Everything you need to know Tools & materials explained

Master all the essential stitches

to create with needlework Understand beading & smocking
Get creative with needlepoint

Over
150
stitches
inside
 Welcome to
Stitching
Needlework has come in and out of style over the decades,
but has found new life for modern generations. You can
enhance, embellish and decorate textiles by embracing
this time-old art form, adding personal touches to gifts and
garments for a homemade feel. Not simply a means of
patching up worn-out fabrics, the humble needle and thread
have opened up new possibilities for channelling your
creativity. The results can be at once thrifty, beautiful and
thoughtful. Stitching for Beginners will help you master the
basics of this crafting staple. Start by touring the stitchers
toolbox from crewel needle to tapestry needle, stranded
silk to cotton perl, rug canvas to interlock canvas. Next, take
a look at hundreds of stitches to fast-track your knowledge
of embroidery, needlepoint, smocking, Florentine work and
beading through easy-to-follow guidance from the experts.
Happy stitching!
 Stitching
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The publisher cannot accept responsibility for any unsolicited material lost or damaged in the
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This bookazine is published under licence from Dorling Kindersley Limited. All rights in the
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The content in this bookazine has previously appeared in the DK book Stitch Step by Step.
Cover art copyright DK Publishing, as seen in Stitch Step by Step.

Stitching for Beginners 2016 Imagine Publishing Ltd

ISBN 978 1785 464 270

CONTENTS
Tools and materials 8

Embroidery basics 22

Surface embroidery 30

Smocking 70

Beadwork 76

Needlepoint designs 86

Florentine work 144

Glossary 156
Authors and acknowledgments 160
Tools and materials
The basic tools and materials that are essential for stitching are simple and easy
to obtain, although there are a few more elaborate frames that are useful for
certain advanced techniques, and some fabrics and threads that are available only
through specialist suppliers. Many products can now be found via the Internet.

Basic sewing kit

A well-equipped sewing kit will include all of the items
shown below and many more, depending on the type
of stitching that you do regularly. It is important that
a suitable container is used to keep your tools together,
so that they will be readily to hand, and to keep
them tidy.

Thimble
This is useful to protect the end of your finger when stitching.
Thimbles are available in various shapes and sizes. See page 20.
24.

Tape measure
Essential to help measure fabric, seams, etc. Choose one that
gives both metric and imperial. A tape made of plastic is best
as it will not stretch. See page 22.
18.

Threads
A selection of threads and yarns for embroidery and needlepoint
in a variety of colours. Some threads are made of cotton or silk,
20.
while others are wool or synthetics. See page 16.

Pins
Needed to hold the fabric together prior to sewing and finishing
your work. There are different types of pins for different types
of work.

8
12 Tools and materials
Embroidery scissors Needles
Small pair of scissors with very sharp points, A good selection of different types of needles for sewing
to clip threads close to the fabric. See page 22.
18. by hand. This will enable you to tackle any stitching
project. See page 14.
10.

Stitch ripper
Also called a seam ripper, to remove any stitches that
have been made in the wrong place. Various sizes of
stitch rippers are available. Keep the cover on when
not in use to protect the sharp point. See page 20.
24.

Pin cushion
To keep your needles and pins safe and clean. Choose
one that has a fabric cover and is firm. See page 20.
24.

Cutting shears
Required for cutting fabric or canvas. When buying,
select a pair that feels comfortable in your hand and
that is not too heavy.

Sewing gauge
A handy gadget for small measurements. The slide
can be set to measure seam allowances, motif sizes,
and much more.

Tools and materials 9

13
Needles
There are several types of needle, each used for a specific purpose. All come in different thicknesses and
lengths. Select one that can pass smoothly through the fabric; the eye of the needle should be large enough
to take the required thread easily.

Crewel needle Tapestry needle

Crewel needles have sharp points and an eye designed to take Blunt-ended tapestry needles should always be used on even-
thicker-than-normal thread and are ideal for most surface weaves to avoid splitting the threads of the fabric. These needles
embroidery on plain-weave fabrics. have large eyes to accommodate relatively thick threads and
come in sizes ranging from 26 (the smallest) to 13 (the largest).

Chenille needle Beading needle

Chenilles are sharp-pointed and heavier, and take thicker threads Beading needles are long and very fine, so that they can pass
for work on heavy-weight fabrics. easily through tiny bead holes.

Fabrics
There are plenty of fabrics, particularly even-weaves, especially for embroidery, but almost any plain-weave fabric,
from fine silk to cotton twill, can be used as a background. Even-weaves are linen or cotton woven in a regular square
grid. Single- and double-thread even-weaves are available in a variety of sizes, which are referred to as thread counts.
The more threads there are per inch, the finer the fabric. Plain-weaves are ideal for freestyle embroidery.

EVEN-WEAVE FABRICS

Aida double thread OTHER EVEN-WEAVES

Double thread even-weave Single thread
fabrics are stiff and widely Single-thread cottons and
used for cross-stitch and other linens are used mainly for
counted-stitch techniques. Aida drawn-thread and pulled-
is easy to use as the threads fabric techniques.
are clear and easy to count.

Binca double thread

Similar to Aida, Binca
even-weave fabrics are
available in many colours
and textures.

14
10 Tools and materials
PLAIN-WEAVE FABRICS

Cotton
Easy to work and economical, cotton fabrics are a good
choice for general embroidery where you do not need to
count the threads in order to space the stitches evenly.

Silk
A classic choice for embroidered projects, silk is the perfect
base for working in silk threads.

Linen
With a heavier, open weave, linen is easy to work and
provides a stable base for embroidered designs.

Tools and materials 15

11
Types of canvas
Needlepoint is worked on a fabric known as canvas (hence the alternative name canvaswork). This has an open
mesh construction: strong threads, usually of cotton, are woven with spaces in between and the stitches are worked
over one or more of these threads. The number of threads per 2.5cm (1in) is called the count, gauge, or mesh.
Needlepoint canvas comes in several colours tan, white, cream, and yellow and also in paper or plastic versions.

Interlock canvas
This is a special type of single-thread canvas
in which each lengthwise, or warp, thread
actually consists of two threads twisted
around the crosswise, weft, threads.
The result is a more stable construction
less likely to become distorted. Unlike ordinary
single canvas, interlock can be used for half-cross
stitch (see page 162).
106).

Single, or mono, canvas

This is constructed of single threads crossing
each other in a simple over-and-under weave.
It comes in a wide range of gauges and is suitable
for nearly all stitches. Its only drawback is that
some stitches or a tight tension can pull it
out of shape; however, a little distortion can
be put right in the blocking process
136).
(see page 192).

Rug canvas
Available in 3-, 5-, and 7-count,
this has two paired threads in each
direction, which can be in an open,
penelope-type weave or joined in an
interlock-type weave. Some rug canvas has
contrasting threads marking out 10-hole squares.
This canvas is often used for wall hangings and
large cushions, as well as rugs.

12 Tools and materials

 Double, or penelope, canvas
In this type of canvas both warp and weft are formed of pairs of
threads. This, too, is a relatively strong construction. The gauge is
often expressed as the number of holes, sometimes with the thread
count given afterwards. For example a 10/20 penelope canvas
has 10 pairs of threads per 2.5cm (1in). Stitches are normally
worked over the paired threads, treating them as one, but
the threads can be separated and worked over singly
to produce areas of fine stitching if desired.

Perforated paper
Available in several colours, this 14-count
material is especially suitable for greeting cards.

Tools and materials 13

Hoops and frames
Hoops and frames are used to hold the ground fabric taut, which keeps the grain of the fabric straight and the stitches
regular. Hoops consist of two thin rings; the fabric is placed between them. Frames are straight-sided. Both can be
attached to floor and table stands that allow you to keep both hands free for stitching.

USING HOOPS AND FRAMES

Hoops are made of wood or plastic,
and can be round or oval. The inner ring
is solid, while the outer one has a screw
or clamp that can be adjusted to achieve
an ideal tautness. They are best used with
plain-weave fabrics and fine even-weaves.

Frames, called scroll or slate frames

and stretchers, are traditionally made of
wood. They are used mainly for mounting
even-weaves and needlepoint canvas. Scroll
frames are adjustable (see opposite), while
work in stretcher frames, whose size cannot
be adjusted, should fit inside the frame.

A new type of frame of plastic tubing

is particularly useful for many beading
techniques, but can also be used for most
types of embroidery. Called Q-Snaps,these
straight-sided frames come in a variety
of sizes.

Round or oval hoop

Hoops are available in various sizes, from 12.5 to 36cm
(5 to 14in). The outer ring is adjusted with a small tension
screw or clamp mounted across a split in the ring. They are
most suitable for small projects.

14 Tools and materials

FRAME CHOICE
The use of a frame is optional. The main advantages of using pin the canvas to the padding and move it around if necessary.
one are that it helps to prevent the fabric or canvas from A matching sandbag will hold the frame balanced on the edge
distorting and assists you in maintaining an even stitch tension. of a table for two-handed stitching.
Only rectangular frames are suitable for needlepoint; canvas
is too stiff for a hoop frame and would become distorted if Artists stretcher frame: This consists of two pairs of wooden
forced into one. (painters) canvas stretchers, which slot into each other at the
corners. They are available at art-supply shops. Make sure that
An upholstered frame: This is less widely available but the inner edges of the frame will be larger than the stitching area
provides a pleasant way to work a needlepoint project. You simply of the needlepoint.

Square frame
Also known as a roller frame or adjustable frame, this is specially designed for embroidery,
including needlepoint, and consists of two wooden rollers and two side slats. Some models are
designed to stand on the floor or on a table, leaving both hands free for stitching. Lengths of
webbing stapled to the bars hold the work, which can be rolled up as required to expose new areas.

Tools and materials 15

Threads and yarns
Embroidery threads can be thick or thin. They are made from cotton, silk, wool, and linen as well as synthetics.
Some threads are single ply, while others are spun in multiples and can be divided into single strands: the fewer
the filaments, the finer the embroidered line. The most popular threads for needlepoint are made of wool. There
are three types of wool yarn suitable for this work: crewel, Persian, and tapestry. Other kinds of thread, such as
stranded cotton and silk floss, cotton perl, and metallic threads are also used.

SILK THREADS
Stranded silk
Silk has a soft quality, and
stranded threads can be
divided to produce very
fine threads.

Twisted silk Silk buttonhole Rayon silk

Twisted silk has a beautiful sheen and This is a strong thread that is similar This is a slightly cheaper option, but
works well on fine count canvas. in thickness to cotton perl. is very soft and has a rich sheen.

COTTON THREADS OTHER SPECIAL

COTTON THREADS
Flower thread: This is
a fine, single-ply cotton
thread. It has a matte finish
and is good for cross-stitch.
Stranded cotton
This is a loosely twisted 6-strand thread that can easily be divided into single threads. Soft cotton: A soft, matte
thread that is easy to work
and suitable for half-cross
stitch and long stitch. It is
often used in tapestry.

Coton a broder: A pure

cotton thread that is
Cotton perl tightly twisted with a lovely
This is a strong, twisted thread that cannot be divided. It has a smooth sheen and lustre. It is commonly used
keeps its shape well without kinking. for whitework.

16 Tools and materials

WOOL

Crewel wool Tapestry wool

This is a fine 2-ply yarn that can be used in any multiple of strands This comes in a smooth,
to suit the gauge of the canvas. Individual strands blend together uniform 4-ply strand, which
smoothly, producing a soft texture. is normally used singly, on
10- to 14-count canvas.
OTHER WOOL YARNS
Persian wool
Thicker than crewel wool, this comes in a triple strand, of which
the individual strands can easily be separated. You can use one
or more strands in the needle.

OTHER THREADS AND BEADS Beads

Beads add texture to
a needlepoint project.
They can be used for
beaded tent stitch (see
108) or simply sewn
page 164)
to the finished surface.

Metallic thread
Combine metallic threads
with a more conventional wool
or cotton yarn in the needle to
avoid them kinking.

Silk thread
Knitting yarn A glossy, silk thread will add
It is possible to use knitting yarn in a needlepoint project but some sheen or highlights to
some soft yarns may fray and those that stretch may cause stitches but use with care as
tension problems. it may snag.

Tools and materials 17

General equipment
Almost all the equipment you need for stitching can be found in a well-stocked sewing basket: large and small sharp
scissors for cutting fabrics and threads, marking pens and pencils, and measuring equipment. Add a thimble if you use
one, and perhaps a pincushion, and you are ready to start. For needlepoint, tapestry needles, scissors, and tape to bind
the canvas are the bare essentials. However, you will need some other tools and materials for finishing a project, for
creating your own designs, and simply for convenience.

CUTTING TOOLS

Small embroidery scissors

Essential for cutting threads. Ensure that
they are sharp in order to cut neat ends.

Bent-handled fabric scissors Scissors

Use large, sharp scissors for cutting Keep a separate pair of scissors dedicated to cutting
your fabric or canvas to size. paper, to avoid blunting the blade of dressmakers
scissors used for cutting canvas or fabric.

MEASURING TOOLS

Set square
Useful for drawing right angles
when re-shaping needlepoint.

Tape measure and ruler

Measuring equipment is useful to have close
to hand, for checking the size of your work
and thread counts.

18 Tools and materials

MARKING AIDS Tracing paper
This is ideal for converting designs.
Gridded tracing paper is ideal for
translating designs to chart form.

Dressmakers carbon paper

This is ideal for transferring your
embroidery design to the fabric ground.

Graph paper
This is used for tracing motifs and complete
needlepoint designs. Gridded tracing paper is
ideal for converting designs to chart form.

Coloured paper
Use coloured paper to
cut out shapes when
designing motifs.
Coloured pencils
Keep a selection in a wide range
Drawing paper of colours for making charts or
Keep a sketch pad to hand for copying sketching designs.
needlepoint design or sketching ideas.

Permanent fabric marker Pencil

This is useful for transferring or tracing the Essential for sketching
needlepoint design outline onto the canvas. and tracing designs.

Fibre-tip pen
This is useful for darkening outlines on
motifs before tracing or transferring.

Tools and materials 19

Useful extras
Stitch ripper
For unpicking seams
or correcting mistakes.

Tweezers Thimble
These are very useful for A thimble will prevent you from
pulling out mistakes. accidently pricking your finger as you
work and staining your embroidery.

Pincushion
Artists paintbrush
A useful item to have by
Choose a suitably-sized
your side when finishing or
brush for applying paints
sewing your embroidery.
to canvas.

Acrylic paints (permanent)

These are specially made for crafts;
they are easy to brush or sponge
onto canvas and can be mixed to
produce desired shades.

Masking tape
Used for binding
the edges of the
canvas to protect
it while you work.
Woven tape
This is used, along
Tags with string, for
Use these for labelling yarns attaching the canvas
with shade numbers. to a scroll frame.

20 Tools and materials

 Drawing pins
These are used for attaching
canvas to a stretcher frame.

Needle threader
This is useful when working
with fine threads.

Magnifier
This is useful for
detailed or fine work.
EMBROIDERY
BASICS
Embroidery basics
Embroidery stitches can be used to add decorative stitches or embellishments
to items of clothing, accessories, or home furnishings. Before you start your
embroidery you need to prepare your fabric, designs, and threads. Find a
suitably sized hoop or frame and mount your fabric. Once you have chosen
and transferred your design, you should organize your threads, preparing
skeins, if required.

Using hoops and frames

Before using a hoop or frame you need to prepare and mount the fabric that you will embroider onto. The inner ring
of a hoop should be bound with woven cotton tape, both to protect the fabric and to help keep it taut. Make sure the
fabric is larger than the hoop and, if possible, that the hoop is larger than the area to be stitched. To mount on a frame,
hem or bind the edges of the fabric and attach with herringbone stitch (see page 42).74).

BINDING A HOOP MOUNTING FABRIC IN A HOOP

Secure the end of a

length of cotton tape
inside the inner hoop and
1 Centre the fabric
over the bound
inner ring and place
wrap it around the ring, the outer ring on it.
overlapping as you work. Hemming or binding
Secure the ends with a the edges of the fabric
few stitches. will help to prevent it
from fraying as
you work.

