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Pipe Freezing Problem

The document calculates the approximate time for standing water in an 18-inch steel pipe exposed outdoors to completely freeze. It determines the time in two stages: first for the water to cool to the freezing point (4.02 hours), and then for it to fully solidify into ice (16.14 hours). The total time calculated for the water in the pipe to fully freeze is 20.16 hours.

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brock
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199 views3 pages

Pipe Freezing Problem

The document calculates the approximate time for standing water in an 18-inch steel pipe exposed outdoors to completely freeze. It determines the time in two stages: first for the water to cool to the freezing point (4.02 hours), and then for it to fully solidify into ice (16.14 hours). The total time calculated for the water in the pipe to fully freeze is 20.16 hours.

Uploaded by

brock
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Problem:

The approximate time to freeze standing water in an 18-inch steel pipe.

Parameters and assumptions:

The pipe is 18-inch ( 0.4572 m ) carbon steel


Infinitely long pipe
No insulation around pipe
The pipe is exposed to the air and not buried
The pipe is completely filled with water
The water is not flowing in the pipe
The standing water is initially around 68 F 291.5 K
The outside temp is around 0 F 255.4 K
The freezing temp of water is 32 F 273.2 K
miles meters
There is a constant breeze over the pipe around 5 2.24
hour sec

The convective surface heat transfer coefficient ( h ) at the wind/pipe interface was
found by:

Calculating the Reynolds number ( Re ) of the wind/pipe interface:


V D m
Re air o , Where : Vair velocity of air 2.24
air s
m2
air Kinematic vis cos ity air 0.0000118
s
Do outer diameter of pipe 0.4572 m
Re 86604.53

Found the Prandtl number ( Pr ) for air at 255.4 K Pr 0.720


4 1
Calculated the Nusselt number ( N u ) by N 0.023 R 3 P 3 215.695
u e r

W
Found the thermal conductivity of the air k f 0.02265
m K

Calculated the surface heat transfer coefficient ( h ):

N u k f W
h 10.5
Do m 2 K
To calculate the "Overall" heat transfer coefficient ( U ):

1
U
ri
ln
1 ro

ro 2 k s
h 2

Where:
W
h surface heat transfer coefficient 10.5
m 2 K
ro outer radius of pipe 0.2286 m
ri inner radius of pipe 0.2191 m
W
k s thermal conductivity of the steel pipe 60.5
m K

W
U 15.375
m 2 K

W
To calculate the heat loss ( ql ) per length of pipe:
m

Ti T
ql U As

Where:
m2
As surface area per length of pipe Do 1.436
m
Ti initial temperature of the water 291.5 K
T temperature of the air 255.4 K

W
ql 797.45
m

To calculate the time ( t ) for the water to reach the freezing temperature ( T f ):
m3
Calculate volume of water per length of pipe ( Vl ):
m
2 m3
Vl Di 0.151 , Where Di inner diameter of pipe 0.43815 m
4 m

kg
Calculate mass of the water per length of pipe ( M lw ):
m
kg
Density of water w 998.5
m3
kg
M lw Vl w 150.55
m

Time ( tc ) for the water to reach the freezing temperature T f :

tc
Ti T f
c pw M lw
ql
Where:
J
c pw specific heat of water @ Ti 4185
kg K
Ti initial temperature of the water 291.5 K
T f freezing temperature of the water 273.2 K
W
ql heat loss per length of pipe 797.45
m
tc 14485.17 s 4.02 hrs

Time for the water to actually freeze ( t f ) once it reaches the freezing temperature T f :
J
Latent heat of fusion ( h fs ) for water is h fs 334000
kg
kg
Density of ice is i 920 3
m
kg
Mass of ice per length of pipe is M li Vl i 138.72
m
h fs M li
tf 58098.86 s 16.14 hrs
ql

Total time to freeze the water is in the pipe:


ttot tc t f 4.02 16.14 20.16 hrs

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