CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA

SOUTH AFRICAN

GUIDELINE
on

CYANIDE MANAGEMENT
FOR
GOLD MINING

REVISION 0
JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

FOREWORD

This guideline has been prepared by a multi-stakeholder committee, through the Chamber of
Mines, consisting of representatives of the mining industry, government departments, non-
governmental organisations, cyanide suppliers and labour.

Its development follows concerns raised after recent accidents involving cyanide at or en
route to mining operations and the subsequent development of a voluntary international
Code of Practice for cyanide management. This guideline is aligned with the international
code.

This is a voluntary initiative by the gold mining industry in South Africa in order to improve
its management of cyanide, thus reducing risks to personnel, members of the public and the
environment resulting from the industrys use of cyanide.

The guideline has been designed around best practice principles and includes the latest
operational expertise and application of technology for the management of cyanide.

Mr Z B Swanepoel
Chairman, Gold Producers Committee
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA

Johannesburg, South Africa

Revision 0 June 2001

i
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

DISCLAIMER

The information given in this guideline is presented in good faith

and is believed to be reliable. Specific local or Government
regulations and requirements should always be observed as this
guideline in no way replaces such regulations and requirements.

No guarantee is made as to the completeness of information

contained within this guideline and the application thereof to
prevent hazards, accidents, incidents or injury to employees and
members of the public. The material contained in this guideline has
been prepared in good faith from information available at the time.

ii
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

CONTENTS

FOREWORD i

DISCLAIMER.. ii

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1. Guideline management
Guideline management 1
Legislative requirements.. 1
Use of the guideline. 2
2. Definitions and abbreviations
Definitions 3
Abbreviations 7
3. Acknowledgements and references
Acknowledgement 8
References 9

CHAPTER 2 PEOPLE CARE SYSTEMS

1. Communication
Internal communication 11
External communication and consultation 12
2. Risk assessment 14
3. Training
General considerations.. 16
Training systems... 17
Training requirements.. 18
4. Medical treatment
General.. 19
First aid treatment for suspected inhalation or skin contamination.. 20
First aid treatment for swallowed cyanide 22
Hospital treatment by Medical Doctor or Professional Nurse.. 22
First aid medical supplies.. 25
Location of first aid and medical kits 27
5. Personal Protective Equipment
General.. 28
Safety equipment... 29
Monitoring equipment... 30
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

CHAPTER 3 SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION

1. Duty to care. 31
2. Technical support 33
3. Procurement systems.. 35
4. Transportation. 37
5. Warehousing 39
6. Packaging. 42
7. Security of cyanide. 43

CHAPTER 4 PROCESSING PLANT

1. Off-loading
General requirements 45
Off-loading area 46
Off-loading 47
2. Storage
Storage areas. 49
Bunded areas. 51
Safety systems.. 52
3. Transfer to process. 54
4. General use of cyanide.. 56
5. Emergency preparedness and response
Emergency procedures. 59
Communication 60
Preparedness. 61
Response... 62
Equipment. 62
6. Maintenance
General. 64
Maintenance. 65
Confined areas.. 66
7. Cyanide measurement and monitoring
General. 67
Standards.. 68
8. Detoxification
General considerations. 69
Cyanide decontamination area. 70
Decontamination of equipment 71
Decontamination of bulk storage vessels. 71
Decontamination of packaging. 72
Decontamination of cyanide spillages.. 72
Detoxification... 73
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

CHAPTER 5 ENVIRONMENT

1. Environmental management
General requirements 74
Risk assessment 75
Monitoring programmes 75
Tailings management 77
Drainage and effluent control 77
Pipeline management 78
Emergency planning. 79
2. Backfill.. 81
3. Closure and demolition. 83

APPENDIX I Main points to consider during emergencies 86

APPENDIX II Quick reference medical treatment summary. 88

APPENDIX III Relevant legislation and standards 90

APPENDIX IV Legislated standards for discharge 94

APPENDIX V Cyanide chemistry and biological effects.. 101

APPENDIX VI Procedure for sampling process streams.. 109

APPENDIX VII Analytical technique for determining WAD

cyanide levels.. 113

APPENDIX VIII Procedure for pipeline management 119

APPENDIX IX Design considerations for engineering control

of cyanide risks 122

APPENDIX X Audit checklist for the guideline 134

CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1. GUIDELINE MANAGEMENT

1. MANAGEMENT OF THE GUIDELINE

The aim of this cyanide guideline is to provide a system to manage cyanide reagents in order
to reduce and control the impact of risks associated with cyanide at each Gold Mine and/or
Metallurgical Treatment facility in South Africa.

The gold mining industry will increasingly be judged by communities and shareholders on
its safety and environmental performance. Alignment with this cyanide guideline will ensure
the proactive and optimum management of cyanide.

To ensure proper adoption and management of this guideline, General Managers and/or
relevant subordinate managers should develop a formal management system for this
guideline. The system should include:

Procedures for issuing this document to line managers

Procedures to ensure the proper control, issuing and adoption of updated versions of this
document
Procedures and requirements for an exemption process and the documentation thereof
Procedures for auditing the guideline, documentation thereof and the taking of actions
where appropriate

Exemption should be approved at the highest level of authority within a company based on
the following:

Formal written risk assessment conducted by an approved multi-disciplinary team

Consultation with Health and Safety committees
Consultation with other relevant stakeholders

2. LEGISLATIVE REQUIREMENTS

Reference is made throughout the various chapters of this guideline to legislative

requirements. The objective of this is to guide the reader to some of the pertinent
requirements which currently exist within South African legislation. Appendix III lists the
legislation and standards which were referred to during the development of this guideline.

The reader should note that this list is not exhaustive. The obligation to comply with all
legislation, whether referenced here or not, remains with the user of this guideline.

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION GUIDELINE MANAGEMENT Page 1

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

3. USE OF THE GUIDELINE

3.1 Scope

The scope of each section of this guideline describes the extent of that section. This will give
the user an understanding of the area in which requirements should be applied.

3.2 Guiding principle

The guiding principle of each section describes the desired outcome or underlying
philosophy which should be achieved through the application of the specific requirements
relevant to the section.

3.3 Specific requirements

This section describes the actions needed in order for a Gold Mine and/or Metallurgical
Treatment facility to meet the guiding principle.

3.4 Application

This document has been designed explicitly for Gold Mines and/or Metallurgical Treatment
facilities. However, certain sections are relevant to manufacturers, suppliers and distributors
of cyanide reagents through contractual obligations and should be considered by them.

Because it is intended to be suitable for general use, the focus of each section is captured in
the specific requirement section. Information given in the Appendices should be considered
as part of this guideline even if they are not explicitly referred to.

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION GUIDELINE MANAGEMENT Page 2

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

2. DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS

1. DEFINITIONS

For the purpose of this guideline, the terms below are defined as follows:

Abnormal and Abnormal conditions cyanide leaks, deviations from routine

emergency conditions tasks or procedures. Emergency conditions - cyanide
spillages, human or environmental exposures to cyanide or
cyanide reaction products.

Buddy When work is conducted on or in any cyanide equipment or

area, at least two fully trained and competent people are
required for the task. One person will carry out the work, in
full PPE as required, while the second person will remain
outside of the hazard or work area. This second person,
referred to as the Buddy, is also fully equipped with the
required cyanide PPE and will observe the person carrying
out the work at all times while that person is inside the hazard
/ work area. In the event that the person carrying out the work
is exposed to cyanide or cyanide reaction products, the
Buddy will immediately respond to the emergency situation.

Cessation Arrest, failure, stoppage.

Competent person A person who is qualified by virtue of his or her knowledge,

training, skills and experience to organise the work and its
performance and is familiar with the provisions of the
relevant legislation and the regulations which apply to
the work to be performed.

Confined space A space that :

Is large enough and so configured that an employee can

physically enter and perform assigned work.

Has limited or restricted means for entry or exit and has

little or no natural ventilation, e.g. tanks, sumps, elution
columns, cyanide storage vessels / bins, leach vessels, CIP
tanks, eluate tanks, etc.

Is not designed for continuous employee occupancy.

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS Page 3

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

Controlled spillage A controlled spillage occurs when an amount of cyanide is

spilled, contained and safely disposed of into a designated
area.

Cyanide reaction The by-products produced when cyanide reacts with any
products other chemical. They include CN-, HCN, WAD and SAD
complexes.

Cyanide Refers broadly to any form of cyanide contained either as

cyanide in gas phase (HCN(g)), cyanide in liquid phase (free
or complexed) and insoluble forms of cyanide. This may
include cyanide reagents.

Cyanide reagents Solid or liquid products supplied to Metallurgical Treatment

facilities and existing in this form until point of entry into pulp
or solution process streams.

Detoxification Removal of all traces of cyanide from tools and equipment by

means of washing, scraping or other physical cleaning and the
complexing of cyanide effluents generated during this
process.

Driver Driver of any cyanide delivery vehicle, who is the suppliers

qualified person.

Dyspnoea Laboured breathing.

Effluent solution Cyanide containing solution with a cyanide concentration

higher than that allowed for potable water.

Environmental An emergency condition that occurs outside the plant

emergency boundary.

Facilitated A set-up or mock exercise aimed at mimicking a true

emergency evacuation potential emergency, e.g. cyanide spillage, gassing, tailings
dam failure, etc.

Free cyanide The sum of HCN(aq) and CN- uncomplexed.

Gold Mine and/or Facility where processing of gold bearing material occurs and
Metallurgical Treatment dissolution is obtained through the use of cyanide reagents.
Facility

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS Page 4

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

Hazardous area The area or spray risk area in which off-loading takes place
(off-loading) between the road and the facility. An area determined by risk
assessment (typically 7.5m radius) around the tanker, the
tanker off-loading point, along the length of the hose and
around the inlet point of the facility, including the pump.

Hazchem Hazardous chemical response unit, properly trained and

equipped to deal with major chemical spills. Dedicated units
are available across the country.

Local community Residents living in mine villages, residents living on or

within mine boundaries and residents living close to the
potential impact area of cyanide.

Local authority Local municipal structures which have elected officials at

town and provincial level and who are the representatives for
residents other than those listed under local community.

Manager of mine Any competent person appointed in terms of the Mine Health
(General Manager) and Safety Act, 1996 (Act 20 of 1996), to be responsible for
the control, management and direction of a mine.

Manager of Metallurgical Any competent person appointed in terms of the Mine Health
Treatment facility and Safety Act, 1996 (Act 20 of 1996), to assist the manager
of a mine to control, manage and direct the operation of a
Metallurgical Plant.

Redundant equipment Equipment or material which is defective and can no longer

be used as part of the metallurgical process.

Responsible engineer A person who is the holder of an appropriate Mechanical or

Electrical Engineers Certificate of Competency and appointed
in terms of the Mine Health and Safety Act, 1996 (Act 20 of
1996), to be responsible for the operation of the activities
described under regulation 2.13.1.

Scrap material Equipment or material which is damaged, irreparable or

hazardous and has been identified for disposal.

Spillage The accidental discharge of concentrated cyanide,

cyanidation slurry or spent cyanide solution from a tanker,
vessel or pipeline into any area which is not a storage or
process tank or a tailings dam. Discharges into bund areas,
spillage sumps and catchment ponds are all considered to be
spillages.

Subcutaneous Under the skin.

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS Page 5

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

Tanker park brake A device which applies the tanker park brakes and activates
the air padding valve and air discharge valve.

Telltale hole A 6 mm diameter hole drilled into a blank flange bolted onto
the open end of the outside of two drain valves fitted in series
on the storage tank. A small stream of cyanide will flow in
the event that the outside valve (which is padlocked closed)
begins to leak through.

Tripac-Cyano Cyanide antidote consisting of:

Amyl nitrite
Sodium thiosulphate
Sodium nitrite

Thiocyanates Stable decomposition products of cyanide with certain

sulphur species.

Titratible cyanide The un-and weakly complexed CN- which reacts with silver
nitrate by means of titration i.e. HCN(aq), CN- uncomplexed,
all CN complexed with Zn and the fourth CN of Cu(CN)4.

Total cyanide Total cyanide (aq): The sum total of all the cyanide present as
dissolved species in liquid phase, including HCN(aq), CN- and
all metal cyanide complexes but excluding derivative
products CNO- and SCN-.
Total cyanide (s): The sum of all precipitated solid phase
cyanide complexes such as CuCN, Fe4[Fe(CN)6],
Cu2Fe[Fe(CN)6] etc.

Uncontrolled spillage When people are exposed to, or the environment is

contaminated by, cyanide or cyanide products, the spillage is
uncontrolled.

Unique flange The customer off-loading coupling flange which is designed

so that it is not compatible with the off-loading coupling
flange of other reagents.

WAD cyanide Weak acid dissociable cyanide. Includes cyanide liberated at

moderate pH of 4.5 such as HCN(aq) and CN-, the majority of
ligands from Cu, Cd, Ni, Zn, Ag complexes and others with
similar low dissociation constants.

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS Page 6

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

2. ABBREVIATIONS

ABET Adult Basic Education and Training

BS British Standard

CNO- Cyanate

HCN Hydrogen cyanide

MOHAC Mining Occupational Health Advisory Committee

MHSA Mine Health and Safety Act

PCD Pitch circle diameter

PPE Personal protective equipment

SABS South African Bureau of Standards

SAD Strong acid dissociable

STP Standard Temperature and Pressure i.e. 0C and 1 atmosphere

(101.3 kPa) pressure

SCADA Supervisory control and data acquisition

SCBA Self contained breathing apparatus

SCN- Thiocyanate

WAD Weak acid dissociable

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS Page 7

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS AND REFERENCES

1. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The author of this guideline wishes to thank the following companies for their input through
making cyanide documentation available and/or allowing formal visits onto metallurgical
plants:

AngloGold Harmony
Barberton Gold Mine Klipwal Gold Mine
ChemQuest LTA Segala Plant
Cluff Mine LTA Camelot Plant
Durban Roodepoort Deep Marlyn Chemicals
ERPM Mine Placer Dome
Fairview Mine Sasol Polymers
Gold Fields Transvaal Gold Mining Estates

Appreciation is extended to the Chamber of Mines of South Africa and the Cyanide Task
Team for the review of documentation and approval of this guideline. The team
representation was as follows:

Dr. D Barnes AngloGold

Mr. M J de Jager Placer Dome
Mr. B Doyle Department of Minerals and Energy
Mr. J J Gloy Chamber of Mines (Project Manager)
Mr. T Hook ChemQuest
Dr. J S Kilani Chamber of Mines
Mr. N Lesufi Department of Water Affairs and Forestry
Dr. A H Leuschner Gold Fields
Mr. P Lotz Mintek
Mr. P Magane Chemical, Energy, Paper, Printing, Wood and Allied Workers Union
Ms. Z Manana Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism
Mr. D C S Maree AngloGold
Mr. R McIntyre Department of Minerals and Energy
Mr. G Mpufane National Union of Mineworkers
Mr. D Mthethwa Group for Environmental Monitoring
Dr. A S Parsons Chamber of Mines (Chairperson)
Mr. J Reddy Sasol Polymers

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ACKNOWLEDGEMENT AND REFERENCES Page 8

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

2. REFERENCES

1. AngloGold, Metallurgical Technical Services, Cyanide Code, Issue 1: June 2000,

Issue 2: June 2001.

2. Personal communications with AngloGold Health Services.

3. Mintek, Adams M.D., The removal of cyanide from aqueous solution using ferrous
sulphate, November 1990.

4. Environment Australia, Cyanide Management, One booklet in a series on Best

Practice Environmental Management in Mining, June 1998.

5. International Council on Metals and the Environment, Mudder T.I., Hagelstein K.,
Logsdon J., The management of cyanide in gold extraction, April 1999.

6. CEFIC, Guidelines for storage, handling and distribution of Alkali Cyanides,

December 1997.

7. Chamber of Mines of South Africa, Code of practice on handling and storage of

hazardous chemicals, January 1984.

8. Gold Fields, Driefontein Gold Plant, Handling cyanide safely in a metallurgical plant,
August 2000.

9. Du Pont, Protection of personnel from toxic gas releases S25.3A, January 1995.

10. Durban Roodepoort Deep, Cyanide emergency procedures, December 2000.

11. CAIA, Assessment document for auditing storage and warehouses, March 2000.

12. Mintek, Standard method for determining WAD cyanide analyses by distillation,
Method No. PEC-97013 1998.

13. Weaver J.M.C., Groundwater Sampling, An abbreviated field guide for sampling
methods, WRC Project No. 339, 1992.

14. Chamber of Mines of South Africa, Research report No. 24/88, August 1988,
Wiechers H.N.S. and White R.T., A survey of cyanide pollution of mine water by
backfilling operations.

15. UNEP, Report of UNEP/OCHA assessment mission into the cyanide spill at Baia
Mare, Romania, March 2000.

16. Smith and Mudder, The chemistry and treatment of cyanidation wastes, Mining
Journal Books 1991.

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ACKNOWLEDGEMENT AND REFERENCES Page 9

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

17. Environmentally responsible mining,

http://enviromine.com/publicat/environresponse.html

18. Emergency preparedness in mining,

http://mineralresourcesforum.unep.ch/apell/backgroundinfo.htm

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ACKNOWLEDGEMENT AND REFERENCES Page 10

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

CHAPTER 2 PEOPLE CARE SYSTEMS

1. COMMUNICATION

1. SCOPE

This section describes the requirements for the effective communication of cyanide related
matters at internal company and external public levels.

2. GUIDING PRINCIPLE

Effective communication systems will ensure that the facts about cyanide reagents are better
understood by employees and members of the public. Armed with a better
understanding of cyanide, it is likely that community understanding of important
issues can be improved without unnecessary emotional reaction.

3. SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS

Note: Additional guidance on communication is given in section 5 of chapter 4 and section 1

of chapter 5. These 3 sections should be read in conjunction with each other.

3.1 Internal communication

3.1.1 A Gold Mine or Metallurgical Treatment facility should subscribe to a policy of openness
and transparency regarding information related to cyanide. This should be included in a
mission statement prominently displayed at entrances to treatment facilities.

3.1.2 Communication structures should be in place to communicate issues regarding cyanide to

employees. Monthly meetings should cover but not be limited to communication of:

Cyanide related risks identified as part of the risk assessment

Emergency preparedness
Incidents and accidents
Cyanide training
General cyanide awareness
Safety requirements

3.1.3 Cyanide awareness campaigns should be conducted at least twice a year on Metallurgical
Treatment facilities. They should cover but not be limited to:

Special training sessions on cyanide related topics

Display of placards and banners

CHAPTER 2 PEOPLE CARE SYSTEMS COMMUNICATION Page 11

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

Issue of brochures and circulars

Practical demonstrations
Self audits

3.1.4 The risks associated with cyanide reagents should be prominently displayed throughout
Metallurgical Treatment facilities.

3.1.5 An effective cyanide communication procedure should be implemented on Metallurgical

Treatment facilities to ensure the prompt and effective communication of cyanide related
risks, incidents and accidents. This should include but not be limited to:

After hours communication

Communications through plant meeting structures

3.1.6 Cyanide management should feature prominently as a topic at all meeting levels of
Metallurgical Treatment facilities. Both top-down and bottom-up communication of cyanide
concerns should be allowed for.

3.1.7 A documentation system should be implemented for the continuous reporting, actioning,
monitoring and follow-up of all cyanide related risks as identified during inspections,
incident investigation, task assessments and risk assessments. It should allow for reporting
and recording of these risks by all employees working at treatment facilities and should be
easily accessible.

3.2 External communication and consultation

3.2.1 An effective community communication structure should be in place to discuss issues related
to cyanide with communities in and around potential cyanide risk areas of Gold Mines and
Metallurgical Treatment facilities. Where community based structures exist, cyanide
management should feature as an agenda point.

3.2.2 Local communities should be involved by making cyanide related data available and
soliciting input from potentially affected parties on transportation, metallurgical operations
and emergency planning activities.

3.2.3 Minutes of proceedings at community meetings should be kept and the main points relating
to cyanide summarised. They should be distributed via local mine media or other means to
all residents of local communities in and around potential cyanide risk areas in order to keep
members of the public informed.

