IJEAS0303039
IJEAS0303039
AW , AU , AV , (1)
I. INTRODUCTION
Usually the problem reconstruction of signals is considered in where symbols AW >0, AU >0, AV >0 mean the
the presence of noise and interpreted as extraction of signal
characteristic magnitudes
U ( z ) covered by noise, so the measured signal can be of the
form W ( z ) U ( z ) ( z ) , where ( z ) - stationary noise with
1/ 2
mean-square value AW [ L L W 2 ( z )dz /(2 L )] ,
2 1/ 2
( z ) 1/ 2
AU [ L L U 2 ( z )dz /(2 L )] ,
correlation interval
1/ 2
L [1]. AV [ L L V 2 ( z )dz /(2 L )]
68 www.ijeas.org
About the Recognition and Reconstruction Two Unknown Functions From Known Their Tandem
So at A B D E F G H J K =1,
(a) (b) (c) ~
AU U ( z) we will get result V ( z ) V ( z ) W ( z ) ,
max
W ( z) ~ ~ ~
U V ( z) U ( z ) U ( z ) W ( z ) , where U ( z ) and V ( z ) represents
L W AW max
the searched solutions which must be maximally closely to
L q z V
q AV z U ( z ) and V (z ) correspondingly.
q a
(z ) z
q a 2a
zU zV 0
Figure 1
IV. TANDEM RESTORATION PROCEDURE
Now we consider the special computing procedure, which
III. ASSUMPTIONS (HYPOTHESIZES)
represents the base of all further investigations. Figure 2-a
. Distance 2 a between centers z and z of symmetry
A represents smooth function spiral process of tandem
U V
restoration. For the schematic model of pervious concrete
of functions U ( z ) and V (z ) correspondingly is assumed
problem we try to find a single solution for both functions of
1 if yes, A
a am k ( A 0 if no).
tandem.
B . Center point ( zV zU ) / 2 between two centers of
(a)
q U (z)
symmetry U
symmetry is assumed placed in the point k ( B 1 if 10 9
V=W-U
yes, B 0 if no). 6
symmetry U
5
V=W-U
U=W-V
. Symmetry center of function U ( z ) is spaced in the U
V=W-U
2 1
U=W-V
point z k am 1 if
(we assume this hypothesis is true 3 4
symmetry V
U=W-V
0 if no).
yes, 7 8
symmetry V
. Symmetry center of function V (z ) is spaced in the
D V ( z)
point z k am (we assume this hypothesis is true D 1 if 11
symmetry V zU zV
12
yes, D 0 if no). 1 1
2 2 3
(b) 3
4 (c)
E . Points zU and zV are spaced sufficiently far from 5
4
6 6 5
7
7 8 8
borders L . In other words, we assume relation a L . Figure 2
F . the value of function U ( z ) in the start-point z
U ( ) (we will check this hypothesis step by step F 1
The appearance sequence of interpolation nodes (see below)
if yes, F 0 if no). resembles the linear structure of image light sources, caused
. Function ~
G U ( z ) U ( z ) of symmetry of function by one light point-like source spaced in the point z
~ 1 if yes, G
U ( z ) (and U ( z ) ) ( G 0 , if no). between parallel plane mirrors with coordinates z a .
~ Spiral begins (see Fig 2-a) in the point and goes to the left.
H . Function ( z ) ( z ) of symmetry of function V (z )
V V Vertical transitions of spiral line are caused by equation (2),
~ 1 , if yes, H
0 , if no). Simplest cases of
(and V ( z ) ) ( H horizontal transitions of spiral line are caused by concrete
symmetry present V ,U 1 , however one can use more type of symmetry U ( z ) , V ( z ) of searched functions
U ( z ) , V (z ) correspondingly. Table 1 shows the generation of
general form of symmetry U ( z ) U ( z )U ( z ) ,
spiral; sequences of interpolation nodes x { xi } , p { p i } ,
V ( z ) V ( z )V ( z ) (Figure 1-c). Functions U ( z ) , V (z )
q {qi } ( i 1, 2,3,...,13 ), when starting from point z to
(coefficients of symmetry, coefficient of reflection,) must
provide one-to-one correspondence of functions U ( z ) and the left (see Figure 2-a,b).
