Microprocessors and Microcontrollers

I/O Ports
DC Electrical Characteristics

EE3954

by
Maarten Uijt de Haag, Tim Bambeck

I/O Part I.1

 PORTB
PORTA

PORTE

PORTD

PORTC PORTC

PORTD PORTD

Multiplexing of I/O Pins I/O Part I.2

Pin Diagram from Datasheet
I/O Part I.3
Typical I/O Port

I/O Part I.4

Typical I/O Port

Buffers

I/O Part I.5

Typical I/O Port

Flip-Flops

I/O Part I.6

Typical I/O Port

Logic Gates

I/O Part I.7

Typical I/O Port

MOS Transistors
(Output Drivers)

I/O Part I.8

 Overview
DC Electrical Characteristics

I/O Pin
Voltage Current

Levels: Levels:
TTL Sink current
Schmitt Trigger Source current
CMOS Fan-in
Open drain Fan-out

I/O Part I.9

 Input/Output Ports
Most PORT pins can be defined as either input or output
via the TRIS registers.

PORTA, PORTB, PORTC, TRISA, TRISB, TRISC,

PORTD, PORTE TRISD, TRISE

To read/write data from/to Data Direction Registers

inputs/outputs Determines if a pin is an input
(1) or an output (0)
I/O Part I.10
Special Function Registers

STATUS
PORTs TRISs
are in are in
Bank 0 Bank 1 Bank 0: RP1 = 0; RP0 = 0
Bank 1: RP1 = 0; RP0 = 1
I/O Part I.11
 I/O Ports
Example Part 1
PORTA equ 0x05
TRISA equ 0x05

org 0x000
nop

; Select Bank 1 to access the data direction registers (TRIS)

bcf STATUS, RP1
bsf STATUS, RP0

; Set pins 1, 2, 4, and 7 as input

; Set pins 0, 3, 5, and 6 as output
movlw B1001 0110
movwf TRISA

; Select Bank 0 to access the PORT itself

bcf STATUS, RP0

NOTE: 1 looks like an I for input

I/O Part I.12
0 looks like an O for output
 I/O Ports
Example Part 2
; Select Bank 0 to access the PORT itself
bcf STATUS, RP0

; Check the input on 2 and call the subroutine SUB_1 if its is 1

btfsc PORTA, 2
call SUB_1



; Set the output on pin 5 to 0
bcf PORTA, 5


; Set the output on pin 0 to 1
bsf PORTA, 0

I/O Part I.13

NOTE: 1 looks like an I for input; 0 looks like an O for output
 I/O Port
Equivalent Statements

PORTA is at Data Memory address 0x05 and

TRISA is at Data Memory address 0x85
7 least significant bits of 0x05
PORTA equ 0x05
TRISA equ 0x05 00 0000101 -> 0x05
01 0000101 -> 0x85

I/O Part I.14

Typical I/O Port Pin

PORT Writes:

movwf PORTX

movwf TRISX

I/O Part I.15

Typical I/O Port Pin

PORT Reads:

movf PORTX,W

btfss PORTX,2

I/O Part I.16

Typical I/O Port

I/O Part I.17

 Transistor p-channel:

p-channel transistor 1
= Off
Source

Gate
P

0
Drain = On

I/O Part I.18

 Transistor n-channel:

n-channel transistor 1
= On
Drain

Gate
N

0
Source = Off

I/O Part I.19

 Totem Pole Configuration
VDD VDD VDD
V1 = VDD=1; V1 = VSS=0;
V2 = VDD=1 V2 = VSS=0
S
V1
G
P Off On
D I/O Pin 0 (VSS) 1 (VDD)

D
V2
N On Off
G

VSS VSS VSS I/O Part I.20

 Interpretation Example
Writing to TRIS - Output

Here:
VSS = 0
VDD = 1
I/O Part I.21
Interpretation Example
Writing to a PORT Pin - Output

0
1 1
0
0
1 1
0
1
1

Here:
VSS = 0
VDD = 1
I/O Part I.22
 Schmitt Trigger
Regular input buffer: Schmitt Trigger buffer:

Vin Vout Vin Vout

Switching Positive-going
Vin threshold Vin Threshold (4v)

Negative-going
Threshold (1v)

t t

Vout Vout

False switching occurs t Jitter free operation I/O Part I.23t

 I/O Port
DC Electrical Characteristics

Output: Input:
(Minimum high-level output voltage)
VOH (Minimum high-level input voltage)
VIH

VIL
VOL (Maximum low-level input voltage)
(Maximum low-level output voltage)

Increasing voltage

See, for example, Datasheet Page 155/156 (157/158 in PDF)

I/O Part I.24
 I/O Port
Noise Margin
5.0 v -> VDD
Guaranteed Recognizable
HIGH-level output HIGH-level output
4.3 v (min) -> VOH
Noise Margin
2.0 v -> VIH
Uncertain region (neither HIGH nor LOW)

0.75v -> VIL

Noise Margin
0.6v (max) -> VOL Recognizable
LOW-level output
0v ->
VSS = 0
Guaranteed
LOW-level output
I/O Part I.25
 TTL Voltage Level
PIC16F877

VOL = 0.6V max

VOH = (VDD- 0.7) V min = 4.3V min
( values from page 156 in Data Sheets )

VIL = VSS -> 0.15 VDD = 0V -> 0.75V

VIH = 2.0 -> VDD = 2.0V > 5.0V
(values from page 155 in Data Sheets )

I/O Part I.26

 I/O Ports
Sink and Source Currents

Sink current is the current going into the microcontroller

Microcontroller I

Source current is the current coming out of the microcontroller

Microcontroller I

See, for example, Datasheet Page 149 (151 in PDF) I/O Part I.27
 I/O Ports
Sink and Source Currents PIC16F877

Any pin = 25 mA. Port A=6 pins, B=8 pins, E=3 pins for a total of 17 pins.