3.2.4 Community communication should include but not be limited to:

Emergency response planning

Community emergency reporting
Risks associated with the transportation of cyanide through affected areas
Risks associated with cyanide spillages

CHAPTER 2 PEOPLE CARE SYSTEMS COMMUNICATION Page 12

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

Operational aspects of cyanide

Cyanide management audit results
Concerns raised by community members

3.2.5 Local authority liaison meetings should be held regularly and should include but not be
limited to:

Emergency response planning

Notification

3.2.6 Spokespersons at community meetings should preferably be General Managers of Gold

Mines, or the Manager of Metallurgical Treatment facilities.

3.2.7 A procedure should govern the communication of cyanide related incidents or accidents to
Government Departments, the media and the general public by an appointed person.

3.2.8 An emergency plan and evacuation procedure should be developed with local communities
and authorities as detailed in section 1 of chapter 5. This should be communicated and copies
made available to all residents of local communities in and around potential cyanide risk
areas and local authorities.

3.2.9 Emergency telephone numbers should be displayed prominently at strategic areas around
Gold Mines and/or Metallurgical Treatment facilities for the reporting of spillages or any
other matters of concern.

CHAPTER 2 PEOPLE CARE SYSTEMS COMMUNICATION Page 13

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

CHAPTER 2 PEOPLE CARE SYSTEMS

2. RISK ASSESSMENT

1. SCOPE

This section describes the requirements for assessment of all risks associated with the use of
cyanide at Gold Mines and/or Metallurgical Treatment facilities.

2. GUIDING PRINCIPLE

Risks that may have an impact on the health and safety of employees, members of the public
and the environment should be eliminated at source where practicable. Alternatively,
measures should be implemented to control and minimise such risks.

3. SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS

3.1 A baseline risk assessment as required by Section 11 of the Mine Health and Safety Act
should be performed on Metallurgical Treatment facilities. As far as is practicable, attempts
should first be made to eliminate the risk, thereafter to control the risk at source, thereafter to
minimise the risks and thereafter, insofar as the risk remains, to provide personal protective
equipment to control the risks. A risk ranking system should be developed to assess safety,
health, environmental and financial impacts.

3.2 A programme should be developed to monitor and periodically review the risks identified in
3.1. This should be extended to include changes in work practices and procedures as
stipulated by Section 11 (4) of the Mine Health and Safety Act.

3.3 The initial risk assessment performed on Metallurgical Treatment facilities should include
but not be limited to an assessment of:

Procurement
Transportation
Off-loading
Storage
Metallurgical operational tasks
Maintenance tasks
Decontamination
Impacts on local communities
Impacts on the environment

CHAPTER 2 PEOPLE CARE SYSTEMS RISK ASSESSMENT Page 14

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

3.4 Any risk associated with work practices which involves cyanide or cyanide containing
solutions and slurries for which no procedure or code of practice exists should be assessed
prior to performing such work practices in order to protect employees, members of the public
and the environment.

3.5 Risk assessments should be conducted by a multi-disciplinary team that should include but
not be limited to:

Line management
Both operational and maintenance employees who will work directly with cyanide
Persons responsible for health, safety and environmental matters
Health and Safety representatives

3.6 Risk assessments should be performed for the development of various procedures as
stipulated by the requirements in various sections of this cyanide guideline.

CHAPTER 2 PEOPLE CARE SYSTEMS RISK ASSESSMENT Page 15

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

CHAPTER 2 PEOPLE CARE SYSTEMS

3. TRAINING

1. SCOPE

This section describes the requirements for reducing the risks associated with cyanide
reagents through effective training of managers and employees employed at Gold Mines
and/or Metallurgical Treatment facilities.

2. GUIDING PRINCIPLE

Well informed and educated managers and employees will be better equipped to understand
cyanide related risks and to protect themselves, members of the public and the environment
from the possible impacts of cyanide reagents.

3. SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS

3.1 General considerations

3.1.1 Managers of Metallurgical Treatment facilities should be appropriately qualified in

Extractive Metallurgy, Metallurgical or Chemical Engineering.

3.1.2 Employees appointed for cyanide specific tasks such as off-loading, issuing of clearance
certificates for entering cyanide areas, testing and clearance for cyanide gases and
supervision of cyanide storage areas should hold a valid Grade 10 certificate as a minimum
and meet other specific training requirements appropriate to their work activities.

3.1.3 Employees other than those appointed under 3.1.2 and who operate or maintain processes
which contain or transfer cyanide or cyanide containing solutions and slurries should have a
literacy and numeracy ability at ABET 3 or equivalent level and meet other specific training
requirements appropriate to their work activities.

3.1.4 An employee selection system should be established for the selection and placement of
employees who will perform activities in cyanide areas. Employees selected for placement in
categories such as off-loading, maintenance in storage areas, operations in storage areas and
as Buddy should pass the MOHAC category 5 requirement.

3.1.5 All training involving cyanide given to employees employed at Metallurgical Treatment
facilities should be given by an accredited trainer or training unit and assessments should be
aligned with the requirements of the South African Qualifications Authority.

CHAPTER 2 PEOPLE CARE SYSTEMS TRAINING Page 16

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

3.2 Training systems

3.2.1 A risk assessment should be performed on all operational and engineering tasks performed
on Metallurgical Treatment facilities to determine the scope of training requirements and the
frequency of refresher or follow-up training. As a minimum, refresher training for cyanide
related tasks should at least be performed annually and for tasks directly involving cyanide
e.g. cyanide handling, six monthly. Intervals should be determined in consultation with
Health and Safety committees and should depend on the risk profile of each task.

3.2.2. Training records should be kept of all cyanide related training performed at Metallurgical
Treatment facilities. Records should include but not be limited to:

Name of employee
Date of training
Contents of training
Pre- and post-test evaluations
Name of trainer
Name of training facility
Signatures of trainer and trainee

3.2.3 Administration of the training function should be performed in line with the national
qualifications framework and should include the filing in employee files of:

Request for training records

Attendance lists
Hard copies of all pre- and post-test training material and evaluation records
Copies of competency certificates
Workplace related training such as planned task observations, assessment documents and
follow-up training

3.2.4 The competency of employees performing cyanide related tasks should be followed by
formal appointment once the trainer, trainee and line management are satisfied with the
completion of a formal competency assessment.

3.2.5 A system should be implemented on Metallurgical Treatment facilities to identify employees

appointed under 3.1.2 who have been proven competent through completion and assessment
of training as required for their specific work activities.

3.2.6 Cyanide training should be audited on a regular basis both internally and externally.

3.2.7 Where standards change or where process operational procedures change, lesson plans
should be updated accordingly and clearly documented. A proper communication system
should be in place for communicating and effecting such changes.

CHAPTER 2 PEOPLE CARE SYSTEMS TRAINING Page 17

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

3.3 Training requirements

3.3.1 No person working at a Metallurgical Treatment facility should be allowed to perform any
task that will expose such a person to the possible impacts of cyanide without having been
assessed competent in the requirements listed.

3.3.2 Training requirements for employees with responsibilities directly or indirectly involving
cyanide or cyanide containing solutions and slurries should include but not be limited to:

Training on task procedures developed from risk assessments

Emergency procedures and equipment
Location of emergency equipment and alarms
Risk assessment techniques
Hazard identification
Environmental impacts
Lock-out and clearance procedures
Cyanide first aid treatment
Personal protective equipment and specialised breathing apparatus where appropriate
Outcomes supported by unit standards and assessment guides developed at national
level

3.3.3 An induction programme should be implemented to safeguard contractors, visitors, vendors

and members of the public who enter Metallurgical Treatment facilities against the possible
impacts of cyanide reagents prior to such persons entering facilities.

3.3.4 At the time of preparing this cyanide guideline, the South African Mining Qualifications
Authority is in the process of developing the requirements for a National Qualification
Framework for mining related disciplines. Once these requirements have been approved
through the formal review process, it will become a requirement under this section of the
cyanide guideline that all employees working at Metallurgical Treatment facilities with
responsibilities directly or indirectly involving cyanide or containing solution and slurries
should meet the training requirements for all cyanide related unit standards. These unit
standards, once finalised, will also dictate the minimum educational requirement for such
employees.

CHAPTER 2 PEOPLE CARE SYSTEMS TRAINING Page 18

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

CHAPTER 2 PEOPLE CARE SYSTEMS

4. MEDICAL TREATMENT

1. SCOPE

This section describes the requirements for the safe and effective treatment of victims
following exposure to cyanide, cyanide gases or any hazardous cyanide reaction products. It
covers the first aid and medical assistance for exposures to all forms of cyanide in use.

2. GUIDING PRINCIPLES

2.1 It is important that first aid and medical treatment only be administered by a competent
person trained through an accredited training facility and assessed as competent in the
procedure.

2.2 Personnel should be proven competent in cyanide first aid treatment on a regular basis,
preferably every six months. It is incumbent upon the manager to ensure that medical and
ambulance response personnel are retrained on a six-monthly basis as detailed in the
previous section.

2.3 It is important that cyanide contamination not be extended to other plant employees or
personnel administering first aid to cyanide victims. Precautions should be made to protect
bystanders and the person administering first aid prior to and during first aid treatment.

3. SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS

3.1 First Aid and Medical Treatment

3.1.1 General

3.1.1.1 All cases of cyanide poisoning resulting from inhalation of gas, swallowing of solid or liquid
cyanide products or absorption of cyanide through the skin require immediate first aid
treatment.

3.1.1.2 Symptoms typical of cyanide exposure occurring in workers in cyanide areas should be
treated as due to cyanide until proven otherwise.

3.1.1.3 It is important that the rescuers protect themselves against becoming victims of cyanide
poisoning whilst rescuing the exposed patient. Appropriate PPE should be worn by rescuers.
At the very least this should include:

CHAPTER 2 PEOPLE CARE SYSTEMS MEDICAL TREATMENT Page 19

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

PVC chemical resistant rainsuit with hood

Elbow length rubber gloves
Gumboots
Eye protection
Respirator, Hazmat combination gas canister A2B2E2K2P2 or equivalent, which meets
the requirements of SABS 0338
The use of self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) by trained personnel
would only be necessary in hydrogen cyanide (HCN) gas exposure or very severe
contamination with salt solution

3.1.1.4 The victim's fellow workers, close to the site at which the exposure occur, will usually carry
out the first aid treatment.

3.1.1.5 First aid using oxygen and amyl nitrite can be given by a trained lay person before medical
help arrives and is usually the only treatment needed, especially in typical accidental cyanide
poisonings. Medical treatment may require intravenous injections and should be
administered by medical personnel. However, even if a doctor or nurse is present, first aid
with oxygen and amyl nitrite should begin while materials for intravenous injections are
being prepared for use, if needed.

NOTE:Medical treatment is more likely to be needed following relatively large cyanide

exposures, particularly ingestion.

Amyl nitrite has been shown to be effective in treating cyanide exposures. Medical
treatment with standard intravenous doses of sodium nitrite followed by sodium
thiosulphate is reserved for patients who do not regain clear consciousness with
oxygen and amyl nitrite. Continue to use amyl nitrite ampoules until I.V. injection of
sodium nitrite is begun, if needed.

3.1.2 First Aid Treatment for Suspected Inhalation or Skin Contamination

3.1.2.1 Raise or set-off the emergency alarm. This should effectively engage the emergency
procedure and response call out for medical assistance. (See section 5 of chapter 4.)

3.1.2.2 Put on cyanide PPE and remove the patient to a safe area, free of cyanide.

3.1.2.3 Remove all contaminated clothing using gloves and prevent further contamination from
clothing by placing it in a plastic bag.

NOTE:The contaminated clothing removed from the patient should be sealed in a plastic
bag and handed to the senior person on site. The plastic bag is placed in the sun or in
a hot environment for 1 hour. After 1 hour a trained or competent Occupational
Health Hygienist, wearing gloves, eye protection and a respirator must open the bag
in a well-ventilated area and measure the HCN gas level inside the bag (without
removing the clothes). This measurement of HCN gas can be used to confirm that
the patient was indeed contaminated with cyanide.
The plastic bag should be resealed and incinerated together with the contents.
CHAPTER 2 PEOPLE CARE SYSTEMS MEDICAL TREATMENT Page 20

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

3.1.2.4 Wash off cyanide contamination of the skin by showering thoroughly for at least five
minutes with copious amounts of cold water, especially the face and eyes. Do not use high-
pressure water to hose the victim. Eye irrigation should be done with a gentle stream of
water for 5 minutes.

3.1.2.5 Give oxygen by mask at a flow rate of 10 l/min, starting as soon as possible. Oxygen is the
natural antidote.

3.1.2.6. IF THE PATIENT HAS HAD A GENUINE EXPOSURE, i.e. you can smell the cyanide
(bitter almond smell), or the patient is in respiratory distress or has collapsed:

Crush a gauze wrapped amyl nitrite ampoule and place it near the patients upper lip so that
they will inhale the amyl nitrite fumes by spontaneous nose or mouth breathing.
Amyl nitrite has a sweet pungent smell, which may make the patient withdraw from the
source. Allow 10-20 second inhalation periods with 10-20 second gaps of oxygen only i.e.
hold the gauze between oxygen mask and patients face. Amyl nitrite ampoules may be
repeated at 5 minute intervals if necessary, to a maximum of 2 ampoules. If blood pressure
can be competently monitored then up to 4 ampoules may be used.

3.1.2.7 Transport the patient to hospital as soon as possible. The use of oxygen should be continued
during transportation of the patient to hospital. Amyl nitrite may be continued during
transport to hospital if the patients mucous membranes are not blue: check the tongue and
inner aspect of the lips. A copy of this section of the guideline and a pack of Tripac Cyano
kit should accompany the patient to the hospital.

3.1.2.8 If breathing ceases use the Holger Nielsen method of artificial respiration. Mouth to mouth
respiration may give you, the rescuer, cyanide poisoning as well. If you have been
trained, use the bag resuscitator.

3.1.2.9 IF THE PATIENT HAS NO SYMPTOMS:

Only oxygen should be given as per 3.1.2.5 above. After showering (3.1.2.3 and 3.1.2.4) the
patient should be transported by ambulance to hospital as soon as possible. A copy of this
section of the guideline and a pack of Tripac Cyano kit should accompany the patient to
hospital.

NOTE: Amyl nitrite is highly volatile and evaporates from the gauze within a few minutes,
i.e. you will no longer be able to smell it. Amyl nitrite may cause low blood
pressure, as may cyanide poisoning itself. Amyl nitrite ampoules should be used
with extreme caution (obtain medical advice first, by telephone or other means) in
patients with cardio-vascular disease or diabetes mellitus. Employees with these
conditions must wear a Medical Alert, or equivalent, bracelet.

CHAPTER 2 PEOPLE CARE SYSTEMS MEDICAL TREATMENT Page 21

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

3.1.3 Emergency First Aid Treatment for Swallowed Cyanide

3.1.3.1 Raise or set-off the emergency alarm. This should effectively engage the emergency
procedure and response call out for medical assistance. (See section 5 of chapter 4.)

3.1.3.2 Put on cyanide PPE.

3.1.3.3 If the patient is conscious and co-operative make the patient drink 500 ml 5% sodium
thiosulphate solution. This may induce vomiting. If not, vomiting should be induced by
tickling the back of the patients throat with a gloved finger.

3.1.3.4 Revert to the procedure (3.1.2.1 to 3.1.2.9) of First Aid for Inhalation or Skin Contamination.

NOTE:Cyanide fumes will be produced from the vomitus, which may be inhaled by the
patient or the rescuer. Remove the patient to a safe area and wash away the vomit
with a waterhose.

A copy of this section of the guideline and a pack of Tripac Cyano kit should
accompany the patient to hospital.

3.1.4 Hospital Treatment of Cyanide Poisoning by a Medical Doctor or Specially

Trained Professional Nurse

3.1.4.1 Introduction

Experience shows that first aid given promptly is usually the only treatment needed for
typical industrial cyanide exposure. Exposure to a large amount of cyanide increases the
need for medical treatment.

Do not overreact. Although prompt action is essential when poisoning has occurred, a lucid,
conscious person who can communicate probably does not have significant cyanide
poisoning and medical treatment will usually not be necessary. Treat what you see is a
good rule of thumb.

Preventive use of cyanide antidote in the absence of impaired consciousness is usually

not warranted. Treat the symptoms you see.

Keep the patient calm by reassurance over the next thirty minutes and closely monitor the
patients condition. Consider ensuring intravenous access in cases where significant toxicity
is possible but may be delayed. Mildly symptomatic patients who remain alert may be
managed by supportive care only (remember oxygen).

If cyanide skin contact has been prolonged or extensive, watch the individual closely for at
least thirty minutes to ensure that there is no delayed absorption into the bloodstream.

CHAPTER 2 PEOPLE CARE SYSTEMS MEDICAL TREATMENT Page 22

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

Absorption through the lungs into the bloodstream is instantaneous, while absorption through
the stomach or intact skin is slower, delaying the onset of symptoms for twenty minutes or
more.

Liquid HCN is much more quickly absorbed through the skin than sodium or potassium
cyanide salts or their solutions. Even extensive skin contamination with cyanide salts will not
usually induce severe symptoms requiring medical treatment if prompt decontamination
occurs. Exposure to cyanide salt solutions may only require washing and observation if the
solutions are dilute. More concentrated solutions may require treatment even though
adequate washing is performed.

3.1.4.2 Pharmacology

Cyanides extreme toxicity is due to its rapid reaction with the trivalent iron (ferric or Fe3+)
of cytochrome oxidase within the cells.

The cyanide-cytochrome oxidase compound so formed prevents electron transfer along the
cytochrome chain and thus prevents oxygen utilisation. This results in the rapid onset of
hypoxic intracellular dysfunction and cell death.
Signs and symptoms may include:
Dyspnoea
Palpitations
Headache
Dizziness
Giddiness
Nausea
Tachypnoea and tachycardia (low exposure)
Conjunctival injection
Mydriasis
Flushing
Confusion
Agitation
Drowsiness
Reduced respiration and bradycardia (high exposure)
Dysthysthmias, irregular pulse
Hypotension, shock
Stupor
Coma
Convulsion
Apnoea

Cyanide poisoning is a true medical emergency. Treatment is highly effective if given as

soon as possible after the exposure has occurred. Oxygen is the natural antidote but the
affinity of cyanide for cytochrome oxidase in the mitochondria demands the use of other
chemical substances to improve survival chances. Amyl nitrite inhalation induces the
formation of methaemoglobin, which combines with the cyanide to form non-toxic
cyanmethaemoglobin.

CHAPTER 2 PEOPLE CARE SYSTEMS MEDICAL TREATMENT Page 23

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

Sodium nitrite by intravenous injection also produces methaemoglobinaemia. With time,

cyanmethaemoglobin dissociates releasing free cyanide.

Sodium thiosulphate converts free cyanide to thiocyanate, which is non toxic and excreted in
the urine.

Ideally repeat doses of sodium nitrite and sodium thiosulphate should be based on blood
cyanide and methaemoglobin levels. Methaemoglobin levels should not be allowed to
exceed 20% - 30%. Unfortunately both methaemoglobin and cyanide levels may take 24
hours to obtain with current laboratory techniques. This fact should not delay further
treatment being given on clinical grounds.

Methaemoglobin levels can only be measured at the larger central laboratories i.e.
Johannesburg S.A.I.M.R. and some larger private laboratories. Specimens should be sent in
Full Blood Count tubes (purple top EDTA tube). It is incumbent upon the manager to
ensure that a formal arrangement exists with the closest hospital in order to perform
the above test. Two specimens need to be sent (see 3.1.4.4.4).

Methaemoglobin itself can be fatal. The treatment for methaemoglobinaemia is to

administer 10-50 ml of 1% methylene blue solution in 200 ml dextrose saline over 1 hour.
Repeat doses would be assessed on the basis of methaemoglobin levels. Intravenous
infusions of 1 g vitamin C can also be used but the conversion rate of the methaemoglobin is
not as rapid.
3.1.4.3 Recovery and Disposition

For most accidental poisonings, patients are revived in a few minutes with complete recovery
within one or two hours. If a patient survives four hours unsupported, then recovery is
likely. All patients with symptoms should be admitted to hospital for twenty-four hours
observation. Intravenous antidote use should result in ICU care.

