COURSE MANUAL NORWEGIAN TRAINING CENTER - MANILA

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of the
NMFPI
Bilge Water / Waste
Oil Operation Mgt. NORWEGIAN MARITIME FOUNDATION OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC

Section/Title Topic 2: Introduction to OWS and Bilge Water System

Revision No. 03 Effectivity Date 16 July 2007 Page No. 1 of 24

TOPIC 2

Introduction to OWS and Bilge Water System
Content: Page

2.1 Introduction.........................................................................................................02
2.2 The Oily Water Separation System.....................................................................03
2.3 The Components of OWS System ......................................................................04
2.4 The problems with OWS System........................................................................05
2.5 Shifting emphasis................................................................................................05
2.6 Is this the machinery space you have onboard?..................................................06
2.7 Have you observed this on board? ......................................................................07
2.8 Different US agencies .........................................................................................09
2.9 What do they look for? .......................................................................................10
2.10 Basic principle of oil and water separation.........................................................15
2.11 Typical Oily Water Separator .............................................................................19
2.12 Some important regulations for OCM ................................................................19
2.13 Test method during Port State Control Inspection..............................................20
2.14 Limitations of gravity type coalescing separators ..............................................20
2.15 Main factors that affect oil water separator performance ...................................21
2.16 Bilge water generation ........................................................................................21
2.17 Bilge water composition .....................................................................................21
2.18 Emulsions are created in two ways.....................................................................22
2.19 Emulsion separation test .....................................................................................23
2.20 Typical bilge water treatment system process flow diagram..............................23
2.21 Waste oil collection, treatment and disposal.......................................................24
COURSE MANUAL NORWEGIAN TRAINING CENTER - MANILA
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Section/Title Topic 2: Introduction to OWS and Bilge Water System

Revision No. 03 Effectivity Date 16 July 2007 Page No. 2 of 24

TOPIC 2
Introduction to OWS and Bilge Water System
2.1 Introduction

The Bilge area is the lowest inner part of the ships hull where liquid from the
interior spaces and upper decks of the vessel drain. The primary sources of bilge
water are the main engine room and auxiliary machinery rooms. Untreated bilge
water is expected to contain high concentration of Oil and Grease and other oil-
soluble components. OWS systems have been installed on most vessels 400 Gross
Tonnage and above, part of the requirements of the international agreement on
pollution prevention from ships, MARPOL 73/78, ruled by the International
Maritime Organization (IMO). The IMO Resolution MEPC.107 (49), Revised
Guidelines and Specifications for Pollution Prevention Equipment for Machinery
Space Bilges of Ships, has been adopted on 18th July 2003 and applies to all oily
water separators and 15 ppm alarm monitor installed onboard on or after 1st
January 2005. Figure below shows a typical arrangement of oil filtering
equipment and oil content monitoring device installed on board ships today.
15ppm ALARM
MONITOR

OIL
WATER
SEPARATOR
(OWS) TO BHT
OVERBOARD
DISCHARGE
< 15ppm

BILGE
TRANSFER
PUMP

BILGE SEPARATED
HOLDING OIL TANK
TANK OR SLUDGE
(BHT) TANK

Typical arrangement of a machinery space bilge water treatment system in an existing ship
COURSE MANUAL NORWEGIAN TRAINING CENTER - MANILA
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Section/Title Topic 2: Introduction to OWS and Bilge Water System

Revision No. 03 Effectivity Date 16 July 2007 Page No. 3 of 24

The new resolution describes in detail the type approval procedures for OWS and
oil content monitoring devices. With the possibility of emulsified bilge water
always present, the OWS must be capable of separating the oil from the emulsion
to produce an effluent discharge with an oil content not exceeding 15 ppm. The
new resolution required performance compliance of oily water separator
involving oil-in-water emulsion. Existing shipboard OWS may not achieve this 15
ppm discharge requirements unless further steps are taken. Adaptation and
modification of some of the concepts of emulsion breaking are necessary to
improve bilge water treatment operation and to comply with the regulation.

2.2 The OWS System

An Oily Water Separation system, as compared to OWS equipment, is a wide-

ranging system that is not just confined to the vessel, but extends to regulatory
organizations and port engineering staff and shore based support contractors.

The objective of an OWS system is to separate the oil from bilge water, to pump
the clean bilge water overboard and to allow for storage and disposal of the waste
oil.

2.3 The components of OWS system

Bilge water sources

Bilge water contaminant sources
Bilge water treatment, including the OWS
Waste oil storage
Waste oil disposal
Oil Record Book (ORB)
OWS system Operators (Human Factors)
Regulatory enforcement agencies
Waste oil receivers/incinerators
Economic factors
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Section/Title Topic 2: Introduction to OWS and Bilge Water System

Revision No. 03 Effectivity Date 16 July 2007 Page No. 4 of 24

Bilge Water Contaminant Sources:

Bilge water can be contaminated by any material that is present aboard a vessel
and that can be pumped as a mixture with bilge water.