U ( z ) , V (z ) and V ( z ) , not breaking their smoothness.
, V ( L) W ( z ) max ,
~ ~
J . V ( L) W ( z ) (3)
max
Table I Spiral sequence of interpolation
, U ( L) W ( z )
~ ~
U ( L) W ( z ) at z L . ~
max max x1 p1 q1 W ( x1 ) p1
~
In other words, functions are assumed smoothly going closely x2 2a~ p 2 p1U ( a~ ) q2 W ( x2 ) p2
~
to zero together with their smooth first derivatives (see Figure x3 4a~ q3 q 2 / V (3a~ ) p3 W ( x3 ) q3
1-a). ~
K . Functions W ( z ) ,U ( z ) ,V ( z ) are assumed smooth at x 4 6a~ p 4 p3U (5a~ ) q 4 W ( x4 ) p 4
~
z L . Their characteristic spatial scales are of the same x5 8a~ q5 q 4 / V ( 7 a~ ) p5 W ( x5 ) q5
~
order with L / 2 . x6 10 a~ p6 p5 U (9 a~ ) q 6 W ( x6 ) p 6
69 www.ijeas.org
International Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences (IJEAS)
ISSN: 2394-3661, Volume-3, Issue-3, March 2016
~
x 7 12 a~ q7 q6 / V (11a~ ) p 7 W ( x7 ) q 7 by variation ( i 1, 2,..., N a ; j 1,2,..., N ; k 1, 2,..., N ) and
~
x8 14 a~ p8 q7 U (13a~ ) q8 W ( x8 ) p8 selection of correct combinations of three numbers
~ ~
~ ai , j , k . Sorting patterns U ( z ) U ( z; ai ; j ; q k ) ,
x9 16 a~ q9 q8 / V (15 a~ ) p 9 W ( x9 ) q 9
~ ~
x10 18 a~
~
p10 p9 U (17 a~ ) q10 W ( x10 ) p10 V ( z ) V ( z; ai ; j ; q k ) , we will search for the tandem
~ ~ ~
q11 q10 / V (19 a~ ) U ( z ), V ( z ) satisfying all above conditions (assumptions,
x11 20 a~ p11 W ( x11 ) q11
hypothesizes) A K .
Table II shows the generation of spiral sequences y { y j } ,
{ j } , { j } ( j 1,2,3,...,13 ) of interpolation nodes, V. MARKERS OF ERRORS
~ ~
when starting from point z to the right (see Figure 2-c). When searching for the single U ( z ) and single V ( z ) we
sort all N a N N 1 patterns (and corresponding all
Table II Spiral sequence of interpolation nodes
y1 1 q1 1 p1 combinations ai , j , k ). Any real combination of
~
y 2 2a~ 2 1 / V ( a~ ) 2 W ( y2 ) 2 key-numbers ai , j , k includes some small or very small
~ errors. We cant measure immediately errors of tandems
y3 4 a~ 3 2 U (3a~ ) 3 W ( y3 ) 3
~ restoration because both functions U ( z ) , V (z ) are assumed
y 4 6a~ 4 3 / V (5a~ ) 4 W ( y4 ) 4
unknown priori.
