ground, pool on the ground or evaporate back into
the air. Of these processes-, infiltration, runoff, surface abstraction, and
evaporation, we will be primarily concerned with the amount that is runoff. The
rate of rainfall which becomes runoff can be expressed as a fraction of the total
volume of rainfall. This fraction is called the Rational Coefficient and is
usually denoted with a capital "C". OPSEW uses the rate of rainfall which becomes
runoff to design sewer systems. The design is based upon the peak flow which can
be expected for a pipe. This peak flow can be determined from the equation:

Q = CiA

where-

Q = the peak flow (cfs)

C = Rational Coefficient

i = intensity (in/hr)

A = watershed area (acres)

The conversion factor 1.008 is frequently included in the equation.

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SELECTING A RATIONAL COEFFICIENT

The selection of the Rational Coefficient is extremely important to the

determination of design flows. Some guidelines to be used in the selection of this
coefficient are included for return periods of 2-10 years considering existing FID
methodology and a minimum inter-event dry period of one day.

Table of Rational Coefficients (from Wanielista, 1990)

Business Pavement
Downtown 0.70-0.95 Asphalt/Concrete 0.70-0.95
Neighborhood 0.50-0.70 Brick 0.70-0.85
Residential Lawns, Sandy soils
Single Family 0.30-0.50 Flat, 2% 0.05-0.10
Multiunit detached 0.40-0.60 Average, 2-7%
0.10-0.15
Multiunit attached 0.60-0.75 Steep, > 7%
0.15-0.20
Suburban resident 0.25-0.40
apartment 0.50-0.70
Industrial Lawns, Heavy Soils
Light 0.50-0.80 Flat 2% 0.13-0.17
Heavy 0.60-0.90 Average, 2-7% 0.18-0.22
Steep >7% 0.25-0.35
Parks and Cemeteries 0.10-0.25 Railroad Yard
0.20-0.35
Unimproved 0.10-0.30

OPSEW uses one rational coefficient for each inlet to the system. The area in
concern may, however, contain multiple land uses. To handle this situation we can
calculate an effective rational coefficient. This coefficient is a weighted
average based on area of the rational coefficients of the different areas.

Estimating a Time of Concentration

To determine the peak flow for the design we must first determine the time of
concentration for the watershed in question. The time of concentration is the time
it takes water to flow from the farthest point in the watershed to the outlet.
This can be accomplished by using any number of methods outlined in most hydrology
texts (see Wanielista, 1990). OPSEW contains a routine to assist you in
determining a correct choice for the time of concentration. In the Routines menu
the Calculate Time of Concentration option will allow you to calculate a time of
concentration for a watershed. If you do not know all the input parameters for
this routine then fill in only those parameters that you do know. OPSEW will
calculate the time of concentration based upon various equations from the
literature depending upon the input information.

The time of concentration is used to determine the average intensity used in the
rational formula for the sewer design. The duration is set equal to the time of
concentration and this number is used to find the intensity used in the rational
formula. When determining design flows for downstream segments of pipe we use an
effective time of travel to determine the intensity. This effective time of travel
is equal to the time of concentration of the most upstream node + the cumulative
time of travel in each of the upstream pipe sections. A flow at the inlet of the
invert in question is then calculated for this segment and then added to the flow
which is coming to the manhole through the pipe.

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OPSEW 3.0: HYDRAULICS

Where the concern of Hydrology was to determine the amount and rate of water our
conveyance system would have to convey; we are now interested in the study of
Hydraulics which will allow us to look at the details of the water flowing through
our system. One of the main objectives of our hydraulic design is to select invert
elevations and pipe diameters so to prevent excessive surcharging of our sewer
system. Surcharging can cause flooding of upstream areas if the design is not
proper.