2 Press the outer ring

around the inner one
and tighten the tension
screw slowly to hold the
rings together and the
fabric taut and even.
Smooth any wrinkles
before tightening.

24 Embroidery basics
Transferring embroidery designs and patterns
Designs and patterns for embroidery are everywhere in nature, in geometry, in our imaginations and transferring
them to fabric is not difficult. Many items such as cushion covers and table linens are available with a design already
marked. Magazines and books are good sources for patterns, or you can draw your own.

DIRECT TRACING

Good for thin,

light-coloured fabrics.
Anchor the pattern on
your work surface. Place
the fabric on top, securing
it with tape or drawing
pins. Draw over the lines
with a sharp pencil or
water-soluble marker.

USING A LIGHTBOX

Another good method

for transferring motifs
to light-coloured plain
weaves. Place the pattern
on a lightbox, with the
fabric on top, and draw
over the lines with
a sharp pencil or
water-soluble marker.

Embroidery basics 25
DRESSMAKERS CARBON PAPER IRON-ON TRANSFERS

Use on fabrics that are too dark to see through. Place Follow the manufacturers
the fabric right-side up with the carbon paper on top. instructions to apply transfers.
Place the design on top of the carbon paper. Draw over
the lines with a sharp pencil.

TACK-AND-TEAR METHOD

1 Good for heavier fabrics, such as wool or denim. Transfer

the design to tissue paper and pin it in place on the fabric.
With the knot on top, sew along the pattern lines with a small
2 Pull the paper away gently without disturbing the
tacking. If necessary, score the marked lines with
a pin point to break the paper.
running stitch. Secure the end with a double backstitch.

26 Embroidery basics
Preparing the thread
It is useful to know a few tricks of the trade before you start sewing, from learning how to unwind a skein of thread
to separating strands of embroidery cotton. Most embroidery thread comes in specially wound hanks or skeins
designed by the spinners to make them easier to work with, but they need special handling to keep them
from becoming tangled.

LOOPED SKEINS

Do not remove looped skeins,

such as stranded cotton, from
their paper bands. Inside one
end of the skein is a loose end
of thread. Hold the other
end of the skein and gently
pull out the loose thread.

TWISTED SKEINS

Unwrap twisted skeins,

such as cotton perle. Free
the hank and cut across the
threads, to give cut threads
the right length for working.
Slip the paper band back on
and tie the threads loosely.

SEPARATING STRANDS

Stranded cotton and silk, cotton perle, and Persian wool can
all be divided into strands. Cut a length and grasp the end. Gently
pull the desired number of strands apart from the main thread.

Embroidery basics 27
Threading a needle
Work with a length of thread of less than 50cm (18in),
unless the technique calls for a longer one. Most
embroidery threads are thicker than ordinary sewing
thread and, although the eyes of crewel and tapestry
needles are large, they can sometimes be difficult to
thread. Finer threads can be inserted using a needle
threader. Use the folding method shown here for
thicker types.

Fold the thread over the eye of the needle and hold the loop
tight. Slide it off the end of the needle and into the eye.

Starting and finishing

On most embroideries, knots are undesirable as they make a bump under the fabric and can sometimes show through.
There are other ways to secure the beginning and end of your stitching. The method you choose will depend on the
thread, fabric, and design as well as the stitches you use.

LEAVING A TAIL OF THREAD LOST KNOT METHOD

Leave a tail of 5cm (2in) of thread on the

back when you start, and weave it into the
stitching upon completion (see Finishing off,
1 Knot the thread and insert the
needle from front to back, at least
2.5cm (1in) from where you want to
opposite page, bottom right). start, leaving the knot on the front.
Run the thread along the back, to
where you want to start.

2 Work the first few stitches

towards the knot, covering the
thread on the back to hold it in place.
When the stitching is complete, cut
the knot and any tail of thread.

28 Embroidery basics
BACKSTITCH METHOD

About 2.5cm (1in) from where you want

to begin, take the needle from front to back,
leaving a 5cm (2in) tail. Work 2 or 3
backstitches to the start. Complete the
embroidery, unpick the backstitches, and
run in the tail on the wrong side, under
the first stitches.

RUNNING-STITCH METHOD FINISHING OFF

Finish a thread by weaving it

under a group of stitches for at
least 57cm (23in) on the
back and cutting the thread.
Fasten off before the thread is
too short to slide under.

For closely worked stitches, make a short

row of running stitches that will be covered
by the embroidery. Leave a loose tail of
thread on the back and weave it into the
stitches on the reverse when completed.

Embroidery basics 29
SURFACE
EMBROIDERY
Surface embroidery
Decorating fabrics with embroidery is a satisfying way to make something
unique, be it an article of clothing or an item for the home. Stitching the surface
of cloth, whether the work is simple or complex, adds texture and interest, and
can be done on virtually any fabric. Plain-weave, or common-weave, fabrics are
most often used for surface embellishment, but many household textiles or
accessories can be made from even-weave cloth and embroidered.

Cross stitch
These stitches can stand alone or be worked in rows. To work rows of stitches, complete the row of diagonal stitches
from right to left, then reverse the direction to complete the cross stitches.

INDIVIDUAL CROSS STITCH

C D
A

A single cross stitch is formed

by two stitches crossing each other
at an angle.
1 Bring the needle up on the
base line at A and work
one diagonal stitch to B, from
2 Bring the needle up on the base
line at C directly below the end
of the first diagonal stitch.
bottom right to upper left.

3 To complete the cross,

work another diagonal stitch
to D, across the first one, in the
opposite direction.

32 Surface embroidery
SERIAL CROSS STITCH

To work a row of neat cross stitches, keep the top

and base of the stitch the same number of rows apart.

1 Work evenly spaced diagonal stitches

in one direction to the end of the row.

2 Bring the needle up

on the base line
directly below the end of
3 Work back in the opposite
direction, making a row
of diagonal stitches that
the last diagonal stitch. crosses the first row.

DOUBLE SIDED STITCH

This variation uses a half-diagonal stitch to

complete the cross, spacing the stitches evenly
and working back to complete the row.
1 Take a diagonal stitch in every other
space, working from left to right.

B
A A

2 At the end of the row, work a half-diagonal stitch at

A on the right-hand side of the last stitch, bringing the
needle up again at B on the left side of the last diagonal stitch.
3 Work another half-diagonal stitch back to the centre at A,
bringing the needle out to the left of the last full diagonal
stitch to complete the cross.

Surface embroidery 33
 4 Working from right to left, work over the stitches worked
in Step 1 to complete the row of crosses. 5 Return in the original direction, filling in the spaces with
diagonal stitches that slant from bottom left to upper right.

6 At the end of the row take a

half-diagonal stitch (as in Step 2). 7 Take another half-diagonal
stitch (as in Step 3) and come
up in position to finish the row.

8 Fill in the remaining single

diagonals, working from right to left.

LONG-ARMED CROSS STITCH

This stitch is useful for borders. Keep the proportion of

twice as many vertical threads as horizontal ones as you work. 1 Work a long diagonal
stitch from left to right
over an even number
of vertical threads and
half as many horizontal
ones as you work.

2 Bring the needle up to the

left on the top line at A.

3 Work a short diagonal

stitch, taking the needle
down at B. Bring it up at C.
C B

34 Surface embroidery
ST GEORGE CROSS STITCH

This variation is worked horizontally and vertically,

combining running stitches with straight stitches. 1 Working from right to
left, make a row of
horizontal stitches of
equal length and spacing.

2 Bring the needle up below the centre of the last stitch, at

a point that is half the length of the horizontal stitch. 3 Take the needle down centrally above
the last stitch to form an upright cross.

4 Bring the needle out below the centre of the

next stitch to the right, as in Step 2. Repeat.

Flat stitches
Flat stitches have an almost flat texture. There are a number of filling stitches (see pages 44
7680)
45 that are similar
to the flat-stitch family but are more three-dimensional. The stitches shown here are all based on straight stitch.

STRAIGHT STITCH

Also called stroke stitch or single satin stitch. The length, Bring the needle out
slant, and regularity can vary, but keep stitches fairly short. at A and insert at B.
Come out at C and
insert at D. Repeat.
D

A C

Surface embroidery 35
LONG AND SHORT STITCH

Also called shading stitch. The first

row consists of alternate short and
long stitches but subsequent rows are
1 Bring the needle out at A and
insert at B. 2 Make the next stitch longer. Bring
the needle out at C and insert it
next to B, at D. Repeat the short-and-
filled with stitches of the same length. long sequence along the foundation
row, placing stitches as close together
as possible.

C
B

BLENDING COLOURS

3 To work the next row, bring

the needle out at E, below
a short stitch, and insert it at F,
4 Repeat, coming out at G and
down at H, making the stitch the
same length as in Step 3. Repeat to Changing the thread to different
almost touching the thread above. fill the design. tones of the same colour will give
blended effects.

H
F
G

36 Surface embroidery
LEAF STITCH

Leaf stitch is often used to create leaf shapes with

a central spine and pretty veins, but it can also work
well as a border stitch.
1 Draw 2 guidelines
through the centre of
the motif that meet at the
top and gradually diverge.
Bring the needle out at A,
at the bottom of the
left-hand inner line, and
insert it at B, on the
right-hand edge.

2 Come out at C, on
the right-hand inner
line, and insert at D,
on the left-hand edge.

3 Come out at E,
on the left-hand
inner line, below the
4 Continue, spacing evenly, until the shape is filled.

previous stitch D.
Insert at F, leaving
a space above the
first stitch.

Surface embroidery 37
FERN STITCH

This simple pattern is

3 straight stitches that
emerge from the same
1 Work from the top of
the marked line (or from
the right-hand edge, if working C
B
point. Taking the needle a horizontal line). Bring the
down into the mid-point needle out at A and insert it at B.
each time keeps the back Come out at C and insert at A. A
of the work neat.

A A

2 Come out at D and

insert at A again to
complete the first tier.
3 Come out at E and
insert at A again.

F G

E E

4 Come out at F
and insert at E. 5 Come out at G and insert
at E. Move to H and
insert at E, then continue
H

in the same sequence.

38 Surface embroidery
Outline stitches
As the name implies, outline stitches are used to delineate the edge of a motif. They can look simple or complex,
but all are straightforward to work.

RUNNING STITCH

The simplest of all stitches, Take the needle in and out

running stitch is used in all along the line being stitched.
types of sewing arts. Keep the stitch length even
on top. Short stitches on the
back will make the front
stitches closer together and
vice versa.

LACED RUNNING STITCH

A well-spaced running stitch

becomes more decorative if it
is laced on top with a different
1 Make a row of evenly
spaced running stitches.

colour of thread.

2 Using a tapestry needle,

lace a contrasting thread
up through 1 stitch and
3 Interlace a third colour
in the opposite
direction if you wish.
down through the next. Do
not pierce the fabric or the
threads of the running stitches.

Surface embroidery 39
STEM STITCH

3 Pull the thread

through and
insert the needle at
E, coming out at D.

C B D E
A

B D

Also called South

Kensington stitch and
crewel stitch. This can
1 Work from left to right
and keep the thread
below the line of stitching.
2 Insert the needle
at D and come out
at B. Keep an even
4 Repeat the sequence
to continue, keeping
the stitch length even.
be a single line, worked Bring the needle out at stitch length.
as a border or as a filling A, insert it at B, and come
stitch. The angle of the out again at C, about
needle determines halfway back towards A.
the width of the outline.

BACKSTITCH

Backstitch creates a straight line

without the spacing of running stitch. 1 Work from right to left. Bring
the needle out at A, 1 stitch
length from the right-hand end of
the guideline.

A D A

C B

2 Insert it at B, the end of

the line. Come out at C,
1 stitch length in front of A.
3 Insert at A again,
and come out at D.
Continue along the guideline.

40 Surface embroidery
WHIPPED BACKSTITCH

Whipping an outline stitch with a matching

or contrasting thread gives it extra texture. 1 Work a line of
slightly longer
backstitches
2 Using a tapestry
needle, slide the
needle under the
than usual. thread of the first
backstitch from top
to bottom. Pull the
thread through, taking
care not to pierce the
fabric or the threads
of the backstitches
as you work.

3 Repeat in each
stitch in the row.

PEKINESE STITCH

Also known as forbidden stitch, Pekinese stitch is found

on ancient Chinese embroideries. It is particularly effective
worked with silk or metallic threads. 1 Work a row of backstitch. Working
from left to right, bring a tapestry
needle with the lacing thread up at A and
C
B
slide it under the second backstitch at B.

2 Slide it down under the first

backstitch at C, without piercing
the fabric or the thread. Slide it up
A
D

at D, then down at B to continue.

HOLBEIN STITCH

Also known as double running stitch, Holbein stitch is

neater when worked on even-weave fabric. It is normally
worked with 1 thread; here, for clarity, a contrasting colour
has been used for the return stitches.
1 Work a line of evenly
spaced running stitch.

2 Return in the opposite direction, filling in the

spaces left open with the first set of stitches.

Surface embroidery 41
SPLIT STITCH

Work split stitch with a fine needle and stranded

cotton or soft crewel wool for the best results. 1 Working from left to right, bring the needle up
at A and down at B. Bring the needle out at C,
splitting the first stitch in the middle.

A B

C D

2 Insert the
needle at D and
repeat to continue.

HERRINGBONE STITCH

Herringbone stitch is a basic outline stitch that also works

well as a border. If you are working on plain-weave fabric,
mark 2 parallel guidelines.
1 Bring the needle
out at A, on the
bottom guideline.
C

2 Take a diagonal stitch

to the top guideline.
Insert the needle at B
A
and bring it out a short
stitch back at C.

3 Take a diagonal
stitch in the opposite
direction along the
4 Repeat Step 1 to
make the next stitch,
then repeat Step 2
bottom guideline, and continue.
inserting the needle
at D and coming
out at E. E D

42 Surface embroidery
CLOSED HERRINGBONE STITCH

Also known as double backstitch when worked Work as for Herringbone stitch (opposite) but place
on the front. This is a heavily textured stitch that the stitches next to each other. The tops and bottoms
can also be used as a border. of the diagonal stitches should touch each other.

CHEVRON STITCH

Chevron stitch is another outline stitch that also

works well as a border. If you work on plain-weave
fabric, mark 2 parallel guidelines.
1 Bring the needle up at A on the bottom
guideline and insert it at B. Come out at C.

A B

2 Insert the needle at D on the

top guideline and come out
a little to the left, at E. Bring
3 Insert the needle at F and
bring it out again at D. 4 Insert the needle at G on
the bottom guideline, and
bring it out at H.
the thread through to make
a horizontal stitch along the top.
5 Insert it a little to the right, at
J, and bring it out again at G.

E D E D F G J

Surface embroidery 43
Filling stitches
Almost any stitch can be used to fill an area of background, but some are more effective and useful than others.
Filling can be worked solidly, like satin stitch, or lightly, like dot stitch, depending on the effect you want to create.

DOT STITCH

Also known as seed or seeding Take random, small straight stitches Alternatively, work a pair of
stitch. Dot stitch is a useful way 35), at different angles, to
(see page 67), backstitches, side by side, into
of filling an area lightly when you fill an area. the same holes.
want some of the background
fabric to show.

SHEAF STITCH

Sheaf stitch can be worked in

groups, in rows, or at random. 1 Take 3 vertical straight stitches
side by side. Bring the needle out
at A, behind the centre thread.
2 Slide the needle to the left,
under the first stitch. Take the
needle over to the right and slide
it under all 3 stitches.

3 Take the needle to the right again and

slide it under the vertical stitches. Insert
at A. Do not pierce the fabric or threads.

44 Surface embroidery
SPIDERS WEB

Threads woven in and out of an odd-numbered foundation

of evenly spaced spokes makes a webbed wheel. 1 Mark a circular outline if using plain-weave fabric.
Bring the needle out at A and insert it at B. Come
out in the centre, at C.

B C

2 Catching the thread under in the centre, insert the

needle down at D on the other side. Come up at E,
halfway between D and A.

3 Take the needle

back to C and insert
in the centre, coming
F
C 4 Bring a thread to
the front and use a
tapestry needle to weave
up at F, halfway between under and over through
B and D. Take it back the spokes to fill the
and insert at C. D circle. Do not pierce
the fabric or split the
spoke threads.