3.1.4.4 Medical Treatment

3.1.4.4.1 Put on cyanide PPE.

3.1.4.4.2 If contaminated clothing has not been removed it should be removed immediately, sealed in
a plastic bag/container and destroyed. The patient will need to be decontaminated by
showering see 3.1.2.1 to 3.1.2.9.

3.1.4.4.3 Maintain a conscious patient on as high an inspired oxygen concentration as possible (at least
60 % oxygen).

3.1.4.4.4 Take two samples of blood for cyanide levels, one in a purple top (EDTA) tube, and one in a
grey top (glucose) tube. Send both to an approved laboratory for analysis.

3.1.4.4.5 Unconscious patients in respiratory distress will require respiratory support in the form of
intubation and artificial ventilator support and at this point 100 % oxygen can be given for a
period of time until the victim shows symptoms of recovery.

CHAPTER 2 PEOPLE CARE SYSTEMS MEDICAL TREATMENT Page 24

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

3.1.4.4.6 Activated charcoal may be indicated in ingestion poisoning (50 g in 250 ml water is the adult
dose).

3.1.4.4.7 Impaired consciousness would usually prompt intravenous antidote administration: Establish
an intravenous line with 5 % dextrose saline and administer intravenous injections of:

10 ml 3 % sodium nitrite given over three minutes followed 5 minutes later by:
50 ml 50 % sodium thiosulphate given over 10 minutes
Monitor BP during infusion.
Adrenaline infusion may be required to maintain BP.
The above injections may be repeated after (2) two hours if necessary.
Transfer to ICU for further care.

Premier Dicobalt Edetate (Kelocyanor Adcock)

This drug should only be used in confirmed cases of severe cyanide poisoning by a medical
practitioner, in ICU.

NOTE: Cobalt itself is toxic. This product should NOT be used as a precautionary
measure.
Adult dose: intravenous injections of 300 mg over one minute followed immediately by 50
ml 50 % dextrose water. If there is no immediate response the dose can be repeated a second
and third time if necessary, at five-minute intervals. Each dose must be followed
immediately by 50 ml 50% dextrose.
It works by chelating the cyanide, forming a stable complex. Adverse reactions include facial
oedema, vomiting, sweating, retro-sternal chest pain, ventricular tachycardia and
hypertension. Skin rashes, laryngeal oedema and anaphylactoid reactions (5 15 % of
cases) have been documented.

3.2 First Aid And Medical Supplies

3.2.2 Cyanide PPE for Plants

PVC chemical rainsuit with hood.

Elbow length rubber gloves.
Gumboots.
Air-line mask.
Respirator Hazmat combination gas canister A2B2E2K2P2 or equivalent, which meets the
requirements of SABS 0338.
Eye protection.
Self contained breathing apparatus SCBA.

3.2.2 Cyanide PPE for Hospitals

2 x PVC chemical rainsuit with hood.

2 x Elbow length rubber gloves.
2 x Pairs gumboots.

CHAPTER 2 PEOPLE CARE SYSTEMS MEDICAL TREATMENT Page 25

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

2 x Respirators Hazmat combination gas canister A2B2E2K2P2 or equivalent, which

meets the requirements of SABS 0338.
2 x Sets eye protection.

3.2.3 First Aid Kit

Cyanide PPE as in 3.2.1 above.

6 gauze wrapped ampoules of 0,3 ml amyl nitrite for inhalation.
500 ml of 5% sodium thiosulphate (hypo solution).
Oxygen cylinder, flow gauge, connecting tubing and 60% oxygen mask.
Bag resuscitator, 2 x adult face mask and reservoir bag.
Oro-pharyngeal airways (2 each of sizes 3, 4 and 5).
1 x strong clothing scissors.
Fully equipped mine first aid box (see regulation).
Stretcher (with straps and pillow) and blankets.
Copy of section 4 of chapter 2.

NOTE: Gold plants should have at least two Tripac Cyano kits available on site.

3.2.4 Medical Doctor / Cyanide Trained Professional Nurse Kit

Cyanide PPE as in 3.2.1 above.

2 intravenous giving sets.
A selection of intravenous cannulae (3 each of sizes 16 and 18).
Alcohol swabs.
2 syringes of 50 ml.
3 syringes of 20 ml.
2 syringes of 10 ml.
2 syringes of 5 ml.
Hypodermic needles (2 large gauge needles for 50% dextrose and 8 x 21 gauge needles).
Ampoules files.
2 litres of 5% dextrose saline.
2 x 200 ml normal saline.
2 ampoules of 10 ml 3% sodium nitrite.
4 ampoules of 25 ml 50% sodium thiosulphate.
2 ampoules of kelocyanor solution.
2 ampoules of 50 ml 50% dextrose.
2 ampoules of 1:1000 adrenaline.
Laryngoscope with 2 sizes of Magil adult blades.
Endotracheal tubes (2 each of sizes 7, 8 and 9).
Portable suction unit, suction tubing, Yankauer suction and 2 x size 14 suction catheters.
Bag resuscitator, 2 x adult face masks, reservoir bag.
Stomach tube, tube lubricant and funnel tube, (only for use in intubated patients).
Copy of section 4 of chapter 2.

CHAPTER 2 PEOPLE CARE SYSTEMS MEDICAL TREATMENT Page 26

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

NOTE:Amyl nitrite should be replaced every 12 months. 5% sodium thiosulphate solution

(for oral administration) should be replaced every 6 months. Covan supply 6
ampoules of amyl nitrite, 4 ampoules of sodium thiosulphate, and 2 ampoules of
sodium nitrite in one pack as Tripac-Cyano.

3.3 Location of First Aid and Medical Kits

3.3.1 First aid kits should be positioned in appropriate storage containers in strategic areas on the
plant next to an emergency shower. An additional first aid kit should be placed in the plant
control room. Where the first aid kits are kept under lock and key, the key must be readily
available at all times.

3.3.2 Medical doctor / cyanide trained professional nurse kits should be placed in each hospital
casualty area for group mines contracted hospitals. Alternatively, medical doctor / cyanide
trained professional nurse kits should be positioned in a suitably placed area of the plant.
They should accompany patients to hospital.

3.3.3 PPE should be available wherever first aid and medical doctor / cyanide trained professional
nurse kits are located.

3.3.4 First aid kits, medical doctor / trained professional nurse kit and PPE should be kept in the
ambulance that serves the Gold Mine or Metallurgical Treatment facility.

3.3.5 Additional supplies of Tripac-Cyano (x4), kelocyanor (x2) and two copies of this section of
the guideline should be kept in the approved hospital dispensary and a system maintained to
allow urgent access at all times.

3.3.6 All cyanide first aid drugs (amyl nitrite, Tripac-Cyano, sodium nitrite, sodium thiosulphate,
kelocyanor etc.) should be stored in a refrigerator at between 5 - 20C in order to ensure
that they are efficacious when administered.

CHAPTER 2 PEOPLE CARE SYSTEMS MEDICAL TREATMENT Page 27

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

CHAPTER 2 PEOPLE CARE SYSTEMS

5. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

1. SCOPE

This section describes cyanide specific personal protective equipment which should be used
on Gold Mines and/or Metallurgical Treatment facilities.

2. GUIDING PRINCIPLE

Cyanide specific personal protective equipment should be used in a safe, effective manner by
production personnel and members of the public to prevent exposure to cyanide, cyanide
gases and cyanide reaction products. Cyanide protective equipment is not a substitute for
safe working practises, proper risk assessment and control or intelligent conduct on the part
of employees who perform tasks in cyanide areas.

3. SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS

3.1 General

3.1.1 Whenever cyanide personal protective equipment or gas detection and measuring equipment
are ordered, such orders should be routed via the Safety and Health Coordinator and
Occupational Hygienist prior to the orders being placed. Alternatively, a procedure should
govern the effective purchase of approved equipment from recommended suppliers.

3.1.2 A risk assessment should be conducted on all cyanide related tasks performed on
Metallurgical Treatment facilities by both operating and engineering personnel. Procedures
should subsequently be developed for each task and should feature the appropriate cyanide
specific personal protective equipment and monitoring system required.

3.1.3 As far as reasonably practicable, engineering solutions should provide for hazards arising
from the use of cyanide, and when not possible, cyanide specific personal protective
equipment should be supplied to employees at no cost.

3.1.4 A management system should be implemented to control the condition of cyanide specific
protective equipment and detection and measurement instrumentation.

3.1.5 As part of the above system, a procedure should govern the replacement and disposal of
redundant and the cleaning and storage of used or contaminated protective equipment. It
should detail a proper system to ensure the separate keeping of personal clothes from cyanide
specific protective clothing, whether contaminated or not.

CHAPTER 2 PEOPLE CARE SYSTEMS PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT Page 28

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

3.1.6 All personnel exposed to areas containing cyanide should wash before leaving a
Metallurgical Treatment facility whether having come in direct contact with cyanide or not.

3.1.7 All employees required to use cyanide specific personal protective equipment should be
trained in the use thereof and instructed that no tasks will be allowed to be performed
without the prescribed cyanide specific personal protective equipment being fitted and worn
before and during the completion of the task.

3.1.8 Symbolic signs should be fitted to and displayed in all areas where cyanide reagents are
present and where personal protective equipment should be worn. Dedicated eating areas,
away from cyanide risk areas should be provided. Symbolic signs should be kept in a proper,
easily readable condition.

3.1.9 When any work is conducted in areas where noxious gas is present, additional protection in
the form of approved personal gas dosimeters should be worn. Employees should be trained
in the use of such dosimeters and have access to known evacuation routes.

3.1.10 Entry into high risk areas should be controlled and restricted by means of approved
procedures.

3.1.11 It is recommended that personnel working in cyanide areas be equipped with two-way
radio communication in order to notify control rooms appropriately and quickly of any
possible cyanide exposure.

3.2 Safety equipment

3.2.1 Only approved cyanide specific equipment should be used at all times. Suppliers should
specify the limitations of conditions for usage.

3.2.2 When purchased, chemically retardant personal protective equipment, should include a proof
of fitness for use as protection from cyanide, cyanide gases and cyanide reaction products.

3.2.3 Air supply systems to air-line masks should be moisture, dust and pollutant free.

3.2.4 As a minimum, specific personal protective equipment to be used by personnel and

members of the public when entering high risk areas should include:

Chemical resistant suit with hood

Eye protection in the form of a full face shield as a minimum requirement, and close
fitting goggles may be worn in addition.
Respirators Hazmat A2B2E2K2P2 combination gas canister or equivalent, which meets
the requirements of SABS 0338
Elbow length rubber gloves
Gumboots

NOTE: PVC suit sleeves must be tucked OVER the elbow length rubber gloves and pants
leg cuffs tucked OVER gumboots.

CHAPTER 2 PEOPLE CARE SYSTEMS PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT Page 29

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

Additionally, as dictated by risk assessment, the following specific personal protective

equipment should be used in high risk areas:

Self contained breathing apparatus - (SCBA)

Air-line mask system
Personal gas detector with alarm function

3.2.5 Whenever gas concentrations cannot be accurately monitored, or protection by normal

respiratory equipment accurately projected in cyanide areas, or areas entered when unknown
amounts of cyanide concentrations are present, self contained breathing apparatus should be
worn.

3.2.6 An emergency mobile trailer should be available per Metallurgical Treatment facility and
equipped as detailed in section 5 of chapter 4 to allow for rapid deployment in the event of
any cyanide emergency.

3.3 Monitoring equipment

3.3.1 Gas detection equipment should only be purchased from approved suppliers who can provide
the necessary approval of requirements laid down herein.

3.3.2 Gas detection equipment should be capable of accurately measuring hydrogen cyanide and
make allowance for cross sensitivity effects of gases such as acetylene.

3.3.3 Whenever gas concentration measurements are required for any purpose where clearance
certificates are issued or for continuous monitoring during work activities, only approved
and recommended equipment which utilises an accurate, dependable data logging facility
should be used.

CHAPTER 2 PEOPLE CARE SYSTEMS PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT Page 30

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

CHAPTER 3 SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION

1. DUTY TO CARE

1. SCOPE

This section describes the requirements for manufacturers, suppliers and distributors of
cyanide reagents and sets appropriate levels of management practices which will lead to the
improvement of the health, safety and the environmental aspects of their businesses.

2. GUIDING PRINCIPLE

The adoption of and alignment with Responsible Care principles will be essential to the
elimination of risks associated with the use of cyanide. Manufacturers, suppliers and
distributors need to adopt these principles in order to remain competitive in the new business
environment.

3. SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS

Manufacturers, suppliers and distributors of cyanide should:

3.1 Promote their businesses by making safety, health and environmental issues an integral part
of all business activities and by continuously striving to align their businesses with public
and industry expectations.

3.2 Assess the environmental impact of each cyanide facility they propose to construct or
facility to be used to warehouse cyanide products.

3.3 Design, build, operate and maintain all cyanide facilities and transportation equipment in a
safe and environmentally acceptable manner.

3.4 Be prepared for emergencies and provide leadership to assist local communities to
improve their emergency preparedness.

3.5 Promote the conservation of resources. As far as possible, materials should be reused and
recycled to minimise the need for treatment or disposal. All wastes should be handled and
disposed of safely and responsibly.

3.6 Strive towards achieving zero emissions by giving priority to those that may present the
greatest potential risk to health and the environment.

3.7 Responsibly correct past practices that have created environmental or health problems.

CHAPTER 3 SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION DUTY TO CARE Page 31

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 20001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

3.8 Continuously improve processes, practices and products.

3.9 Promote open discussion with stakeholders about materials manufactured, used and
transported and the impacts of activities on safety, health and the environment.

3.10 Build alliances with government, policy makers, businesses and advocacy groups to develop
sound policies, laws, regulations and practices that improve safety, health and the
environment.

3.11 It is recommended that manufacturers, suppliers and distributors align their businesses to the
principles of Responsible Care as administered by the Chemical and Allied Industries
Association of South Africa and report to relevant stakeholders the findings of audit reviews.

CHAPTER 3 SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION DUTY TO CARE Page 32

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 20001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

CHAPTER 3 SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION

2. TECHNICAL SUPPORT

1. SCOPE

This section describes the requirements for the supply of appropriate technical information
by manufacturers, suppliers and distributors of cyanide on the safe and proper handling,
transportation, storage, maintenance and disposal of cyanide and cyanide equipment.

2. GUIDING PRINCIPLE

Technical information needs to be supplied by manufacturers, suppliers and distributors of

cyanide to affected mining companies and other stakeholders in order to assist with the safe
and effective management of cyanide.

3. SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS

The following technical specifications and/or services should be provided by manufacturers,

suppliers and distributors of cyanide reagents:

3.1 Product information, material safety data sheets and basic chemistry of cyanide reagents.

3.2 Specific PPE to be worn when handling cyanide or working with cyanide related
equipment for both normal and abnormal situations.

3.3 Personal safety and hygiene recommendations for working with cyanide should be
specified, e.g. washing of hands after handling cyanide, no smoking while handling
cyanide, etc.

3.4 Correct product handling and packaging methods for both liquid and solid cyanide reagents.

3.5 Recommend details covering storage, facility design, construction, location, access, spillage
area, piping and fittings, off-loading requirements, materials of construction, signage, site
security and illumination.

3.6 Recommend methods for the proper control of inventory levels and reagent scheduling.

3.7 Transportation and delivery requirements.

3.8 Off-loading and storage facility operating procedures.

CHAPTER 3 SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION TECHNICAL SUPPORT Page 33

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

3.9 Maintenance practices and procedures for tanks and equipment i.e. preparation for
vessel entry, isolation, decontamination, scrap disposal, waste treatment etc.

3.10 Emergency response planning.

3.11 First aid and medical treatment guidance.

3.12 Detoxification procedures to handle cyanide spillages and cyanide contaminated

equipment.

3.13 Any other information or specifications that may be relevant for manufacturers, suppliers
and distributors of cyanide reagents as laid down in Section 21 of the Mine Health and
Safety Act, especially 21 (4)(b).

CHAPTER 3 SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION TECHNICAL SUPPORT Page 34

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

CHAPTER 3 SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION

3. PROCUREMENT SYSTEMS

1. SCOPE

This section describes the requirements for the effective procurement of cyanide reagents
from manufacturers, suppliers and distributors. It covers aspects that should be included in
procurement contracts.

2. GUIDING PRINCIPLES

2.1 Cyanide reagents should only be purchased from dependable, reputable manufacturers,
suppliers and distributors who have the health and safety of employees, members of the
public and consideration for the environment at heart.

2.2 Proper procurement of cyanide reagents through an appropriately structured procurement

contract will ensure that risks associated with the distribution, transportation and off-loading
of cyanide reagents are effectively controlled and managed.

3. SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS

3.1 The manufacturers of cyanide reagents should manufacture reagents in a safe manner in
order to prevent the exposure of production personnel, members of the public and the
environment to the impacts of cyanide.

3.2 It is recommended that manufacturers, suppliers and distributors of cyanide reagents

subscribe to an authorised Responsible Care programme and supply results of audits to
customers on an annual basis.

3.3 Cyanide loading procedures used by suppliers and distributors should ensure the proper
supply of the specified reagent to a haulier or transporting company in order to prevent
improper carriage or abuse of the reagent. Procedures should include the proper loading and
off-loading of the cyanide reagent into or onto an appropriate, approved and roadworthy
delivery vehicle or tanker.

3.4 Cyanide delivery documentation should correctly identify the reagent being carried in order
to ensure that proper corrective action can be taken in cases of vehicle accidents and that
proper off-loading, placement and storage of the cyanide at its interim or final destination
can occur.

CHAPTER 3 SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION PROCUREMENT SYSTEMS Page 35

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

3.5 Secure guarantees should be obtained from cyanide suppliers and/or distributors, that
packaging and transport containers comply with the specifications of the Dangerous Goods
Road Transport legislation, in that containers are leak free and watertight, to prevent spillage
into the environment and public domain.

3.6 Off-loading agreements should be established between customers and suppliers and/or
distributors of cyanide reagents which specify the requirements needed to ensure the safe
transfer of cyanide reagents from the supplier delivery vehicle into the storage facility.

3.7 Suppliers and distributors of cyanide reagents should ensure compliance to chapter 8 of the
National Road Traffic Act for transport of Dangerous Goods.

3.8 Suppliers and/or distributors should provide the specific cyanide reagent according to the
required specifications. A procedure should exist that will dictate appropriate action in the
event of non-conformance to agreed technical specifications.

3.9 Sampling procedures and/or analytical methods, if to be used to correctly determine the
specification of cyanide reagents, should be considered and included if necessary.

3.10 Suppliers and/or distributors should supply the contents of delivery and quality control
documentation for each separate cyanide delivery.

3.11 An effective communication system and procedure needs to be in place to allow for changes
to agreed delivery schedules.

3.12 Procurement contracts should include the supply of risk assessments of routes to be used for
delivery of the cyanide reagents by supplier and distributors.

3.13 Where manufacturers, suppliers and distributors utilise road hauliers to distribute cyanide
reagents, guarantees should be obtained that this service is performed by a competent and
safe operator. All other requirements herein should be considered.

3.14 Suppliers and distributors of cyanide reagents should only change haulier or transporter on
prior approval by the customer.

CHAPTER 3 SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION PROCUREMENT SYSTEMS Page 36

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

CHAPTER 3 SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION

4. TRANSPORTATION

1. SCOPE

This section describes the requirements for the safe and effective transportation of cyanide
reagents to and within Gold Mine and/or Metallurgical Treatment facility boundaries for
manufacturers, suppliers and distributors of cyanide.

2. GUIDING PRINCIPLE

Cyanide reagents should be transported from manufacture, warehouse or distribution centres

to Gold Mines and/or Metallurgical Treatment facilities in a safe and effective manner
without any risk of exposure to production personnel, members of the public and the
environment.

3. SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS

3.1 Suppliers and distributors of cyanide should comply with all current and future amendments
to legislation for the manufacture, packaging, product loading and transportation
requirements of Dangerous Goods.

