International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)

ISSN: 2321-0869, Volume-2, Issue-11, November 2014

Investigation of Voltage Quality in Electric Arc

Furnace with Matlab/Simulink
Mustafa eker, Arif Memmedov

furnace load. The modeling of arc furnace load which have

Abstract Electric Arc Furnaces(EAF) are nonlineer and stochastic and non-linear features is quite difficult. The main
time-varying loads and grid in which they are bounded causes of issue in the modeling of electric arc furnace is to define of
some power quality problems such as harmonics, voltage flicker electrical arc [8]. There are many methods used to
and inter-harmonics. Investigation of power quality problems
approximate modeling of the electrical arc. Time and
that causes of the EAF is an important research topic. Nowadays,
an advanced simulation program allows the modelling EAF frequency domain modeling of electric arc can be shown in
loads and makes it the possible to examine the power quality between these methods [9, 10]. For the voltage flicker
problems caused by EAF. The most important issue in the analysis in grids used the arc furnace is based on stochastic
modelling of EAF is the modelling of electrical arc. There are characteristic of EAF [11, 12]. In the modeling of electrical
some different methods used for modelling the electrical arc in arc are benefited time domain methods which used as the
the literature. In this study, simulation model for a phase basis for Cassie and Marry differential equations [5, 10, 13,
equivalent circuit of electric arc furnace(60 MVA) which is 14]. In addition to, in order to the analysis of EAF are used
located in Sivas Iron and Steel Enterprises Inc.(SIDEMIR) has
different methods such as varied linearization methods of
been created using Matlab/Simulink. The EAF in simulation has
been modeled as nonlinear time-varying voltage controlled
nonlinear equations [15, 18], frequency response [13] and
source and static and dynamic characteristics of EAFs has been current-voltage characteristics [19]. Used this methods allow
studied by using the different time-domain analysis methods. In to study the static and dynamic characteristics of EAF.
addition to HIOKI 3197 Power Analyser connected to common Current-voltage characteristic is used the identify the static
coupling point in transmission line which is feeding to EAF and characteristic of the EAF. In the static characteristic
real- time measurement values are obtained. Simulation results conditions obtained with constant arc length does not occur
have compared with real-time measurement which is obtained the voltage flicker. However, due to the changes in the length
with power analyzer and adherence has assessed.
of the arc during melting because of nonlinear characteristic
Index Terms Arc Furnace, Power Quality,
of EAF constantly changes the arc current and cause to
Matlab/Simulink voltage flicker problem. In examinations is known that
voltage flicker changes between the range of 4-10 Hz and this
I. INTRODUCTION changes is disturb to people by perceived with the human
Electric Arc Furnaces (EAF) converts electrical energy into eyes.
thermal energy and are widely used in to melt the metal in iron In this study, simulation model for a phase equivalent circuit
and steel industry [1]. Nowadays, 40% of the steel produced of electric arc furnace (60 MVA) which is located in Sivas
is provided by EAF and this proportion is expected to rising Iron and Steel Enterprises Inc. (SIDEMIR) has been created
50% until in 2050. In addition to Electric Arc Furnaces are the using Matlab/Simulink 2013. Static and dynamic
most elements that use the electrical energy industry [2, 3]. characteristic of EAF are examined with various time domain
Therefore, efficiently use of energy in EAF systems is one of methods which is used in the literature for modeling arc
the important problems in nowadays. furnace load. In addition to, real time measurements with
Electric arc furnaces are nonlinear and time-varying loads, HIOKI 3197 power analyzer have been obtained from
and cause many problem of power quality such as imbalances, common coupling point which feeding the EAF system.
odd and even harmonics, inter harmonics, voltage drops and Suitability of the applied simulation model has examined as
flicker in power systems [4]. The main factors in this power compared simulation results and measurement results.
quality deterioration is disturbances in waveform which
generated by stochastic behavior of electric arc furnace
II. EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF THE ELECTRICITY SYSTEM
[5,6,7]. Electricity producers and customers are tried to
SUPPLYING TO ARC FURNACE
minimize as much as possible these negative effects caused by
electric arc furnace. For minimizing power quality effect A phase Equivalent circuit of the electricity system supplying
caused by EAF is required define the behavior of electric arc to arc furnace is shown in Figure 1. Circuit parameters given
in Table 1 have been used for the calculation of R and L
values which are presented in the impedance of circuit section
for SIDEMIRs electrical system. Equivalent circuit
Manuscript received November 21, 2014.
Mustafa EKER, Electric and Electronic Engineering Department,
parameters have been calculated using specified methods in
Inonu University/ PHD student , Malatya, Turkey, +90 530 415 05 93. references [20-23].
Arif MEMMEDOV, Electric and Electronic Engineering Department,
Inonu University/, Malatya, Turkey.