The following contaminants are often found aboard a vessel and therefore in the
bilges:
1. Old lube oil (from engine and equipment leaks)
2. New lube oil (from spills when filling equipment)
3. Soap (from engine room sinks)
4. Soot (in fine mist from engine exhaust)
5. Soot (in larger particles from boiler cleaning)
6. Bilge, tank and heat exchanger cleaners
7. Fuel oil purifier waste such as water and sludge
8. Fuel oil (from manifold leaks, equipment failure, etc.)
9. Wear products such as found in old lube oil
10. Rust
11. Antifreeze
12. Hydraulic oil (from leaks or filling)
13. Paint chips and residue (from painting activities or paint failure)
14. Solvents (from paints, spills and parts cleaning)
15. Biological contaminant (algae from strainer cleaning, and microbial
contamination)
16. Mud (from strainer and equipment cleaning)
17. Sewage (from leaks)

2.4 The problems with Oily Water Separation System

It was an intimidating event, several years ago, when excessive penalties were
imposed on some shipping companies under, on suspicion of illegal use of OWS in
US ports. Since then the word Punitive Damage has taken on a frightening
meaning to us, when our vessels call at US ports

For the general public, the importance of Pollution Prevention as a measure to

reduce risk to environment and human health is also emphasized. Hopefully
cleaner air and seas will be made available to mankind as the ultimate
recompense.
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Section/Title Topic 2: Introduction to OWS and Bilge Water System

Revision No. 03 Effectivity Date 16 July 2007 Page No. 5 of 24

2.5 Shifting Emphasis

PREVENTION

CONTROL PREVENTION

CLEAN UP CONTROL

CLEAN UP

(a) (b)

(a) This type of approach typically resulted in high, non-productive capital and
operational cost that added no value to the services provided to the public

(b) Pollution prevention programs encourage the kinds of changes that are likely
to lead to lower operating costs, fewer costly spills and result in increased
efficiencies and more effective protection of environment

The proliferations of GREEN legislations and heightened environmental

expectations have resulted into the emergence of environmental performance as
an element of competitiveness.
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Section/Title Topic 2: Introduction to OWS and Bilge Water System

Revision No. 03 Effectivity Date 16 July 2007 Page No. 6 of 24

2.6 Is this the machinery space you have onboard?

or this?
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Section/Title Topic 2: Introduction to OWS and Bilge Water System

Revision No. 03 Effectivity Date 16 July 2007 Page No. 7 of 24

2.7 Have you observed this onboard?

9 Poor maintenance and housekeeping in the engine room

9 Deliberate discharge oily bilge water overboard
9 By-passing the OWS
9 Overriding sensors of OWS
9 Tampering with OWS monitoring equipment
9 False statements in the ships Oil Record Book

Have you observed this onboard?

(a)

(b)
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Section/Title Topic 2: Introduction to OWS and Bilge Water System

Revision No. 03 Effectivity Date 16 July 2007 Page No. 8 of 24

(c)

(d)
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Section/Title Topic 2: Introduction to OWS and Bilge Water System

Revision No. 03 Effectivity Date 16 July 2007 Page No. 9 of 24

Identify what is in the picture

2.8 US Agencies that might be involved in the investigation

9 Oily Water Separation Systems Task Force
9 USCG Investigative Service
9 US EPA Criminal Investigation Division
9 Environmental Crimes Section of US DOJ
9 US Attorneys Office
9 Federal Bureau of Investigations
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Section/Title Topic 2: Introduction to OWS and Bilge Water System

Revision No. 03 Effectivity Date 16 July 2007 Page No. 10 of 24

2.9 What do they look for?

(a)

(b)
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Section/Title Topic 2: Introduction to OWS and Bilge Water System

Revision No. 03 Effectivity Date 16 July 2007 Page No. 11 of 24

OWS overboard

(c)

(d)
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Section/Title Topic 2: Introduction to OWS and Bilge Water System

Revision No. 03 Effectivity Date 16 July 2007 Page No. 12 of 24

(e)

(f)
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Section/Title Topic 2: Introduction to OWS and Bilge Water System

Revision No. 03 Effectivity Date 16 July 2007 Page No. 13 of 24

(g)

(h)
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Section/Title Topic 2: Introduction to OWS and Bilge Water System

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(i)

(j)
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Section/Title Topic 2: Introduction to OWS and Bilge Water System

Revision No. 03 Effectivity Date 16 July 2007 Page No. 15 of 24

What do they look for?