3.2 Vehicles used to transport cyanide reagents should be appropriate for the task, have a
certificate of roadworthiness and be in a roadworthy condition at all times. No retread tyres
are to be used on delivery vehicles. It is the transporters responsibility to ensure that pre-use
checks are carried out before tankers or delivery vehicles are loaded.

3.3 The risks associated with the use of top or bottom discharge tankers for transporting cyanide
should be assessed and appropriate preventative measures installed on the selected tanker to
prevent spillage during transportation or possible road accidents.

3.4 All vehicles used for the transportation of cyanide reagents should be equipped with a
satellite tracking system which provides for response in case of emergency.

3.5 Transport vessels used for liquid cyanide are considered to be pressure vessels and the
Responsible Engineer for a Gold Mine or Metallurgical Treatment facility should obtain
copies of the vessel pressure testing certification.

3.6 The suppliers transport manager or distributor or agent acting on behalf of a supplier,
whichever may apply, should be appointed according to Regulation 2.6.1 of the Mine Health
and Safety Act.

CHAPTER 3 SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION TRANSPORTATION Page 37

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

3.7 Guarantees should be obtained from cyanide suppliers and distributors that delivery vehicle
drivers are properly trained and licensed for operating vehicles that carry cyanide reagents
and that such drivers have been trained and found competent to deal with cyanide related
accidents and emergency procedures.

3.8 Delivery drivers should be trained and inducted for site specific off-loading procedures and
cyanide first aid treatment. Proof of such training and induction should be documented and
drivers should carry appropriate identification to confirm training and competence.

3.9 Consignors of cyanide reagents should undertake regular audits of the haulage or
transportation operations of their hauliers or transporters. This will ensure suitability of the
haulier or transporter employed.

3.10 Loads containing cyanide reagents should only be left unattended in secured areas away
from members of the public. The vehicle should be locked at all times.

3.11 Suppliers and distributors of cyanide should conduct detailed risk assessments of routes to be
used for delivery of the cyanide reagent. They should identify the major risk areas and
include detailed contingency and emergency plans in the event of incidents or accidents.
Delivery routes should be periodically re-evaluated.

3.12 When severe weather conditions are experienced during transportation, distribution should
be stopped at the next suitable parking area. Delivery should only resume upon improvement
of weather conditions.

3.13 Transportation of solid cyanide reagents should at all times be performed dry.

3.14 Safe routes within Gold Mine premises or within Metallurgical Treatment facilities should
exist for routing of delivery vehicles to the cyanide off-loading area. It is necessary that:

Suppliers and distributors drivers and operating staff are conversant with the prescribed
route
The delivery routes are sign-posted
Hazards are identified and appropriate warning signs displayed
Minimum clearance heights are provided for as determined from risk assessment
Safe speed limits are established and delivery vehicle drivers comply with the speed
limits
Minimum turning circles are provided for as determined from risk assessment
The delivery roadways are hard-surfaced and at least 6 m wide
The vehicle does not need to reverse

CHAPTER 3 SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION TRANSPORTATION Page 38

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

CHAPTER 3 SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION

5. WAREHOUSING

1. SCOPE

This section describes the requirements for the effective and safe control of cyanide reagents
at warehouse facilities not housed on cyanide manufacturing premises. It covers both
transport to and from any warehouse facility used to distribute cyanide.

2. GUIDING PRINCIPLES

2.1 Distributors of cyanide reagents should ensure that warehouse facilities and their
business conduct by use of such a facility are both safe and without risk.

2.2 Distributors of cyanide should recognise the right of their customers, the public, their
employees and other stakeholders to be aware of the risks associated with the operation of
the facility.

2.3 Appropriate measures should exist to safeguard employees working at such facilities, the
public and local communities through which cyanide reagents are being transported to or
from such a facility.

3. SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS

Beside specific legal requirements, distributors of cyanide or anyone warehousing cyanide

reagents should:

3.1 Meet packaging requirements as set out in the next section.

3.2 Keep cyanide first aid equipment and meet the relevant requirements detailed in section 4 of
chapter 2.

3.3 Meet the requirements for personal protective equipment as detailed in section 5 of
chapter 2.

3.4 Meet the requirements for general storage as detailed in section 2 of chapter 4.

3.5 Ensure compliance with relevant sections of the National Building Regulation and
Standards Act and SABS 0263.

CHAPTER 3 SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION WAREHOUSING Page 39

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

3.6 Conduct a detailed risk assessment of the potential for accidental release of solid
cyanide, cyanide solution or HCN gas at the facility and the effect on employees at the
facility, adjacent and nearby businesses and communities. This should include the
development of emergency procedures which will avoid exposure or injury to members of
the public and the environment.

3.7 Conduct risk assessments of the roads used to transport cyanide to and from the warehouse
to its final destination. Appropriate emergency response planning should accompany such an
assessment and should be presented to mining companies and other stakeholders.

3.8 Ensure that the facility is not situated in a densely populated or highly active business area.

3.9 Ensure that the facility is accessible to emergency services in the event of an incident or
accident and meet the requirements as detailed in section 5 of chapter 4.

3.10 Ensure liaison with local emergency services on emergency planning not only for the
facility but also for public roads, access ways leading to such a facility and the customer
property. An adequate communication system should exist to facilitate the supply of
evacuation and emergency response information to customers and local businesses and
communities.

3.11 Ensure that the warehouse facility is situated in an area where no possible risk exists for
surface run-off water or water run-off from a possible fire fighting event to pollute the
environment. In cases where this may not be practicable, adequate measures should be put in
place to manage such a risk.

3.12 Ensure that an automatic alarm system connected to a supervised monitoring service for
security and to the local fire brigade for fire risks is installed and operational at the facility.

3.13 Implement and manage an effective access control policy to the warehouse facility and
ensure that only authorised and competent persons enter.

3.14 Supply training to employees who handle and/or transport cyanide reagents to and at the
warehouse facility or to its final destination. Training should include general cyanide
awareness, Hazchem response, PPE and cyanide first aid training.

3.15 Keep a formal cyanide stock inventory system which should indicate distribution to and from
the facility. The system should include tracking features such as stock numbers, weight,
consignor, consignee, etc.

3.16 Implement a formal traceability system for all cyanide containers and packaging which
should include labelling or bar coding.

3.17 Implement a waste disposal system applicable to the specific warehouse site to prevent
exposure of any cyanide reagent or packaging material to the public domain. If
decontamination is to occur on site, it should be conducted as detailed in the section 8 of
chapter 4.

CHAPTER 3 SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION WAREHOUSING Page 40

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

3.18 Ensure that no foodstuffs (including beverages), animal feeds or tobacco products are
warehoused in the same facility.

3.19 Ensure that fire fighting equipment is compatible with cyanide in the event of fire and that
personnel working at the facility have been trained in its use.

3.20 Ensure that appropriate lifting equipment is available for the loading and off-loading of
cyanide and that personnel operating such equipment have been trained and are competent in
their use. The effective and safe operation of such equipment should be governed by a pre-
use checklist system.

3.21 Ensure compliance with various other sections of this guideline that may be applicable to the
facility or business conducted at or from the facility.

CHAPTER 3 SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION WAREHOUSING Page 41

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

CHAPTER 3 SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION

6. PACKAGING

1. SCOPE

This section describes the requirements for the safe and effective packaging of cyanide
reagents.

2. GUIDING PRINCIPLE

Manufacturers, suppliers and distributors of cyanide reagents should ensure that

customers, transporters and shipping and storage agents of cyanide reagents package
those reagents in a safe manner in order to prevent exposure to members of the public,
production personnel and the environment.

3. SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS

3.1 Cyanide packaging and labelling should meet the requirements as detailed in SABS 0229. It
is the responsibility of cyanide suppliers and distributors to ensure compliance.

3.2 All delivery systems should be labelled, at a minimum, in such a way that they identify the
package contents and meet the requirements of SABS 0228.

3.3 Hazard information, emergency response guidance and first aid treatment instructions are
additional information that is beneficial to include on the packaging as detailed in
SABS 0231-1 and SABS 0232-3.

3.4 Alternative package disposal methods should be evaluated for each cyanide user
location. The package and package disposal combination that has the least impact on
safety, health and the environment while still being effective should be utilized.

3.5 Empty packaging should be handled as hazardous (contaminated) until it is

decontaminated and disposed of or destroyed using the methods detailed in section 8 of
chapter 4.

3.6 Cyanide packaging should always be opened close to the point of use or transfer in
order to minimise the area of exposure to potential spillages.

3.7 Containers used for transporting cyanide reagents should be opened in a well ventilated area.

CHAPTER 3 SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION PACKAGING Page 42

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

CHAPTER 3 SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION

7. SECURITY OF CYANIDE

1. SCOPE

This section describes the requirements for ensuring that cyanide reagents and cyanide
installations are adequately protected against theft or unauthorised entry.

2. GUIDING PRINCIPLE

Cyanide installations should be adequately protected to ensure that the public, operating
personnel and the environment are not exposed to cyanide or cyanide reaction products as a
result of unauthorised or unlawful removal of cyanide or acts of sabotage.

3. SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS

3.1 Except in the case of an emergency, off-loading of cyanide reagents should be conducted at
an approved off-loading site. The storage facility for cyanide should be situated on the
premises of a Gold Mine and/or Metallurgical Treatment facility. Off-loading of cyanide
should NEVER occur at any other area.

3.2 Off-loading should not be carried out on public property without authorisation from local
authorities and communities. If approved, off-loading should only occur under the
supervision of a competent person.

3.3 Unauthorised access to cyanide reagents and the off-loading and storage facility should be
prevented.

3.4 Traffic through a Gold Mine and/or Metallurgical Treatment facility off-loading and storage
facility should be kept to a minimum.

3.5 A fence and lockable gates should be used to protect off-loading and storage facilities. All
critical valves and infrastructure should be intact and locked and the keys controlled via a
key register.

3.6 No person other than a competent person or a person under the immediate supervision of a
competent person should handle or move, or cause or permit any other person to handle or
move, any compound of cyanide which is likely to produce harmful dust or noxious or
flammable gases, unless it is in a closed airtight and watertight container.

3.7 Authorisation for removal and transfer of cyanide reagents off a Gold Mine and/or
Metallurgical Treatment facility should only be given by the General Manager of such a
Gold Mine or the Manager of the Metallurgical Treatment facility and only after a risk
assessment has been performed.
CHAPTER 3 SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION SECURITY OF CYANIDE Page 43

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

3.8 An emergency procedure should cover the response to and communication regarding any
possible theft of cyanide reagents and possible exposure to the members of the public and the
environment whether at or in transit to a Gold Mine and/or Metallurgical Treatment facility.
Refer to section 1 of chapter 2.

3.9 Any cyanide packaging should be decontaminated as detailed in section 8 of chapter 4 and a
procedure should be in place to monitor final disposal from a Gold Mine and/or
Metallurgical Treatment facility.

CHAPTER 3 SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION SECURITY OF CYANIDE Page 44

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

CHAPTER 4 PROCESSING PLANT

1. OFF-LOADING

1. SCOPE

This section describes the requirements for the safe and effective off-loading of cyanide
reagents at Gold Mines and/or Metallurgical Treatment facilities.

2. GUIDING PRINCIPLES

2.1 Off-loading of cyanide reagents should be performed in a safe manner in order to prevent
exposure of production personnel, members of the public and the environment to the impacts
of cyanide.

2.2 Off-loading facilities should be managed effectively in order to ensure the safe and effective
transfer of cyanide reagents from suppliers and distributors to customers.

3. SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS

3.1 General requirements

3.3.1 Site specific off-loading procedures should be developed from a risk assessment of the
facility. They should be agreed between cyanide suppliers and/or distributors and the Gold
Mine and/or Metallurgical Treatment facility management in order to ensure that off-loading
is conducted with minimum risks.

3.3.2 Cyanide off-loading i.e. transfer of cyanide from the suppliers and/or distributors delivery
vehicle to the storage facility, should only be conducted by a dedicated, properly trained and
competent person as detailed in section 3 of chapter 2.

3.3.3 Delivery should always be conducted by the supplier driver whilst being assisted by the
customer qualified person.

3.3.4 Prior to delivery of the initial cyanide consignment, the supplier and or distributor should
conduct an assessment of the off-loading and storage facility in order to ensure that it is
suitable and safe to prevent exposure of production personnel, the public and the
environment to cyanide.

3.3.5 Off-loading activities should be limited to daytime hours (7 am 5 pm), and any deviations
from these times should be covered by a specific written procedure developed from risk
assessment.

CHAPTER 4 PROCESSING PLANT OFF-LOADING Page 45

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

3.2 Off-loading area

3.2.1 Under no circumstances should aluminium, aluminium alloys, brass or materials containing
magnesium, magnesium alloys, solder tinning or galvanised surfaces, be used for
transferring cyanide due to these materials being easily corroded by the caustic solution.

3.2.2 Illumination in the off-loading area should comply with the legal minimum requirements of
150 lux (SABS 0114). Consideration should be given to the installation of ground level
lighting to ensure adequate illumination of the delivery vehicle off-loading hose connection
point.

3.2.3 Off-loading installations located outside Metallurgical Treatment facility perimeter fences,
and which are accessible to the public, should be enclosed with a fence with lockable gates
when no off-loading occurs.

3.2.4 Off-loading gates should be locked with a unique lock and key set. A control system should
be in place to control the issuing of keys by means of an official key register.

3.2.5 Off-loading installations located within Metallurgical Treatment facility perimeter fences
should be provided with clearly visible barricades to prevent unauthorised access to the
installation whilst off-loading is in progress.

3.2.6 Off-loading installations should be equipped with a wind direction indicator sock or ribbon.
The wind indicator should be clearly visible during off-loading in order to prevent the
exposure of off-loading personnel to dust or HCN gas.

3.2.7 Off-loading installations should be able to sufficiently drain and contain any cyanide spillage
or surface run-off water.

3.2.8 Off-loading installations should be equipped with a sump and manually operated spillage
pump and should include a level device with an audible alarm.

3.2.9 Off-loading installations should be equipped with ferrous sulphate reagent and shovels,
readily available close to the potential spillage area. The ferrous sulphate should be kept in a
dry condition available for use as required in spillage situations.

3.2.10 The following symbolic signs should be displayed at off-loading areas:

No entry to unauthorised persons

No smoking
No naked flames
Protective clothing to be worn
Warning of poisonous substance
Warning of corrosive substance
Cyanide first aid procedure

CHAPTER 4 PROCESSING PLANT OFF-LOADING Page 46

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

3.3 Off-loading

3.3.1 Equipment used for off-loading cyanide should comply with the following specifications:

Off-loading hoses provided by the supplier should be polypropylene fabric reinforced

with wire wrapping 2 m long

The off-loading hose flange provided by the supplier should be a Table D flange with
outer diameter 215 mm, nominal bore 100 mm and 4 x M16 bolt holes on a 178 mm PCD

The off-loading flange of the accepting storage facility should be a Table D flange with
outer diameter 215 mm, nominal bore 100 mm and 4 x M16 bolt holes on a 178 mm PCD

Connecting flanges should be made unique for each specific cyanide reagent in order to
prevent the mixing of or delivery to incorrect cyanide storage tanks. Connecting flanges
should differ for cyanide and other reagents used on the same plant in order to prevent
wrongful delivery

Cyanide delivery lines to storage tanks should be constructed of mild steel that complies
with the BS 2654 specification

The off-loading air hose should be reinforced neoprene nylon, 30 m long and 20 mm
diameter

The dedicated air station should be located outside the hazardous area but in full view of
the off-loading hose in order to react to emergencies

The off-loading air pressure should be moisture free and regulated to ensure that the
pressure does not exceed 180 kPa and pressure gauges should be marked to indicate the
maximum pressure

All pipe work should only include sufficient flanged joints to enable the removal of
critical equipment items, transfer pumps and control or isolation valves. Flange covers
should be installed on all flanges

3.3.2 Cyanide off-loading should not commence until the following inspections and actions have
been carried out by a competent customer qualified person according to a site specific off-
loading area checklist, and the off-loading and storage facilities have been declared safe for
off-loading:
Verify product delivery documents and delivery vehicle details
The reagent delivery vehicle driver and the customer qualified person should wear
approved personal protective equipment as listed in the site specific off-loading
agreement
An approved and totally functional first aid kit, cyanide antidote kit and emergency
rescue equipment with appropriate personal protective equipment should be available and
in working order at both ends of the off-loading area

CHAPTER 4 PROCESSING PLANT OFF-LOADING Page 47

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

An effective and operational telephone or radio communication system to the control

room should be in place
The safety shower and eye wash (including audible alarms) should be tested and in
working order
A water hose should be available and connected to the potable water point
Dry powder BC or foam type fire extinguishers should be available
The delivery vehicle is standing level, the park brake has been applied and the wheels
chocked and earth straps connected
The cyanide storage tank levels have been determined, recorded on the checklist and
verified
The appropriate delivery line flange is unlocked
The off-loading hose connection bolts have been tightened and tested
The off-loading area has been barricaded off and the required warning signs displayed
The off-loading air hose connection is tight and has been tested
The customer qualified person gives authorisation for the off-loading of cyanide to
commence when the supplier vehicle driver and customer qualified person are both
outside of the hazard area.
The customer qualified person visually checks the off-loading hose couplings for leaks,
from outside the hazard area when off-loading commences
The customer qualified person and the vehicle supplier driver both remain in attendance
at the off-loading installation to monitor the off-loading process

3.3.3 The off-loading air valve should immediately be closed if any leaks or other abnormal
conditions develop during off-loading and any emergency responded to in accordance with
the requirements of section 5 of this chapter.

3.3.4 On completion of off-loading the supplier driver and customer qualified person should
ensure that equipment used and contaminated during off-loading are flushed and any spillage
properly handled in accordance with the requirements of section 8 of this chapter.

CHAPTER 4 PROCESSING PLANT OFF-LOADING Page 48

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

CHAPTER 4 PROCESSING PLANT

2. STORAGE

1. SCOPE

This section describes the requirements for the effective and safe storage of cyanide reagents.
It covers the storage of all forms of cyanide reagents unless explicitly stated otherwise.

2. GUIDING PRINCIPLE

The storage of cyanide reagents through a structured management system will ensure that the
associated risks are minimised and controlled. Development of adequate storage control
systems will ensure that the risk associated with cyanide incidents are well managed.

3. SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS

3.1 Storage areas

3.1.1 Vessels used for storage of cyanide reagents should meet the following requirements.

The correct materials of construction should be used for all equipment items
The correct inlet flange and pipework should be installed
Suction and delivery flanges on reagent and spillage pumps should have flange covers
Each tank should be provided with a separate vent pipe
Each tank should have a separate overflow pipe where applicable
Accurate and reliable tank level indication, with high level alarms, should be provided for
each tank. For flake cyanide storages, load cells are recommended
Each tank should have a manhole for inspection and maintenance access
Each tank should be provided with an individual earth strap
Walkways and access over and/or around cyanide storage tanks should be ergonomically
designed with safe practice in mind, e.g. they should not pass in the vicinity of tank vents,
etc.
Storage tanks should permanently display the required Hazchem labels
Storage tanks should be clearly identified and painted signal red (BS code 537/-, SABS
code A11/-) with a horizontal dark violet band (SABS code F06) not less than 400 mm
wide located on the vertical centre of the tank

3.1.2 Cyanide storage vessel capacities should be designed and capable of accepting the
operational frequency of required deliveries.

3.1.3 Storage tanks should hold at least 1.5 times the capacity of the delivery tanker. Flake cyanide
storages should have a minimum capacity of at least twice that of a normal delivery vehicle.
CHAPTER 4 PROCESSING PLANT STORAGE Page 49

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

3.1.4 Two storage tanks are preferred to a single large tank in order for a plant to continue running
in the event of problems with one of the tanks.

3.1.5 A system should be implemented between customer and suppliers or distributors to enable
the accurate determination of storage levels and effective delivery scheduling.

3.1.6 Storage tanks should be fitted with two separate drain valves, one in line with the other. The
outside valve should have a blank flange with a 6 mm telltale hole in it, fitted to the open end
of the valve nearest to the tank. The valve nearest to the tank should be left in an open
position while the outside valve is closed and locked.