We would expect: 17 pins * 25 mA = 425 mA.

( Note: combined Port A,B,E is 200 mA max.)
I/O Part I.28
 I/O Ports
Sink and Source Currents PIC16F877

If RD1 = 0 = VOL = 0V:

(A) No voltage differential between (A) and
RD1 (B), thus LED is OFF.

R If RD1 = 1 = VOH = 5V:

PIC 5V
Ohms Law: V = I*R
16F877 R
Voltage over resistor:
(B) 5 1.4 = 3.6V
1.4V
I = V/R = 3.6/R < 25mA
Thus,
R > 3.6/2510-3 = 144
PR= 3.6*2510-3 = 0.09W

NOTE: Voltage drop over the diode is ~1.4V I/O Part I.29
 I/O Ports
Sink and Source Currents PIC16F877
With VOH and VOL
VOH = 4.3V & VOL = 0.6V
IOH = 25mA & IOL = 25mA
(A)
RD1 If RD1 = 0 = VOL = 0.6V:
Not enough voltage differential between
R (A) and (B), thus LED is OFF.
PIC If RD1 = 1 = VOH = 4.3V:
16F877
4.3V
(B) Ohms Law: V = I *
R R
Voltage over resistor:
1.4V 4.3 1.4 = 2.9V
I = V/R = 2.9/R < 25mA
Thus,
R > 2.9/2510-3 = 116
NOTE: Voltage drop over the diode is ~1.4V I/O Part I.30
 Diodes

I I

Current only flows

through the diode in
one direction
VDD VSS

Works: Does not

Work:

VDD
VSS I/O Part I.31
 Laboratory #2
7-segment display
Microcontroller
RD7 RD6 RD5 RD4 RD3 RD2 RD1 RD0

I/O Part I.32

 Fan-out
Fan-out
The number of inputs (in the form of devices and gates) that can be driven
from a single device or gate output (or pin) without damaging the IC

I1 I2 I3 I1 I2 I3
Low High

I I

I/O Part I.33

 Fan-out
Example
VOH = 5 V
RD1

470 470 470 470 470

PIC
16F877 Vdiode = 1.4V

Is this going to work???

Current through one of the LEDs = (5-1.4)/470 = 7.66mA

So, the total current that must be sourced by the pin is:
5*7.66mA = 38.3mA

So, 38.3mA > 25mA and therefore this is not going to work!!!
I/O Part I.34
 Interpretation Example
Writing to TRIS - Input

1
1
open

0
1 open

Here:
VSS = 0
VDD = 1
I/O Part I.35
I/O Ports
High Impedance

I/O Part I.36

 I/O Ports
High Impedance
V2 = VDD V2 = VSS
I/O Pin
RA4 (PORTA Pin 4) I/O Pin I/O Pin
= VSS= 0 =

V2 NMOS
N On Off

VSS
VSS VSS
Open Drain Output It looks as if there is a very high
impedance between the pin and ground
I/O Part I.37
 I/O Ports
Pull-Up Resistor VDD VDD
VDD

0V 5V

On Off
V2
N

VSS VSS
V2 = VDD V2 = VSS
VSS
I/O Part I.38
 I/O Ports
PIC16F877
See Datasheet Table 1-2 Page 8 & 9
(PDF pages: 10 & 11)

See Datasheet Pages 30 through 36 For:

(PDF pages: 32-38)

PORTA, B, C, D, E Functions.

Registers Associated with Each Port.

I/O Part I.39

 PORT A
From Datasheet

PINS 0,1,2, and 3 are also used

as a 10-bit Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC)
(Sections 21,22,23, and 24 of RM)
(Section 11 of DS)

SFR ADCON1 (see page 29 of DS) must be used to

configure PORTA as either a regular PORT or an ADC.
I/O Part I.40
From PIC16F877 Datasheet
PORT A - Configuration
ADCON1 @ 0x1F in Bank 1

RED Circled is
POR Condition.

Blue Circled is
Example on
Next page.

I/O Part I.41

 PORT A
Configure as all digital I/O
BCF STATUS, RP0 ;
BCF STATUS, RP1 ; Bank0
CLRF PORTA ; Initialize PORTA by
; clearing output
; data latches
BSF STATUS, RP0 ; Select Bank 1
MOVLW B0000 0110 ; Configure all pins
MOVWF ADCON1 ; as digital inputs
MOVLW B1100 1111 ; Value used to
; initialize data
; direction
MOVWF TRISA ; Set RA<3:0> as inputs
; RA<5:4> as outputs
; TRISA<7:6>are always
; read as 0.
I/O Part I.42
 PORT A
From Datasheet

I/O Part I.43

PORT B

I/O Part I.44

PORTB

I/O Part I.45