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 Investigation of Voltage Quality in Electric Arc Furnace with Matlab/Simulink

Table 1. Circuit parameters of the electricity system supplying

to Arc Furnace

Utility Short Circuit Power=7250 MVA

Utility Voltage=380 kV
Stepdown Transformer Voltage
Transformer(TEIAS) Level=380kV/34,5Kv
Transformer Power=100 MVA
%z=15
EAF Transformer Transformer Voltage
Level=34,5kV/719V
Transformer Power=60 MVA
%z=4,9
.
Fig 2. Actual V-I characteristic of electrical arc measured in
the static progress with costant arc length

As mentioned above, the operation of electric arc furnaces

have stochastic properties and arc length is variable with time.
Therefore , arc current changes. Variation of the arc current
causes voltage drop and voltage flicker. Because of this
reason , dynamic characteristic of EAF should be used in the
modelling. For the creation of dynamic characteristic of EAF
is benefited from static characteristic. In this paper, static state
characteristics graph presented in Figure 2 has been used for
determining the static state characteristics of arc furnace for
modelling the arc furnace and different time-domain analysis
methods has been determined for the create to modeling of
electrical arc in simulation. In addition to, HIOKI 3197 power
Fig 1. Single line equivalent circuit diagrams of the electrical system analyzer is connected to common connection point of system
supplying to EAF feeding the EAF and real-time measurement with this
analyzer has been obtained. As a result of, the simulation
EAF transformer has 12 voltage levels and EAF transformer results has been compared with the real-time measurement
is operated at step 12. In this step, voltage level is 719 volt and and the most appropriate model for indentify to arc
these voltage levels are used as reference voltage for analysis. characteristic of EAF has been determined.
Resistance and inductance values for 719 volt reference
voltage level take into the consideration the calculation 3.1. Exponantial Model
parameters which is given Table 1 and reference [20-23] has
been calculated and calculation results has been shown in In this model, V-I characteristics of electrical arc has been
Table 2. linearized as a exponatial function(1).
Table 2. Resistance and inductance values of the system
which is feeding the EAF for 719 volt reference voltage level.

R(mohm) L(mH)
Utility 0.071 0.027 0 in this equation is a constant values used to determine the
Step-down 0.096 2.469 steepness of positive and negative currents. This value is
Transformer defined from the V-I curve of electrical arc using the static
Line 0.004 0.010 and dynamic characteristic. In this equation, Vat is threshold
EAF 0.527 1.343 voltage depended on length of the arc length.
Transformer
Secondary 0.612 12.67 3.2. Hyperbolic Model
Circuit
The characteristic of electrical arc in hyperbolic model is
evaluated in the form V(i) and is linearized as in the Equation
III. THE MODELLING OF ELECTRICAL ARC 2.
For the modelling of electrical arc is benefit from the
Current-Voltage(V-I) characteristics that formed by the
electrical arc. Actual V-I characteristic of electrical arc In this equation, Vat is threshold voltage depended on length
measured in the case of static progress of EAF[10] is shown in of the arc length. Ci,d and Di,d are constant that determine to
Figure 2.