3.1.7 If storage tanks are housed within or close to buildings, ample emergency exits from such
buildings should be provided. Vent pipes should be extended above roof level. Adequate
ventilation should be provided for storage areas, whether inside or outside buildings.

3.1.8 Storage facilities should be remote from existing or planned acid storage areas and
consideration should be given to the prevailing wind in the area and proximity to buildings
and control rooms. Such storages should have separate bund walls.

3.1.9 The following symbolic warning signs should be displayed at the storage area to inform of
the hazardous nature of the stored cyanide reagent:

No entry to unauthorised persons

No smoking
No naked flames
Protective clothing to be worn
Warning of poisonous substance
Warning of corrosive substance
Cyanide first aid procedure
Gas detection instrumentation

3.1.10 Illumination installed in the storage area, at dosing pumps, valves, remote switches and
alarm buttons should comply with the legal minimum requirements of 150 lux (SABS 0114).

3.1.11 Flake cyanide storage, handling and mixing facilities should meet the following additional
requirements:

They should not be located within the confines of a building but in an area of free flowing
natural ventilation
The outlet vents from storage vessels and mixing tanks should be able to manage an
overflow of 17 m per minute without any build-up of pressure inside the vessel
The storage vents should pass through an effective dust and fume removal system before
air is allowed to be discharged to atmosphere
If a wet dust extraction system is used, the outlet should terminate at a point lower than
the vent take-off points from the vessel. A wet scrubber is preferred over a dry bag
collector due to the inherent danger of changing bags. Adequate pumping arrangements
should exist for the transfer of scrubber water

CHAPTER 4 PROCESSING PLANT STORAGE Page 50

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

The system used to feed flake cyanide from the storage to the mixing facility should
feature an emergency shutdown function in the event of over-supply of cyanide
The mixing facility should be designed to allow for venting of the acetylene gas that is
generated during the make-up process. Proper make-up and mixing procedures should be
in place to prevent injury to plant personnel, the storage facility and the environment
The solution into which flake cyanide is transferred before make-up should be adjusted to
a pH of 11 before such transfer occurs
The conical bottoms of flake cyanide storage vessels should be in two sections joined by
flanges, nuts and bolts
Fittings such as pipes and valves should be of the appropriate static-electric free materials
and corrosion- and abrasion-resistant

3.1.12 Briquette cyanide storage, handling and mixing facilities should meet the following
additional requirements:

Storage areas should be protected from infiltration of rain and flood water
Storage areas should be well ventilated
If partitioning of cyanide storage areas occur within a building it should be properly
fenced
Emergency egress from storage areas should be easy and free of obstacles
Cyanide should not be stored closed to acidic reagents or explosive materials
Storage areas should be away from potable water and sewerage systems
The required Hazchem labels should be permanently displayed at storage, handling and
mixing facilities
Cyanide should be stored at a level of two palette heights above floor level
The mixing facility should be designed to allow for venting of the ammonia gas that is
generated during the make-up process. Proper make-up and mixing procedures should be
in place to prevent injury to plant personnel, the storage facility and the environment
The solution into which briquette cyanide is transferred before make-up should be
adjusted to a pH of 13 before such transfer occurs in order to reduce the formation of
ammonia gas
Agitation on mixing tanks should be stopped as soon as briquettes have been dissolved
into solution in order to reduce the formation of ammonia gas

3.2 Bunded areas

3.2.1 The floor of bunded areas used for storage of cyanide reagents should be sited on a solid
impervious area and enclosed by a flood tested, leak-proof bund wall.

3.2.2 The bund wall should have no drain holes or any other opening which could allow cyanide
effluent to escape from the bund area. Any such valve or opening should be permanently
closed off and sealed. If a drain valve for spillages during off-loading is provided, it should
be closed and locked in this position when no off-loading occurs.

3.2.3 The bund walls should be kept clean and free of any superfluous material.

CHAPTER 4 PROCESSING PLANT STORAGE Page 51

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

3.2.4 The bunded area should be capable of safely containing 110% of the total storage tank
contents in the case of a single tank installation, and in the case of a multiple tank
installation, 110% of the contents of the largest tank. Where two or more vessels are
connected for simultaneous use, the bund should be able to accommodate the combined
capacity of the tanks. When determining the size of the bund area to be used for flake
cyanide, the possible source of any spillage and the 45 angle of repose should be
considered and allowed for.

3.2.5 The bund area should be protected from storm water ingress from other areas. Any solution,
including rainfall contained within the storage facility bund area should be returned to a
process slurry stream at a point where the pH value is greater than pH 10.5.

3.2.6 A spillage control system should be implemented which should cater for the return of
cyanide reagent spillages and/or the effective and safe make-up and transfer of spilled
cyanide back to the process. This system should be manually operated.

3.2.7 The field control stations for the valves and/or pumps which will be required to control
spillage in bund areas should preferably be located in positions remote from exposure to
spillage.

3.3 Safety systems

3.3.1 A fully operational safety shower and eye wash bath should be provided at the storage site
and should meet the following requirements:

It should be identified with appropriate signage

It should be platform operated with an attached eyewash
It should be situated remotely at a minimum 7,5 m and maximum 10 m distance from the
potential spillage/risk area
It should be fitted with an audible alarm to inform employees when the shower is being
used and that an emergency situation has developed
Additionally, the alarm should be routed to the control room in order to inform the
operator that an emergency situation has developed
The wash water source should be uncontaminated potable water and have a in-pipe
supply pressure of 3,5 to 4,0 bar
The wash water isolating valve located at the shower should be locked in the open
position and the key controlled by means of an official key register

3.3.2 A wash water facility should be available at the site at all times for use in emergency
situations.

3.3.3 Cyanide first aid and emergency rescue equipment as detailed in section 5 of this chapter
should be situated remotely from the storage or potential risk area at a minimum 7,5 m and
maximum 10 m distance, ideally next to the safety shower.

3.3.4 Wherever emergency rescue and first aid equipment is kept under lock and key, all keys
should be available in an emergency break-glass container.

CHAPTER 4 PROCESSING PLANT STORAGE Page 52

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

3.3.5 The complexing reagent, ferrous sulphate, and a shovel should be readily available close to
the potential spillage area and the ferrous sulphate kept in a dry condition available for use as
required in spillage situations.

3.3.6 There should be no public access to the hazardous materials storage and off-loading area and
the storage area should be fenced and locked to prevent unauthorised access at all times.
Each separate off-loading and storage area gate should be locked with its own unique lock
and key set. Issuing of keys should be by means of an official key register.

3.3.7 Make-up, mixing and dosing systems for all forms of cyanide reagents should be equipped
with audible alarm systems in order to alert personnel when such a system is operational.
The safety of personnel at such a site, close vicinity to the site and at the point of entry into
the process should be governed by a procedure.

3.3.8 An appointed responsible person should check the facility daily using a site specific
checklist to ensure the availability of all safety related systems.

3.3.9 Entry into storage areas should only be by competent persons and only after the necessary
clearance certificate is issued.

3.3.10 Personal protective equipment as detailed in section 5 of chapter 2 should be worn when
entering cyanide storage areas.

3.3.11 Storage and bund areas should be equipped with dry powder BC or foam type fire
extinguishers.

CHAPTER 4 PROCESSING PLANT STORAGE Page 53

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

CHAPTER 4 PROCESSING PLANT

3. TRANSFER TO PROCESS

1. SCOPE

This section describes the requirements for the safe transfer of cyanide reagents from storage
vessels or storage areas to the point of use within Metallurgical Treatment facilities.

2. GUIDING PRINCIPLE

Transfer of cyanide reagents from the storage facilities into metallurgical process streams
should be performed safely and effectively without exposing production personnel, members
of the public or the environment to the possible impacts of cyanide.

3. SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS

3.1 Pumps, pipelines, flanges, valves and gaskets should not be constructed of aluminium or
aluminium alloys, magnesium or magnesium alloys, brasses and any tinned or galvanised
materials due to the severe corrosion effects of caustic cyanide solution on these materials.

3.2 Flanges on installed pipework used for conveying cyanide solutions exceeding 1% strength
should be minimised. Where the use of flanges is unavoidable, suitable flange covers should
be installed.

3.3 Main solution valves should preferably be stainless steel ball valves with PTFE seats and
seals.

3.4 A detailed risk assessment should be performed to determine the route and type of piping to
be used for transfer of cyanide solutions. It should include:

Alignment with the specifications laid down in BS 2654

Location near pipelines and bund areas containing acid, acid solution or low pH water
Proximity to established pipe-racking for ease of inspection and maintenance work

3.5 Due to the severe corrosion that can occur with heated caustic cyanide solutions, pipelines
should be stress relieved before installation when heat tracing is performed.

3.6 Only gaskets made from clinkerite or red neoprene should be used on pump, valve and pipe
flange joints.

3.7 All redundant cyanide pipelines should be removed after proper risk assessments have been
conducted, and pipelines decontaminated as detailed in section 8 of this chapter.

CHAPTER 4 PROCESSING PLANT TRANSFER TO PROCESS Page 54

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

3.8 Positive displacement pumps should be fitted with a pressure relief valve venting back into
the storage tank. The pressure relief system should be maintained according to a scheduled
maintenance plan.

3.9 Where cyanide pipelines are susceptible to freezing, the pipes should be fitted with heat
tracing and lagged.

3.10 Where a ringmain feed system is used, the return cyanide solution should discharge back into
the same tank feeding the cyanide dosing pump.

3.11 All cyanide pipelines should be inspected routinely and written procedures should be
established to deal with leaks.

3.12 All cyanide pipes (including lagged pipes) should be painted dark violet (BS code 796,
SABS code F06) along the entire length of the pipeline. All pipelines should be clearly
identified (calcium or sodium cyanide) and have an arrow indicating the direction of flow.
Labels and arrows should be placed at regular intervals on lagged pipelines.

3.13 Where flake or briquette cyanide reagents are directly transferred to process streams, the area
should be well ventilated and an audible alarm installed at the discharge point to alert plant
personnel prior to transfers. A specific procedure should cover transfer.

3.14 Manual transfer of flake or briquette cyanide should only be performed by a trained,
competent person wearing the prescribed cyanide specific PPE listed in section 5 of chapter
2. Containers or drums used for transfer should remain fully closed until reaching the point
of entry into process streams.

3.15 Discharge points of cyanide into process streams should enter at a point which will create the
lowest possible risk of exposure to personnel. Discharge points should be risk assessed and a
HCN gas detecting system installed at such points with an audible alarm to alert plant
personnel. A procedure should govern evacuation from such points and preventative
measures to be taken.

3.16 Discharge points of cyanide should enter the process stream at a point where the pH is
maintained above 10.5 and which is well ventilated at all times. On-line pH monitoring
should be conducted including a linked audible alarm to alert personnel if the pH drops
below 10.5. A procedure should govern evacuation from such points and preventative
measures to be taken.

3.17 Ideally, discharge points of cyanide into process streams should NOT be close to control
rooms or buildings nor should control rooms or buildings be situated close to and down wind
from such points. Ample emergency exists should be provided where this cannot be avoided.

3.18 Acid, acidic solutions or low pH water should NOT enter at the same point where cyanide is
discharged into the process UNLESS it has been properly neutralised up to a pH of at least
10.5.

CHAPTER 4 PROCESSING PLANT TRANSFER TO PROCESS Page 55

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

CHAPTER 4 PROCESSING PLANT

4. GENERAL USE OF CYANIDE

1. SCOPE

This section describes the requirements for the general management of cyanide reagents and
to ensure that cyanide is used safely and effectively in all Metallurgical Treatment facilities.

2. GUIDING PRINCIPLES

2.1 General usage of cyanide reagents should be performed by trained and competent personnel
in order to prevent the exposure of production personnel, members of the public and the
environment.

2.2 The existence of adequate management systems will ensure that the risks of cyanide
exposures are minimised.

3. SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS

3.1 Cyanide reagents should be supplied at the specifications agreed to during procurement to
minimise the changing of existing work practices and procedures.

3.2 The use of cyanide should be controlled by safe working practices and procedures which
should include but not be limited to:

The use of proven methods by a trained and competent person or Occupational Hygienist
to declare working areas safe
The issuing of correctly authorised Hot Work Clearance and Permit to Work Certificates
Compliance with safety precautions
The use of approved respiratory and other personal protective equipment as indicated on
the Hot Work Clearance and Permit to Work Certificates
The control of hazards resulting from cyanide reagents, cyanide gases and cyanide
reaction products
A description of the first aid equipment to be used
Cyanide exposure symptoms
Emergency rescue procedures
Methods for cyanide leakage and spillage control
Cyanide decontamination methods
Mine Health and Safety Act requirements
Minerals Act and Regulations requirements

CHAPTER 4 PROCESSING PLANT GENERAL USE OF CYANIDE Page 56

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

3.3 Any work performed on equipment or facilities containing cyanide and any operational task
performed on or close to such equipment or facilities should only be performed by a person
trained according to the requirements detailed in section 3 of chapter 2.

3.4 Additions or modifications to working procedures, practices, standards and installed cyanide
handling, storage equipment, reticulation, sampling and analytical measurement equipment
should be subject to a risk assessment prior to the proposed addition or modification being
implemented.

3.5 Working areas that may be suspected of containing cyanide or cyanide reaction products
should be monitored in accordance with an approved Occupational Hygiene management
programme and equipped with suitable cyanide gas detection systems in order to warn
personnel when the occupational exposure limit of 10 ppm is exceeded.

3.6 Persons should not be allowed to enter or work in any tank, vessel, pipeline, confined space
or poorly ventilated areas unless the concentration of cyanide, cyanide gases and cyanide
reaction products is declared safe for work by a suitably trained and competent person in
accordance with the requirements of section 6 of this chapter.

3.7 No eating, drinking or smoking should be allowed in any cyanide working area, or while
working with cyanide or cyanide reaction products.

3.8 All cyanide pipelines and storage tanks should comply to the specified colour coding
detailed in the preceding section.

3.9 Colour coding and labelling should be maintained to ensure proper visual identification.

3.10 Cyanide measurement and monitoring should be performed as directed by the requirements
of section 7 of this chapter.

3.11 Cyanide spillages should be cleaned up immediately in accordance with the procedures
developed in terms of section 5 of this chapter.

3.12 Suitable protective clothing should always be worn as described in section 5 of chapter 2
when work is performed on or in the vicinity of any cyanide containing equipment or
facility.

3.13 Operational procedures should ensure that a pH of greater than 10.5 is maintained in
process streams and circuits at all times to prevent the decomposition of cyanide to hydrogen
cyanide gas.

3.14 Cyanide solutions should only be used for the dissolution of gold in slurry streams, gold
precipitation circuits, gold elution processes, carbon activity analyses and laboratory
applications by competent personnel.

3.15 Acid washing and eluting of loaded carbon should NOT be performed in the same column.

3.16 An acid neutralisation step should ensure that conditioned carbon is delivered back to the
process at a pH in excess of 10.5.

CHAPTER 4 PROCESSING PLANT GENERAL USE OF CYANIDE Page 57

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

3.17 Spent acidic solutions should be neutralised using the procedures detailed in section 8 of
this chapter and transferred back into the process stream at a point where the pH is in excess
of 10.5 and which contains a pH monitoring and alarm facility.

3.18 Cyanide should be added to the metallurgical process in the correct amounts required for
proper and effective dissolution of gold particles. Regular laboratory optimisation tests
should dictate the required amount of cyanide to be used.

3.19 Systems should be in place to effectively control process parameters, e.g. pH and cyanide
control, and these systems should be calibrated on a regular basis to ensure optimum
effectiveness.

CHAPTER 4 PROCESSING PLANT GENERAL USE OF CYANIDE Page 58

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

CHAPTER 4 PROCESSING PLANT

5. EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE

1. SCOPE

This section describes the requirements for ensuring that adequate emergency preparedness
exists on Gold Mines or Metallurgical Treatment facilities and that response to emergency
situations is effected in the shortest possible time, thereby limiting the potential impact of
cyanide incidents and accidents.

2. GUIDING PRINCIPLES

2.1 Comprehensive emergency plans should exist to appropriately deal with on-site emergency
conditions in order to prevent the exposure of operating personnel, emergency personnel,
members of the public and the environment from the possible impacts of cyanide.

2.2 Emergency preparedness should be of a high standard to effectively respond to emergency

situations.

3. SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS

3.1 Emergency procedures

3.1.1 A risk assessment should be performed to identify all possible cyanide incidents or
emergency conditions that may arise on Gold Mines or Metallurgical Treatment facilities.
The following lists possible risk areas for which emergency procedures need to be
developed, but they are not limited to these:

Alarm conditions on cyanide monitoring and measuring equipment

Spillage and exposure of personnel during off-loading
Process exposure of operational personnel
Chemical reaction in storage vessels
Spillage from storage vessels
Rupture of a cyanide tanker
Explosions
Fire in or close to cyanide storage vessels
Exposures to cyanide and/or HCN gas

CHAPTER 4 PROCESSING PLANT EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE Page 59

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

3.1.2 Procedures for cyanide spillages should include but not be limited to the following:

Alarm conditions
Actions to prevent further spillage
Isolation of spillages
Notification of relevant persons
Evacuation and assembly
First aid treatment
Containment of spillages
Monitoring and sampling of the effects
Clean-up of spillages
Detoxification of excess spillage
Rehabilitation and monitoring of affected areas
Frequency of emergency drills

3.1.3 An emergency file should be available at the entrance to the Metallurgical Treatment facility
and should contain:

A full description of the metallurgical process

A detailed site map showing the location of emergency equipment, cyanide off-loading
and storage facilities, cyanide pumps and pipeline routes (including spillage pumps/
pipes), dosing points, cyanide solution make-up tanks and equipment and any other area
where cyanide is used
A copy of the cyanide emergency procedures and emergency contact numbers

3.1.4 The procedures should be compatible with the environmental emergency plan developed in
terms of section 1 of chapter 5.

3.2 Communication

3.2.1 Emergency procedures should be communicated to the following people:

All plant personnel including those responsible for off-loading and handling of cyanide
reagents
Control room personnel
Emergency response personnel
Security and access control personnel
Responsible line managers

3.2.2 Emergency procedures should be revised annually. They should be prominently displayed at:

Cyanide off-loading points

Cyanide storage areas
Control rooms
Other identified risk areas

CHAPTER 4 PROCESSING PLANT EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE Page 60

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

3.2.3 A communication system should be in place on Gold Mines or Metallurgical Treatment

facilities to notify relevant management and/or other stakeholders of any cyanide emergency
incidents.

3.2.4 Communication with employees, the local community and the media relating to cyanide
emergencies should be handled as detailed in section 1 of chapter 2.

3.2.5 Emergency reaction personnel should be supplied with route maps indicating the routes to be
followed from base centres to the Gold Mine or Metallurgical Treatment facility where
cyanide is used.

3.2.6 A formal system should exist which cover communication and provide for interaction on off-
site emergency situations as detailed in section 1 of chapter 5.

3.3 Preparedness

3.3.1 Drills to test the emergency procedure for cyanide first aid treatment should be conducted on
a monthly basis. The complete response chain, i.e. first aid, ambulance and hospital should
be audited on a 6 monthly basis and actions taken where appropriate.

3.3.2 Drills to simulate other cyanide emergencies as identified in the risk assessments should be
conducted on a regular basis to ensure that plant personnel are familiar with emergency
procedures and that they can respond appropriately.

3.3.3 Emergency alarms, e.g. on safety showers, panic alarms, spillage alarms, HCN gas detecting
alarms and pH alarms should be checked on a daily basis using a site specific checklist.
Under no circumstances should defective alarms systems be allowed to remain non-
operational.

3.3.4 When specific high risk maintenance or other tasks are performed, e.g. entry into storage
tanks, confined spaces, etc. it is recommended that a competent trained professional nurse be
present on site during such work or that emergency services be alerted.

3.3.5 Whenever work or actions are performed around cyanide installations which pose an
exposure risk to plant personnel, such work or actions should be governed by a clearance
procedure and emergency preparedness covered as per the Buddy system.

3.3.6 Plant personnel should be trained in emergency procedures and assessed as competent to
recognise, and deal with, all possible cyanide emergencies as identified by the risk
assessment.