~
y5 8a~ 5 4 U (7 a~ ) 5 W ( y5 ) 5 However, we have found as empirical fact - an errors in key
~ numbers are always accompanied: (1) by the appearance of
y 6 10 a~ 6 5 / V (9a~ ) 6 W ( y6 ) 6
the fluctuations function on high spatial frequency ~ / a~
~
y 7 12 a~ 7 6 U (11a~ ) 7 W ( y7 ) 7 and its harmonics (the breach of the hypothesis K to
~ smoothness of U ( z ) , V (z ) , see Section III.); (2) by growing
y8 14 a~ 8 7 / V (13a~ ) 8 W ( y8 ) 8
~ of the modules function U ( L ) , V ( L) on edges L of
y9 16 a~ 9 8 U (15 a~ ) 9 W ( y9 ) 9
~ carrier z L (the breach of the hypothesis J , see Section
y10 18 a~ 10 9 / V (17 a~ ) 10 W ( y10 ) 10
~ III). Thereby, we have built the quantitative criterion
y11 20 a~ 11 10 U (19 a~ ) 11 W ( y11 ) 11 ~; ~
[ a~; ] of the choice correct key numbers:
~; ~
[ a~; ] U V , (6)
Table III Renumbering interpolation nodes from
spiral structure into linear structure
spiral
xi ; p( xi ) ; q( xi ) 12 10 8 6 4 2
1
3 5 7 9 11 13
U IUC IUS
2 2
1/ 2
( 2 L)
1 ~ ~
U ( L) U ( L) , (7)
spiral 1/ 2
2 2 2 1 ~ ~
y j ; ( y j ) ; ( y j ) 13 11 9 7 5 3 1 4 6 8 10 12 14 V IVC IVS ( 2 L) V ( L) V ( L) , (8)
linear 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
L ~
zn ; U ( zn ) ; V ( zn ) 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 IUC L U ( z ) cos(z / a~) dz , (9)
L ~
Using Table III and cubic-spline interpolation [5]-[7], we IVC L V ( z ) cos(z / a~)dz , (10)
obtain 26 nodes of interpolation and following continuous
functions L ~
~ IUS L U ( z ) sin(z / a~) dz , (11)
U ( z) interp[cspline(z,u ), z,u,z ] , (4)
~
V ( z) interp[cspline(z, ), z,,z ] . (5) L ~
IVS L V ( z ) sin(z / a~)dz . (12)
Where z { z n } , U {u n } , { n } ( n 1, 2,3,... ,26).
Spatial period of sequence z { z n } is 2 a . Note, that Sorting all values a i , j , k ( i 1, 2,..., N a ;
calculation procedures represented in Tables 1,2,3 guaranteed
j 1,2,..., N ; k 1, 2,..., N ), we search for the minimum of
(at zero noise 0 ) the obvious equations
the calculated value . But value (and its minimum) not
~
U ( z ) V ( z ) W ( z ) in the nodes z z n (at any a~ , ~ , !) , ~ ~
error of restoration of searched tandem U ( z ) , V ( z ) . The
~ ~
which does not any guarantees for equations U ( z ) U ( z ) 0 , minimum of the value [a~; ~; ] , reached by choosing of three
~ ~
V ( z) V ( z) 0 . correct key-numbers a~ a i a , ~ j , k ,
Now our aim is to find a single solution, V (z ) for tandem give us the tandem, most closing to the correct true functions
70 www.ijeas.org
About the Recognition and Reconstruction Two Unknown Functions From Known Their Tandem
5
~ ~
U U , V V 10 W (13) 3 e [a ; ; ] 2 e [a; ; ] e [a; ; ]
max 2
(see below). 2
1
1
1
Sensitivities (U , a~ ) , (V , a~ ) , (U , ~) ,
~) , (V , 0 0 0
~ ~ 0.5 0 0.5 0 .4 0.4 0.4 q 0.4
(U , ) , (V , ) ((14)-(19)) of restored functions a
~ ~ ~ ,
U ( z ) , V ( z ) to the key-numbers errors a a~ a , Figure 3
~
we can use only after tandem reconstruction (post
~ ~
factum, using true model functions U ( z ) , V (z ) and on the Results U ( z ), V ( z ) of restoration of searched functions
~
base of key-numbers hypothesizes a~ , ~ , and sorting of U ( z ), V ( z ) (a) from their tandem W (z ) (b), using exact
many patterns) given by minimums of errors markers values a , , , are represented in Fig. 4.
