International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)

ISSN: 2321-0869, Volume-3, Issue-5, May 2015

Power System Stability Model of DFIG Wind

Turbine
Amit Kumar, Arvind Sharma, Ajay Kumar Yadav
equipment. There are several reasons for using variable speed
Abstract Theever growing quest in developing green operation of wind turbines; among those are possibilities to
energy worldwide to offset the demand of fast depleting reduce stresses for the mechanical structure. Acoustic noise
convention energy to checkmate the climate change and to reduction and the possibility to control active and reactive
increase the life span of the valuable resources has led to the use
power, Most of the major wind turbine manufactures are
of wind energy as a reliable source of energy. This paper gives
an overview of study of power system stability model of Doubly
developing new larger wind turbines in the 3 to 5 MW
Fed Induction Generator(DFIG) .Latest researches and range[2]. These large wind turbines are all based on variable
development, which has been published in the imminent speed operation with pitch control using a direct driven
journals through rigorous review are overviewed in this paper. synchronous generator (without gearbox) or a doubly fed
Because of the numerous advantages of the DFIG over other induction generator (DFIG).Fixed speed induction generators
generators it is being used for most of the latest wind turbines. with stall control are regarded as unfeasible for these large
This paper summarizes the researches the stability model of wind turbines. Doubly fed induction generators are commonly
DFIG coupled wind energy conversion system. used by the wind turbine industry for larger wind turbines.
Index Terms Doubly Fed Induction Generator
(DFIG),wind turbine ,wind energy conversion system, stability II. DFIG WIND TURBINE
model, Fault Ride Through (FRT) The major components of a DFIG wind turbine are shown in
Fig.1. The stator of the DFIG is connected directly to the
network meaning that it operates synchronously at grid
I. INTRODUCTION frequency. The rotor current is controlled by a power
The wind energy conversion system industry is growing converter to vary the electromagnetic torque and machine
like anything owing to its capability of producing ecologically excitation. The power converter size is a fraction of the
sustainable and economically viable source of energy. The generator rating, normally in the range between 15 to 30
most remarkable recent development is that in an increasing percent. Since the power converter operates in bi-directional
number of markets, wind power is the least cost option when power mode, the DFIG can be operated either in sub
adding new generation capacity the grid, and prices continue synchronous or in super synchronous operational modes.
to fall. There are now commercial wind power installations in
more than 90 countries with total installed capacity of 318 The general control structure of the wind turbine
GW at the end of 2013, providing about 3% of global model is shown in Fig. 2. A model of a DFIG wind turbine
electricity supply last year. Major leading countries in basically consists of (1) a generator and drive train,(2) a
producing wind energy are mainly China, U. S., Germany, turbine rotor model, (3) a grid side converter and dc-link
Spain and India. The EIA projects that India and China will capacitor, (4) a pitch controller, and (5) a rotor side controller
account for about half of global energy demand growth that controls the active and reactive power of the generator.[3]
through 2040, with Indias energy demand growing at
approximately 2.8% per year.
Indias wind energy installations by July 2014 were 21,693
MW out of total renewable capacity of 32,424 MW
(excluding large hydro). Wind energy provided almost 67%
of the total installed capacity of grid-connected renewable in
the country. In 2011 the state run National Institute for Wind
Energy reassessed Indias wind power potential as 102,778
MW at 80 meters, up from the earlier estimate of approximate
49,130 MW at 50 meters at 2%land availability.[1]
Wind turbines can operate at fixed speed or variable speed.
For a fixed speed wind turbine the generator is directly
connected to the electrical grid. Whereas, in a variable speed
wind turbine the generator is controlled by power electronic

Amit Kumar,M Tech student,Dept. of Electrical Engineering,

MewarUniversity ,Chittorgarh

Arvind Sharma ,Professor, Dept.of Electrical Engineering, Mewar Figure1 Components of DFIG wind turbine.
University, Chittorgarh

Ajay Kumar Yadav Asst.Professor in C.E.R.T. Meerut

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 Power System Stability Model of DFIG Wind Turbine