3.3.7 Emergency reaction personnel should be trained and be familiar with emergency cyanide
first aid treatment.

CHAPTER 4 PROCESSING PLANT EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE Page 61

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

3.4 Response

3.4.1 Access to the scenes of spillages, incidents and accidents should be closed off and entry
should be controlled to prevent unauthorised access.

3.4.2 A senior manager and/or emergency co-ordinator, trained and competent in cyanide
emergencies, should be identified to take charge of emergency situations. The notification of
this person should be incorporated in procedures. This person should be easily identifiable
during emergency situations.

3.4.3 No person, including emergency response personnel, should enter a contaminated area or
scene of a cyanide accident, for any reason whatsoever, without wearing full cyanide specific
PPE and unless fully stocked cyanide first aid kits are available on site.

3.4.4 Cyanide spillages should be detoxified as detailed in section 8 of this chapter.

3.4.5 As far as possible, clean-up of cyanide spillages should be conducted by specialised

Hazchem emergency response personnel. Where it is necessary for production personnel to
enter the contaminated area for the purpose of containing the spillage, full cyanide specific
PPE should be worn (including PVC suit and self contained breathing apparatus) and the
Buddy system strictly enforced.

3.4.6 Cyanide first aid treatment should be administered as detailed in section 4 of chapter 2.

3.4.7 All cyanide spills, incidents and accidents should be properly investigated and appropriate
actions taken to prevent the reoccurrence of a similar event.

3.5 Equipment

3.5.1 A dedicated emergency mobile trailer should be available at each Gold Mine and/or
Metallurgical Treatment facility and should be stored in a proper, safe manner so that it can
be rapidly deployed in the event of an emergency. The number of items for the trailer will be
based on an assessment of the risk exposure and the number of employees likely to be
exposed. The following lists possible items for inclusion:

Self contained breathing apparatus - (SCBA)

Medical oxygen cylinder, flow gauge (for a flow rate of 10 l/min), connecting tubing and
60% oxygen mask
Harness type life line
Basket type stretchers, with straps - for airlift purposes
Canvas fold-up type stretchers
Blankets
Bag resuscitator, 2x adult face masks and reservoir bag
Oro-pharangeal airways (2 each of sizes 3, 4 and 5)
Fully equipped first aid boxes
Reflective jackets

CHAPTER 4 PROCESSING PLANT EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE Page 62

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

Torches with batteries

Hard hats
Elbow length rubber gloves
PVC chemical resistant suit with hood
Gumboots various sizes
Respirators Hazmat A2B2E2K2P2 combination gas canister or equivalent, which meets
the requirements of SABS 0338
Eye protection in the form of full face shield as minimum requirement and close fitting
goggles may be worn in addition
Plastic bags for contaminated clothing and medical waste
Copy of section 4 of chapter 2 on first aid treatment

CHAPTER 4 PROCESSING PLANT EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE Page 63

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

CHAPTER 4 PROCESSING PLANT

6. MAINTENANCE

1. SCOPE

This section describes the requirements for the effective and safe inspection, maintenance
and repair of equipment having been in contact with any form of cyanide reagent or
solutions and slurries containing cyanide reagents.

2. GUIDING PRINCIPLE

The inspection, maintenance and repair of equipment used for cyanide reagents, as well as
cyanide contaminated items, should be conducted in a safe manner to ensure that production
personnel and members of the public are not exposed to the impacts of cyanide.

3. SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS

3.1 General

3.1.1 A detailed risk assessment should be conducted of all general and repetitive engineering
inspection and maintenance tasks performed in cyanide areas or on systems containing
cyanide on Gold Mines or Metallurgical Treatment facilities. From this, detailed procedures
and standards for conducting those tasks should be developed and approved by the
Responsible Engineer.

3.1.2 A detailed risk assessment should be conducted for any abnormal or infrequent engineering
tasks or work not covered by 3.1.1 above, and procedures developed and approved by the
Responsible Engineer before performing such tasks or work.

3.1.3 Risk assessments and procedures should include but not be limited to HCN gas
measurement, personal protective equipment to be used, flushing, detoxification of
equipment and hot work clearance.

3.1.4 No work should be conducted in any poorly ventilated or confined areas without a risk
assessment having been performed.

3.1.5 Any addition, change or modification of procedures used for inspection, maintenance and
repair work on any equipment used for the storage, transfer and control of cyanide reagents
should be subjected to a risk assessment prior to implementation.

3.1.6 Routine maintenance of equipment used for cyanide storage and transfer should be
managed by means of an established, written maintenance system. This should include a
formal record keeping system of all maintenance work performed.
CHAPTER 4 PROCESSING PLANT MAINTENANCE Page 64

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

3.1.7 Personnel who perform inspection, maintenance or repair work on cyanide facilities should
be trained, tested and found competent on approved procedures. They should undergo
training as detailed in section 3 of chapter 2.

3.1.8 A proper clearance certificate should be issued to both the person operating the section and
the person intending to perform inspection, maintenance or repair work. Each person should
ensure that equipment is properly locked out or isolated.

3.1.9 Emergency response measures should be in place whenever inspection, maintenance and
repair work are carried out and should comply with the requirements of section 5 of this
chapter.

3.2 Maintenance

3.2.1 All working areas used for conducting an inspection, maintenance or repair of any equipment
used for the storage, transfer and control of cyanide should be tested for cyanide gases and
declared safe by a trained, competent person.

3.2.2 Personnel performing inspection, maintenance or repair of any equipment used for storage,
transfer or control of cyanide should wear appropriate cyanide specific personal protective
equipment and monitoring systems as identified in the risk assessment or as described as a
minimum requirement in section 5 of chapter 2.

3.2.3 Lock out or isolation should be performed by positively isolating so as to ensure that no
possibility exists of any cyanide gas or cyanide containing solution or slurry entering the
working area. Measures should include but not be limited to:

Lock out of electrical equipment such as pumps and agitators

Installation of spades to close piping entering or leaving tanks, sumps and bund areas
Closing and locking of valves
Removal of pipe spool pieces

3.2.4 Tools and equipment used during inspection and maintenance and constructed of aluminium
or aluminium alloys, magnesium or magnesium alloys, brasses and any tinned or galvanised
materials should not be allowed to make direct contact with any cyanide or cyanide
containing solutions or slurries.

3.2.5 In addition to protecting personnel engaged in inspection or maintenance work on cyanide

installations, adequate measures should be taken to protect other personnel in the immediate
vicinity.

3.2.6 Decontamination of cyanide storage vessels and contaminated equipment should be

performed as detailed in section 8 of this chapter before any maintenance work is
performed.

CHAPTER 4 PROCESSING PLANT MAINTENANCE Page 65

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

3.3 Confined areas

3.3.1 All areas where gases can or are suspected of accumulating should be treated as areas likely
to contain noxious gases and should be monitored for noxious gases. The areas should be
identified by means of prominently displayed warning signs and entry to such areas should
be restricted and controlled by means of approved clearance procedures.

3.3.2 During risk assessment, consideration should be given to the necessity for gas testing. In
particular, consideration should be given to the chemicals in the environment and the gases
that can potentially be created, e.g. cyanide gases, hydrogen, explosive gases, ammonia,
oxygen deficiency and acetylene.

3.3.3 The area should be properly ventilated by means of, for example:

Installing fans for gas extraction or positive ventilation

Use of air to ventilate working areas
Opening of manholes, etc., to create adequate ventilation

3.3.4 Portable electric tools and extension lighting should be flameproof and properly earthed
when work is carried out in confined areas.

3.3.5 Employees who enter confined areas for inspection and maintenance purposes should wear
cyanide protective equipment as identified in the risk assessment and be equipped with a life
line. A Buddy should be positioned at a safe distance and be equipped for emergency
response if required.

CHAPTER 4 PROCESSING PLANT MAINTENANCE Page 66

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

CHAPTER 4 PROCESSING PLANT

7. CYANIDE MEASUREMENT AND MONITORING

1. SCOPE

This section describes the requirements for the detection, measurement and monitoring of
cyanide solutions and or gaseous cyanide reaction products.

2. GUIDING PRINCIPLE

The detection, measurement and monitoring of cyanide in solutions and cyanide reaction
product gases should be conducted in a safe, accurate and reliable manner in order to
manage, control and prevent exposure of production personnel and members of the public to
the impacts of cyanide.

3. SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS

3.1 General

3.1.1 Regular HCN gas surveys should be conducted by a competent person in all areas on
Metallurgical Treatment facilities to identify high risk exposure areas. Measurements must
be performed during wind still days.

3.1.2 Areas where HCN gas concentrations are likely to exceed 10 ppm should be identified by
means of proper notices stating the risk.

3.1.3 Areas where HCN gas concentrations are likely to exceed 10 ppm should be monitored by
means of fixed continuous detection instruments with a data logging facility. The system
should contain an audible alarm at the site, and specific procedures should govern work
practices and evacuation of personnel from such areas.

3.1.4 Only approved continuous monitoring and detection equipment supplied by recommended
suppliers should be used.

3.1.5 Measurements made for the detection and warning of the presence of cyanide gases and
cyanide reaction products should be performed continuously during periods of maintenance
carried out on closed vessels, sumps, confined spaces and poorly ventilated areas.

3.1.6 Cyanide bearing effluent in and around the plant should be identified, sampled and analysed
for free, titratible and WAD cyanide. Proper actions should be implemented to return such
effluent to the process or to effectively detoxify it using the procedures detailed in section
8 of this chapter.

CHAPTER 4 PROCESSING PLANT CYANIDE MEASUREMENT AND MONITORING Page 67

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

3.1.7 A management system should be implemented to monitor cyanide levels in plant slurry and
water reticulation systems in order to prevent circulation of possible high cyanide containing
solutions which may arise from ineffective spillage detection systems.

3.1.8 Measurement and monitoring equipment should be calibrated as recommended by the

supplier and a management system established for the recording of all measurements made.

3.2 Standards

3.2.1 Cyanide strength or concentration measurements of plant process solutions should, wherever
possible, be carried out using approved automated instruments.

3.2.2 Manual measurement of cyanide concentrations in plant process solutions should be

conducted using approved sampling methods, equipment and procedures as detailed in
Appendices VI and VII.

CHAPTER 4 PROCESSING PLANT CYANIDE MEASUREMENT AND MONITORING Page 68

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

CHAPTER 4 PROCESSING PLANT

8. DETOXIFICATION

1. SCOPE

This section describes the requirements for ensuring the safe and effective complexing of
contaminated cyanide equipment and packaging materials used for cyanide products. It
covers the requirements for establishing a cyanide decontamination area to ensure the
effective disposal of cyanide wastes and general guidelines for decontamination of spillages.

2. GUIDING PRINCIPLE

Cyanide packaging, general wastes and contaminated plant equipment should be

detoxified and disposed of in a safe manner to prevent exposure of production personnel,
members of the public and the environment to the impacts of cyanide.

3. SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS

3.1 General considerations

3.1.1 Process streams containing residual cyanide should be routed to tailing dams to allow
destruction of cyanide by photolysis.

3.1.2 The discharge point for adding cyanide waste to the process stream should be designed and
installed to ensure that the cyanide waste is added to the process stream at a point where the
pH is greater than 10.5. This is of particular importance where stage cyanide addition is
practised.

3.1.3 Detoxified cyanide solutions or slurries should be returned to the metallurgical process
stream and not discharged into the plant storm water drainage system or natural
watercourses.

3.1.4 Redundant/contaminated engineering equipment and packaging materials should be cleaned

in a cyanide decontamination area before leaving the Metallurgical Treatment facility.

3.1.5 Decontaminated cyanide equipment and packaging should not be distributed into the public
domain.

3.1.6 The recommended complexing reagent to be used for cyanide spillage, decontamination and
detoxification procedures is ferrous sulphate (FeSO4). Due care should be taken against the
potential risks involved in the use of this reagent.

CHAPTER 4 PROCESSING PLANT DETOXIFICATION Page 69

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

3.1.7 Any effluent solution (including storm water) exiting the Metallurgical Treatment facility
boundary should conform to the limit listed below, except where the solution is returned to
the metallurgical process:

WAD cyanide: 0.50 mg/l (0.0005%)

3.2 Cyanide decontamination area

3.2.1 A decontamination area should be establish to effectively deal with the decontamination of
equipment and materials exposed to cyanide. Facilities should meet the following
requirements:

Lined with concrete or other impermeable lining to prevent seepage

Entire area to be well ventilated and bunded to prevent surface run off from or into the
facility
Secured by means of a fence and locked access gate
All appropriate warning and information signs should be displayed
A sump and manually operated spillage pump should be installed to transfer detoxified
material back to the process
All necessary safety equipment should be made available
Clear responsibility of the facility assigned to a responsible person

3.2.3 No equipment should leave the facility unless it has been adequately decontaminated and a
clearance certificate issued by the appointed responsible person.

3.2.4 A record keeping system should be maintained on equipment entering and leaving the
facility.

3.2.5 Scaling and wash water should not be allowed to accumulate in the area and should be
returned to the process as soon as possible at a point where the pH is in excess of 10.5 after
proper complexing has occurred.

3.2.6 Regular audits of the facility and of the cleaning procedures should be conducted.

3.2.7 Cyanide waste handling and transport procedures should be developed for any material to be
transported to and from the facility. They should be based on risk assessments of various
routes to be used to the facility and aimed to limit health, safety and environmental risks.
Action plans should be developed accordingly.

3.2.8 Personal protective equipment should be worn during transportation to and during
decontamination in the facility in accordance with the risk assessment.

3.2.9 Transport should be conducted in a safe manner in order to prevent spillage on route to the
storage facility through open ended pipes, scaling etc.

CHAPTER 4 PROCESSING PLANT DETOXIFICATION Page 70

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

3.2.10 Decontamination of any spillage on route to the facility should immediately be performed.
Similarly, transport equipment should be inspected and decontaminated before leaving the
facility.

3.3 Decontamination of cyanide contaminated equipment

3.3.1 Initial cleaning of equipment should be performed inside the cyanide area where the work
was performed. Where this is not possible, the material should be transferred to a leak proof
container and removed to the cyanide decontamination area.

3.3.2 The outside and all accessible internal parts of the equipment should first be washed with
copious volumes of POTABLE water to remove all visible accumulation of cyanide residue
(liquid or solid). Hard residue should be scraped off. High-pressure water may also be used,
provided there is no risk of cyanide contaminated water splashing outside the
decontamination area. The equipment should then be further dismantled and similarly
washed and or scraped to remove contamination.

3.3.3 The entire individual parts of the equipment should then be soaked in hot water or a ferrous
sulphate solution (3 g of 100% FeSO4.7H2O / litre of water, pH 5.5 6.5) for 24 hrs. On
completion of this step the equipment should be rinsed with copious amounts of POTABLE
water. The wash solution should be tested for WAD cyanide and the soaking process
repeated if the WAD cyanide level exceeds 0.5 mg/l.

3.3.4 Equipment properly decontaminated should be hosed off and identified as being
decontaminated cyanide equipment. It should be removed from the decontamination area for
final disposal.

3.4 Decontamination of bulk cyanide storage vessels

3.4.1 Consideration should be given to the requirements of sections 6 and 7 of this chapter before
performing any work on cyanide storage vessels.

3.4.2 Storage vessels should be thoroughly washed out and filled with POTABLE water, the pH
adjusted to a minimum of 10.5 with lime or sodium carbonate (soda ash), sodium
hypochlorite added to achieve a concentration of 0.5 1.0% (as Cl2) and finally left to soak
for at least 4 hours before draining. All piping and electrical equipment on the tank should be
positively isolated and the tank properly earthed. A temporary notice should be fitted to the
tank warning of the corrosive and toxic content.

3.4.3 Tanks designated for either removal or repair should still be treated as operational cyanide
storage facilities and all cyanide management requirements, including cyanide specific PPE
requirements, clearances etc. should be enforced for any work conducted on or around the
tank.

CHAPTER 4 PROCESSING PLANT DETOXIFICATION Page 71

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

3.5 Decontamination of packaging

3.5.1 Decontamination of packaging should be performed in an approved cyanide decontamination

area as detailed in 3.2.

3.5.2 Cyanide drums, lids, locking rings and plastic bags should be decontaminated by using the
method described under 3.3. Plastic bags can be decontaminated in the drums whilst being
decontaminated.

3.5.3 Decontaminated drums should be holed before being disposed of. Preferably the
decontaminated drums should be destroyed in milling circuits.

3.5.4 Decontaminated drums should be identified as such. The drums should not be made available
for use in the public domain after emptying and decontamination.

3.5.5 Bulk bags should be decontaminated by opening a top slit with a sharp knife. A hose pipe
with a sprinkler head should be pushed inside the bag and the entire inside surface subjected
to the fine water spray, which will then drain through the bottom slit. The bag should be
rinsed three times to ensure that the surface is cleaned adequately and washings should be
collected below in a container.

3.5.6 Wooden boxes should be decontaminated by rinsing thoroughly three times with water.

3.5.7 Rinse water resulting from the decontamination processes above should be returned to the
process at a point where the pH is in excess of 10.5.

3.5.8 After decontamination of small or bulk bags or wooden boxes, they should be incinerated in
a designated plant for industrial waste where local regulations prohibit burning or
incineration. Under no circumstances should they be allowed to enter municipal waste sites.

3.6 Decontamination of cyanide spillages

3.6.1 General

3.6.1.1 Procedures should be developed to deal with cyanide spillages as required by section 5 of
this chapter.

3.6.1.2 Whenever complexing cyanide spillages, personal protective equipment should always be
worn as identified in procedures developed from risk assessment of emergency conditions as
detailed in section 5 of this chapter.

3.6.1.3 All cyanide spillages should immediately be cleaned-up in order to minimise the exposure to
plant personnel, members of the public and the environment. If localised, such as spillage in
leach tanks and bund areas, it should be returned to the process as soon as possible.

CHAPTER 4 PROCESSING PLANT DETOXIFICATION Page 72

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

3.6.1.4 All cyanide spillage areas should be approached from an upwind direction using the Buddy
system. Danger areas downwind from the spillage area should be evacuated. The scene
should be secured by putting in place warning notices and barricades.

3.6.1.5 If solid cyanide is spilled during handling, it should be returned to the container by using a
shovel. If the cyanide has become dirty and therefore unstable it should be detoxified as
described in this section.

3.6.1.6 If solid cyanide becomes wet for any reason, whether in drums or in storage vessels, it
should be detoxified as described in this section.

3.6.1.7 In extreme spillage cases, the assistance of a fully equipped Hazchem response team should
be called in.

3.6.2 Detoxification

3.6.2.1 Solid cyanide spills should be cleaned up by collecting the solid from the contaminated area.
In wet weather it should be covered with a tarpaulin or plastic sheet and if necessary or
possible surrounded by a trench to prevent entry and contamination of rainwater.

3.6.2.2 Large liquid cyanide spills should not be diluted during detoxification in order to enable
easier material handling once complexed.

3.6.2.3 Allowing a reasonable excess, the quantity of ferrous sulphate required to complex 50 litres
of 30 to 35 per cent (m/m) liquid sodium cyanide is 20 kilograms. Similarly, 10 kilograms
are required for 17 per cent (m/m) liquid calcium cyanide.

CHAPTER 4 PROCESSING PLANT DETOXIFICATION Page 73

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

CHAPTER 5 ENVIRONMENT

1. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

1. SCOPE

This section describes the requirements for effectively managing risks and impacts
associated with the use of cyanide reagents on Metallurgical Treatment facilities, tailings
dam complexes and associated infrastructure.

2. GUIDING PRINCIPLES

2.1 A clear understanding of the actual and potential impacts of cyanide reagents and its usage is
required in order to effectively manage their emotional and environmental impacts.

2.2 The minimisation and prevention of the environmental impacts of cyanide reagents require
well managed control systems.

3. SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS

3.1 General requirements

3.1.1 The impacts of tailings dam complexes, associated infrastructure and Metallurgical
Treatment facilities need to be assessed and managed in accordance with the requirement
and standards for Environmental Management Programme Reports detailed in Government
Notice 704, 4 June 1999.

3.1.2 The design and management of tailings dam complexes should be conducted as detailed
in SABS 0286, the Guideline for the Compilation of a Mandatory Code of Practice for Mine
Residue Deposits by the Department of Minerals and Energy and the Guidelines for
Environmental Protection, March 1996, by the Chamber of Mines of South Africa.