~; ~
~
3 3
(a) (b)
~
U
~
~ 2 2
(U , a ) Lim Max U U /a, (14) L (t ) 1
a 0 W
1
z L a( t )
F (t )
0 0
~ 1
~
V 1
(V , a ) Lim Max V V / a , (15)
a 0
z L 50 0 50 z 50 0 50 z
~ t~ 5 at right choices
t three values
U U , V V 10 W
~ max a 0, 0, 0
(U , ) Lim Max U U / , (16)
0
z L Figure 4
(a) ~ (b)
~ 0.4
V V
2 U
~
z z
U ( z ) 1.8 / 1 0.005( z 2) 2 (20)
error a 0.5 ; correct 0 , 0
V ( z ) 2.2 sin0.1( z 2) / 1 0.005( z 2) 2
(21)
Figure 5
71 www.ijeas.org
International Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences (IJEAS)
ISSN: 2394-3661, Volume-3, Issue-3, March 2016
~
~
Searched solutions U (z ),V (z)
(a) (b)
V
~ ~
3 1
~
(a) (b) 1 1
~ ~ L (t )
2 U 0.5 V V
0 W (z ) 0
L (t )
1 b ( t) F (t )
0 W
F (t ) 0 g (t ) 1 1
~
1
~
V
0.5 ~
U U
U z z
2 2
1
50 0 50 50 0 50
50 0 z 50 50 0 z 50 ~ 5
at right choices three values
t ~ z
U U , V V 10 W 0, 0, 0
t t m ax a
error 0.2 ; correct a a , 0
Figure 6 Figure 9
~ ~
~ ~ Results U ( z ), V ( z ) of restoration of searched functions
Results U ( z ), V ( z ) of restoration of searched functions ~
~ U ( z ), V ( z ) (a) and errors of restoration U ( z ) U ( z ) ,
U ( z ), V ( z ) (a) and errors of restoration U ( z) U ( z) , ~
~ V ( z ) V ( z ) (b), admitting only one nonzero error a 0
V ( z ) V ( z ) (b), admitting only one nonzero error 0 ,
( (U , a ) (V , a ) 0.5 , see (15), (16)), are represented in
( (U , ) (V , ) 0.5 , see (18), (19)), are represented in Fig. 10.
Fig. 7.
~
~ ~
2
3 1 ~ (a) 0.4 ~ (b)
(a) V U U
~
~ (b)
~ V V 1 0.2
2 U 0.5 L (t ) a( t )
L (t ) b ( t) 0 0
1 F (t ) b ( t)
0
F (t ) 0 g (t ) 0.2
1 ~ ~
0.5 ~ U 0.4 V V
1 ~
V U U
2
1 100 0 z 100 100 0 z 100
50 0 50 z 50 0 50 z t
correct 0 , 0
t
error a 0.8 ;
t
error 0.4 ; correct a a , t 0
Figure 10
Figure 7 ~ ~
Results U ( z ), V ( z ) of restoration of searched functions
~
VII. ANTISYMMETRIC & ANTISYMMETRIC LORENTZS U ( z ), V ( z ) (a) and errors of restoration U ( z ) U ( z ) ,
~
FUNCTIONS IN TANDEM V ( z ) V ( z ) (b), admitting only one nonzero error 0 ,
For the following model functions ( (U , ) (V , ) 4.1 , see (17), (18)), are represented in
V ( z ) 2.2 sin0.1( z 2 / 1 0.005( z 2)2 (24) Fig. 11.