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 International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)
ISSN: 2321-0869, Volume-2, Issue-11, November 2014

(a)

(b)

Fig 3. A phase equivalent Matlab/Simulink system model used to the modelling of electrical arc
a) Exponential model, b) hyperbolic and exponential-hyperbolic model.

arc current and arc power respectively. i index represent the

increase in the current and d index represent the decrease in IV. THE SIMULATION OF ELECTRICAL ARC
the current.
Matlab/Simulink 2013a simulation program has been used for
3.3. Exponential-Hyperbolic Model the creation of EAFs simulation model and a phase
equivalent circuit model which is shown in Figure 1 for EAF
In this model, the combination of exponential and hyperbolic has been developed. Electrical arc has been modelled using
model, the V-I characteristic of electrical arc is defined nonlinear time-varying voltage controlled source and
mathematical expression in Equation 3. Matlab/Embedded function. Matlab/Simulink circuit model
created for simulation is shown in Figure 4(a) and Figure 4(b).
The substation called Flicker in these models is designed to
detemine the effect of flicker. In the modelling of flicker
effect is defined two models as sinusoidal flicker and random
flicker. EAF mentioned in the study(SIDEMIR) is operated at
(3)
719 V voltage level for secondary voltage and arc length is
approximately 24,3 cm for this voltage level. In this manner,
In this model, the increase of the current is defined as a
Vat is calculated as; Vat=40+10x24,3 =283. Ci,d and Di,d
hyperbolic function and the decrease of the current is defined
parameters are used in the calculate as Ci=190Kw , Cd=39kW
as a exponential function. The relationship between arc length
and Di,d=5000 A respectively.
(l) and threshold voltage (Vat) explained by the expression
given in the Equation 4.
4.1. The modelling of Sinusoidal Flicker Effect
(4)
The effect of the sinusoidal flicker is determined by the
In this equation, A is a constant evaluated as the sum of
mathematical expression in equation (5).
voltage sag for anode and cathode and is approximately 40
Volts. B is defined as voltage sag depended on the arc length
and empirically is acceptable as B=10 V/cm

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 Investigation of Voltage Quality in Electric Arc Furnace with Matlab/Simulink

In this equation, Vat is thershold voltage depended on the arc

length. m is modulation index and wf is flicker frequency.

4.2. The Modelling of Random Flicker Effect

Random flicker is modulated as a random signal having zero

mean of the frequency band between 0-12 Hz frequency
range. Random flicker is detemined by mathematical
expression in equation 6.

In this equation, Vat is thershold voltage depended on the arc

length, N(t) is band limited white noise signal and m is
modulation index. Flicker circuit models of equation (6) and Fig 5. Steady-state current and voltage characteristic of
(5) used in the simulation has been shown in Figure 4(a) and electical arc for exponential model(V-I
Figure 4(b) respectively. characteristic)
4
x 10
8

2
Current(A)

-2

-4

-6

-8
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Time(ms)

(a)

300

200

100
Fig 4. Matlab/Simulink subsystem model used for the flicker
Voltage(V)

effect in simulation a) Sinusoidal Flicker effect, b) random 0

flicker effect
-100
V. STEADY-STATE CHARACTERISTIC OF
ELECTRICAL ARC
-200
Steady-state characteristic of electrical arc(Static
characteristic) is seen in constand arc length but arc length is
-300
always variable because of the nonliear characteristic of EAF. 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Time(ms)
Steady-state characteristic of electrcal arc is used for the
determining of dynamic characteristic of electrical arc. (b)
Steady-state characteristic of electrical arc used to identify the Fig 6. Current and voltage curves of electrical arc in steady
dynamic characteristics. Simulation results obtained in the state for exponential model. a)The change of arc current, b)
steady-state of electrical arc for different models has been The change of arc voltage
shown in Figure 5,7, 9 respectively. In addition to arc current
and voltage curves in steady-state of electrical arc has been
shown in Figure 6,8 and 10.
5.2. Model 2: Hyperbolic Model
5.1. Model 1: Exponantial Model

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ISSN: 2321-0869, Volume-2, Issue-11, November 2014

Figure 7. Steady-state current and voltage characteristic of Figure 9. Steady-state current and voltage characteristic of
electical arc for hyperbolic model(V-I characteristic) electical arc for hyperbolic model(V-I characteristic)

4 4
x 10 x 10
8 8

6 6

4 4

2 2
Current(A)
Current(A)