FLOW CONDITIONS

OPSEW has a design approach that deals with the hydraulics of circular pipes.
Circular pipes can three possible flow conditions:

1. Partial Flow
2. Full Flow
3. Surcharged Flow

OPSEW is designed to perform calculations for all three of these flow conditions.
The automatic design routines for OPSEW will size pipes and place inverts so as to
prevent the last of these cases; surcharged flow. To determine velocities and flows
OPSEW uses Manning's formula.

OPSEW will calculate a velocity based on any of the three flow conditions.

OPSEW contains individual routines which will allow for the analysis of all three
of these conditions of flow. The automatic and manual design routines also make
the determination of the flow condition and base all calculations on the flow
condition.

OPSEW 3.0: SEWER DESIGN PROCEDURE

Using the sciences of hydraulics and hydrology we can see that the design of a
sewer system is an iterative process. We will outline the steps of that process.

1. Determine the following information:

Design storm (2, 3, 5, 10, 25, or 50 year)
Zone for design (1-11)
Physical placement of inverts (not depth)
Pipe lengths
Mannings's coefficient for pipes
Rational Coefficient for individual areas

2. Place pipe inverts

3. Calculate pipe slopes

4. Pick pipe diameters for individual pipes

5. Starting at the most upstream pipe and using the time of concentration for
that watershed determine the flow through that pipe segment.
a. Use time of concentration as storm duration.
b. Determine storm intensity from FID curves.
c. Using "C" and intensity calculate peak flow.

6. Determine the effective time of concentration of the next downstream node.

a. Calculate the velocity in upstream pipe segment.
b. Calculate time of flow pipe.

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 c. Add time of flow to time of concentration of the upstream node.
d. Use the maximum of this time and the time of concentration of the
watershed flowing into the node.

7. Calculate the flow in this pipe segment in the same manner as step 5, but
using the effective time of concentration.

8. This is a TRIAL AND ERROR PROCEDURE so repeat steps 2 through 7 until an

acceptable design is reached. When you have an acceptable design determine
the headlosses in each of the pipe segments and moving from the most
downstream node calculate the hydraulic grade at to the most upstream
segments. This routine may require that you repeat the design procedure.

OPSEW 3.0: CALCULATION OF HEADLOSSES

OPSEW considers the headloss in two places; headloss encountered in the length of
pipe and headloss in the manholes, joints, or junctions. The headlosses are used
in the calculation of the hydraulic grade.

OPSEW 3.0: CALCULATING COSTS

The pipe costs are split into two parts- pipe cost and excavation cost.

The pipe cost is a simple calculation:

Pipe Cost = Pipe Length * Cost per foot

The calculation of the excavation cost is slightly more complex; first the depth is
calculate. OPSEW calculates the average depth by the following equation:

Average Depth = (Depth at Upstream Invert + Depth at Downstream Invert)/2

The depth at either the upstream or the downstream is calculated by:

Depth = Ground Elevation - (Invert Elevation + Pipe Diameter)

Once the average depth is calculated this depth is interpolated against the cost
data depths. For example if the average depth is 5.6 ft and the available cost
data has excavation cost per foot for 4 ft. and 6 ft. the cost per foot is found
by interpolating the cost per foot from 4 and 6 ft. Once this cost per foot is
found the total excavation cost is found by multiplying the cost per foot by the
pipe length. The two costs are then added to give total cost.

Total Cost = Pipe Cost + Excavation Cost

The cost data is contained in a file called PIPES.CST.

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VI. ADDITIONAL PROGRAMS INSTALLED WITH SMADA (Not Available from SMADA menu)

A. LOOPS (Simplified Hardy Cross Calculator), Version 2.0

Loops is a program which allows users to perform Hardy Cross method hydraulic loop
analysis (50 loops, 100 pipes, 80 nodes).

B. CIRCULAR PIPE CALCULATOR

The CP Calculator requires the following input data:

Flowrate (cfs)
Diameter (inches)
Slope (ft/ft)
Either Manning's Roughness (n), D-W Friction Factor (f), or Haze Williams (C)

SMADA END

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