III. DFIG MODEL IV. POWER SYSTEM STABILITY MODEL OF DFIG WIND
The main construction of a DFIG consists of two essential TURBINE
components, namely the stator winding and the rotor winding In a detailed model of a DFIG wind turbine, the
equipped with slip rings. The stator is provided with generator is modeled as a fifth order induction generator and
three-phase insulated windings making up a two-pole or the rotor current is regulated using PI controllers. However
four-pole design. This part is connected to the grid through a ,despite its ability to demonstrate wind turbine responses at a
three-phase transformer. Similar to the stator, the rotor is also high level of precision, the detailed model has practical
constructed of three phase insulated windings. The rotor problems when implemented in large-scale and long-term
windings are connected to an external stationary circuit via a transient studies.
set of slip rings and brushes. By means of these components, The first problem appears due to the inclusion of
the controlled rotor current can be either injected to or stator transient components, which prevents the model from
absorbed from the rotor windings. being implemented in fundamental frequency simulation
tools. Another problem is related to the small simulation time
The stator and rotor are usually coated in a closed assembly to step required to run the model .Generally, the detailed model
protect the machine from dust, damp and other unwanted requires a time step size less than 1 ms. This figure is too
intrusions. In wind turbine applications, this generator is small in relation to the typical time step for a transient study
mounted in the nacelle of the wind turbine system. The typical performed in a standardized simulation tool, such as PSS/E.
stator voltages for the megawatt class of wind turbines are 690 Depending on the system frequency, the time step for such a
and 960 V [4]. simulation tool is normally in the range of 8-10 ms. This
The stator and rotor voltage equation can be written clearly makes the detailed model impractical for transient
as studies.
Models of DFIG wind turbines in fundamental
frequency representation have been proposed in several
papers and reports such as in [5].
In the DFIG is modeled as a set of algebraic
equations. The generator speed is regulated using a PI
controller, which provides a rotor current reference value. In
this way, the generator loss quantities are preserved in the
model. On the other hand, a complex iterative procedure is
The complex power is given as then necessary to solve a large number of equations involved
in the generator and controller models.
Another model is proposed in [6], in which the DFIG
is modeled as algebraic equations while the rotor controller is
modeled as a combination of algebraic equations and
Similar to a fixed-speed wind turbine, the generator model of time-lags. In order to avoid non-linearity of the generator
a DFIG wind turbine can be represented in detail using a model, the electromagnetic torque is assumed to be equal to
fifth-order model or represented in a simplified version using the stator power, meaning that the generator losses are
a first order model. omitted. The reference value of the turbine output power is
obtained directly from the turbine maximum power tracking
curve as a function of incoming wind speed.

Figure 2Control block diagram of DFIG wind turbine.

Figure 3 Block diagram of proposed model of DFIG wind

turbine

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 International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)
ISSN: 2321-0869, Volume-3, Issue-5, May 2015
In [7] and later was refined in [8], the DFIG is The initial total active power Pe and reactive power Qgen are
modeled as an ideal controlled current source driven by active given from the load flow. The grid side converter reactive
and reactive current commands of the wind turbine system. power Qc is defined according to the control design, although
This model allows the controller to cover a wide range of normally this value is set to zero. The stator reactive power is
speed because it is not limited by the nonlinearity of the calculated by Qs = Qgen -Qc. The initial q-component of the
machine. However, the model is incapable of differentiating stator current isq can be calculated by (18). By substituting
stator and rotor quantities. (1)-(8) into (14), isd can be calculated using the following
Rotor current limiters were not involved in the quadratic expression
models mentioned earlier. Therefore it is not possible to
simulate the effects of current limitations during
contingencies, such as during long-term voltage sag. Apart
from this, a head to head comparison between a positive
sequence phasor model and a detailed model is rarely found in
literature.
In response to these problems, a model of a DFIG
wind turbine for power system stability analyses is proposed
in this paper. In the proposed model, the electrical part of the
generator is constructed from a set of algebraic equations,
while the controller is modeled as a combination of PI
controllers and time lags. Simple expressions are derived to
solve the generator equations. Rotor current limiters are Since (21) gives two solutions, the one with the smallest
involved in the proposed model. Rotor converter absolute value is chosen .Once isd and isq are found, the rotor
disconnection as a part of a fault ride through procedure is
included in the proposed model. current reference values can be found
using (1),(2),(5) and (6)
The proposed model is implemented in the simulation tool
PSS/E with a simulation time step of 10 ms. In order to
achieve a high level of confidence, the transient responses of
the proposed model are validated against the equivalent (22)
detailed model implemented in Matlab /Simulink. The overall
structure of the proposed model is depicted in Fig. 3.The
detailed explanation of each part of the model is given below.

V. MODEL INITIALIZATION At steady state, the generator and the turbine speed are equal,
Various methods of initializing a DFIG model for power r= t. Correspondingly, the shaft twist angle (= r-t) can
system stability studies have been suggested in several papers. be calculated using
In [9], the initialization is performed by assuming a lossless
DFIG. Consequently, this assumption may result in less
accurate initial values, which are undesired for simulating a
large power system where the size of the model is substantial
for the system. In [10], the initialization is performed using a The corresponding wind speed is calculated by means of (10)
steady state representation of a DFIG by employing an by assuming the pitch angle is at its minimum value.
iteration procedure. However, the iteration procedure creates Alternatively, if wind speed is known and is above the rated
a difficulty in the model implementation. In [11], the value, then the corresponding pitch angle can be found
initialization is carried out using a direct solution method numerically from the Cp(,) curve lookup table.
based on torque balance equations. In this way, more accurate
initialization results can be obtained without using an iteration
procedure. However, this method is only applicable for the VI. MODEL SIMULATIONS
type 1speed/active power control where the relation between
The proposed wind turbine model was simulated to
electrical torque and generator speed is known.
investigate the responses of the model subjected to various
disturbances. The simulations of the proposed model were
In this dissertation, the method of initialization of a DFIG is
performed in PSS/E using a standard time step which is 10 ms
performed using a steady state model of a DFIG and a power
for a 50 Hz system frequency. A test network as shown in Fig.
speed curve. As a result, this method is able to provide
5 was used throughout the simulations .Wind turbine
accurate results for a DFIG model with the type 2 speed/active
parameters are given in Table A.1.The terminal voltage data
power control. Furthermore, the initialization can be done
from the simulations are then used as inputs for the detailed
without employing an iteration procedure. In order to realize
model, which was implemented in Matlab/Simulink.
this method, the steady state model of a DFIG is represented
Subsequently, the simulation results of the proposed model
in a dq reference frame aligned with stator voltage,
are compared with those of the detailed model.
i.e