9 Crew lack of familiarity with Oily Water Separator system
9 Lack of sludge receipts for discharge ashore, inoperable or rarely used
incinerators
9 Oil Record Book irregularities
9 Evidence of oil leaking from valve stem packing or from gauges associated
with non-oil systems

2.10 Basic Principles of Oil and Water Separation

Heavy things sink ?

"water sinks in oil as water is denser than oil".

or
"oil floats on water as oil is less dense than water".

Density - Mass per unit volume

Water Oil

1 ton / m 0.85 ton / m

Specific Gravity - ratio of the density of a substance to the density of water

Water Oil

1.0 0.85

No. 2 Tank has fuel oil with specific gravity of 0.85, No. 6 tank has fuel oil
with specific gravity of 0.95. Which of this substance rises faster when mix
with water?
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Section/Title Topic 2: Introduction to OWS and Bilge Water System

Revision No. 03 Effectivity Date 16 July 2007 Page No. 16 of 24

SG of water SG (fuel oil in no.2 tk ) = 0.15

SG of water SG (fuel oil in no.6 tk ) = 0.05

Fuel oil in No. 2 Tank will rise 3 times faster than fuel oil in N0 6 Tank mix with
water, if all parameters remain the same.

Viscosity - quality or property of a liquid that causes it to resist flow.

Stokes Law

The greater the difference in specific gravity (SG) between oil and water, the
faster the oil droplet will rise in water.

The lower the oil viscosity, the faster the oil will rise in water. Increasing the
temperature will significantly reduce the oil viscosity.

Oil droplets in water at 40oF will rise at only half the rate as it would be at 90F,
if all parameters remain the same.

When 10 micron droplet is increased to 1000 micron droplet, the 1000 micron
droplet will rise 10,000 times faster than of 10 micron droplet during oil-water
separation
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Section/Title Topic 2: Introduction to OWS and Bilge Water System

Revision No. 03 Effectivity Date 16 July 2007 Page No. 17 of 24

90F
40F

The rise velocity of oil droplets in water increases as the square of droplets
diameter, if all other parameters are held the same.

Gravitational separation important factors

Specific Gravity
Viscosity
Coalescence

Increasing oil globules diameter is far more effective in accelerating oil rise
velocity than modifying the specific gravity and viscosity of oil and water.
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Section/Title Topic 2: Introduction to OWS and Bilge Water System

Revision No. 03 Effectivity Date 16 July 2007 Page No. 18 of 24

What is coalescing ?

It mean uniting or growing together".

Coalescer media
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Section/Title Topic 2: Introduction to OWS and Bilge Water System

Revision No. 03 Effectivity Date 16 July 2007 Page No. 19 of 24

2.11 Typical Oily Water Separator

Oil Content Meter

2.12 Some important regulations for OCM as stipulated in MEPC.60(33)

Flow regulator
PPM display

Desicator
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Section/Title Topic 2: Introduction to OWS and Bilge Water System

Revision No. 03 Effectivity Date 16 July 2007 Page No. 20 of 24

A ppm display should be provided

It should not be necessary to calibrate the 15 ppm Bilge Alarm on board
ship.
But onboard testing according to the manufacturers instruction shall be
permitted.
The accuracy should be within 5 ppm. The accuracy of a 15 ppm Bilge
Alarm should remain within the above limits despite the presence of
contaminants other than oil, and the power supply varying by 10% from the
design value, i.e. in respect of electricity, compressed air, etc.
The response time should not exceed 5 seconds during sample alteration 15
ppm Bilge Alarm Monitor
There should be a means of checking the instrument drift, repeatability of
the instrument reading, and the ability to re-zero the instrument.

2.13 Test method during Port State Control Inspection:

to confirm zero ppm reading of the oil content meter when fresh water is
supplied, through the meter
to sample the filtered water from the test cock of the oil filtering equipment
or the outlet of the oil content meter in a cup with a bilge pump supplying
bilge water to confirm no visible oil content;
to carry out an "opening-out" examination of the oil filtering parts and
associated piping when the sampled water in contains visible traces of oil;
to confirm the normal operation of the oil content meter taking account of
the condition of the sampled water, where the meter is fitted

2.14 Limitations of gravity type coalescing separators

The most significant weakness of current OWS technologies is the inability
to reliably handle emulsified oils.
These processes are effective in removing the free-phase oils, however they
do not easily break down a stable chemical or mechanical emulsion.
Detergents and chemicals, transfer pumps, and the ships motion all
contribute to the emulsification of the oils so the OWS must be able to
handle this influent stream.
In addition to emulsified oils, a bilge may contain fibers or other solids that
can clog filter media increasing maintenance cycles.
Ceramic bead, coalescing media, and other filter based technologies require
high levels of maintenance and operational man hours driving up the overall
operating cost.
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Section/Title Topic 2: Introduction to OWS and Bilge Water System