0 0

-2 -2

-4 -4

-6 -6

-8 -8
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Time(ms)
Time(ms)

(a) (a)
400
400

300
300

200
200

100
100
Voltage(V)
Voltage(V)

0
0

-100
-100

-200
-200
-300
-300
-400
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
-400
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 Time(ms)
Time(ms)
(b)
(b)
Figure 10. Current and voltage curves of electrical arc in
Figure 8. Current and voltage curves of electrical arc in steady steady state for hyperbolic model, a) The change of arc
state for hyperbolic model, a) the change of arc current, b) current, b) The change of arc voltage
The change of arc voltage
VI. DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTIC OF ELECTRICAL ARC
5.3. Model 3: Exponantial- Hyperbolic Model
Arc length in the operation of the arc furnace is variable.
Therefore, identifying the dynamic characteristics of

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 Investigation of Voltage Quality in Electric Arc Furnace with Matlab/Simulink

electrical arc is required for understanding the behavior of

EAF. Steady-state characterstics are used fort determine
dynamic characteristic of electrical arc. In the simulation,
Flicker effect is modeled with sinusoidal and random flicker
effects. In the simulation, simulation parameters have been
used to Vat=283 volt and m=0.5.

6.1.1. Exponatial Model with Sinusoidal Flicker Effect

Figure 14. Dynamic current and voltage characteristic of

electical arc for hyperbolic model(V-I characteristic) with
sinusoidal flicker effect.
5
x 10
1.5

Figure 11. Dynamic current and voltage characteristic of

0.5
electical arc for exponential model(V-I characteristic) with
Current(A)

sinusoidal flicker effect.

5
0
x 10
1.5

-0.5
1

0.5 -1
Current(A)

0
-1.5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
-0.5 Time(ms)

(a)
-1

500
-1.5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Time(ms) 400

(a) 300

500 200
400
100
Voltage(V)

300

200 0
100
-100
Voltage(V)

-100
-200

-200 -300
-300
-400
-400

-500 -500
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Time(ms)
Time(ms)
(b)
(b)
Figure 13. Current and voltage curves of electrical arc in
Figure 12. Current and voltage curves of electrical arc in
dynamic state for exponential model with sinusoidal flicker,
dynamic state for hyperbolic model with sinusoidal flicker,
a) The change of arc current, b) The change of arc voltage
a) The change of arc current, b) The change of arc voltage
6.1.2. Hyperbolic model with Sinusoidal Flicker effect
6.1.3. Exponantial-Hyperbolik Model with Sinusoidal
Flicker

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 International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)
ISSN: 2321-0869, Volume-2, Issue-11, November 2014

Figure 16. Dynamic current and voltage characteristic of Figure 18. Dynamic current and voltage characteristic of
electical arc for hyperbolic model(V-I characteristic) with electical arc for exponential model(V-I characteristic) with
sinusoidal flicker effect. random flicker effect.
5
x 10
1
5
x 10
1

0.8
0.5
0.6

0.4
0
Current(A)

0.2
Current(A)

0
-0.5
-0.2

-0.4

-1 -0.6

-0.8

-1.5 -1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Time(ms) Time(ms)

(a) (a)
500
500
400
400
300
300

200
200

100 100
Voltage(V)
Voltage(V)

0 0

-100 -100

-200 -200

-300 -300

-400 -400

-500 -500
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Time(ms) Time(ms)

(b) (b)
Figure 19. Current and voltage curves of electrical arc in
Figure 13. Current and voltage curves of electrical arc in dynamic state for exponential model with random flicker, a)
dynamic state for hyperbolic model with sinusoidal flicker, The change of arc current, b) The change of arc voltage
a) The change of arc current, b) The change of arc voltage.
Simulation parameters in random flicker effect have been
used to Vat=283 volt and m=0.5 6.2.2. Hyperbolic model with Random flicker Effect
6.2.1. Exponential Model with random Flicker Effect

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Figure 20. Dynamic current and voltage characteristic of

electical arc for hyperbolic model(V-I characteristic) with Figure 22. Dynamic current and voltage characteristic of
random flicker effect. electical arc for exponential-hyperbolic model(V-I
x 10
5 characteristic) with random flicker effect.
1 5
x 10
1
0.8