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 Power System Stability Model of DFIG Wind Turbine

VII. WIND SPEED TRANSIENT

The aim of simulating wind speed transient is to assess the
responses of the proposed model when subjected to an
extreme increase in wind speed. In the simulation results,
responses of the detailed model and the proposed model are
compared.

As shown in Fig. 5, the wind speed is initially 7.5 m/s, which

gives 0.3 pu of wind turbine power. The generator speed is
0.85 pu (15% slip), meaning that the generator operates at sub
synchronous speed. Since wind speed and rotor speed are
below the

Figure 4. Test grid.

Table A.1: Wind turbine parameters.

Sl Parameter Value Units

no.

01 Hub height 30 m
02 Rotor diameter 23.2 m
03 Rotor rated speed 42 r.p.m.
04 Gearbox ratio 23.75
05 Turbine inertia constant 2.6 s
(Ht)
06 Generator inertia constant 0.22 s
(Hg)
07 Stiffnessconstant (K) 141.0 p.u.
08 Mutual damping(when 3.0 p.u.
applied) (D)
(a) Detailed model (b) Simplified model in
PSS/E
Table A.2: Generator parameters. Figure 5 Comparison between detailed and simplified models
Sl Parameter Value Units of DFIG wind turbine when subjected to wind gust.
no.
01 Rated power 210 m
kVA rated value, the pitch angle is set at 0. At this moment, the
02 Rated voltage 415 V turbine runs within an optimum speed operating region
03 Stator resistance (Rs) 0.0121 p.u. At t=1 s, the wind speed increases rapidly to 13.5
m/s within 2 seconds. Once the rotor speed exceeds the
04 Stator leakage 0.0742 p.u. maximum speed (1.1 pu), the pitch controller reacts by
inductance (Xs) increasing the pitch angle. At this stage, the turbine operation
05 Mutual inductance 2.7626 p.u mode switches from the optimum speed operating region to
(Xm). the maximum speed operating region and subsequently to the
06 Rotor resistance (Rr). 0.0080 p.u power limitation operating region. The rapid change in wind
speed, however, cannot be compensated by the relatively slow
07 Rotor leakage 0.1761 p.u. reaction of the pitch controller. As a consequence, there is a
inductance (Xr) small overshoot in aerodynamic power. By letting the rotor
speed increase to around the nominal value, part of the
Table A.3: Compensating capacitor parameters. mechanical energy is diverted into rotating inertia, which
Sl Parameter Value Units results in a higher rotor rotation speed. This allows a
no. smoother electric power output.[12]
The responses of the wind turbine models when
01 Grid rated voltage 400 V
subjected to wind transient are mainly governed by the pitch
controller and aerodynamic models, which are identical for
02 Capacitor bank 0.11 p.u.
both the detailed and the proposed models. Therefore, the
susceptance (B)
responses of these models are unsurprisingly very similar.

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 International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)
ISSN: 2321-0869, Volume-3, Issue-5, May 2015
VIII. CONCLUSION Amit Kumar,M Tech student,Dept. of Electrical Engineering,
MewarUniversity ,Chittorgarh
In this paper, a model of DFIG for power system stability
studies was proposed. In the proposed model, the electrical Arvind Sharma ,Professor, Dept.of Electrical Engineering, Mewar
part of the generator was constructed from a set of algebraic University, Chittorgarh
equations, while the controller was modeled as a combination Ajay Kumar Yadav Asst.Professor in C.E.R.T. Meerut
of PI controllers and time lags. Simple expressions were
derived to solve the generator equations. Rotor current
limiters and rotor converter disconnection as a part of a fault
ride through procedure were involved in the proposed model.
A model initialization using a direct solution method was
introduced in this paper.
The proposed model was implemented in the
simulation tool PSS/E using the standard simulation step of
10 ms. In order to achieve a high level of confidence ,the
transient responses of the proposed model were validated
against the equivalent detailed model implemented in
Matlab/Simulink.
The simulation results showed that the responses of
the proposed model matched very well with the ones of the
detailed model at various operating conditions, including
wind speed transients and grid fault with and without rotor
converter disconnection .The proposed model involved rotor
current limiters, which were proven to be essential in
producing accurate responses of a DFIG wind turbine during
a transient event. Different active power control schemes can
also be implemented in the proposed modelwith only minor
modifications.

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