Revision No. 03 Effectivity Date 16 July 2007 Page No. 21 of 24

2.15 Main Factors that affect oil-water separator performance:

Flow rate
Specific Gravity of Oil
Viscosity of Oil
Operating Temperature
Fluid Characteristic: % of free oil, % of soluble oil, diameter of oil globules,
extent of mechanical emulsion
pH of feed Stream
Other contaminants present in feed stream

2.16 Bilge Water Generation

Cleaning and maintenance Water from purifier Condensate from air

Drains and leaks sludge tanks coolers
Tank overflows Water from waste oil
tank

Bilge Holding Tank

2.17 Bilge Water Composition

Fresh water
Water
Seawater

Heavy Fuel Oil

Emulsion,
Oil Lube oil
Hydraulic Oil Suspension
Organic
Particles Inorganic
Emulsifying, Corrosive
Chemicals Other
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Section/Title Topic 2: Introduction to OWS and Bilge Water System

Revision No. 03 Effectivity Date 16 July 2007 Page No. 22 of 24

Other media that can be present in the bilge holding tank

Stern Tube Oil: Heavy Emulsifier
M.E. and A.E. Lube Oil: Emulsifier
Hydraulic Oil: Heavy Emulsifier
Light Detergents: Heavy Emulsifier
Heavy Duty Detergents: Heavy Emulsifier
Cip-Liquid: Very Heavy Emulsifier
Cooling Water form M.E.
Boiler Water: High pH value
Foam Liquid: Heavy Emulsifier
Outer Special Oil
Soot water: Low pH Value
Parts of Metals
Black Water: Chemical, Fibers, Colony of bacteria
Grey Water: Different types of chemicals

2.18 Emulsions Are Created In Two Ways

1. Mechanical emulsion: In mechanical emulsions a common method of
creating the emulsion is by violent mixing or shearing of the oil droplet in
the wastestream with a high shear transfer pump, or other device that might
disperse the oil droplets into minute droplets. Given enough time, the
mechanical emulsion may break without any treatment.
2. Chemical emulsion: Are created when a surface-active chemical or
chemicals like detergents are used, such as alkaline cleaners containing
surfactants, soaps and detergents having ionic or nonionic characteristics.
These chemicals interfere with the natural coalescing of oil droplets and
generally create a permanently stabilized emulsion with little chance of
breaking by itself.

often oily water separation equipment problems are caused by emulsions

resulting from cleaning chemicals and by fouled bilges

To avoid problems caused by emulsions, use the cleansing agents which are
recommended by the manufacturer of oil filtering equipment or cleansing
agent that pass emulsion separation test.
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Section/Title Topic 2: Introduction to OWS and Bilge Water System

Revision No. 03 Effectivity Date 16 July 2007 Page No. 23 of 24

2.19 Emulsion separation test

1. Fill 2 bottles of approx. 0.5 ltrs. in size abt . 60% full of clean fresh water.
Add approx. 10% of oil, preferably fuel oil in both bottles, to one bottle
only add 2%, or an amount specified by cleansing agent to be tested shake
both bottle well by hand approx. 1 min. Let both bottle stand.
2. The bottle without cleansing agent should show clear water underneath the
oil within relatively short period of time. The other bottle will need more
time for separation; the time needed for this bottle is the so called separation
time which should be less than 1 hr. At the end of the separation time, the
mixture of this bottle should have water with light turbidity at least over half
the height of the bottle.
<Insert Picture of Result>

2.20 Typical Bilge Water Treatment System process flow diagram

OWS Overboard Discharge

< 15ppm

Pretreatment
System
NOx, SOx, CO, PM

BHT Sludge Tank Incinerator

Ash
or or
Port facility
Disposal
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Section/Title Topic 2: Introduction to OWS and Bilge Water System

Revision No. 03 Effectivity Date 16 July 2007 Page No. 24 of 24

2.21 Waste oil collection, treatment and disposal

1. Recovered liquid waste can be temporarily stored in leased collection
vessels, barges, large bladders, portable tanks, or tank trucks. The recovered
liquid will then be transferred to a central waste storage facility for longer-
term storage.
2. Liquids with low oil content may be transported to a wastewater treatment
or produced water treatment facility.
3. Liquids with high oil content, however, may be processed at the produced
water treatment facility, or incinerated.
4. Shore based treatment facilities develop ways to re-use oily waste products
from ships. (ex. as secondary liquid fuel used to fire cement kilns)

***