Surface embroidery 45
SATIN STITCH

Satin stitch is a popular basic filling stitch. Use a hoop

to keep your stitching smooth and even.

B D

A C

1 Bring the needle out at A and insert at B. Bring it

out again at C, close to A, pulling the thread across
the back smoothly. Insert at D. Continue, keeping the
front and back smooth and the edges even.

PADDED SATIN STITCH

To give satin stitch a raised profile it can be padded

with a foundation of running stitch. It is useful for creating
elegant monograms.
1 Fill in the shape with
small running stitches.

2 Work satin stitch (see

above), making sure
you cover the foundation
layer smoothly and evenly.

46 Surface embroidery
WHIPPED SATIN STITCH FLAT STITCH

Whipped satin stitch adds texture that contrasts with plain Flat stitch is closely worked
satin stitch. and should be worked in
a hoop or frame. It is ideal
for making leaves and flowers.

1 Mark the centre of the

shape with 2 internal
guidelines, as shown. C A

1 Cover the shape with satin stitch worked on a diagonal.

Come out at A, slightly below the beginning of the shape.
2 Bring the needle out
at A, on the outside
edge, and insert at B, near
B D

Insert the needle at B, slanting the stitch on the opposite the top of the left-hand
diagonal. Continue, spacing the stitches across the shape. centre guideline. Come out
at C, on the left-hand outside
edge, and insert at D, on the
right-hand centre guideline.

3 Come out at E,
next to A, and
cross to F, on the
A

B left-hand centre
guideline next to F E
the stitch.

4 Repeat Steps 23
to continue.

Surface embroidery 47
FISHBONE STITCH

This variation on flat stitch overlaps along a single

centre guideline, resulting in a more acute angle. 1 Mark a guideline along
the centre of the shape.
A

2 Come out at A and

insert needle at B to
make a small stitch at
the top of the guideline.

A C
4 Come out at E, on
the opposite side of
the shape to A, and insert E
at F on the centre line,
B
just below D.
A
D D
F

3 Come out at C, close to A. Insert at

D on the centre line, just below B. 5 Repeat to continue.

DARNING STITCH

A variation on running stitch, this is worked with less Work a close-spaced running stitch, picking up
spacing between stitches in regular rows. It makes a good just 1 or 2 threads each time. Alternate the spacing
stitch for borders and filling backgrounds. on each row to create a brickwork pattern.

48 Surface embroidery
Looped stitches
Looped stitches are all based on looping a thread around the needle before securing it. Many of them can be used as
outline or border stitches, while others can fill in shapes or occur in isolation.

BUTTONHOLE STITCH AND BLANKET STITCH

Both of these stitches are worked the same way,

from left to right. They differ only in the spacing
between each vertical stitch.
1 For both buttonhole and blanket
stitch, come out at A, on the
bottom guideline.

A C

Blanket Stitch

Buttonhole Stitch 2 Moving slightly to the right, take a vertical stitch

from B to C, looping the thread under the needle.

3 Repeat, keeping the stitches close

together for buttonhole stitch. 4 For blanket stitch, leave a space
between each vertical stitch.

Surface embroidery 49
CLOSED BUTTONHOLE STITCH

In this variation on blanket stitch, the vertical stitches

are worked in pairs and slanted to form inverted V-shapes.
1 Come out at A, insert the
needle at B, and make
a diagonal stitch coming
B

out at C, looping the A

thread under the needle.

2 Insert the needle at B

again and come out at
D to form a diagonal stitch
C D

in the opposite direction,

again looping the thread
under the needle.

3 Repeat to continue.

KNOTTED BUTTONHOLE STITCH

A decorative knot is formed at

the top of each vertical stitch in
this variation.
1 Come up at A, loop the
thread anti-clockwise
(from right to left) over
your working thumb, and
insert the needle into the
loop from below.

2 Insert the needle at

B and come out at C,
with the thread under
the point of the needle. B

3 Pull the thread taut to

create a knot and loop
the thread around your
A

C
thumb, as in Step 1.

4 Repeat the stitch,

then repeat Steps 13
to continue.

50 Surface embroidery
DOUBLE BUTTONHOLE STITCH

The double row created by this variation makes

a useful outline stitch, especially for edgings. 1 Working from left to
right, make a row of
blanket stitch.

2 Turn the fabric upside

down and work another
row, spacing the vertical
stitches in the bottom row
between those in the top.

FEATHER STITCH

Also called briar stitch and coral

stitch. Feather stitch is often used to
decorate the seams on crazy quilts
1 Draw a guideline on
the fabric it can
be straight or curved.
and to outline appliqu motifs, as
well as making feathery patterns
for embroidery. 2 Work from top
to bottom. Bring
the needle up at A,
D C

at the top of the

guideline, and hold
the thread with your E
non-working thumb.

3 Insert the needle

at B, level with
and to the right of A. A
Take a slanted stitch
to C, with the thread
under the needle. B
4 Insert the needle at
D, to the left of the
guideline and level with
C, and take a slanted
C
stitch to E, with the
thread again looped
under the needle.
Repeat to continue.

Surface embroidery 51
SINGLE FEATHER STITCH

Single feather stitch

is worked like feather
stitch, but the loops are
1 Work from top to bottom. Bring the
needle out at A at the top of the guideline
and insert it at B, below A and to the right of
positioned on only one the guideline.
side of the guideline.
A

B
C

2 Take a stitch to C
on the guideline,
with the thread looped
under the needle.
Repeat to continue.

DOUBLE FEATHER STITCH

In this variation Work as for feather stitch (see

on feather stitch, extra 51), working from top to
page 83),
stitches are made on bottom and alternating from left to
each side of the line to right but on each side of the first
fill a broader area. Use stitch make 2 or more stitches.
a hoop to stretch the
fabric taut.

52 Surface embroidery
CLOSED FEATHER STITCH

This variation on
feather stitch is
a useful border or
outline stitch that
1 Mark 2 parallel guidelines and bring the
needle up at A, at the top of one line. Insert
the needle at B and bring it up at C on the
A B

can also be used opposite guideline, looping the thread under

for couching (see the needle.
65). As with
page 97).
feather stitch, work
from top to bottom.

D A

2 Insert the needle at D, below A on the first

guideline, and come out at E, again looping
the thread under the needle and parallel to the
E

previous stitch. Repeat to continue.

LOOP STITCH

Like many looped stitches, loop stitch is usually worked in B

straight lines. The looping creates a raised knot in the centre
of each stitch with two legs, which gives the stitch its other
name of centipede stitch.

A
C

1 Mark 2 parallel guidelines on the fabric and work

from right to left. Bring the needle out in the centre
at A, in between the marked lines. Insert it diagonally at
B on the top line and come out at C, directly below B
between the guidelines. Take the needle under the stitch
(AB) and over the working thread.

E 2 Pull the resulting

knot gently and make
another stitch from D to E.
3 Again, take the needle
under the stitch and
over the working thread.
Repeat to continue.

Surface embroidery 53
VANDYKE STITCH

Vandyke stitch, with its braided look, can be

used as a border or as a filling stitch. 1 Work from top to bottom along parallel
guidelines. Bring the needle out at A, on
the left-hand guideline. Insert it at B, slightly
above A and mid-way between the guidelines,
and bring it out at C, slightly to the left of B.

C B

D
A

2 Take a stitch across AB, inserting the needle

level with A at D on the right-hand guideline and
coming out at E, below A on the left-hand guideline.

3 Gently pull the thread taut and slide

the needle behind the crossed threads
without piercing the fabric.
4 Insert the needle at F, below D on the
right-hand line, and come out at G, below
E on the left-hand side. Again, slide the needle
behind the crossed threads. Repeat to continue.

C B
D

F
E

A G

54 Surface embroidery
CRETAN STITCH

Cretan stitch has a braided effect and

works well as a filling or border stitch.
1 Work from left to right.
Bring the needle out at A.
Insert it on the top line at B A B
and come out mid-way at C, C
keeping the thread under
the needle.

2 3
Insert the needle at D and C Repeat at F to F

bring it out at E, with the G, then at H I

E
thread under the needle. to I, and continue.
E
H
D

OPEN CRETAN STITCH

This variation is usually

worked in a straight line. 1 Bring the needle out at A. Insert it
at B and take a small vertical stitch
to C, with the thread behind the needle.
2 Insert the needle at D and take
a small vertical stitch to E, with
the thread behind the needle. Repeat.

B
D
E

Surface embroidery 55
FLY STITCH

Fly stitch, also called open lazy

daisy and Y stitch, can be worked
in horizontal or vertical rows, or
1 Bring the needle
out at A. Insert at B
and bring it out at C,
2 Pull the thread through to form
a V-shaped stitch. Keeping the
working thread above this stitch,
randomly, as a border or filling stitch. with the thread under insert the needle at D, slightly
The length of the tying stitch can vary. the needle. below C, to make a tying stitch.

C
D
A

PLAITED FLY STITCH

In this variation the tails are longer

and the arms overlap the next stitch.
It can be worked in rows or randomly.
2 Pull the thread to form
a V-shaped stitch. With thread
above stitch, insert the needle at
D to make a long tying stitch.

A B
E
B

1 Bring the needle out at A. Insert

at B and bring it out at C, with
the thread under the needle.
3 Bring the needle out at E,
left of B, overlapping the
stitches. Continue as in Step 1.

56 Surface embroidery
LADDER STITCH

Also known as step stitch. The loops

at the side of the horizontal stitches
give it the look of braid.
C
A
A
B

E
E D

1 Mark parallel vertical guidelines

on the fabric. Work from the top
to bottom. Bring the needle out at A.
Insert it at B and bring it out at C,
keeping the thread on top of the
2 Without piercing the fabric,
slide the needle under the long
horizontal stitch from top to bottom,
horizontal stitch. Insert the needle over the working thread. Pull the
at D to form a short crossed stitch thread to the left to form a crossed
(CD). Come out at E. stitch (AE).

3 Slide the needle behind the

crossed stitch (CD) on
the right-hand guideline.
4 Insert the needle at F and come
out at G, on the left. 5 Slide the needle under the crossed
stitch on the left-hand side (AE),
take it across the front to H, and
repeat Steps 3 and 4.

C D A

H
G F

Surface embroidery 57
Chained stitches
The stitches in this group are useful for borders, outlining, and filling. All except daisy stitch are worked
as continuous chain.

DAISY STITCH

Also known as lazy daisy or

detached chain stitch, daisy stitch is
simply a single chain stitch. It is often
1 Bring the needle out at A and
insert it at B, next to A. Bring
the needle out at C with the
used to make flower petals. thread under the needle.

2 Pull gently to make a loop and

take a tiny stitch over the thread
at C to hold it in place.
3 Move on to the next stitch
and repeat as required.

CHAIN STITCH

Chain stitch is worked

from top to bottom;
a marked guideline
1 Bring the needle up at
A at the top of the line
and insert it in the same
2 Re-insert the needle
at B in the same hole
and repeat, coming up
3 Tie the last loop in
place by working
a tiny stitch over the
makes stitching easier. hole. Hold the thread at C with the thread under bottom of the loop.
under the needle and needle. Each loop will be
come out below at B. held in place by the next.
Pull gently.

A
B

B C

58 Surface embroidery
OPEN CHAIN STITCH

Also called square chain stitch.

The loops are open at the top,
making the chain look like a ladder.
1 Mark parallel guidelines. Bring
the needle out at A, on the left.
Insert the needle at B, on the right,
2 Insert the needle at D, inside the
loop below B, and come out at
E, below C again with the thread
and bring it out at C, below A. Keep under the needle. Repeat to continue.
the thread under the needle as you
pull the stitch taut.

A B

A B

D
C

C
E

TWISTED CHAIN STITCH

In this variation of chain stitch,

the twisted loops have a pleasing
decorative effect when the stitches
1 Come out at A, holding thread
below. Insert the needle at B,
slightly to the left, come out
2 Again holding the thread,
insert the needle at D, to the left
of the line, and come out at E, with
are small and close together. at C, below A, with thread the thread under the needle. Make
under the needle. another twisted loop and continue.

B
D
C
E

Surface embroidery 59
FEATHERED CHAIN STITCH

This chain stitch variation creates A

a zigzag line made of diagonal

stitches with a chain loop at the top.

B D

1 Mark 2 parallel
guidelines. Come out
at A and make a diagonal D
58),
chain stitch (see page 90), C
coming out at B at the base
of the loop.

2 Take a diagonal straight

stitch from B, inserting
the needle at C and coming
3 Make a diagonal chain stitch
in the opposite direction by
inserting the needle next to D
out at D. and coming out at C, with the
thread under the needle.

4 Make a diagonal straight

stitch from C to E,
inserting the needle at
5 Make a diagonal chain
stitch as in Step 1,
from F to E, and repeat
E and coming out at F. to continue.

60 Surface embroidery
WHEATEAR STITCH

Wheatear stitch is a variation of a chained stitch

and is a useful border stitch. 1 Bring the needle out of A. Take 2 diagonal stitches
in opposite directions, from AB and CD, to form
a Vshape with a slight gap in the middle. Come up
at E, between B and D.

A C
B

2 Side the needle under the 2 diagonal stitches

from right to left without piercing the fabric. 3 Insert the needle at F, beside E, to complete 1 stitch.
Come out at G, on the left. Repeat the sequence to
continue, sliding the needle under the 2 diagonal
stitches each time.

G
E

Surface embroidery 61
CABLE CHAIN STITCH

This variation works well

as an outline stitch and
can follow curves well.

A
Bring the needle out at A
and wrap the thread over B

and under the needle, from C

right to left. Hold the thread,
insert the needle at B. Come
out at C, taking the thread
under the needle. This forms
a single chain with a straight
link stitch at the top. Repeat.

Knotted stitches
The stitches shown here all include a decorative surface knot that gives three-dimensional texture. Single knots
can be scattered across a surface or tightly grouped to make a solid filling.

FRENCH KNOT

French knots can be

worked individually or in
groups massed together.
2 Pull the wraps
tight against the
fabric and insert
4 To work a closely
spaced group, take
the needle to the next
the needle back position and repeat.
next to A.

1 Come out at A, where

the knot is wanted.
Wrap the thread twice
around the needle. For
a bigger knot, make
3 Hold the knot against
the fabric and take
the thread through
5 If you are making
an individual knot,
secure it on the back
another wrap or two. to the back. with a small backstitch.

62 Surface embroidery
BULLION KNOT

This long knotted stitch

is best worked using
a relatively thick needle
1 Come out at A and
backstitch to B,
without taking the
with a small eye to make stitch through. A
A B
the coil wide enough to
slide through.

A B
Press thumb
here

2 Wrap the thread

several times around
the needle, making the
3 Hold the wrapped
coils next to A with
your thumb and pull the
4 Insert the needle back
at B and pull the stitch
tight. The coils will flip back
wrap the same length needle through without to cover the backstitch
as the stitch. distorting them. area. Repeat.

CHINESE KNOT

Also known as forbidden knot,

this stitch is smaller and flatter
than a French knot.

2 Insert the needle

next to A and pull
the thread through.

1 Bring the needle out

at A, where the knot
will be, and loop the
Tighten the loop to
make the knot and
come up at B to make
thread around the point. the next stitch. Repeat.

Surface embroidery 63
FOUR-LEGGED KNOT

Also known as knot stitch. This stitch can

be used as an outline or singly as an accent.
A

1 Begin as though you are making an upright cross stitch.

Come out at A, insert needle at B and come out again
at C, halfway up and to the right.

2 Lay a horizontal
thread across the
vertical stitch, and slide
A
C

the needle behind the

point where the threads
cross, without piercing
B
C
3 Pull up the knot
and insert the
needle at D to finish D
the fabric. the crossed stitch. B

CORAL STITCH

Coral stitch makes

a knotted line; the
knots can be evenly
or randomly spaced.
1 Mark a guideline on
the fabric. Work from
right to left. Bring the
2 Take a small stitch
to where you want
the first knot, looping the 3 Pull the stitch through
to form the first knot.
needle out at A. thread under the needle. Repeat to continue.