3.1.3 A detailed and comprehensive water management program to prevent unintentional releases
such as maintaining adequate freeboard on tailings dam complexes should be developed and
implemented.

3.1.4 Cyanide training should be conducted for employees involved in environmental protection as
detailed in section 3 of chapter 2.

3.1.5 Clear responsibilities and appointments should be made for the management of cyanide and
environmental protection on Gold Mines and/or Metallurgical Treatment facilities.

3.1.6 Annual cyanide environmental audits should be conducted and appropriate actions taken
where required.
CHAPTER 5 ENVIRONMENT ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT Page 74

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

3.1.7 Environmental impacts should be minimised following the hierarchy of: reduce, reuse and
recycle.

3.2 Risk assessments

3.2.1 Notwithstanding the requirements detailed in 3.1.1 and 3.1.2, an assessment of the following
items is essential to effectively manage and prevent the pollution impacts of cyanide
reagents:

Impacts from overland piping used for the transfer of cyanide bearing solutions and
slurries
Impacts from canals and trenches used to divert cyanide bearing solutions and slurries
Impacts from cyanide bearing solutions and slurries on overburden soils and underlying
geological strata
Impacts from cyanide bearing solutions and slurries on surface and ground waters
Impacts from cyanide waste products such as packaging and woodchips
Impacts from any cyanide bearing solutions or slurries leaving Metallurgical Treatment
facility boundaries
Impacts from the transportation and storage of concentrated cyanide reagents
Impacts of cyanide products on human life, terrestrial and aquatic fauna

3.2.2 Management systems developed as part of risk assessments or Environmental Management

Programmes should be aimed at minimising the impacts of cyanide reagents on the
environment. Issues to be covered as action plans in management systems should include but
not be limited to:

The use of minimum effective amounts of cyanide reagent for dissolution of gold
The installation of monitoring points
Identification of sampling points and frequency of sampling
Monitoring of mining and post mining operations, e.g. discharges, surface and ground
waters and terrestrial and aquatic fauna
Ensuring the proper degradation of cyanide by approved methods when above specified
levels
Construction of physical containment measures such as cut-off trenches, berms,
containment dams, etc.
Implementation of emergency response plans to deal with spillage of cyanide bearing
solutions and slurries from plant boundaries, tailings dam complexes or return water dams
Implementation of proper community based communication programmes
Training programmes for relevant personnel

3.3 Monitoring programmes

3.3.1 A cyanide balance should be developed for all Metallurgical Treatment facilities in order to
establish consumption trends of cyanide by various processes. Routine pulp, solid and
solution flows should be performed on identified unit processes. Typical analyses required
should include but not be limited to:

CHAPTER 5 ENVIRONMENT ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT Page 75

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

Total dissolved solids

pH
WAD cyanide
Total cyanide
Titratible cyanide
Site specific base metal determinations

3.3.2 An effective surface water quality-monitoring programme should be developed from the risk
assessment detailed under 3.2. Daily monitoring should occur at all medium to high
environmental risk areas, e.g. at process water dams that have the potential to overflow into a
clean water catchment or beyond mine boundaries. Monthly monitoring should occur at low
risk areas, e.g. fresh water dams, springs etc. Typical analyses required should include but
not be limited to:

pH
Conductivity
total dissolved solids
WAD cyanide
Total cyanide
Titratible cyanide
Site specific base metal determination

3.3.3 An effective groundwater quality-monitoring programme should be developed from risk

assessment as detailed in 3.2. Sampling procedures should be conducted as prescribed by
Weaver which is referenced in section 3 of chapter 1. Typical analyses should include but
not be limited to:

Conductivity
Cyanide (WAD and total)
CNO-, SCN-
Nitrates
Sulphates
Site specific base metal determination

3.3.4 An effective tailings dam monitoring programme should be developed from risk assessment
as detailed in 3.2. Routine monitoring should be implemented at penstock decants, penstock
inlets, return water systems and underdrains. Typical analyses should include but not be
limited to:

Total dissolved solids

pH
Conductivity
WAD cyanide
Total cyanide
Titratible cyanide
Site specific base metal determination

CHAPTER 5 ENVIRONMENT ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT Page 76

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

3.3.5 A procedure and system for the recording, documentation and reporting of all monitoring
results should be developed. Where applicable, they should conform to the requirements
detailed in section 1 of chapter 2.

3.3.6 As identified in risk assessments, monitoring equipment should be installed at all points of
discharge from plant boundaries, e.g. process water dams, points of entry into water
catchment areas, etc.

3.4 Tailings management

3.4.1 Operational procedures should be developed for anti-pollution dams within plant boundaries
to prevent spillage into the environment. These should include regular cleaning practices for
the maintenance of such facilities.

3.4.2 Stormwater and effluent containment structures should be in place to prevent contamination
and discharge beyond plant and tailings dam complexes. Where possible, cut off berms and
catchment paddocks should be constructed along pipelines.

3.4.3 Operational procedures should be developed to ensure the effective management of tailings
dam complexes. These should include but not be limited to:

Maximisation of water returned from the facility

Monitoring of relative densities deposited onto facility at as high a density possible,
taking cognisance of dam building capacity
Effective meeting scheduling to discuss operational requirements
Frequency of inspections
Deposition strategies
Surface and ground water monitoring programmes
Pipeline management
Monitoring programmes described in section 3.3.

3.4.4 Metallurgical Treatment facilities should include a dewatering step prior to tailings
deposition if proper density control cannot be effected or if no return water facility exists.
This will ensure the proper recycling of solutions containing cyanide.

3.5 Drainage and effluent control

3.5.1 No cyanide or cyanide waste should be allowed to enter any stormwater drain system or
natural watercourse.

3.5.2 Diversion measures for run-off should be installed above all Metallurgical Treatment
facilities and tailings dam complexes in order to minimise the volumes of waste waters
requiring treatment.

CHAPTER 5 ENVIRONMENT ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT Page 77

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

3.5.3 All unit operations within Metallurgical Treatment facilities should be adequately bunded to
ensure the containment of cyanide containing solutions and slurries during accidental
spillage. This should include the bunding of critical pipework, pumps and valves.

3.5.4 A water management plan should be developed and maintained which should identify
fluctuations in water flows that could affect the capacity of a Metallurgical Treatment facility
and the need for additional on-site storage of waste water.

3.5.5 Any contamination of surface waters should be effectively decontaminated by:

Recovery and recycling

Natural degradation
Chemical or physical processes

3.5.6 Decontamination plans for known and potential soil and surface water contamination should
be developed to prevent further contamination of surrounding areas. This should include
clean-up and final rehabilitation of such areas.

3.5.7 The effects of elevated levels of cyanide in ponds, canals, dams, etc., on wildlife and
livestock should be minimised through one or a combination of the measures listed below.
The effectiveness of measures taken should be monitored.

Fencing
Floating balls
Netting
Surrounding facilities with potable water troughs or artificial wetlands

3.6 Pipeline management

3.6.1 All pipelines transporting cyanide containing slurries should be monitored as detailed in the
procedure for pipeline management, Appendix VIII.

3.6.2 Pipeline wall thicknesses should be measured, recorded and monitored for wear on a
monthly basis. Depending on the operational requirements, wear rates should be calculated
as a function of tonnage throughput or time.

3.6.3 Pipelines should be rotated clockwise when facing in the direction of flow, at a
predetermined wall thickness so as to achieve uniform wear. Pipe lengths should be replaced
when the wall thickness reaches a critical thickness of between 3.25 and 4 mm.

3.6.4 Pipelines should be lined at bends, spool pieces, road or rail crossings, river or watercourse
crossings, vleis and environmentally sensitive areas and at any other area identified by risk
assessment. Where ground conditions allow, it is recommended that pipelines be laid directly
on the ground as plinths and pillars cause localised stress and wear points on pipelines.

CHAPTER 5 ENVIRONMENT ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT Page 78

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

3.6.5 Flow or pressure differential systems should be installed on pipelines used for transferring
cyanide containing slurries to ensure the controlled stoppage and notification of pipeline
ruptures and associated spillage.

3.6.6 A communication system should be in place which will allow the reporting of spillages to a
responsible person as soon as possible.

3.6.7 Pipelines should be drained of solids prior to opening them for maintenance purposes.

3.6.8 Notices should be placed at strategic points along or on pipelines listing a 24-hour
emergency contact number to be used for reporting leaks, failures, etc.

3.7 Emergency planning

3.7.1 A plan for environmental emergencies should be developed and should contain:

A map of the operational boundaries

Direction and distances to neighbouring towns and communities
Position of main roads, railways and power lines
Position of rivers, ponds, canals and dams
List with contact details for emergency services
List with contact details for regional authorities
List with contact details for relevant government departments
List with contacts details for all farmers, residences and businesses within the surface
ownership, boundaries and potential affected downstream areas from the operation as
identified during risk assessment

3.7.2 The plan should be compatible with the emergency procedures developed in terms of section
5 of chapter 4.

3.7.3 A risk assessment should be performed to identify all cyanide environmental emergencies or
conditions that may arise on Gold Mines or Metallurgical Treatment facilities, tailings dam
complexes and associated infrastructure. The following lists risk areas for which emergency
procedures need to be developed, but is not limited to only these:

Elevated levels of pollution in boreholes

Seepage from process dams, tailings dams, and ponds into rivers and dams
Elevated levels of cyanide in backfill products
Solution and slurry spillages from plant boundaries and tailings dam complexes
Overtopping of tailings dams, catchment and return water dams

3.7.3 Procedures developed for cyanide environmental emergencies should include but not be
limited to the following:

Detoxification, clean-up and rehabilitation of spillages

Notification of mine personnel, emergency services and relevant government departments

CHAPTER 5 ENVIRONMENT ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT Page 79

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

Procedures to be followed by mine and plant personnel

Supply of potable water to affected areas or communities
Protection and evacuation of wildlife, livestock and flora
Evacuation of local communities

3.7.4 All personnel who form part of emergency reaction teams for cyanide spillages of any kind
should be trained and found competent to apply detoxification procedures. Additional
training requirements detailed in section 3 of chapter 2 should be in place for such
personnel.

3.7.5 As far as possible, assistance should be obtained form Hazchem emergency response units
for dealing with major cyanide spills. Where this is not possible, production personnel
required to enter the area should be trained and fully equipped with specific PPE as detailed
in section 5 of chapter 2.

3.7.6 Cyanide spillages should be cleaned up as soon as possible in order to minimise the exposure
to members of the public, production personnel and the environment. Measures detailed in
section 8 of chapter 4 should be used.

3.7.7 An emergency preparedness and response plan should be developed with interested and
affected parties and should include:

Communication of hazards to local communities and local authorities

Co-ordination of emergency response which will effectively deal with accidents and
prevent major disasters
Training residents of local communities on how to act in the event of an accident
Liaison with local authorities

3.7.8 Emergency planning and response should be covered as an agenda point at every catchment
management agency and local community communication meeting. Local emergency
preparedness and response updates should be given.

CHAPTER 5 ENVIRONMENT ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT Page 80

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

CHAPTER 5 ENVIRONMENT

2. BACKFILL

1. SCOPE

This section describes the requirements for ensuring the safe and effective complexing of
cyanide and cyanide reaction products in backfill before transfer for use underground.

2. GUIDING PRINCIPLE

The complexing of cyanide or cyanide reaction products in backfill should be conducted in

a safe and reliable manner in order to prevent exposure of metallurgical and mining
personnel to the impacts of cyanide.

3. SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS

3.1 A comprehensive cyanide-monitoring programme should be established for the backfill

section of a plant. It should include but not be limited to:

Measurement of cyanide in all water sources utilised in and leaving this particular section
of the plant
A batch basis measurement of final backfill products before release to the mining section

3.2 The following lists specific sampling requirements for the backfill section of Metallurgical
Treatment facilities:

Backfill product before complexing (one sample for every batch)

Backfill product after complexing (one sample for every batch 30 minutes after
complexing)
Clear water from underground settlers (one sample per week)
Mine service water (chilled) (one sample per week.)
Mine effluent discharge from the mine site (one sample per week)

3.3 Samples should comprise a 500 ml filtered solution and be kept in a darkened container
before delivery to the analysing laboratory. Where this is not possible, solution samples
should be refrigerated pending delivery to the laboratory. Solid samples should be
analysed for total cyanide and solution samples for:

pH
Titratible cyanide
Total cyanide

CHAPTER 5 ENVIRONMENT BACKFILL Page 81

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

3.4 The results of backfill monitoring programmes should be well documented and reported to
officials at plant and mine level.

3.5 Ferrous sulphate should be used to complex free cyanide in backfill products and due care
should be taken against the potential risks in using this reagent.

3.6 A properly functioning cyanide complexing section should be in place and should meet the
following requirements:

A facility to dissolve ferrous sulphate powder so that it may be dosed as a solution

A pH measurement and control system to ensure reaction in the range 5.5 to 6.5 during
contact of the pulp with ferrous sulphate solution
Adequate mixing to ensure sufficient agitation and a dissolved oxygen concentration in
equilibrium with atmospheric oxygen
Dosage of ferrous sulphate to ensure a Fe: CN molar ratio, which is always slightly in
excess of 0.5
A fixed continuous detection instrument for HCN gas with an audible alarm

NOTE:

pH values lower than 5 will result in incomplete complexing whereas values higher
than 7 will result in decomposition of the precipitated complexes.

The optimum reaction pH is normally attained by direct contact with correct

amounts of ferrous sulphate solution without prior adjustment of the pH value of the
cyanide solution contained in backfill product batches (natural pH 10.5). This will need
to be confirmed for each specific site.

Mines using additives which could raise the pH of backfill products when placed
underground to above 7 after effective complexing in the pH range 5.5 to 6.5
should consider the formation of ferrocyanide and other insoluble iron oxides and its
effect on water reticulation systems.

3.7 A system should be in place at the mine or shaft for the verification of cyanide
concentrations in backfill product batches before they are placed underground.

3.8 Operational procedures should be developed for the backfill section of a Metallurgical
Treatment facility and should include emergency corrective action in the cases of backfill
product batches not meeting specifications. Such batches should not be released and
procedures should include:

Verification of cyanide levels

Proper complexing
Investigation of the reason for incomplete complexing and recommendation for actions

3.9 Total cyanide levels in the backfill material should be controlled at less than 20 ppm
(CN), while the pH of the backfill material should be controlled between the range 5 to 7.

CHAPTER 5 ENVIRONMENT BACKFILL Page 82

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

CHAPTER 5 ENVIRONMENT

3. CLOSURE AND DEMOLITION

1. SCOPE

This section describes the requirements to ensure the safe and effective closure and
demolition of cyanide facilities and associated infrastructure in order to eliminate or
minimise environmental impacts.

2. GUIDING PRINCIPLE

Closure, demolition and rehabilitation of cyanide facilities and associated infrastructure

should be performed in such a manner that the residual environmental impact from cyanide
is minimised.

3. SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS

3.1 The closure and rehabilitation of cyanide facilities and associated infrastructure should be
provided for over the life of the operation. Closure and rehabilitation of such facilities should
be planned and documented during the initial planning stages of the entire mining project.

3.2 A risk assessment should be performed on all cyanide facilities and associated infrastructure
before demolition. This should lead to the development of procedures for clearance,
demolition methods, handling of obsolete cyanide stock, detoxification and rehabilitation.

3.3 Detoxification of cyanide facilities, associated infrastructure and equipment should be

performed using specified procedures as detailed in section 8 of chapter 4.

3.4 Whenever detoxification occurs, specified protective equipment should be worn as detailed
in section 5 of chapter 2.

3.5 A waste decontamination area should be constructed for the demolition site as detailed in
section 8 of chapter 4.

3.6 Prior to the rehabilitation of a contaminated site, the final land-use and the sustainability of
the rehabilitation should be defined. A formal rehabilitation programme for the area should
be developed which should include monitoring after rehabilitation is completed.

3.7 Any closure and rehabilitation should meet the conditions set out in the Minerals Act, the
closure policy of the Department of Minerals and Energy, and the National Water Act.

CHAPTER 5 ENVIRONMENT CLOSURE AND DEMOLITION Page 83

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

3.8 Redundant and/or scrap plant and equipment should be identified as cyanide bearing scrap
material and dealt with appropriately to ensure that personnel and members of the public are
not exposed to the impacts of cyanide.

CHAPTER 5 ENVIRONMENT CLOSURE AND DEMOLITION Page 84

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

INDEX TO APPENDICES

APPENDIX I Main points to consider during emergencies 86

APPENDIX II Quick reference medical treatment summary. 88

APPENDIX III Relevant legislation and standards 90

APPENDIX IV Legislated standards for discharge 94

APPENDIX V Cyanide chemistry and biological effects.. 101

APPENDIX VI Procedure for sampling process streams.. 109

APPENDIX VII Analytical technique for determining WAD

cyanide levels.. 113

APPENDIX VIII Procedure for pipeline management 119

APPENDIX IX Design considerations for engineering control

of cyanide risks 122

APPENDIX X Audit checklist for the guideline.. 134

INDEX TO APPENDICES Page 85

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

APPENDIX I MAIN POINTS TO CONSIDER DURING

EMERGENCIES

This appendix is aimed at highlighting a number of important issues that should be

considered during emergency incidents or accidents. It is generic and will therefore have to
be adapted to the specific circumstances of particular sites and situations. Where applicable,
the reader should refer back to relevant sections of this guideline.

1. Procedures
Ensure that emergency procedures are followed as developed from site specific risk
assessments. If an unexpected incident or accident occurs which has not been assessed,
ensure that information is obtained through a planning session, Hazchem response team,
supplier or by involving local emergency services.
Ensure that employees, members of the public and the environment are protected as far as
possible.
Ensure that a map of the plant and operational boundaries and emergency procedures is
available for emergency services and response teams.
Ensure that someone scrutinizes the appropriate emergency procedure to verify that all
actions have been effected.
Ensure that relevant stakeholders are notified and are given sufficient information.
Ensure that people in downstream affected areas are notified and evacuated if necessary.
Ensure that first aid and medical treatment are given to injured people.
Ensure that spillages have been properly cleaned up and that a plan is in place to properly
rehabilitated the area.

2. Sampling

If a cyanide spill has occurred, ensure that a water reticulation sampling campaign is
started immediately, if required. All process streams and downstream surface water
sources should be analysed for cyanide speciation. Ensure that the time that samples are
taken is recorded and that monitoring is continued for an adequate period afterwards.
Ensure that the frequency of groundwater sampling is adjusted to monitor and measure
trends in the effects of any spillage, where applicable.
Ensure that laboratory services are established if extensive analyses will be required.
If people have been exposed to cyanide reagents or HCN gas, ensure that the area or the
contents of possible slurry or solution streams that the individual may have been exposed
to are measured to confirm the levels of exposure.
Ensure that SCADA logs of monitoring equipment and print outs of important process
parameters such as pH measurement are kept for later use during investigations.

APPENDIX I MAIN POINTS TO CONSIDER DURING EMERGENCIES Page 86

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

3. Reporting

Ensure that an incident report is completed and submitted to appropriate structures as

soon as possible.
Ensure that written statements are obtained from individuals involved in the incident or
accident as soon as possible.
Ensure that photos of the area are taken where and if applicable.

4. Communication
As soon as sufficient facts are known regarding the incident or accident, ensure that they
are communicated to plant personnel and to local communities where applicable.
Incidents and accidents are news, so be prepared for the fact that the media may get word
of an emergency within minutes of it happening.
Never speculate, even when asked by the media what might have occurred in an incident
or accident. Time permitting, prepare a written statement and ensure that it is in line with
company procedures. Alternatively, a formal press release should be made once sufficient
facts are known, following company laid down procedures, by an appointed
spokesperson.
Ensure that the names of injured or fatally injured people are not released before relatives
have been notified.
Ensure that injured employees are informed about the effects of cyanide and their rights
and supply assistance where appropriate.

