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1) Different Components Related To CNC Machine Tools

CNC machine tools consist of several main components: a part program that contains coded instructions to produce a part, a program input device to enter the part program into the CNC control unit, a machine control unit that reads and decodes the instructions to generate axis motion commands and control auxiliary functions, a drive system with amplifiers, motors, and leadscrews that position the machine based on the control unit's signals, a machine tool with a table and spindle to control position and speed along axes, and a feedback system that monitors position to correct errors. Machine axes are designated using the right-hand rule to indicate positive directions for the X, Y, and Z axes.

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71 views

1) Different Components Related To CNC Machine Tools

CNC machine tools consist of several main components: a part program that contains coded instructions to produce a part, a program input device to enter the part program into the CNC control unit, a machine control unit that reads and decodes the instructions to generate axis motion commands and control auxiliary functions, a drive system with amplifiers, motors, and leadscrews that position the machine based on the control unit's signals, a machine tool with a table and spindle to control position and speed along axes, and a feedback system that monitors position to correct errors. Machine axes are designated using the right-hand rule to indicate positive directions for the X, Y, and Z axes.

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KhabirIslam
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© © All Rights Reserved
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1 ) Different components related to CNC machine tools

Any CNC machine tool essentially consists of the following parts:

( 1.1 ) Part program:

A part program is a series of coded instructions required to produce a part. It controls


the movement of the machine tool and on/off control of auxiliary functions such as
spindle rotation and coolant. The coded instructions are composed of letters, numbers
and symbols.

( 1.2 ) Program input device:

The program input device is the means for part program to be entered into the CNC
control. Three commonly used program input devices are punch tape reader, magnetic
tape reader, and computer via RS-232-C communication.

( 1.3 ) Machine Control Unit:

The machine control unit (MCU) is the heart of a CNC system. It is used to perform the
following functions:

To read the coded instructions.

To decode the coded instructions.

To implement interpolations (linear, circular, and helical) to generate axis motion


commands.

To feed the axis motion commands to the amplifier circuits for driving the axis
mechanisms.

To receive the feedback signals of position and speed for each drive axis.

To implement auxiliary control functions such as coolant or spindle on/off and


tool change.

( 1.4 ) Drive System:

A drive system consists of amplifier circuits, drive motors, and ball lead-screws. The
MCU feeds the control signals (position and speed) of each axis to the amplifier circuits.
The control signals are augmented to actuate drive motors which in turn rotate the ball
lead-screws to position the machine table.

( 1.5 ) Machine Tool:


CNC controls are used to control various types of machine tools. Regardless of which
type of machine tool is controlled, it always has a slide table and a spindle to control of
position and speed. The machine table is controlled in the X and Y axes, while the
spindle runs along the Z axis.

( 1.6 ) Feed Back System:

The feedback system is also referred to as the measuring system. It uses position and
speed transducers to continuously monitor the position at which the cutting tool is
located at any particular instant. The MCU uses the difference between reference
signals and feedback signals to generate the control signals for correcting position and
speed errors.

( 2 ) Machine axes designation

Machine axes are designated according to the "right-hand rule", When the thumb of
right hand points in the direction of the positive X axis, the index finger points toward
the positive Y axis, and the middle finger toward the positive Z axis. Figure 10 shows
the right-hand rule applied to vertical machines, while Figure 23.1 applies to horizontal
machines.

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