64 Surface embroidery
SCROLL STITCH

Similar to coral stitch (bottom left),

this is worked from left to right,
with the thread under both ends
1 Come out at A, at the left end
of the guideline. Take a small
stitch BC on the line where you
2 Loop the thread clockwise under
the needle at both the eye end
and the point. Pull thread through to
of the needle. want the first knot. form first knot. Repeat to continue.

Couching
Couching is the name given to the technique of anchoring laid threads, which are attached to the background
fabric only at the ends, with small stitches along their length. The couching is often worked in contrasting
colours for a decorative effect.

COUCHING STITCH

Also known as convent

stitch. Simple couching
can be useful as outlining
1 Work from right to left. Come
out at A and lay the thread
along the guideline, holding it
or filling. fairly taut.

B
C

2 Bring the couching

thread out at B,
below the laid thread.
3 Repeat, taking small stitches
along the laid thread to
continue. Then take the end of
Take a small stitch over the laid thread to the back and
the laid thread to C. tie both threads off.

Surface embroidery 65
OVERCAST TRAILING

Also known as satin couching, this makes Bring the laid thread out at A and lay it along the guideline,
a raised line that looks like a cord. holding it fairly taut. Bring the couching thread out at A and
work small satin stitches (see page 46)
78) next to each other
over the laid threads to cover them completely.

THORN STITCH

This couching stitch is ideal for

working stems, twigs, or grass. 1 Come out at A, at the top. Hold the thread taut. Bring the couching
thread out at B and insert at C, crossing diagonally over the laid thread.

A D
B

2 Come out at D, level with B on the opposite

side. Insert the needle at E, crossing diagonally
over the laid thread in the opposite direction.
E C

3 Repeat along the length

of the laid thread.

4 Tie off all thread

ends on the back.

66 Surface embroidery
ROUMANIAN STITCH

A B

Also called oriental stitch, in this technique the same

thread is used for both the laid work and the couching.
Roumanian stitch is used for borders and works well to
1 Mark 2 guidelines close to the center of the area
to be filled. Bring the needle out at A, on the left line.
Take a horizontal stitch from edge to edge, inserting the
fill leaf and flower shapes. needle at B and coming out at C.

A B E
D

G F
C E

2 Take the needle across and insert it at D on the

right-hand edge, coming out at E, right of centre,
with the needle over the working thread.
3 Take a small diagonal stitch over the horizontal one,
inserting the needle at F, left of centre, and coming
out at G, on the edge.

I H K J

4 Make another horizontal stitch to H on the

right-hand edge, coming out at I, right of
centre, with the needle over the working thread.
5 Take another small diagonal stitch to J, left of
centre, and come out at K on the left-hand edge.
Repeat to continue, until the line or shape is filled.

Surface embroidery 67
BOKHARA COUCHING

Bokhara couching is similar to Roumanian stitch, but

uses more stitches in the couching. It is suitable for filling
large shapes. The couching stitches are worked over the
laid thread from below.

A B

1 Come out at A,
on the left of the area
to be filled. Insert the
C

needle at B, on the right,

and come out at C, near
the right-hand edge.

H
D
F

I
C
E G E

2 Take a small vertical couching stitch from C to D,

across the laid thread, coming out at E. 3 Lay another slanting stitch from E to F, coming out
at G to lay a third slanting stitch, coming out below
it on the left edge.

68 Surface embroidery
 I J
K

4 Lay another thread from I to J, coming out at K.

5 Take another slanting stitch across the laid thread. Repeat
Steps 24 to fill the shape, spacing the couched threads
evenly to create their own diagonal pattern.

JACOBEAN TRELLIS

C A

Also called trellis couching, this

is an open filling stitch for large
areas. The intersections can be tied
1 Make a trellis pattern by working
a series of long, straight horizontal
stitches, and then vertical ones.
2 Starting in one corner, tie each
intersection with a diagonal
stitch from A to B. Come out at C
down with a single stitch or a cross and repeat in the same direction
stitch, and the spaces filled with to continue.
decorative stitches. The trellis
can be horizontal and vertical,
or diagonal, or a combination.

Surface embroidery 69
SMOCKING
Smocking
Smocking has traditionally been used to decorate the gathers in the bodices
of dresses, blouses, christening robes, and, of course, smocks. Because the
gathers add depth and weight to the finished garment, it is recommended to
use a lightweight, closely woven fabric such as cotton or silk. Stranded cotton
thread is best, traditionally in a colour to match the fabric, but contrasting
coloured threads can create wonderful effects.

Smocking basics
Many basic embroidery stitches can be worked over the gathers, alone or in combination. Remember that smocking
takes more fabric, usually about three times the desired finished width. Fabrics with even checks, such as gingham
and dotted patterns, can be used since they provide built-in guidelines. The gathering thread should be strong, but
the colour doesnt matter, since the thread will be removed.

MARKING THE GATHERS STITCHING THE GATHERS

1 Mark the fabric to

ensure that the gathers
are even. To mark by
1 To stitch the gathers,
cut a length of thread
long enough to finish
2 Take a small stitch
at each marked dot,
but do not pull the thread
hand, measure vertical a row with thread left tight. Use a new thread
lines to delineate the over and knot it securely. for each marked row.
spaces between folds
in the gathers and then
mark horizontal threads
with a dot to create
stitching lines.

2 It is quicker,
however, to use
a printed transfer that
3 Pull the loose ends
of the threads gently,
1 row at a time, until the
has evenly spaced dots piece measures the
that can be ironed onto correct width.
the wrong side of the
fabric. Make sure there
are an even number of
horizontal rows.
4 Tie the loose ends in
pairs and, working
from the right side, even
up the gathers.

72 Smocking
ROPE STITCH

Bring the needle out

at A, on the left-hand
fold, and work stem stitch
in a straight line, picking
up the top of each A
gather. Keep the thread
consistently either above
or below the needle.
40),
Rope stitch is simply stem stitch (see page 72),
worked along the gathers.

CABLE STITCH

Bring the needle out

at A as for rope stitch,
above. Work stem
stitch in a straight line, A
picking up the top of
each gather, but
alternating the position
of the thread (above and
Cable stitch is stronger than rope stitch and holds then below the needle)
the gathers firmly. with each stitch.

VANDYKE STITCH

1 Bring the needle out

at A as for rope stitch,
above, and work stem
stitch in a chevron pattern.

Vandyke stitch is another, more decorative smocking

2 Keep the thread below
the needle to work in
an upward line and above
stitch based on stem stitch. the needle to work down.

Smocking 73
 Honeycomb smocking
oneycomb stitch (see page 112)
Honeycomb stitch can (see be stitched
page 112) with thestitched
can be working thread
with the working
on eitherthread
side ofon
theeither side
fabric. of effect
The the fabric.
from
the front is very different from that of the back.

CLOSED HONEYCOMB STITCH

Closed honeycomb stitch is worked

with the thread on the right side of A

the work.

1 Come out at A, on the second

fold of the second row. Backstitch
through the first 2 folds. On the first
2 On the next row of stitching,
work backstitches along the
third row, but simply slide the
row, backstitch through folds needle under the backstitches
2 and 3. Repeat. on row 2.

OPEN HONEYCOMB STITCH

Open honeycomb stitch

is worked with the thread
on the wrong side of
1 Bring the needle
out at A and take
a horizontal backstitch
3 Go back to the first
row, go in at B, and
come out at the third fold.
the work. through the first 2
folds, working from A B
left to right.

2 Bring the needle

out at the second
fold on row 2 and
4 Backstitch to pull
folds 3 and 4
together. Repeat the
make a backstitch sequence to finish
that pulls folds 2 the row. Work subsequent
and 3 together. rows the same way.

74 Smocking
HONEYCOMB CHEVRON STITCH

Honeycomb chevron is a stitch often found on traditional

smocks. Work it from left to right, on the right side.

1 Bring the needle out at A on the first fold on the second

row. Take it up to the first row to the right and into the
second fold. Backstitch over the second and third folds
and come out between them, keeping the thread below
the backstitch.

2 Go down to the second row again to the right and

insert the needle at B into the fourth fold. Backstitch
over folds 4 and 5 and come out between them, with the
thread above the backstitch.

3 Continue the sequence, alternating up and down

to the end of the row. 4 Work the next row in the same way, alternating
the ups and downs to make a diamond pattern.

Smocking 75
BEADWORK
Beadwork
Beads have been used to decorate textiles throughout history and in virtually
every civilization in the world. Beadwork as an embroidery technique includes
beads of an astonishing variety, sequins, and shisha mirrors, all of which are
held on a fabric ground by stitching. The variety provides an excellent way to
embellish everything from sachets and soft furnishings to quilts, clothing,
and accessories.

Beads
Beads can be used as accents or applied in rows in several ways. It is best to use a beading needle, which is thin
enough to pass through almost any bead, and a polyester thread. Invisible nylon thread is ideal on plain-weave fabrics;
alternatively, you can choose a thread that matches either the beads or the fabric.

SINGLE BEAD

Beads can be applied individually,

either randomly or following a line.
If the stitch is the same length as the
1 Knot the thread on the back. Bring the
needle out at A and thread a bead on it.
A
bead, the next bead can be attached
so they touch. 2 Take the needle
back in at A
and come out at B.
3 Move to the
next position
and repeat to apply
Repeat to secure the subsequent beads.
bead with a double
B
stitch on the back.

COUCHING

Couching beads is
similar to couching
threads (see page 65),
97).
1 Knot the thread on
the back and bring
the needle out at A.
3 Position the
first bead at A.

Cut lengths of thread

4
that are longer than A Bring a second B A

the line to be covered. needle out at

B and make a 5 Slide the next bead alongside
the first and repeat. Continue

2 Thread on the required

number of beads.
couching stitch over
the beaded thread.
until the row is filled. Take both
needles to the back and finish off.

78 Beadwork
SPOT STITCH

Spot stitch is another couching

technique in which several beads
are grouped between each couching
1 Work as for step 1 of
couching, then slide 3
or 4 beads down to A.
stitch. It is quicker to work than C
individual couching, but it is
also less secure. 2 Bring a second needle
out at B and couch over
the thread holding the first
group of beads.

3 Slide 3 or 4 more beads

down to B and couch the
beaded thread at C. B

4 Continue until the row or

line is filled, then take
both needles to the back and
A
finish both threads off securely.

LAZY SQUAW FILLING

This is a quick method for filling

an area with beads. Work in a hoop. 1 Mark guidelines on
the area to be filled
if necessary.
2 Cut a length of
thread and knot
it on the back.

C A

3 Come out at A. Slide enough beads onto the

thread to fill 1 row. Insert the needle at B,
on the other side of the area. Come out at C,
directly below B, to secure the beads. Repeat,
working from side to side.

Beadwork 79
OJIBWA FILLING

This is a much more secure way of beading.

Outline the area to be filled with tacking, which
will be covered by the beads. Work in a hoop.
1 Knot the thread on the back.
Come out at A, on the edge.
Thread on 1 bead and apply as
78).
for a single bead (see page 134).

2 Come out at B and thread on 3 beads. Slide

them next to the first bead. Insert the needle at C.

3 Take a stitch back to D, coming out between the first

and second beads of group of 3. Insert the needle
at E, through the second and third beads in the group.
4 Add another 3 beads.
Repeat to fill the shape
from the outside in.

D
E
E

BEADED FRINGE

Use a strong thread

that is thin enough to
go through the holes
1 Knot the end of
the thread. Slide the
required number of beads
2 Take a small
backstitch in
the fold of the hem.
in the beads. onto the thread. Secure the thread.

80 Beadwork
LOOP FRINGE

B A

1 Hide the knot in

the hem. Bring the
needle out at A. Slide
2 Insert the needle
back in to A to
create a loop. Come
the required number of out again at B to the
This is a quick and easy way to embellish edges. beads onto the thread. left. Repeat.

Sequins
A sequin is a small disc of metal or plastic with a hole in the centre through which it can be attached to fabric.
Traditionally sequins are round, but they are available in a myriad of shapes and colours. They can be attached
individually, in groups, or rows.

SINGLE SEQUIN

Single sequins can be attached on

one or more sides. Sequins can be
placed edge to edge or scattered
1 To secure individual sequins
with a single stitch, knot the
thread on the back and bring
across the surface. the needle out at A.

C B

2 Slide a sequin onto it and,

with the sequin flat on the
background, take a backstitch at
3 Slide another sequin on the
needle and pull the thread
through. Repeat the backstitch
B on the right-hand edge of the and come out at the next position.
sequin, coming out at C, where
the next sequin will be placed.

Beadwork 81
SEQUIN CHAIN

An overlapping chain of sequins

can be worked to create many
interesting effects.
1 Knot the thread on the back
and bring the needle out at A. 3 Come out again at A. Slide the
second sequin onto the needle.

A A

2 Lay the first sequin just to

the right of the thread and
backstitch into the hole.
4 Backstitch into the hole of the
first sequin and come out on
the left-hand edge of the second
sequin. Repeat to complete the chain.
Secure the thread on the back.

BEADED SEQUIN

Sequins can also be anchored to the fabric by a bead.

1 Lay a sequin
in position and
bring the needle out
through the hole.

2 Slide a bead onto

the thread and insert
the needle through the
hole in the sequin again.

3 Pull gently to settle

the bead on top
of the sequin and secure
the thread on the back.

82 Beadwork
Mirrorwork
Also called shisha work, mirrorwork is a traditional form of textile decoration from Central Asia. Shisha are small discs
of mirror, glass, or tin that are held in place by a foundation framework on which a decorative edge is stitched. On
plain-weave fabrics, use a crewel needle and a single-ply thread or doubled stranded cotton with enough body to hold
the disc securely and give a firm edge.

SINGLE THREAD METHOD

This traditional shisha stitch shows off

the mirrored surface well. 1 Hold the disc in place. Bring the
needle out at A.

D
C

A
B

2 Insert the needle at B and

come out at C. Insert at D
to make 2 parallel stitches.

3 Bring the needle out at E and loop the thread under

and over the bottom securing stitch, then under and
over the top stitch.
4 Insert the needle at F and
come out at G.

G
F

E
5 Loop the working thread around
the horizontal stitches as before,
to make a parallel vertical stitch.
Insert the needle at H.

Beadwork 83
 I J I

6 Bring the needle out at I and slide the needle under the
crossed threads in the bottom left corner, keeping
the thread left of the needle.
7 Insert the needle at I again and come out at J,
with the needle on top of the working thread.

8 Slide the needle

under the left-hand
vertical thread and over
the working thread.

9 Insert the needle at J

and come out at K,
with the needle on top
of the working thread.

10 Repeat the
sequence of taking
a small stitch through the
fabric and a loop under
K J the foundation threads to
create a decorative edge.

84 Beadwork
DOUBLE THREAD METHOD LATTICE

The mirror is held in

place by a frame of 4
pairs of straight stitches.
To keep the disc securely
in place, work all the
stitches as tightly against
the edge of the mirror as
possible, inserting the
needle vertically against
the edge each time. This is a simple, non-traditional mirrorwork method.
Make sure that the edges of the disc are smooth so that
they dont cut into the thread.

B
1 Hold the disc in place.
Bring the needle out at
A. Insert it at B and come
B

out at C, next to A. Insert

it at D, next to B, and C
come out at E.
E D

C A
A

2 Repeat, making pairs

of threads on all 4
1 Work a lattice of at least 3 threads. Holding the
disc in place, bring the needle out at A and take
it across to B. Then take a stitch horizontally across
sides. Each pair should the centre from C to D. Add a stitch in each direction
cross on top of the on either side, alternating sides as you work.
previous pair; take
the final pair under the
first pair of threads.

3 Working as close
to the edge as
possible, repeat Steps 47
of Single thread (see
8384).. If you
pages 13914
prefer, you can work a
simple buttonhole stitch
49).
(see page 81).
2 Add lattice threads as desired, then outline
the disc with chain stitch or one of its variations
5859), worked as close as possible to the edge.
(see pages 9091),

Beadwork 85
NEEDLEPOINT
DESIGNS
Needlepoint designs
Needlepoint is popular for making hard-wearing household and personal
accessories, from spectacles cases to chair seats, as well as purely decorative
items such as pictures. Deciding what to stitch can be an exhilarating, but also
sometimes bewildering, experience. There is such a wealth of commercially
produced designs, as well as a wealth of needlepoint stitches tempting you
to create your own designs. Here are some of the options.