0.6
0.5
0.4

0.2
Current(A)

0
0
Current(A)

-0.2
-0.5
-0.4

-0.6
-1
-0.8

-1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Time(ms) -1.5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Time(ms)
(a)
(a)
600

600

400

400

200

200
Voltage(V)

0
Voltage(V)

-200
-200

-400
-400

-600
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 -600
Time(ms) 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Time(ms)
(b)
Figure 21. Current and voltage curves of electrical arc in (b)
dynamic state for hyperbolic model with random flicker, a)
The change of arc current, b) The change of arc voltage Figure 23. Current and voltage curves of electrical arc in
dynamic state for exponential-hyperbolic model with random
flicker, a) The change of arc current, b) The change of arc
6.2.3. Exponential- Hyperbolic model with Random voltage
Flicker

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ISSN: 2321-0869, Volume-2, Issue-11, November 2014
VII. COMPORASION OF SIMULATION RESULTS WITH REAL x 10
4
Simulation
5 Measurement
TIME MEUSUREMENT
4
4 Measurement
x 10
5 Simulation 3

4 2

3 1

Voltage (V)
2 0

1 -1
Voltage (V)

0 -2

-1 -3

-2 -4

-3 -5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Time(ms)
-4

-5
Figure 27. The change of voltage at a common connection
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 point for exponential model with random flicker effect (blue:
Time(ms)
measurement, red: simulation)
Figure 24. The change of voltage at a common connection
point for exponential model with sinusoidal flicker effect 4 Measurement
x 10
(blue: measurement, red: simulation) 5 Simulation
4 Measurement
x 10 4
5 Simulation

4 3

3 2

2 1
Voltage (V)

1
0
Voltage (V)

0
-1
-1
-2
-2
-3
-3
-4
-4
-5
-5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Time(ms)
Time(ms)

Figure 25. The change of voltage at a common connection Figure 28. The change of voltage at a common connection
point for hyperbolic model with sinusoidal flicker effect point for hyperbolic model with random flicker effect (blue:
(blue: measurement, red: simulation) measurement, red: simulation)

4 Measurement
4 Measurement x 10
x 10 5
5 Simulation Simulation

4 4

3 3

2 2

1 1
Voltage (V)
Voltage (V)

0 0

-1 -1

-2 -2

-3 -3

-4 -4

-5 -5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Time(ms) Time(ms)

Figure 26. The change of voltage at a common connection Figure 29. The change of voltage at a common connection
point for exponential-hyperbolic model with sinusoidal point for exponential-hyperbolic model with random flicker
flicker effect (blue: measurement, red: simulation) effect (blue: measurement, red: simulation)

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4 4
x 10 x 10
3.7

3.6 3.55

3.5
3.5

3.4
Voltage(V)

3.45

Voltage(V)
3.3
3.4

3.2
3.35

3.1
3.3
3
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
Time(ms) 3.25
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
Figure 30. RMS voltage change in common coupling point Time(ms)

with real time measurement. Figure 34. RMS voltage change in common coupling point for
4
x 10
3.48 exponential model with sinusoidal flicker
3.46

4
3.44 x 10

3.42
3.65
Voltage(V)

3.4
3.6
3.38

3.55
3.36

3.34 3.5
Voltage(V)

3.32
3.45
3.3
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 3.4
Time(ms)

3.35
Figure 31. RMS voltage change in common coupling point for
exponential model with random flicker 3.3

4
x 10 3.25
3.55 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
Time(ms)

3.5 Figure 35. RMS voltage change in common coupling point for
hyperbolic model with sinusoidal flicker
3.45
Voltage(V)

4
x 10

3.4 3.65

3.6

3.35 3.55

3.5
Voltage(V)

3.3
3.45
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
Time(ms) 3.4

3.35
Figure 32. RMS voltage change in common coupling point for
3.3
hyperbolic model with random flicker
4 3.25
x 10

3.55 3.2
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
Time(ms)