U ( z ) 1.8 sin0.15( z 2) /1 0.005( z 2) 2
(25)
Errors of reconstructed functions
U ( z ) 1 V ( z ) 1 (26)
~
2
(a) 0.4 ~ (b)
with coefficients of symmetry ~ V V
V
~
1
a 2 , 0 , U ( 0) . (27) L( t ) a (t )
0.2
Errors markers [a ; ; ] , [a; ; ] , [a; ; ] are pointing to 0 0
~ F( t ) b (t )
the values a~ , ~ , closest with the parameters a , , of 0.2
1 ~ ~
correct restoration Figure 8. U U U
0.4
2
50 0 50 z 50 0 50 z
2
e [a ; ; ] e [a; ; ] 6 e [a; ; ] t t
10
4 error 0.2 ; correct a 0 , 0
1
5 2 Figure 11
0 0
0.5 0 0.5 0.5 0 0.5 0.5 0 0.5 ~
Results U ( z ), V ( z ) of restoration of searched functions
~
a ~
U ( z ), V ( z ) (a) and errors of restoration U ( z ) U ( z ) ,
Figure 8 ~
V ( z ) V ( z ) (b), admitting only one nonzero error 0
~
Results U ( z ), V ( z ) of restoration of searched functions
~ ( (U , ) (V , ) 2.0 , see (19), (20),are represented in
U ( z ), V ( z ) (a) from their tandem W (z ) (b), using exact values Fig. 12.
a , , , are represented in Fig. 10.
72 www.ijeas.org
About the Recognition and Reconstruction Two Unknown Functions From Known Their Tandem
~ ~
~ (a) (b)
U 0.4
U U 1.2 1 1 ~
2 0.5 U U
50 0 50 z 50 0 50 z L( z) ~ ~ a ( z)
t t 0.5 V U 0
b ( z)
error 0.3 ; correct a 0 , 0 F( z)
0.5 ~
Figure 12 0.2 0 1 V V
1
0.2 0 0.2 0.2 0 0.2
z z
VIII. SEPARATION OF TWO VERY CLOSELY SPACED A z B A z B
RADIO-ASTRONOMIC POINT-LIKE SOURCES error a 0 .001 ; correct 0 , 0
For simplicity we consider one-dimensional aperture antenna Figure 15
with characteristic directivity pattern f ( z ) sinc( 35 z ) (all
~ ~
variables are assumed dimensionless). The last means Results U ( z ), V ( z ) of restoration of searched functions
amplitude response of antenna to some source, spaced in ~
U ( z ), V ( z ) (a) and errors of restoration U ( z ) U ( z ) ,
antennas far zone, z is angle coordinate. We spaced two ~
V ( z ) V ( z ) (b), admitting only one nonzero error 0 ,
pointlike sources in the directions with coordinates
z a 0.005 and z a 0.005 . Angle distance 2 a ( (U , ) (V , ) 0.6 see (17), (18)) are represented in
between two sources is less, than the width of directivity Fig. 16.
~
are going to zero if we are sorting patterns at . In Figure 16
the case considered the smallness of angle parameter a
~ ~
means antennas resolution (or superresolution). Results U ( z ), V ( z ) of restoration of searched functions
~
U ( z ), V ( z ) (a) and errors of restoration U ( z ) U ( z ) ,
1 .5 e [ a ; ; ] 0 .2 e [a; ; ] 6
e [a; ; ]
~
V ( z ) V ( z ) (b), admitting only one nonzero error 0 ,
1 4 ( (U , ) (V , ) 0.25 , see (19), (20)) are represented in
0 .1
0 .5 2 Fig. 17.