Ready-made designs
You can find many needlepoint designs ready for you to stitch either in the form of a kit (with materials included),
a printed canvas, or given in a book in chart form. These have one obvious advantage: all the design decisions
have been made for you by a professional; all you need to do is the stitching and the making up of the project. The
better-quality kits contain good materials. However, they usually include only enough yarn for the half-cross version
106), so if you want to use a different form of tent stitch, you will have to buy extra yarn.
of tent stitch (see page 162),

TYPES OF READY-MADE DESIGNS

Kits: A needlepoint kit usually consists Printed canvases: These designs consist Partially worked canvases: On some
of a canvas with the design printed on only of a printed canvas, with a colour canvases a central motif has been
it in colours approximating those of the key designating the recommended shades completed or marked with tram (see
yarns, the yarns themselves, and a tapestry of a certain brand of yarn. Their main 107). The purchaser then works
page 163).
needle. If the design is to be worked in advantage, relative to a kit, is that you just the background (or, in the latter
half-cross stitch, this should be stated can choose your own yarn (useful if that case, also the tent stitches over the tram).
in the instructions. If so, make sure that brand is not easily available) and, if you Some tramed canvases are very complex
the canvas is either double or interlock like, buy it in stages. You will need to and challenging. However, if you choose
96). Otherwise, there is a risk
(see page 152). amend the colour key, of course. If you one that includes a large background of
of stitches slipping between intersecting intend to work the design in half-cross solid-coloured tent stitch, you may find
canvas threads. Or you could work the stitch, make sure the canvas is of the work rather boring. Consider working
design in a different form of tent stitch. interlock or double-thread construction. the background in a larger, more textured
You will need to buy more thread for 118),
stitch, such as gobelin filling (page 174),
96). If the kit
those stitches (see page 152). encroaching gobelin (page 165)109) or long
does not state the brand of thread used, 121). The work will be
stitch (page 177).
you will need to contact the manufacturer finished more quickly and you will
for this information. have given it your own creative stamp.

88 Needlepoint designs
CHARTED DESIGNS

Box chart: There are many books

containing needlepoint designs in chart form,
with yarn or thread colours specified. A box
chart is most often used for designs worked in
tent stitch; each box in the chart represents one
stitch. The thread colours can be represented
either by printed colours or by symbols or,
sometimes (in complex designs), by both.

Line chart: A line chart is most often used

for designs consisting of, or including, novelty
stitches. The lines of the grid represent the
actual canvas threads and the stitches are
marked on top of them.

Your own designs

Dont be afraid of creating your own needlepoint designs; its not as hard as you may think. Once you start
looking for ideas, youll find them all around you in nature, in paintings and photographs, and in the textures
of needlepoint stitches themselves.

NEEDLEPOINT SAMPLERS

Begin by making a sampler of some

of your favourite stitches. Work a few of
each of these on spare canvas and study
their shape and texture. Select a few Crossed corners
harmonizing and/or contrasting colours cushion
of thread and work stripes of the various
stitches in these colours across a narrow Tent
piece of canvas. Alternatively, work
stripes concentrically around a small
block of stitches (cushion stitch, for Upright gobelin
example). Keep adding stripes until the Star (over
work is large enough to make the front 8 threads)
of a cushion cover. Long
Cushion

Rice

Needlepoint designs 89
DESIGNING WITH SHAPES

You can create both abstract

and pictorial designs with
cut-out shapes. For an abstract
design, cut some squares,
rectangles, triangles, or circles
from coloured paper. Draw the
area of the finished needlepoint
on a sheet of paper. Move the
shapes around on this area,
trying different combinations
until you find one that pleases
you. Remember to pay attention
to the spaces between the
shapes; these are an important
part of any design. Attach the
shapes with adhesive putty and
leave the design for a few hours,
then come back and look at it
with fresh eyes.

USING CROSS-STITCH MOTIFS

You can find hundreds of

appealing cross-stitch motifs in
books. Draw one on a piece of
graph paper containing the
same number of lines as your
chosen canvas, or repeat a small
one across the area of the grid.

90 Needlepoint designs
CHARTING FROM AN IMAGE

To create more realistic pictorial designs, either draw or paint the design freehand or follow these instructions to make
a chart from an existing image.

1 Isolate an image from a larger source by moving strips

of paper over the image until you find the best detail
for your project. Enlarge the detail on a photocopier to the
2 To make a chart, place gridded tracing paper over the
image and then fill in the squares on the tracing paper,
using coloured pencils. Or, if you are using textured stitches,
desired size. indicate these with lines.

TIPS
4
To make an entirely original needlepoint, start with your 4
As you can see from the stitches illustrated on
own drawing or painting. If you lack confidence, practise! Carry 104135, needlepoint stitches have their own
pages 160191,
a sketchbook around with you and sketch interesting shapes distinctive character some smooth and shiny, some knobbly,
and textures. Make a note of colours and develop your sketches some with a strong vertical, horizontal, or diagonal direction.
in colour when you get home. Use strips of paper (see above) You can exploit this in your design. For example, you might use
to find interesting details that can be enlarged. 109) in shades of blue to depict
encroaching gobelin (see page 165)
1 15) for a field of corn; or upright
sky; stem stitch (see page 171)
123) for a pebbly beach.
cross (see page 179)

Needlepoint designs 91
Transferring techniques
145
If you are working from a chart (see page 89 ), the process of counting the lines/blocks of the chart and the canvas
threads will transfer the design as you stitch. Otherwise you will need to trace or paint the design onto the canvas.

TRACING OUTLINES

1 Begin by going over the outlines of your design

with a black fibre-tip marker. Choose a marker that is
thick enough to be visible through your chosen canvas.
3 Tape or weight the design onto a flat, hard surface,
and position the canvas on top; tape it in place. Trace
the design outlines onto the canvas using a permanent
Using the same marker, draw an outline enclosing the fabric marker.
area to be stitched.

2 Prepare the canvas: cut it to size, adding at least

10cm (4in) to the dimensions of the area to be stitched.
Using a permanent fabric marker, draw the outline of this
4 If your design is coloured you may wish to colour in
the outlines on the canvas too. Use permanent acrylic
paints for this. Avoid clogging the mesh with paint and
area in the centre of the canvas, leaving a 5cm (2in) border leave the canvas to dry thoroughly.
all around. Cover the edges with masking tape.

92 Needlepoint designs
Choosing the right canvas
In choosing canvas for a project you need to consider its type, its gauge, and its colour. For most projects an ordinary
single-thread canvas will be suitable, but in some cases an interlock or double canvas will be preferable or even
required. If you wish to use a certain kind of thread, this may limit the choice of gauge. The predominant colour
tones of the work may influence the colour of canvas you choose.

FOR USING HALF-CROSS STITCH

106)
Interlock canvas: This picture of the wrong side of half-cross stitch (see page 162)
shows its rather thin coverage of the canvas. If ordinary single canvas were used, the
stitches might slip between the canvas threads. The interlock form of single canvas
(shown here) will prevent this from happening.

Double, or penelope, canvas: Another option, when using half-cross stitch, is double-thread
canvas, shown here. This, too, has a very stable weave. An even firmer fabric suitable
for chair seats and other objects that receive hard wear can be produced by working the
107), here worked in a contrasting shade of
half-cross stitches over rows of tram (see page 163),
pink for visibility; normally a matching thread would be used. Double canvas can be used for
many other stitches as well, but it is not suited to most straight stitches, including Florentine
146155), because the vertical pairs of canvas threads are likely to show
work (see pages 202211),
between the individual stitches. However, the use of tram will prevent this problem.

Needlepoint designs 93
CHOOSING THE RIGHT GAUGE FOR THE CHOSEN THREAD

If you wish to use a single strand of thread for the stitching, produce a lumpy, distorted surface, nor loosely, which
this will limit your choice of gauge. The thread should fill would produce a thin effect. A few successful combinations
the hole comfortably neither too tightly, which would are shown here.

Tapestry wool for 10-, 12-, or 14-count canvas Pearl cotton (No. 5) works well on 18-count canvas.
(if tent stitch is used).

A single strand of Persian

wool will also cover the mesh
of an 18-count canvas.

94 Needlepoint designs
CHOOSING THE RIGHT GAUGE FOR THE AMOUNT OF DETAIL

Another consideration
is the amount of detail you
wish to include. The finer the
canvas, the more detail you
can include and the more
easily you can represent
curved lines.

10-count canvas

These two monograms,

for example, are based on the
same printed source and were
first charted onto graph paper
having 10 and 18 squares to
2.5cm (1in). The finer grid
and canvas mesh allows a
more faithful representation
of the curves. However, the
more angular S has a certain
appeal and might be the sort
of look you are aiming for.
A lot depends on the nature
of the design material.

18-count canvas

Needlepoint designs 95
Matching thread and canvas
This chart provides a guide to choosing suitable yarns for
For most projects, youll want to choose a thread that working tent stitch (either continental or basketweave) on
covers the canvas well. This depends partly on the various gauges of canvas. (English crewel wool is assumed;
stitches you plan to use: a dense stitch such as tent for French crewel more strands may be required.)
(see pages 161162)
105106) will cover better than a less-
12 1), using
dense one, such as long stitch (see page 177),
the same thread and canvas. Before beginning a GAUGE OF CANVAS TYPE AND NUMBER
project, make some samples to ensure that your chosen OF STRANDS
materials and stitches are compatible.

10-count 1 strand of tapestry wool

2 strands of Persian wool
4 strands of crewel wool

12-count 1 strand of tapestry wool

2 strands of Persian wool
3 strands of crewel wool

14-count 1 strand of tapestry wool

2 strands of Persian wool
3 strands of crewel wool

18-count 1 strand of No. 5 pearl cotton

1 strand of Persian wool
2 strands of crewel wool
6 strands of stranded floss

Estimating thread quantities

GAUGE OF CANVAS TYPE AND NUMBER
If your design uses a large area of a single colour, OF STRANDS
buy enough yarn or thread at the outset to avoid
changes in dye lots. The following amounts are
based on diagonal tent stitch (see page 161)
105) worked 10-count 5.5m (6yd) to 25sq cm (4sq in)
on single-thread canvas, using 45cm (18in) lengths
and allowing about 8cm (3in) waste per thread. If 12-count 6m (612yd) to 25sq cm (4sq in)
106), divide
you are using half-cross stitch (see page 162),
the amounts by one half.
14-count 7m (712yd) to 25sq cm (4sq in)

16-count 7.5m (8yd) to 25sq cm (4sq in)

18-count 9m (10yd) to 25sq cm (4sq in)

96 Needlepoint designs
CHOOSING THE CANVAS COLOUR

Woven canvas is available in tan,

yellow, cream, and white. The choice
depends partly on personal preference
(threads are easiest to count on white
but tan is easier on the eyes) and partly
on the predominating colours of the
yarns. White or cream canvas would
be a good choice for a piece worked in
pastel colours, whereas tan would be
more suitable for darker hues.

In this example, the same yarn and

stitches worked on white canvas are
less successful than they are in the tulip
worked on tan canvas. The colour is
more important for straight stitches
(here gobelin filling) than for diagonal
ones, such as continental tent stitch.

Needlepoint designs 97
Getting started
Before beginning to stitch a commercially printed canvas, all you need to do is
bind the edges with masking tape, although you may wish also to mount the
canvas on a frame. To follow a chart you need to cut the canvas to size first.

Preparing the canvas

If you are following a chart or creating your own design, a few more preliminary steps are involved. Make a note
136).
of the canvas measurements and keep this handy, as you will need it for blocking the finished work (see page 192).
If you have drawn or painted your own design on the canvas, you can treat it as you would a commercially printed
canvas and simply begin stitching after binding the edges.

MARKING AND CUTTING THE CANVAS

1 Ascertain how many canvas threads the

chart represents in both directions. Using
a fabric marker, mark off an area on your
canvas including the same number of threads.

2 To work out the size required, divide the

number of squares/lines in the chart by
the canvas gauge. For example, on 10-count
canvas for a chart with 120 squares/lines,
divide 120 by 10 and mark off an area 30cm
(12in) square. (For accuracy use inches, as
canvas is graded this way.)

3 Add a margin of at least 5cm (2in) to all

edges of the marked area. For a stitched
area of 30cm (12in) square, cut a piece
measuring at least 40cm (1534in) square.

98 Needlepoint designs
 Some charts mark the centre with a small
4 cross or arrows along each edge. You can
mark your canvas with intersecting lines,
using either a fabric marker or tacking.

BINDING THE EDGES

Whether working on a pre-printed or blank canvas, you Cut a strip of masking tape slightly longer than one edge. Lay
need to bind the edges using masking tape. Alternatively, the canvas on a flat surface and gently stick the tape on top,
bind them with woven tape. The bound edges are cut off overlapping the edge by about half. Fold the tape to the other
when your project is complete. side and press in place. Trim the ends. Repeat on all edges.

Needlepoint designs 99
Mounting canvas on a frame
The use of a frame is optional. A small piece of work, or one using stitches that are unlikely to distort the canvas,
can be held in the hand. However, using a frame will help you to maintain a smooth stitching tension.

USING ARTISTS STRETCHERS

1 Slot the mitred ends together to form a square

or rectangle. 2 Mark the centre of each side of the frame. Mark the
centre points along the edge of the canvas.

3 Align the centre of the top edge of the canvas with the
centre of the top of the frame. Attach the canvas to
the frame at this point with a drawing pin. Repeat at the
4 Repeat on adjacent sides. Working outwards from the
centre and pulling the canvas taut, insert more drawing
pins along all edges at 2cm (34in) intervals.
bottom edge, pulling the canvas taut.

100 Needlepoint designs

USING A SCROLL FRAME

1 Remove the slats from the frame.

2 Bind the short canvas edges with woven tape, by hand or machine. Mark the
vertical centre of the canvas, either with running stitch or with a fabric marker.

Fold under 2cm (34in) along the top

3 edge. Using a strong thread, oversew
the canvas to the webbing on 1 roller,
4 Insert the slats into the rollers and fasten to stretch
the canvas taut. Cut a long length of string and fasten
to 1 top corner of the frame. Working over the slats and
starting at the matched centre points. through the canvas and binding tape, sew the canvas to
Work out from the centre to the other the slats. Fasten off. Repeat on the opposite side.
edge. Repeat for the bottom.

Needlepoint designs 101

Starting to stitch
Youve got your design and your yarn and prepared your canvas. Now you just need to thread a tapestry needle
and start stitching (see tips below). There are several ways of getting thick or multi-stranded threads through the
eye of a needle.

TIPS
8
To sew or stab? Whether you stitch with a horizontal )

$"
#$"
( ##
flatten the strands between your
(sewing) or a vertical (stabbing) movement is a matter of personal tongue and upper teeth and then between forefinger and thumb.
preference. With stabbing it is generally easier to avoid pulling A needle threader may also be helpful.
the canvas out of shape. If you use a self-supporting frame you
can work with one hand above the canvas and one below, and 8
& 
%#
$
 

$" About 45cm (18in) is the
so will handle the work less, which helps to keep it clean. maximum recommended for crewel or tapestry wool; Persian
wool may be cut longer because it is more robust.
8
Practise stitching with a smooth, even tension; avoid pulling
the stitches too tightly 8
Most of the stitch descriptions and illustrations on pages
104155 assume a right-handed stitcher. You can reverse the
160211
)
"&"
! ## take the needle down rather than direction of stitching (try turning the book upside down) or
up through a hole that already contains a thread; this tends use the stabbing method, or both.
to produce a neater effect.

THREADING THE NEEDLE: PAPER STRIP METHOD

1 Cut a short strip of

paper slightly narrower
than the eye of the
2 Place the end of the
thread inside the fold
(if there are several strands,
3 Slip the folded paper
and yarn through the
eye of the needle.
needle. Fold it in half. moisten the ends and twist
them together first).