3.5

Figure 33. RMS voltage change in common coupling point for

Voltage(V)

3.45
exponential-hyperbolic model with sinusoidal flicker
3.4

3.35
VIII. RESULTS
The behavior of EAF loads are necessary to identify for
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 examination and investigation od power quality problems
Time(ms)
caused by electric arc furnace. In this paper, the behavior of
Figure 33. RMS voltage change in common coupling point for EAF which is located in Sivas Iron and Steel Enterprises
exponential-hyperbolic model with random flicker Inc.(SIDEMIR) has been tried to modeled with the aid of
Matlab/Simulink. Different time-domain models presented in

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ISSN: 2321-0869, Volume-2, Issue-11, November 2014
the literature are used to model the behavior of arc furnaces. [10] Ache, E., et all, A Harmonic Domain Computation Package for
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[12] Pak, L.F., Dinavachi, V., Real Time Digital Time-Varying Harmonic
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[13] E.A. Cano Plat, and H.E. Tacca, Arc Furnac Modelling in
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT [23] L. Di Stasi, Electric Furnaces (in Italia), Patron ed., Padova, Italy, 1976

This study is supported by Inonu University Scientific

Researc Unit(IUBAP) with 2011/135 project number and The
authors are thanks to 11. Regional Directorates of TEIA
because of supports. BIOGRAPHIES

Arif Memmedov was born in Baku, Azerbaijan,

REFERENCES 1942. He recived the B.Sc. and the M.Sc. degrees
from Azerbaijan State Oil Academy and the
Ph.D. degree from Azerbaijan State Oil
[1] Gl, M., Solar, ., Alboyac, B., Mutluer, B., adrc, I., Ermi, E., A Academy, all in Electrical Engineering, in 1967
New Field-Data-Based EAF Model for Power Quality Studies, IEEE and 1970, respectively. Currently, he is a
Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol. 46, No 3., May/June 2010 Professor of Electric Engineering at Inonu
[2] Joint India/OEDC Workshop, Globolisation and Consolidation in the University.
Steel Industry, New Delphi, 16-17 May 2006, p.17
[3] Schau., H., Stade, D., Mathematical Modeling of Three-Phase Arc
Furnace, Proceedings IEEE ICHPS VI, September 1994
[4]Hooshmand, R., Banejad, M., Estefani, M.T., A New Time Domain
Model for Electric Arc Furnace, Journal of Electrical Engineering, Vol. 59, Mustafa EKER was born in istanbul, Turkey, in
No. 4, 2008, pp. 195-202. 1981. he received the b.sc. and m.sc. degrees in
[5] A.A. Gomez, J.J.M.., Durango ve A.E., Mejia, New Time Domain electrical and electronical engineering in 2006
Model for Electric Arc Furnace, Journal of Electric Engineering, Vol 59, and 2010 and he is ph.d. student in electrical
No:4, 2008, pp. 195-202 engineering at inonu university. besides he was
[6]A. Memmedov, Effect of arc furnaces working in groups on grid worked at cumhuriyet university divrii nuri
voltage. S. Electric, 215, 142-145, 2007 demira vocationaly high school between 2007
[7] M. eker, A. Memmedov, Elektrik Ark Frnn Besleyen Elektrik and 2014. he is working in DNV GL energy now.
ebekelerinde Gerilim Sapmalarnn Deneysel ncelenmesi, ELECO'12
Elektrik-Elektronik ve Bilgisayar Mhendislii Sempozyumu, Bursa,
Trkiye, 2012.
[8] Monkhari, H., Hejri, M., A New Three Phase Time-Domain Model for
Electric Arc Furnace Using MATLAB, Transmission and Distribution
Conference and Exhibition 2002: Asia Pacific, IEEE/PES 3 (6-10 October
2002), p. 2078-2083
[9] D. Grabowski and J. Walczak, Neural Approach to Time-Frequency
Signal Decomposition, in Lecture Notes in artificial intelligience, L.
Rurkowski, Y., Siekman, R. Tadausiewicz and L.A. Zadeh, Eds. Berlin
Heildberg New York; Physica-Verlag, pp. 118-1123, 2004

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