0 0 0 0.005
0 0 .01 0.02 0.005 0 0.005 0 0.005
Errors of reconstructed functions
Searched solutions U (z ),V (z )
a
~ ~
1
Figure 13 (a) 1 ~ (b)
1
0.5
V V
~ a ( z)
~ ~
L (z ) V ~
Results U ( z ), V ( z ) of restoration of searched (true) F (z )
0.5 U b ( z)
0
z z
Source function W(z)
~ ~
z A z B
(a) 1.5 (b) error 0 .2 ; correct a 0 , 0
1
L (z ) ~ ~ 1 Figure 17
0.5
V U W( t ) W
F (z )
0.5
73 www.ijeas.org
International Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences (IJEAS)
ISSN: 2394-3661, Volume-3, Issue-3, March 2016
0.4 1 50 0 50 z 50 0 50 50
5
error t 0.2 correct a 0t , 0
0 0 0
1 0 0 .4 0 0.4 0 .4 0 0.4 Figure 21
a 1
Figure 18
~ ~
~ ~ Results U ( z ), V ( z ) of restoration of searched functions
Results U ( z ), V ( z ) of restoration of searched functions ~
U ( z ), V ( z ) (a) and errors of restoration U ( z ) U ( z ) ,
U ( z ), V ( z ) (a) from their tandem W (z ) (b), using exact values ~
V ( z ) V ( z ) (b), admitting only one nonzero error 0
a , , , are represented in Fig. 19.
( (V , ) (U , ) 1.1 ( see (19), (20)), are represented in
Searched solutions U(z ),V (z )
Figure 22.
Source function W(z)
~ ~
U ~
V V
0
0
2 0.5
0.2 0.1 0 0.1 z 0.2 0.2 0.1 0 0.1 z 0.2 L( t ) a( t )
~z 5 at right choicest three values 0
~
U U , V V 10 W F( t ) 1 ~ b( t)
m ax a 0 , 0, 0 V ~
0.5 U U
Figure 19 0
1
50 0 50 z 50 0 50 z
~ ~ errort 0.2 correct 0t , a0
Results U ( z ), V ( z ) of restoration of searched functions
~ Figure 22
U ( z ), V ( z ) (a) and errors of restoration U ( z ) U ( z ) ,
~
V ( z ) V ( z ) (b), admitting only one nonzero error a 0 ,
( (U , a ) (V , a ) 19 , see (15), (16)) are represented in X. IDENTICAL AND DIFFERENT SEARCHED FUNCTIONS.
Fig. 20. ASYMMETRIC SOURCE FUNCTION.
Figure 23-a represents the different error markers
e e (a; ; ) , corresponding to searched Lorentzs functions
Searched solutions U( z),V (z )
Errors of solutions
~ (a)
~
0.4 (b) 4 2 2
2
U ~ U ( z ) 1.2[1 0.005( z 2) ]
, V ( z ) 2.2[1 0.005( z 2) ]
~ 0.2 V V
~
74 www.ijeas.org
About the Recognition and Reconstruction Two Unknown Functions From Known Their Tandem
(a) (b)
~ ; ; )
8 ( a 10 ( a~ ; ; )
unceasing
spectrum
of pairs
4
4
> 0 .2 a~
a~
<10
http://www.ipfran.ru/staff/Arabadzhi1.html
0 0 http://www.ipfran.ru/english/staff/Arabadzhi_e.html
5 10 10
Education: Gorky State University, 1978, profession-radiophysics
Figure 24 (01.04.03), Ph.D.1994, topic Investigation methods active
cancellation low frequency waves.
Professional interests:
Graph of marker [a~; ; ] in Figure 24 means, for instance, () searching for solutions of boundary value wave problems, which
that calculation procedure (described in Section IV) gives true admit us to design absorbing coating of the thickness mach smaller
solution U ( z ) of the equation than absorbed wavelength and without information on the direction
and frequency band of incident waves. This aim is achieved by use
of very small and very quick controlled elements of coating. These
U ( z a ) U ( z a ) WG ( z ) (39) solutions are parametric and cant be reduced to the combination of
electric chains with parameters constant in time.
(b) design of floating devises, which convert boat oscillations into a
for each value a from interval (38). Taking into account the
periodical sequence of one polarity stream pulses (wave engine).
condition Professional carrier: NIRFI (1978-1981),, IAP(RAS) (beginning
from 1981). Engineer-senior researcher.
U ( z a) U ( z a) , (41)
2U ( z a ) WG ( z ) or 2U ( z a ) WG ( z ) . (42)
75 www.ijeas.org