THREADING THE NEEDLE: LOOP METHOD

1 This method, too,

can be used for 1 or
more strands. Loop the
2 Slip the needle out of
the loops, then push
the eye down over them.
strands around the needle Once the loops emerge,
and pinch the loops pull them through the eye
tightly together. of the needle.

102 Needlepoint designs

Starting and ending a thread
In order to avoid unsightly bumps or fluffy strands of thread on your finished piece of needlepoint, you need to start
and end the thread neatly, securing it on the back of the canvas to prevent your work from unravelling.

STARTING A THREAD ON EMPTY CANVAS ENDING A THREAD

Knot the end of the

thread and insert
the needle from the
right side of the canvas Take the needle and thread through to the back of
a short distance ahead the canvas and weave the needle through the underside
of the starting point. of the work for a couple of centimetres (about an inch),
Work a few stitches over then cut off the excess thread close to the stitches.
the thread to secure it. Use the same method, in reverse, for starting a new
Cut off the knot. thread in some previously worked stitching.

STARTING A THREAD ON PLASTIC CANVAS

On plastic canvas, work a couple of backstitches through

the mesh 45cm (1122in) from the starting point, leaving
a short tail at the front. Work your chosen stitch almost up
to the backstitches. Undo these fastening stitches, pull the
tail to the wrong side, and cut it off. For extra security, leave
a longer tail, hold it in place at the back, and then thread it
back through the stitches of the next row.

Needlepoint designs 103

Needlepoint stitches
A design can be worked using a single stitch or several different stitches.
Pictorial designs are often worked entirely in tent stitch (also called petit point),
whereas the larger-scale textured stitches generally lend themselves better to
abstract designs. Experiment with these stitches to discover their character.

Diagonal stitches
All of these stitches involve crossing at least one thread intersection, or mesh, producing a diagonal effect. Work with
a relaxed tension or on a frame to avoid distorting the canvas. Unless otherwise stated, either single or double canvas
can be used.

CONTINENTAL TENT STITCH

This stitch covers the canvas well and produces a hard-

wearing fabric. However, it is apt to distort the canvas, so
should be worked on a frame and/or on interlock canvas.

1 Bring the needle to the front and take it down 1 horizontal

thread up and 1 vertical thread to the right (1 mesh). Take
it under 2 vertical threads to the left and 1 horizontal thread
down, bringing it out ready to form the next stitch.

2 Repeat Step 1, as shown, to

the end of the row. On finishing
the last stitch, leave the needle
3 For the next row, work back
alongside the first row, bringing
the needle up into the holes occupied Working vertically: Use the same
on the wrong side of the canvas. by the stitches of the first row. On method as described above but
alternate rows work down into holes working towards or away from
used in previous row. yourself, rather than to left or right.

104 Needlepoint designs

DIAGONAL TENT STITCH

B
D
A

E
C

Also called basketweave tent because of the woven effect

produced on the wrong side, this stitch is recommended for
larger areas of a single colour. For practice, begin at the top
1 Come up at A and down over 1 mesh at B. Come up
at C, and down over 1 mesh at D. Come out 2 horizontal
threads below at E to work the third stitch.
right-hand corner as shown here.

H
G

2 Take the needle down over 1 mesh and come out at F,

completing the third stitch. Take the needle down at G,
then out 2 vertical threads to the left at H.
3 Continue in this way, working in diagonal rows
to fill the space.

Needlepoint designs 105

DIAGONAL LINES OF TENT STITCH

Lines of tent stitch from upper right to lower left,

or upper left to lower right, are essentially backstitch, taking
the needle over 1 mesh and under 2 each time. If using the
103), turn the work
sewing method of stitching (see page 159),
90 degrees for one or other of these directions, depending
on whether you are right-or left-handed.

HALF-CROSS STITCH

This stitch looks almost the same on the right side as

continental or diagonal tent stitch, but on the wrong
side the threads do not completely cover the canvas, and
1 Bring the needle to front and take
it down over 1 mesh up and to
the right (A). Take it under 1 thread
so the resulting fabric is not so strong. Use interlock, (or double thread) immediately
double, or plastic canvas for this stitch. below, ready to begin next stitch.

Wrong side

2 Repeat Step 1
across the row as
shown. At the end of
3 Work back, coming up into holes occupied by stitches of
first row. On alternate rows, work down into holes used
in previous row.
row, leave needle on
wrong side of canvas.

106 Needlepoint designs

TRAM

Tram (or tramming) is a technique of laying long

horizontal stitches to provide a foundation for other
stitches, such as half-cross stitch on double canvas,
1 Bring the needle to the front of the canvas, between
2 paired horizontal threads. Take it down between the
same pair of threads, no more than 3cm (1in) away.
or gobelin stitch on single canvas. Repeat over following pairs of threads.

2 If additional width is needed, bring the needle

up to the left of where the first tram stitch
ended, under 1 vertical canvas thread, splitting the
yarn. Continue across required width.

3 Work the chosen stitches over the tram; here,

half-cross stitch is shown, using a contrasting
colour for clarity.

Needlepoint designs 107

BEADED TENT STITCH

For additional texture you can add beads to tent stitch

or half-cross stitch. Choose beads with holes large enough
for your thread. For solid bead work choose beads the same
size as the stitches.

Bring the needle to the front. Slip a bead on the needle

and slide it down the thread. Take the needle to the back
to complete the stitch.

GOBELIN STITCH

Also called slanted gobelin, this easy stitch is ideal for

backgrounds. The horizontal, ridged effect can be enhanced
with tram.

108 Needlepoint designs

 B

1 Bring the needle up at A and take it over 1 vertical thread

to the right and 2 horizontal threads above to B. Bring it
up again 2 vertical threads to the left to work the next stitch.
2 On following rows take the needle down into the holes
occupied by the stitches of the previous row, missing
the first hole in the row.
Continue to the end of the row.

ENCROACHING GOBELIN STITCH

This is a smoother form of gobelin stitch. The slight overlap

makes it perfect for producing a shaded effect. Encroaching
gobelin stitch is useful for filling large background areas fast.
1 Work the first row as for gobelin stitch,
but take the stitches over 5 horizontal
canvas threads.
Work only on single canvas.

2 On following rows, insert the needle over the same

horizontal thread crossed by the bottom ends of the
stitches in the previous row so that the rows overlap by
1 thread.

Needlepoint designs 109

CUSHION STITCH

Also called squares pattern or flat stitch, this is made of

graduated diagonal stitches that form squares. The stitches
of adjacent squares slant in opposite directions, giving the
work a strong textural effect.

1 Beginning at A, work seven diagonal stitches over

1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, and 1 mesh, forming a square.

2 Work another square to the right, using a contrasting

colour if desired, and with stitches slanting to the left.
Here, for clarity, the first colour has been fastened off; 3 In following rows, continue to work squares, alternating
the direction of the stitches as shown, even if working in
normally you would use 2 needles and colours alternately. a single colour.

110 Needlepoint designs

CHEQUER STITCH

Used for covering large areas, this stitch can be worked in

two (or more) colours to enhance the chequerboard effect,
or in one colour to emphasize the textural contrast.
1 Starting at A, work 7 graduated diagonal stitches
over 1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, and 1 mesh, forming a square.

2 Work the next square in 4 rows of continental

105106).
or diagonal tent stitches (see pages 161162).
Alternate these 2 squares to fill the area.

SCOTTISH STITCH

This stitch forms a lattice effect. Although it can be

worked in a single colour, the effect is more pronounced if
contrasting colours or different textures of yarn are used.
1 Work a block of 5 diagonal stitches over 3 horizontal
and 3 vertical threads. Work more blocks, slanting the
stitches in the same direction, leaving 1 canvas thread free
between the blocks.

2 Fill the spaces between the blocks with continental tent

104), slanting them in the same direction
stitch (see page 160),
as the block stitches.

Needlepoint designs 111

MOSAIC STITCH

A
A

Chequerboard: Starting at A in first Single colour: Work in rows, starting

Worked in two colours, mosaic colour, work block of 3 stitches over at A. Work all top short stitches and
stitch forms a chequerboard pattern. 2 vertical and 2 horizontal threads. longer stitches across a row. Fill in the
It can also be worked in a single Leave 2 vertical threads. Work next bottom short stitches on the next row.
colour, producing a subtle texture. block. Fill in with second colour.

DIAGONAL STITCH

This stitch produces a strongly diagonal effect, which can

be enhanced by working it in stripes of contrasting colours. 1 Work each row from top left
to bottom right. Come up at
A, take the needle over 2, 3, 4,
and 3 mesh. Repeat sequence.

2 On subsequent rows, fit the stitches together as

shown, with 4-mesh stitches next to 2-mesh stitches
and vice versa.

112 Needlepoint designs

MOORISH STITCH

This stitch is a combination of interlinked squares, worked

on the diagonal, and tent stitches. Worked in contrasting
colours, the effect is a zigzag striped pattern,.
1 Starting at A, work 4 diagonal
stitches over 1, 2, 3, and 2 mesh.
Repeat the sequence to the end.

2 For the next row, work tent stitches following the edge
of the interlinked squares, using contrasting thread, if
desired. Repeat 2-row sequence to fill the shape.

BYZANTINE STITCH

Useful for filling large areas, Byzantine stitch forms

a bold stepped pattern with a satiny texture. 1 Work from lower right to upper left, starting at A.
Take the needle over 4 vertical and 4 horizontal
threads. Work 5 more identical stitches above.
Change direction, working 5 stitches horizontally to
the left, then 5 vertically, and so on as required.

2 Work following rows in same way,

fitting them below the preceding row.

Needlepoint designs 113

JACQUARD STITCH

The step pattern of Jacquard

stitch is accentuated by using
contrasting colours or combining
1 Work from lower right to upper
left. Wider rows are worked over
2 horizontal and 2 vertical threads.
matt and shiny threads. Each step consists of 5 stitches.

2 Alternate rows are worked in tent

stitch, either in contrasting thread,
as shown, or in the same thread.

MILANESE STITCH

This stitch is constructed of

interlocking triangles worked
in backstitch. It is excellent
1 Start at A. Work diagonal
stitches over 1, 2, 3, and
4 mesh to form a triangle.
for backgrounds.

2 Work backwards and forwards

in rows of backstitch to form
the pattern: first row, work over 2,
1 and 2 mesh; next, over 2, 2, and
2; next, over 2, 3, and 2; next, over
1, 1, 4, 1, and 1. Continue to build
up the pattern.

114 Needlepoint designs

ORIENTAL STITCH

This scaled-up version of Milanese stitch (see opposite) is

useful for filling backgrounds. It can be worked in one colour,
but its structure is easier to grasp if practised in two colours.
1 Work rows of triangles over 1, 2, 3, and 4 mesh, with
rows of triangles pointing up and down alternately and
bases touching.

2 In the remaining spaces work groups of 3 diagonal

stitches over 2 mesh.

STEM STITCH

This attractive stitch is suggestive

of grass or wheat. The diagonal
stitches can be used on their own,
1 Beginning at A, work a diagonal
stitch over 2 mesh. Continue
to the top, then work down alongside
2 Using a
contrasting
thread, if desired,
but working lines of backstitch these stitches, slanting the next row work backstitches
between them in a contrasting colour in the opposite direction. Work between the rows
accentuates the vertical quality. rows across the canvas. of diagonal stitches.

Needlepoint designs 115

CROSSED CORNERS CUSHION STITCH

110),
This pretty variation of cushion stitch (see page 166),
is produced by covering half of a square with diagonal
stitches worked at a right angle to the first ones. Many
1 Work a square of a cushion stitch over 4 threads.
After working the last corner stitch, bring the needle
up in the hole just above the first corner stitch.
different effects can be created by varying the positions
of the top stitches.

Work 4 diagonal stitches to cover 12 of the block. Bring

2 the needle up 5 vertical threads to the left at A. Work
another cushion stitch in the same direction as the previously
3 Cross the inner corner
of this square as for the
previous one. Continuing in
worked crossing stitches. an anti-clockwise direction,
work 2 more squares with
crossed corners.

116 Needlepoint designs

Straight stitches
All of the stitches in this section are formed by working in a vertical or horizontal direction. Most of them are
easy to work; in fact, many needlepoint kits are worked in a modified form of long stitch (see page 177) 1 2 1 ) that
covers the canvas very quickly. However, you should avoid using very long stitches for an object that will
receive wear, as they are likely to snag. All the stitches in this section are best worked on single canvas.

UPRIGHT GOBELIN STITCH

Also called straight gobelin, this simple stitch is useful

for backgrounds. If worked over 2 horizontal threads,
it produces a ridged appearance. This effect can be
enhanced by working it over tram (see page 163).107). For
a flatter, glossier effect, work over 3 or 4 threads.

1 Work the first row from left to right. Bring the needle up
at A and take it down over 2 horizontal threads above
this. Bring it up 1 vertical thread to the right of A to work
the next stitch.

2 Continue across the row. Work the row below from

right to left and return in the opposite direction.

Needlepoint designs 117

GOBELIN FILLING STITCH

This easy stitch lends itself well to shading. Normally

worked over 6 horizontal threads, the same basic method
can be used over 4 threads to make a sturdier fabric.
1 Starting at top left (A), or top right,
work a row of vertical stitches over
6 horizontal threads, leaving 2 vertical
threads between them.

2 On the following rows, work the stitches between

those of the previous row, placing them 3 horizontal
threads below, to form a staggered pattern.

118 Needlepoint designs

RANDOM STRAIGHT STITCH

This stitch is especially good for producing

shaded effects and suggesting sky or fields.

Work rows backwards and forwards, varying the length

of stitches over 2, 3, or 4 horizontal threads. Take the
needle down into the same hole as the stitch immediately
above. Avoid working 2 adjacent stitches over the
same horizontal thread.

PARISIAN STITCH

This is good for filling backgrounds

and can be used for shaded effects. 1 Come out at A and take the
needle down 6 horizontal
threads above. Come up
4 horizontal threads down and
1 vertical thread to the right.
Take it down 2 threads above.
Repeat long and short stitches
to end of row.

2 On next row, work long stitches

below short ones.

Needlepoint designs 119

TWILL STITCH

Quick and easy to work this is a good choice for

a smooth background. It has a strongly diagonal feel,
resembling the weave of twill fabric.
1 Bring the needle up
at A and take it down
over 3 horizontal threads
above this point. Come out
A
1 thread below the first
stitch and 1 vertical thread
to the right. Continue.

2 Work following rows

also from left to right.

DOUBLE TWILL STITCH

Here, the diagonal feel is accentuated by lines of short

stitches alternating with longer ones. This effect can be
enhanced by working the short stitches in a different colour.
1 Work from top right
to lower left. Start
at A. Work a vertical stitch
over 4 threads. Come out
A 1 thread down from bottom
of the first stitch and work
another vertical stitch.
Continue to end of row.

2 Work the next row over

2 threads. Alternate rows
of long and short stitches.

120 Needlepoint designs

LONG STITCH

This stitch produces a pattern of

interlocking triangles. It is especially
attractive worked in a lustrous thread,
1 Start at top left (A) with a vertical stitch over 1 horizontal
thread. Work the following stitches over 2, 3, 4, 3,
and 2 threads. Repeat sequence across row.
such as stranded cotton floss.
A

2 Work the next row in reverse, filling in

the triangular spaces left by the first row.
Repeat to fill space.

HUNGARIAN DIAMOND STITCH

This simple stitch produces

a smooth-textured lattice pattern
that is good for large areas.
1 Work from right to left from A, working blocks
of vertical stitches over 2, 4, 6, 4, and 2
horizontal threads and leaving 2 vertical threads
between each block.

2 On following rows, fit blocks into the spaces left by previous row.

Needlepoint designs 121

HUNGARIAN STITCH

This stitch may be worked all in one colour or, as shown,

in two colours for a mosaic effect. 1 Start at A. Work 3 vertical
stitches over 2, 4, and 2 horizontal
threads. Leave 2 vertical canvas threads
and work an identical group of stitches
to the right. Repeat to end of row.

2 For following rows, work groups into spaces left by

the stitches in previous row, changing to a different
colour if desired.

WEAVING STITCH

This stitch creates the illusion

of a woven fabric. It consists of
blocks of straight stitches worked
in alternating directions.

1 Start at A with a block of

3 horizontal straight stitches,
worked over 4 vertical threads.
2 Continue working blocks
of 3 stitches over 4 threads,
alternating the direction with each
Come up at B and take the needle block. The sides of the outer stitches
down over 4 threads, directly above in each block overlap the ends of
A. Work 2 more vertical stitches. the stitches in adjacent blocks.

122 Needlepoint designs

Crossed stitches
Stitches formed by crossing one thread over another are among the most widely used in needlepoint and create many
interesting textures. Some, however, may leave areas of canvas exposed; choose a relatively thick thread to avoid this.
Unless otherwise stated, work on either single or double canvas.

CROSS STITCH

Cross stitch is one of the most Cross stitch on single Cross stitch on double canvas:
widely used needlepoint stitches and canvas: Come up at A. Work Work as for single canvas, but
creates a hard-wearing fabric. You a stitch over 2 mesh to upper each stitch is worked over 1
can complete each stitch individually left. Come out 2 horizontal (double) mesh instead of 2.
or work it in two stages, as shown. threads below. Work from right A relatively fine thread should be
to left. Work back in the used; here, Persian wool is used
opposite direction, crossing on 7-count double canvas.
first stitches with stitches
slanting from lower left to
upper right.

UPRIGHT CROSS STITCH

Despite its small size, this stitch is both useful and

attractive, with a nubby quality that makes it ideal for
depicting rough textures.
1 Start at A. Work 1 straight stitch
over 2 horizontal threads. Cross this
with a backstitch over 2 vertical threads.
Repeat to end of row.

2 On following rows, work in alternate directions,

placing stitches between those of previous row.

Needlepoint designs 123

DIAGONAL CROSS STITCH

This is a series of upright

cross stitches separated
by diagonal stitches. Work
1 Work from lower right
to upper left. Come
out at A. Take the needle
B

on single canvas. down over 4 horizontal

threads above. Bring it up
again at A and down over
2 mesh above and to the A
right. Come out 4 threads
to the left at B.

2 Work a horizontal
straight stitch, coming
up at B to complete first
3 Continue working
upright cross and
diagonal stitches to
cross and first diagonal B complete the row. Work
stitch. Work a vertical following rows under
straight stitch over previous ones. Take care
4 threads, bringing that all horizontal stitches
needle out again at B. lie on top of vertical ones.

OBLONG CROSS STITCH

This simple variant of basic cross stitch has

a ridged appearance and is useful for working
borders. Work on single canvas.
1 Work in 2 stages. Starting
at A, work a row of diagonal
stitches over 4 horizontal and
2 vertical threads.

2 Work back over these stitches

in the opposite direction.

124 Needlepoint designs

LONG ARMED CROSS STITCH

This stitch produces an attractive plaited effect. Use just

a few rows for a border, or more for a background. Work
on single canvas.
1 Work all rows from left to
right. Come up at A and take
needle down 6 vertical threads to
the right and 3 horizontal threads
above. Come up 3 threads below.

2 Take needle down 3 vertical

threads to the left and 3 horizontal
threads above. Come up 3 threads
3 Repeat Steps 1 and 2 to end of
row. Work following rows beneath
previous ones, always working left
below. This completes the first stitch. to right.

Needlepoint designs 125

ALTERNATING CROSS STITCH DOUBLE STRAIGHT CROSS STITCH

Also known as double stitch, this is good for quickly Also called double cross stitch, this has a highly
filling in a background. Work only on single canvas. textured surface that covers the canvas well.

1 Start at A. Work a stitch up

over 6 horizontal threads and
2 vertical ones to the left. Come
1 Start at A. Work
a straight cross stitch
over 4 vertical and
out 6 threads below and take the 4 horizontal canvas
needle down 6 threads above A. threads. Come up
1 mesh below and to
the right of centre and
work an ordinary cross
123)
stitch (see page 179)
A
over 4 canvas threads.

2 Come out 4 threads below

and 2 vertical threads to
the left. A

3 Work an ordinary cross

over 2 horizontal and

123)
stitch (see page 179) 2 Work stitches from
left to right, with
their horizontal arms
2 vertical threads. Ensure meeting as shown. On
that the top stitch slants the following row, work
to the left. Alternate from right to left, fitting
stitches to end of row. stitches in between
those of previous row.

4 On following rows, place

oblong crosses below square
ones and vice versa.

126 Needlepoint designs

SMYRNA STITCH

Also called leviathan stitch, this is essentially the reverse

of double straight cross stitch, but it produces a square grid
pattern instead of a diamond-shaped one.
1 Start at A. Work a cross stitch over
4 vertical and 4 horizontal threads,
working top stitch from lower right to
upper left. Come out on the bottom line
between 2 central vertical threads.

2 Work a vertical stitch over 4 threads, coming out in the

centre of the left-hand side. 3 Complete the straight cross with a
horizontal stitch, taking the needle
down in the centre of the right-hand
side. Come up at the lower right-hand
corner, to begin the next stitch. Work
additional rows from left to right under
previous row.

Needlepoint designs 127

FISHBONE STITCH

This stitch produces a striking vertical zigzag pattern. Work in vertical rows,
alternately up and down. Work only on single canvas. 1 Work a diagonal stitch from lower
left to upper right over 3 vertical
and 3 horizontal rows, coming out
1 vertical thread to the left.

2 Cross this stitch with a stitch

over 1 mesh, bringing the
needle out 1 horizontal thread
3 Repeat Step 1, coming up to
the right of previously worked
long stitch. Cross the long stitch
4 Work the next row upwards
(to right of the first). Come up
1 thread above the end of the last
below starting point. with a short one, as in Step 2. crossing stitch of the completed row
Repeat Steps 12. and down 3 threads below and to
right. Cross this with a stitch over
1 mesh.

128 Needlepoint designs

KNOTTED STITCH

Good for backgrounds, knotted stitch fills an area

quickly and easily, producing an attractive plaited effect. 1 Start at A. Take the needle down
over 6 horizontal and 2 vertical
threads above and to right. Bring it up
4 threads below and cross 2 mesh
up and to left. Bring it up 2 threads
to left of A.

2 Working from right to left, work

the next stitch in the same way
as the first.
3 On the following row, work from left
to right, fitting the stitches between
those in the previous row and working
short crossing stitches from upper left to
lower right.

Needlepoint designs 12 9
RICE STITCH

This popular stitch can also

be worked in a single colour. 1 Work rows of cross stitches
123), over 4 vertical
(see page 179),
and 4 horizontal threads.
3 Cross the lower right arm with
a second stitch, coming out
centre left to work the third stitch
over the lower left arm. Come up at
centre top and work last stitch over
A
upper left arm. Come out at centre
top of next stitch. Repeat.

2 Using either matching or

contrasting thread, and
starting at A, work a diagonal
stitch over 2 mesh, crossing the
upper right arm of cross stitch.
Come out at centre bottom.

Loop Stitches
Some needlepoint stitches entail forming a loop of thread on the canvas. Here are two of the most useful.
Pile stitch is worked on interlock or double canvas (including rug canvas), and preferably on a frame. These
can be worked on double or single canvas.

CHAIN STITCH

This creates a flat texture

resembling stocking stitch in knitting
and is useful for filling backgrounds.
1 Come up at the top and take the
needle down in the same hole,
leaving a loop on the surface. Come
3 At the end of the row, work
a short stitch over 1 thread to
secure the last loop. Leave 2 vertical
Work in vertical downward lines. up 2 canvas threads below the threads between rows.
starting point, over the loop.

2 Pull the thread through (not too

tightly) to form the first stitch.

130 Needlepoint designs

PILE STITCH

This produces a series of loops

on the canvas, which can either
be left uncut as shown or cut to
2 Take the needle down
again over the same mesh.
Come up 1 horizontal thread
produce a velvet effect. below, leaving a loop on the
surface over the needle.

1 Work in rows from left to right,

proceeding from the bottom to
the top. Begin with a diagonal stitch
over 1 mesh, coming out again at
the starting point.

3 Adjust the length of the loop, then

anchor it by working a diagonal
stitch over it and over the starting
5 Work each following row over
the canvas thread just above
previously worked stitches. When all
stitch. Come out in the same hole the stitches have been worked you
to begin the next stitch. can, if you wish, carefully cut through
each row of loops using a small pair
of scissors.

4 To ensure loops are the

same length, slip a knitting
needle through them from left to
right and work each one over it;
slide the needle back a little to
complete the stitch.

Needlepoint designs 131

Star stitches
The stitches in this section are formed of individual stitches radiating outwards from one or more points, which may
be in the centre of the stitch or on one side of it. Unless otherwise stated, these stitches can be worked on either single
or double canvas.

STAR STITCH

Also called Algerian eye, this simple but attractive stitch

consists of eight stitches radiating from a central point.
Use a relatively thick thread to cover the canvas. Work
1 Work in horizontal rows, starting each stitch at
the upper right-hand corner on right-to-left rows
and the upper left-hand corner on left-to-right rows.
only on single canvas.

2 Come up at A and down over 2 mesh below

left; this is the centre. Work the next stitch
over 2 horizontal threads, again into the centre,
and come up at the upper left-hand corner.

3 Continue to work anti-clockwise around centre.

After working the eighth stitch, come up at the
upper left-hand corner, ready to begin the next stitch.

4 At the end of the row, come up at the lower left-hand

corner and go down diagonally over 2 mesh to start
the next stitch. Again, work in an anti-clockwise direction.

132 Needlepoint designs

FAN STITCH

Also known as ray stitch,

this is worked in alternate
rows in different directions.
For a denser version use
nine stitches instead of five.

1 Start at A. Work a straight stitch over 4 horizontal threads.

Work 4 more stitches radiating out from this corner point,
to form a square over 4 horizontal/vertical threads. Note that
2 Work the next fan stitch
immediately to the left,
coming up at the top
3 On the following
row, work as before,
but with the individual
there is a space (2 canvas threads) at the edge between each left-hand corner of the first stitches pointing to
stitch; for a 9-stitch block, work into all the spaces. stitch. Continue to end of row. the right.

Needlepoint designs 133

DIAMOND EYELET STITCH

This decorative, large-scale stitch can be used either

singly or as a background. As 16 stitches must fit into
the central hole, you can widen the hole with the points
1 Bring the needle up at A, 4 threads left of centre.
Take down into centre (B). Come up 3 vertical
threads to left and 1 thread above. Take down at B.
of embroidery scissors or use a relatively thin thread, Come up under 2 vertical and 2 horizontal threads.
such as soft embroidery cotton. If you need to widen the
holes to accommodate the thread, you should not use
interlock or double canvas for this stitch.

A B

2 Continue working stitches

around the centre hole to
form a diamond.

3 After working the sixteenth stitch, bring the needle up at A,

where the first stitch emerged. Take it down 4 canvas
threads to left; this will be the centre hole for the next stitch.
4 Work the next row from left to right, fitting the stitches
into the same holes occupied by those of the previous
row. Work backstitches, if desired, between the eyelets.
Work 16 stitches.

134 Needlepoint designs

LEAF STITCH

This stitch is perfect for suggesting large-scale foliage.

Use a smooth thread to show its structure to best advantage. 1 Work rows in alternate directions,
from top to bottom. Beginning at
the base of the leaf at A, work a
diagonal stitch over 4 horizontal and
3 vertical threads to the left. Work 2
more identical stitches above.

2 For the fourth stitch, work over only 2 vertical threads.

Bring the needle up in the centre.

3 For the fifth stitch,

take the needle over
4 horizontal and 1 vertical
4 Work the
remaining 5
stitches as a mirror
5 Begin the next stitch
6 vertical threads to the
right (or left) of the base of
thread. For the top stitch, image of the first 5. the first one.
miss 2 horizontal threads
and work a stitch directly
above the centre line,
over 3 threads.

6 To begin the following row, count downwards

6 horizontal threads and 3 vertical threads to the
left (or right) of the upper leafs centre line.

Needlepoint designs 135

Final touches
When youve worked the last stitch in your needlepoint, you now face the
task of making it up into the finished article a cushion cover or wall hanging
perhaps. The first step is to get the work itself into pristine condition.

Blocking and pressing

Blocking needlepoint gets the work back into shape if it has become distorted during stitching. Before you do this,
hold the piece up to a strong light to check no stitches are missing, and pull any wisps of yarn to the wrong side with
the point of a tapestry needle.

WET BLOCKING

If the corners of your work

are not square, you will need
to wet-block it on a blocking
board. This should be a piece
of plywood or softwood that
will accommodate fairly large
pieces of work.

Measure 2 adjacent
1 sides of the canvas.
On a sheet of blotting paper,
using a permanent marking
pen and a set square and ruler,
draw the correct outline of the
canvas. Fasten the paper to
the board at the corners with
masking tape or drawing pins.

136 Needlepoint designs

 2 Lay the needlepoint face down on the ironing board or
on a clean turkish towel and dampen it thoroughly with
a wet sponge or a spray bottle.
4 Lay the wet needlepoint on the blocking board within
the marked canvas outline (face down unless the work
is highly textured). Secure it in place with drawing pins,
stretching the canvas to fit the outline.

3 Pull on the canvas in the direction opposite the

distortion, starting at diagonally opposite corners
and working towards the centre.
5 Leave the work to dry before removing it from the board.
Check the corners of the needlepoint with the set square
to make sure they are square.

DAMP PRESSING

In some cases, the needlepoint will fit the marked

outline perfectly and can simply be damp-pressed.
Place it face down on an ironing board (or face up
if it is highly textured) and lay a damp cotton cloth
on top. Gently place a hot, dry iron over the whole
area, repeatedly setting the iron down and lifting
it up do not use an ironing motion. Leave the
needlepoint to dry naturally before handling it.

Needlepoint designs 137

Seams and edges
Before joining a piece of needlepoint to a piece of fabric (as for a cushion cover), you should trim the edges to about
23cm (341in); this will remove the selvedge, if any, and any uneven edges of canvas caused in the blocking.

STITCHING SEAMS REDUCING BULK

If you are joining the work to fabric, use the zip foot of At the corners, trim the canvas (and other fabric layer, if
the sewing machine, working on the needlepoint side any) diagonally across, as shown, leaving a scant 1cm (38in)
and stitching as close to the needlepoint as possible. Use between the stitched corner and the diagonally cut edge.
a heavy-duty needle (size 90 or 100) and strong thread. Steam-press the seam open. Turn the work right side out,
If you havent got access to a sewing machine, you will and gently but firmly push the corners out to a neat point.
need to sew the seam by hand, using backstitch. Or take
the work to a company that offers a making-up service.

138 Needlepoint designs

MITRING A CORNER

A piece that will be lined for

example, a wall hanging will need
to have the canvas edges turned to
the wrong side. At the corners the
canvas must be neatly mitred to
produce as little bulk as possible.
(Here, the mitre is shown on bare
canvas; in actuality, the needlepoint
would extend to the fold).

1 Cut a small square out of the

corner of the canvas, leaving
2 or 3 canvas threads at the inner
corner. With the wrong side facing,
fold the two canvas corners down
to leave a diagonal fold.

2 Fold the canvas edges to the

wrong side, pressing them
firmly with your fingers. Bring the
folded edges over to meet diagonally,
forming a mitre, as shown.

3 Thread a chenille or large

crewel needle with strong
thread, such as button thread.
Anchor this to the corner with
a few backstitches, then oversew
the mitred edges together firmly.

Needlepoint designs 139

Lining a piece of needlepoint
You can line a piece of needlepoint by sewing it to the lining fabric right sides together, turning through a gap and
slipstitching the opening closed. A neater result may be achieved by hand-stitching the lining in place. Use a firmly
woven fabric for the lining.

1 Cut the lining the same

size as the needlepoint,
including seam allowances.
Mitre the corners of the
needlepoint. Steam-press
the canvas seam allowances
down over the wrong side.
(Here only canvas and
lining are shown, to
illustrate the principle).

2 Press the lining

seam allowances
to the wrong side and
mitre the corners.

3 Place the 2 pieces wrong sides

together with edges matching.
Tack together through all layers. Leave
a gap for a hanging pole, if required.

4 Using strong thread, slip stitch

through both folded edges.

140 Needlepoint designs

Lacing needlepoint over card
If your project is a picture, intended for framing, you will need to lace it over a piece of card. This method is also used
for other embroidered pictures, but in the case of needlepoint, it is advisable to leave a small margin of bare canvas on
the front, which can then be covered by the mount.

1 Cut a piece of thick card the size of

the needlepoint plus 5mm (14in) all
around. Remove the tape from the
canvas edges, but leave a margin of
canvas, 45cm (1122in) wide. Lay the
canvas face down on a clean surface
and place the card on top.

2 Fold the longer edges of canvas over the card; hold

them in place temporarily with pins stuck in the card
edges. Using a tapestry needle and strong thread attached to
the spool, work herringbone stitches (see page 42)
74) from
one canvas edge to the other. Start at the centre and work
out to each side in turn. 3 Repeat Step 2 to lace the 2 shorter sides together.
Oversew the overlapping canvas edges at the corners.

Needlepoint designs 141

Finishing and joining plastic canvas
One advantage of plastic canvas is that you neednt worry about raw edges. You can finish or join plastic edges
by oversewing with thread, using a tapestry needle.

FINISHING

1 Run the needle through a few stitches

close to the edge on the wrong side,
towards the starting point. Bring the needle
to the front through the first hole, take it
over the edge and bring it to the front again
through the next hole. Oversew to the end.

2 When you reach a corner, work 2 or 3 stitches into the same

hole to cover the plastic edge completely. 3 Fasten off by taking the needle through a few stitches on the
underside. Trim the end close to the stitches.

142 Needlepoint designs

JOINING

1 Fasten the thread on the wrong side of 1 piece

(see opposite). Place the 2 pieces together with
wrong sides facing and edges aligned.

2 Oversew through the corresponding holes. Pinch the edges together as you stitch so
that the stitches along the edge will lie smoothly.

Needlepoint designs 143

FLORENTINE WORK
Florentine work
This distinctive style of needlepoint is named for the Italian city where it
flourished in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. It is also called Bargello,
after the palace of that name in Florence. Today, Florentine work remains
very popular as it is so enjoyable to stitch.

Basic Florentine stitch

Use single canvas for Florentine work. A smooth effect is best achieved with several strands of crewel wool, as shown
in the samples that follow, although tapestry wool (shown right) and Persian wool also work well.

117)
This is simply upright gobelin stitch (see page 173)
worked in a stepped pattern. Each stitch is the same length,
and the stitches may be worked over 3, 4, or more threads.

This sample uses the same number of stitches, worked

over 4 threads, but with only a 1-thread step instead of 2.

Peak

Valley

Here, a three-thread step has been used, creating a very

steep pattern. The high and low points are called peaks
and valleys.

146 Florentine work

 1 Come up at A and go
down over 4 horizontal
threads above. Come out
2 Work 4 more
stitches. When
completing the fifth (top)
1 vertical thread to the stitch, bring the needle
right and 2 horizontal out 2 horizontal threads
threads below. below and 1 vertical
A thread to the right.

3 On the downward
slope, insert the needle
2 threads up from the
4 To begin the
next upward
slope, bring the
bottom of previous stitch needle up 2 threads
and 1 vertical thread to the above the bottom
right, from the bottom of of previous stitch
the previous stitch. and 1 vertical
thread to the right.

ALTERNATIVE METHOD

1 This produces longer stitches on the underside. Bring

the needle out at the bottom of the valley at A. Take
it down over 4 threads below, then bring it up 6 horizontal
2 Continue to the top of the peak. Begin the
downward slope by bringing the needle up
2 horizontal threads beneath and 1 vertical thread
threads above and 1 vertical thread to right. Take it down to the right. Work each stitch on the downward
4 threads below and bring it up 6 threads above and slope, always bringing the needle up at the bottom
1 vertical thread to the right. of the stitch and taking it down at the top.

Florentine work 147

Variations on Florentine
A virtually infinite number of patterns can be created by varying the size and placement of the Florentine stitches.
Here are just a few of them.

SWAGGED ZIGZAGS SCALLOPS

Here the basic zigzag pattern has been widened The use of wider blocks of stitches, along with a gradual
and slightly curved by changing the bottom 2 stitches into variation in step depth, will produce curves. Here groups of
2-stitch blocks and working the top 3 stitches over 1-thread 2, 3, and 5 stitches and a variation in step depth from 1 to
steps to form a steep pinnacle. All the stitches are the same 3 threads, have been used to produce scallops.
size, covering 4 threads.

CURVES AND PINNACLES CURVES AND PINNACLES (WIDENED)

Here the zigzag, shown above, has been lengthened by Here the curves and pinnacles are given a shallower
adding an extra 2-stitch block and turning the pinnacle outline by working the stitches over 3 threads instead of 4.
upside down, forming an extended, sinuous line. Note that
the lower part of the pattern is identical to the upper part.

148 Florentine work

MOTIFS SECONDARY MOTIFS

Some Florentine patterns The spaces in between

consist of motifs, rather than motifs are called secondary
lines. These are produced by motifs. These can be
taking a section of a line worked in a modified or
pattern and working it as completely different colour
a mirror image. For example, scheme. Here, a few stitches
the scallop row can be of black accentuate the
reversed to create an space between motifs.
oval motif. Stitches within You can also use a different
the motif can be shortened stitch in this area, such
to meet in the middle. as a single diamond eyelet
134)
(see page 190).

HUNGARIAN POINT

This variant of Florentine work has an ingenious pattern of

long stitches combined with short ones. It is most effective
worked in four closely related shades.
1 Work in rows from right to left. Establish
the basic line, using the darkest colour.
Come up at A and down over 6 canvas A
threads below. Work a stitch over 2 threads,
1 vertical thread and 1 step down to the
left. Repeat. Work 2 long stitches, each
1 step down from the previous stitch.

2 Work a stitch over 2 threads

at the bottom, as shown.
Repeat this sequence in reverse
on the upward slope.

3 Work the next row directly under

the first one, following a sequence
of 2 short, 2 long, and 2 short. On
4 For the last row, work
2 long stitches, 2 short,
and 2 long the last stitch
the third row, work 1 short, 2 long, forming the lowest point of
and 2 short, then work a long stitch the pattern. Repeat these
at the bottom. 4 rows to form the pattern.

Florentine work 149

Designing a Florentine project
If youd like to try designing needlepoint but find the prospect a bit daunting, start with some Florentine designs. No
drawing ability is required, and you dont have to hunt for source material. The simplest design technique is to take an
existing pattern and change the colours, as shown below. You may wish first to consult a colour wheel to familiarize
yourself with the principles of colour. Then buy some small skeins of your chosen colours and work a sample or two
to see the effect.

CHANGE THE COLOURS

This flame stitch pattern is worked in

six colours. Here, the pink and green are
contrasting, with the shape defined by the
darker shades at top and bottom.

Here the cool green is contrasted with hot

orange for an even more vibrant effect.

150 Florentine work

Hot colours can be combined successfully.
Here pink and magenta are paired with
warm yellows, with an intervening band
of lilac to cool things down a little.

WORKING A FLORENTINE PROJECT

It is important, when beginning a piece of Florentine work, to sure that the pattern has been correctly established, you will find
get the main line of the design correct, so take a little time over that (in most designs) the remaining rows will follow naturally. If
this. Mark the vertical centre of your canvas; if the design is of the design is of the motif type (see for example the Pomegranate
the motif type (see page 149)
205) you will also need to mark the 154) you should begin by working the outline of the
on page 210),
horizontal centre. Then find the centre of the chart. Begin stitching motif; then work the filling stitches. The same is true of the
at the centre and work to one side; then work out to the other lattice-type design, such as the one shown on page 155211.
side. Check the stitches carefully against the chart. Once you are

Florentine work 151

Starting from scratch
To create your own Florentine design you will need some large-scale graph paper, a ruler, a pencil, some coloured
pencils, fibre-tip pens, or crayons. A small rectangular mirror will also be useful.

PLANNING A ROW DESIGN

1 Begin by marking a random row of stitches across a piece

of large-scale graph paper. Make sure theyre all the same
length and that any steps overlap the adjacent stitch by at least
3 Take another piece of graph paper large enough for
your complete design, and mark the vertical centre on it.
Near the top of the paper, chart the stitches of the main row,
1 grid (canvas) line. starting at the centre and working outwards. Using coloured
pencils, pens, or crayons, add more rows below the main

2 Choose a section of the row that could make a pleasing

design. If you have a mirror, move it along the row until
you see a pattern that you like reflected symmetrically in it.
row; change the colour scheme if necessary. If you wish to
149) start
design a motif-type Florentine pattern (see page 205),
with a row design, as in step 2, then run a mirror across
Draw a line along the mirror, and draw another line to each the grid, at a 90-degree angle to the marked stitches until
side, equidistant from the centre. This marks the a pleasing motif emerges.
repeat pattern.

152 Florentine work

PLANNING A FOUR-WAY DESIGN TIPS FOR ADJUSTING

-
When charting a symmetrical

Also called kaleidoscope or mitred
Florentine, these fascinating patterns
consist of four identical quarters that
1 Using graph paper and a mirror,
create a row pattern as described
opposite. Draw a line through the centre
section of a row, check the position
of two corresponding stitches by
running a pencil lightly from the
meet in the centre. Again, you should of the row, parallel to the stitch lines. bottom of one stitch to the bottom
start with the dominant line of the Now place the mirror over the row at a of its opposite number to make
pattern. You can begin at the outer 45-degree angle and move it along until sure they are aligned. Also check
edge of the design and work inwards a pleasing pattern appears. Draw a line that you have the same number
or vice versa. diagonally to the centre at this point. of stitches in both halves of the
line or motif.
Centre hole Place mirror here
-
Some trial and error is
involved in designing Florentine
work especially the four-way
designs. Once youve established
your dominant line and transferred
it to the full-size graph paper,
make a few photocopies to use,
if necessary, for colour changes.

-
If youre not pleased with

Place mirror here the way a four-way pattern is
developing along the diagonal,
make a new chart, moving the
dominant line inwards or outwards.

-
If the dominant line will be

interrupted at the edge of the
design, you can either plan to make
the needlepoint larger or smaller
or choose a different-gauge canvas.

2 Take another piece of graph paper, large enough for one quarter of the whole
design. Mark off a right angle in one corner. Mark a broken line through the
grid at a 45-degree angle. Referring to the original, chart the stitches on the quarter
of the design. Fill in the other colours. Apart from the dominant lines, these can be
confined to one triangle.

Florentine work 153

Florentine designs
Here are five Florentine designs, which you can work as shown or vary as you please, changing the colours or the
148149.
patterns themselves, as described on pages 204205.

POMEGRANATE

The Pomegranate motif is a Florentine classic. When the motifs are placed
together a fascinating 3-D effect is produced. You could, instead, work a single
line of joined motifs on a background of shaded rows of upright gobelin stitch
1 17 ). Each stitch goes over 4 canvas threads.
(see page 173).

154 Florentine work

UNDULATING STRIPES FLAMES

These undulating stripes have a restful rhythm. To accentuate This is a typical flame stitch Florentine pattern, using six
the horizontal character just three colours are used, but you could colours; you can use more or fewer if you prefer. Each stitch
add more colours for more vertical interest. Each stitch goes over in this version goes over 6 canvas threads.
3 canvas threads.

Ws LATTICE

Another traditional Florentine pattern, Ws produces This fascinating lattice design requires a bit of study to get
a jagged, spiky effect. Here five colours are used, and each right, but is well worth the effort. There are 7 long (6-thread)
stitch goes over 4 canvas threads. stitches in each strip of the lattice, and each strip finishes with
a 4-thread and a 2-thread stitch at each end. If you like, you
could use two shades of one colour for the lattice and two
colours in the central spaces.

Florentine work 155

Glossary
Bargello design consists mainly of small holes edged
See Florentine work. with buttonhole stitch; also known as eyelet
lace. Broderie anglaise is traditionally worked
Bias in white thread on white fabric.
The diagonal grain of a woven fabric, at
45 degrees to the straight grain. Couching
An embroidery technique in which a thread
Binding is laid over the surface of the fabric and
A narrow strip of fabric used to cover the raw attached by means of tiny tying stitches
edges of a piece of embroidery to provide a worked vertically or diagonally across it.
neat finish and prevent it from fraying. For
straight edges, the binding can be cut on the Count
straight grain; bias-cut binding has more The number of threads or holes per 2.5cm
stretch, and should always be used for (1in) in each direction of an even-weave fabric
curved edges. or needlepoint canvas; the more threads, the
finer the fabric.
Blocking
In needlepoint, manipulating a finished Crossways grain
piece into the correct shape by wetting and See Weft.
pinning it out, or pinning it out and steam
pressing it. Cutwork
A type of openwork embroidery in which areas
Broderie anglaise of the fabric are stitched and the background
A type of openwork embroidery in which the fabric is then cut away to form lacy patterns.

156 Glossary
Like broderie anglaise, it is traditionally worked Florentine work
in white thread on white fabric. A style of needlepoint that developed in
Florence, Italy, in the sixteenth and seventeenth
Drawn thread work centuries and is characterized by stepped
An openwork embroidery technique that stitches that create curved or zigzag patterns;
involves pulling individual threads from an also known as Bargello.
even-weave fabric, leaving a ladder of
threads in one direction, or an area that can Insertions
be worked by stitching over groups of threads Decorative embroidery stitches worked
in a regular pattern. over an open space between two pieces
of fabric to join them together; also known
Even-weave fabric as faggoting.
A fabric that has the same number of
threads running from left to right as from Lengthways grain
top to bottom. It is used for counted-thread See Warp.
techniques such as cross stitch and
needlepoint. Examples of even-weave fabrics Mirrorwork
include even-weave linen, Aida cloth, Binca, Also called shisha work, a traditional form
and Hardanger. of textile decoration from Central Asia and
India that involves stitching around or over
Faggoting small discs of mirror, glass, or tin to hold
See Insertions. them in place on the fabric.

Glossary 157
Mitre Right side
To finish a corner by stitching adjacent sides The front of a piece of fabric, the side that
of fabric together at a 45-degree angle. will normally be in view when the piece is
made up.
Openwork embroidery
An overall term for a number of Seam
embroidery techniques that open up areas The join formed when two pieces of fabric
of the background fabric to create lacelike are sewn together.
effects. See also broderie anglaise, cutwork,
drawn thread work, insertions, pulled thread Selvedge
work, whitework. The rigid edge woven into each side of a
length of fabric to prevent the fabric from
Plain-weave fabric fraying or unravelling. It occurs when the weft
A tightly woven fabric in which the warp thread turns at the edge of the warp threads to
and weft form a simple criss-cross pattern. start the next row.
The number of threads in each direction
are not necessarily equal. Examples of plain- Shisha
weave fabrics include cotton, linen, and silk. See Mirrorwork.

Pulled thread work Smocking

An openwork embroidery technique in A form of embroidery that involves
which threads on an even-weave fabric gathering fabric into tight folds and then
are pulled together with tight stitches to working decorative stitches over the gathers.
create regular spaces. Traditionally used to decorate the gathers in

158 Glossary
the bodices of dresses, blouses, christening Warp
robes, and smocks. The vertical threads of a woven fabric, also
known as the lengthways grain.
Straight grain
The threads of a woven fabric running Weft
parallel to, or at 90 degrees to, either the The horizontal threads of a woven fabric, also
lengthways (warp) or crossways (weft) known as the crossways grain.
direction of the weave.
Whitework
Surface embroidery A generic term for the embroidery techniques
The general term for decorative surface stitchery of cutwork and broderie anglaise, which are
usually worked on plain-weave fabric. Most traditionally worked in white thread on delicate
techniques on even-weave fabric are openwork. white plain-weave fabrics such as lawn, fine
linen, cambric, and voile.
Tension
The relative tightness used by the stitcher in Wrong side
needlepoint and pulled-thread work. The reverse of a piece of fabric, the side that
will normally be hidden from view when the
Tram, tramming piece is made up.
In needlepoint, the technique of laying long
horizontal stitches to provide a foundation for
other stitches.

Glossary 159
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