APPENDIX I MAIN POINTS TO CONSIDER DURING EMERGENCIES Page 87

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

APPENDIX II QUICK REFERENCE CYANIDE FIRST AID GUIDE

Refer to section 4 of chapter 2 for the detailed procedure

FOR ALL SUSPECTED OR DEFINITE CYANIDE CONTAMINATION CASES:

1. Put on cyanide PPE and remove the patient to a safe area
2. Remove ALL contaminated clothing
3. Shower the patient

STAGES AND FIRST AID TREATMENT MEDICAL TREATMENT

SYMPTOMS
STAGE A 1. After cyanide inhalation give 1. Administer oxygen at 10
oxygen at 10 litres per minute litres/min.
No immediate distress and get nursing/medical help. 2. Observe for deterioration.
with/without 2. Following cyanide in eyes
Headache wash eyes with water for 5
Breath may smell of minutes then continue with 1
bitter almond above
Dizziness 3. Following cyanide ingestion
Nausea, occasional give 500ml 5% sodium
vomiting thiosulphate to drink (only if the
Rapid breathing patient is conscious) and induce
vomiting. Continue with 1 above.
STAGE B 1. Break an ampoule of amyl 1. Administer oxygen at 10
nitrite into a gauze swab and litres/min.
Distressed hold under patients nose for 10- 2. Administer amyl nitrite as
Rapid, difficult 20 seconds. described under first aid
breathing, collapse 2. Give oxygen at 10 litres per treatment.
Pain in area around the minute for 10-20 seconds. 3. Monitor BP continuously and
heart 3. Continuously monitor the pulse. stop amyl nitrite if BP drops
Distress Stop amyl nitrite if the pulse below 80mm Hg systolic.
Weakness in arms and weakens and give oxygen.
legs 4. Repeat steps 1 and 2 until the
breathing becomes normal. Use
a new ampoule every 3-5
minutes, with a maximum of 4
ampoules.
5. Continue giving oxygen at 10
litres per minute until medical
assistance arrives.

APPENDIX II QUICK REFERENCE CYANIDE FIRST AID GUIDE Page 88

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

STAGES AND FIRST AID TREATMENT MEDICAL TREATMENT

SYMPTOMS
STAGE C Note: Do not give an unconscious 1. As in Stage B, then proceed:
patient anything to drink 2. Establish intravenous line with 5%
Unconscious but 1. Ensure an open airway by dextrose saline. Start intravenous
breathing inserting a plastic airway. infusion of 10ml 3% sodium nitrite
Severe distress (prior 2. Treat as for Stage B. over 3 minutes followed 5 minutes
to losing later by 50ml 50% sodium
consciousness) thiosulphate.
Convulsions 3. Continue to administer oxygen at
Jaws may be clenched 10 litres/min.
Unconscious
STAGE D 1. Ensure an open airway. 1. As in Stage C, then proceed:
2. Start resuscitation with a bag 2. Airway management by intubation
Unconscious not resuscitator or Holger and ventilation.
breathing Nielsen method. 3. Treatment of choice for verified
Sudden collapse 3. If breathing starts revert to cases of cyanide poisoning is
Convulsions Stage B. intravenous administration of
Unconsciousness 4. Administer oxygen at 10 Kelocyanor.
Cessation of breathing litres/min. Method: Inject 300 mg
Death may occur 5. Observe for any deterioration. Kelocyanor over 1 minute
within 1 15 minutes followed by 50ml of 50%
dextrose. Can repeat after 5
minutes, if little improvement
occurs.
Administer 1% methylene blue
(1-2 mg/kg) if excessive
metheamoglobinaemia is
present (due to previous amyl
nitrite administration).
Observe in ICU for 24-48 hours.
Kelocyanor can cause
anaphylatic shock.

Refer to section 4 of chapter 2 for a detailed procedure.

APPENDIX II QUICK REFERENCE CYANIDE FIRST AID GUIDE Page 89

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

APPENDIX III RELEVANT LEGISLATION AND STANDARDS

1. Mine Health and Safety Act, Act 29 of 1996

2 (1) a,b.
5 (1), (2) a,b
6 (1) a,b; (2); (3).
9 (1); (2).
10 (1) a,b; (2) a,b,c,d: (3) a,b,c,d.
11 (1) a,b,c; (2) a,b,c,d; (3); (4).
12 (1) a,b; (2) a,b; (3).
21 (1) a,b; (2) a,b; (3); (4) a,b,c.
22 a f.
86 (1); (2); (3).
91 (1) a,b,c; (2); (3); (4).

2. Mine Health and Safety Act Regulations, Act 50 of 1991

3.5
2.10.4
2.10.5
3.14
4.3.1
4.4.1
4.4.2 ; 4.4.3
5.1.1
5.8.2
5.9.1; 5.9.2
5.10
5.13.1
5.13.4
7.10.3.1
8.11
10.1.1; 10.1.2
10.2.1 ; 10.2.2
10.3.1
10.3.2
10.3.4
10.3.5
10.4
10.6.2
10.6.4
10.6.5
10.6.7
11.3.4; 11.3.5
20.6; 20.9.32.2
24.1
APPENDIX III RELEVANT LEGISLATION AND STANDARDS Page 90

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

24.4.4
24.6
24.8.1; 24.8.2
24.9
24.11
24.12.1
24.12.2
24.14.6
24.20.3
25.1.1(c), (d)

3. Occupational Health and Safety Act, 85 of 1993 Regulations for Hazardous Chemical
Substances
4 a - g.
5 (1) a e; (2); (3).
5 (1) (5).
10 (1); (2); (3).
14 a,b,c.
15 a f.
11 (1) (6)

4. Road Transport Act, 74 of 1977

5. National Road Traffic Act, 93 of 1996

6. Hazardous Substance Act, 15 of 1973

12 (1); (2); (3)
13 (1); (2)
16 (1) (4)
19 (1); (2)
26 (1) (10)
29 (1) (10)

7. National Water Act, 36 of 1998

20 (1) (9)

8. Water Services Act, 108 of 1997

9. Environment Conservation Act, 73 of 1989 and Regulations

10. National Environmental Management Act, 107 of 1998

11. Atmospheric Pollution Prevention Act, 45 of 1965

12. Compensation for Occupational Injuries and Diseases Act and Regulations, 130 of 1993

APPENDIX III RELEVANT LEGISLATION AND STANDARDS Page 91

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

13. Health Act, 63 of 1977

14. Foodstuffs, Cosmetics and Disinfectants Act and Regulations, 54 of 1972

15. Fire Brigades Services Act, 99 of 1987

16. Non Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction Act and Regulations, 87 of 1993

17. National Building Regulations and Building Standards Act, Act 103 of 1977

18. SABS code A11/- (BS 537/ ) Paint colour code signal red

19. SABS code F06 (BS 796) Paint colour code violet

20. SABS 1518 Design requirements for road tankers transporting dangerous substances

21. SABS 0114 Illumination specification

22. SABS 0228 The identification and classification of dangerous goods

23. SABS 0229 Packaging of dangerous goods for road and rail transportation in South
Africa

24. SABS 0230 Inspection requirements for road vehicles

25. SABS 0231 Operational requirements for road vehicles

26. SABS 0232-1 Emergency Information Systems. Part 1 Road Transport

27. SABS 0232-3 - Emergency Information Systems. Part 2 Emergency Response Guides

28. SABS 0233 Intermediate bulk containers for dangerous substances

29. SABS 0257 Drinking Water Standards

30. SABS 0263 The warehousing of dangerous goods

31. SABS 0286 Mine residue

32. SABS 1200 Civil specifications

33. SABS 1123 PTFE fire safe seals and flanges

34. SABS 0338 Homologation of respiratory equipment

35. BS EN 12021:1999 Breathing apparatus requirements

36. BS 2654:1989 Cyanide storage tank and pipeline construction specifications

APPENDIX III RELEVANT LEGISLATION AND STANDARDS Page 92

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

37. BS EN 287-1 Approval of Welders

38. BS EN 288-1-1992 Parts 1- 3, 5 and 7 Welding Standards

APPENDIX III RELEVANT LEGISLATION AND STANDARDS Page 93

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

APPENDIX IV LEGISLATED STANDARDS FOR DISCHARGE

This appendix is an abbreviation of applicable sections of Government Gazette No 20526 of

October 1999 by the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry.
Specific reference is made to: Discharge of waste or water containing waste into a water
resource through a pipe, canal, sewer or other conduit; and disposing in any manner of water
which contains waste from, or which has been heated in, any industrial or power generation
process Section 21 (f) and (h). The reader is referred to the complete document for further
information.

Purpose of this authorisation

3.1. The authorisation permitted in terms of this Schedule replaces the need for a water user
to apply for a licence in terms of the National Water Act provided that the discharge is
within the limits and conditions set out in this authorisation.

Exclusion

3.2. This authorisation does not apply to a person who discharges wastewater through sea
outfalls, or to an aquifer, or any other groundwater resource.

Compliance with National Water Act and other laws

3.3.(1) This authorisation does not-

(a) apply to any water use under Schedule 1 of the National Water Act;

(b) replace any existing authorisation that is recognised under the National Water Act;

(c) exempt a person from compliance with section 7(2) of the Water Service Act, 1997
(Act No. 108 of 1997); or

(d) exempt a person who uses water from compliance with any other provision of the
National Water Act unless stated otherwise in this notice, or any other applicable law,
regulation, ordinance or by-law.

(2) A person who uses water in terms of this authorisation is exempt from compliance with
section 22(2)(e) of the National Water Act.

Area of applicability

3.4. This authorisation is applicable throughout the Republic of South Africa, except for the
areas set out in Table 3.1.

APPENDIX IV LEGISLATED STANDARDS FOR DISCHARGE Page 94

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

NOTE: Information regarding the drainage regions referred to in Table 3.1 can be obtained
from the Department, upon written request.

TABLE 3.1 Areas excluded from General Authorisation for discharges to water
resources
Primary drainage Tertiary drainage region Description of main river
region in drainage region
B B11, B12 Olifants River
B20 Wilge River
B31, B32 Olifants River
B41, B42 Steelpoort River
B60 Blyde River
W W51, W52, W53, W54, W55, W56, Usutu River
W57
X X11, X12, X13, X14 Nkomati River
X21, X22, X23, X24
X31, X32, X33
X40

Duration of authorisation

3.5. This authorisation will be applicable for a period of five years from the date of this
notice, unless-

(a) it is amended at any review period, which period shall be at intervals of two years
from the date of publication of this notice;

(b) the time period is extended by a further notice in the Gazette; or

(c) the water user is required to apply for a licence in terms of the National Water Act.

Definitions

3.6. In this authorisation unless the context indicates otherwise, any word or expression to
which a meaning has been assigned in terms of the National Water Act shall have that
meaning, and-

"commercial activity" means those activities identified in the Standard Industrial

Classification of All Economic Activities (5th Edition), published by the Central Statistics
Service, 1993, as amended and supplemented, under the following categories-
a) 6: wholesale and retail trade,
b) 7: transport, storage and communication,
c) 8: business services,
d) 9: community, social and personal services,
e) 0: personal and other services;

APPENDIX IV LEGISLATED STANDARDS FOR DISCHARGE Page 95

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

"complex industrial wastewater" means wastewater arising from industrial activities and
premises, that contains-
a) a complex mixture of substances that are difficult or impractical to chemically characterise
and quantify, or
b) one or more substances, for which a Wastewater Limit Value has not been specified, and
which may be harmful or potentially harmful to human health, or to the water resource
(identification of complex industrial wastewater will be provided by the Department upon
written request);
"domestic wastewater" means wastewater arising from domestic and commercial activities
and premises, and may contain sewage;

"domestic wastewater discharge" means a wastewater discharge consisting of 90% or more

domestic wastewater, by volume, that is collected, treated and subsequently disposed of;

"industrial activity" means those activities identified in the Standard Industrial

Classification of All Economic Activities (5th Edition), published by the Central Statistics
Service, 1993, as amended and supplemented, under the following categories-
a) 2: mining and quarrying,
b) 3: manufacturing,
c) 4: electricity, gas and water supply,
d) 5: construction;

"industrial wastewater discharge" means a wastewater discharge consisting of more than

10% industrial wastewater, by volume, that is collected, treated and subsequently disposed
of;

"intake" is water taken from a water resource, and excludes water taken from any source that
is not a water resource;

"monitoring programme" means a programme for taking regular measurements of the

quantity and/or quality of a water resource, waste or wastewater discharge at specified
intervals and at specific locations to determine the chemical, physical and biological nature
of the water resource, waste or wastewater discharge;

"listed water resources" are those water resources listed in Table 3.4 and include any tributary
of a listed water resource, and any water resource draining the catchment area of a listed water
resource;

"wastewater" means water containing waste, or water that has been in contact with waste
material;

"wastewater limit value" means the mass expressed in terms of the concentration and/or
level of a substance which may not be exceeded at any time. Wastewater Limit Values shall
apply at the last point where the discharge of wastewater enters into a water resource,
dilution being disregarded when determining compliance with the Wastewater Limit Values.
Where discharge of wastewater does not directly enter a water resource, the Wastewater
Limit Values shall apply at the last point where the wastewater leaves the premises of
collection and treatment.

APPENDIX IV LEGISLATED STANDARDS FOR DISCHARGE Page 96

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

Discharging of domestic and industrial wastewater into water resources

3.7.(1) A person who-

(i) owns or lawfully occupies property registered in the Deeds Office as at the date of this
notice; or

(ii) lawfully occupies or uses land that is not registered or surveyed,

outside of the areas as excluded in paragraph 3.4 above, may on that property or land-

(a) discharge up to 2 000 cubic metres of wastewater on any given day into a water
resource that is not a listed water resource referred to in Table 3.4, provided-

(i) the discharge complies with the General Limit Values set out in Table 3.2;

(ii) the discharge does not alter the natural ambient water temperature of the receiving
water resource by more than 3 degrees Celsius; and

(iii) the discharge is not a Complex Industrial Wastewater.

(b) discharge up to 2 000 cubic metres of wastewater on any given day into a listed water
resource referred to in Table 3.4, provided-

(i) the discharge complies with the Special Limit Values set out in Table 3.2;

(ii) the discharge does not alter the natural ambient water temperature of the receiving
water resource by more than 2 degrees Celsius; and

(iii) the discharge is not a Complex Industrial Wastewater.

(2) A person may discharge stormwater runoff from any premises, not containing waste or
wastewater emanating from industrial activities and premises, into a water resource.

TABLE 3.2: Wastewater limit values applicable to discharge of wastewater into a water
resource
SUBSTANCE/PARAMETER GENERAL LIMIT SPECIAL LIMIT
Faecal Coliforms (per 100 ml) 1 000 0
Chemical Oxygen Demand (mg/l) 75* 30*
pH 5,5-9,5 5,5-7,5
Ammonia (ionised and un-ionised) 3 2
as Nitrogen (mg/l)
Nitrate/Nitrite as Nitrogen (mg/l) 15 1,5
Chlorine as Free Chlorine (mg/l) 0,25 0
Suspended Solids (mg/l) 25 10
Electrical Conductivity (mS/m) 70 mS/m above intake to 50 mS/m above background
a maximum of 150 receiving water, to a
mS/m maximum of 100 mS/m
APPENDIX IV LEGISLATED STANDARDS FOR DISCHARGE Page 97

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

SUBSTANCE/PARAMETER GENERAL LIMIT SPECIAL LIMIT

Ortho-Phosphate as phosphorous 10 1 (median) and 2,5
(mg/l) (maximum)
Fluoride (mg/l) 1 1
Soap, oil or grease (mg/l) 2,5 0
Dissolved Arsenic (mg/l) 0,02 0,01
Dissolved Cadmium (mg/l) 0,005 0,001
Dissolved Chromium (VI) (mg/l) 0,05 0,02
Dissolved Copper (mg/l) 0,01 0,002
Dissolved Cyanide (mg/l) 0,02 0,01
Dissolved Iron (mg/l) 0,3 0,3
Dissolved Lead (mg/l) 0,01 0,006
Dissolved Manganese (mg/l) 0,1 0,1
Mercury and its compounds (mg/l) 0,005 0,001
Dissolved Selenium (mg/l) 0,02 0,02
Dissolved Zinc (mg/l) 0,1 0,04
Boron (mg/l) 1 0,5
* After removal of algae

Registration of discharges into water resources

3.8.(1) A person who discharges wastewater into a water resource in terms of this
authorisation must submit a registration form obtained from the Department for registration
of the water use before commencement of the discharge.

(2) On written acknowledgement of receipt of the application form by the Department, the
person will be regarded as a registered water user.

(3) The registered user must comply with any regulation promulgated in terms of section
26(1)(c) of the National Water Act.

Record-keeping and disclosure of information

3.9.(1) The registered user must ensure the establishment of monitoring programmes to
monitor the quantity and quality of the discharge prior to the commencement of the
discharge, as follows-

(a) the quantity of the discharge must be metered and the total recorded weekly; and

(b) the quality of domestic wastewater discharges must be monitored monthly by grab
sampling as set out in Table 3.3.

APPENDIX IV LEGISLATED STANDARDS FOR DISCHARGE Page 98

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

TABLE 3.3: Monitoring requirements for domestic wastewater discharges

DISCHARGE VOLUME ON ANY MONITORING REQUIREMENTS
GIVEN DAY
< 10 cubic metres None
10 to 100 cubic metres pH
Electrical Conductivity (mS/m)
Faecal Coliforms (per 100 ml)
100 to 1000 cubic metres pH
Electrical Conductivity (mS/m)
Faecal Coliforms (per 100 ml)
Chemical Oxygen Demand (mg/l)
Ammonia as Nitrogen (mg/l)
Suspended Solids (mg/l)
1 000 to 2 000 cubic metres pH
Electrical Conductivity (mS/m)
Faecal Coliforms (per 100 ml)
Chemical Oxygen Demand (mg/l)
Ammonia as Nitrogen (mg/l)
Nitrate/Nitrite as Nitrogen (mg/l)
Free Chlorine (mg/l)
Suspended Solids (mg/l)
Ortho-Phosphate as Phosphorous (mg/l)

(c) the quality of industrial wastewater discharges must be monitored weekly by grab
sampling-

(i) for all substances which have been added to the water through any industrial activity;

(ii) for all substances which have been concentrated in the water through any industrial
activity;

(iii) for all substances which may be harmful or potentially harmful to human health or to
the water resource quality; and

(iv) as set out in paragraph 3.9(1)(b) above, if the wastewater contains any domestic
wastewater.

(d) The methods for the measurement of specific substances and parameters in any
wastewater must be carried out-

(i) by a laboratory that has been accredited under the South African National
Accreditation System (SANAS) in terms of SABS Code 0259 for that method; or

(ii) as approved in writing by the Minister.

APPENDIX IV LEGISLATED STANDARDS FOR DISCHARGE Page 99

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

(2) Upon the written request of the Responsible Authority the registered user must-

(a) ensure the establishment of any additional monitoring programmes; and

(b) appoint a competent person to assess the water use measurements made in terms of
this authorisation and submit the findings to the Responsible Authority for evaluation.

(3) Subject to paragraph 3.10(2) above, the registered user must, for at least five years, keep
a written record of the following wastewater discharge and related activities-

(a) the quantity of wastewater discharged;

(b) the quality of wastewater discharged;
(c) details of the monitoring programme/s;
(d) details of failures and malfunctions in the discharge system and details of measures
taken, and

such information must be made available upon written request to the Responsible Authority.

(4) Any information on the occurrence of any incident that has or is likely to have a
detrimental impact on the water resource quality must be reported to the Responsible
Authority.

Precautionary practices

3.10.(1) The registered user must follow acceptable construction, maintenance and
operational practices to ensure the consistent, effective and safe performance of the
discharge.

(2) All reasonable measures must be taken to provide for mechanical, electrical, operational,
or process failures and malfunctions of the discharge system.

Inspections

3.11. Any property or land in respect of which a water use has been authorised in terms of
this notice must be made available for inspection by an authorised person in terms of section
125 of the National Water Act.

Offences

3.12. Any person who contravenes any provision of this authorisation is guilty of an offence
and is subject to the penalty set out in section 151(2) of the National Water Act.

APPENDIX IV LEGISLATED STANDARDS FOR DISCHARGE Page 100

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

APPENDIX V CYANIDE CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS

1. CYANIDE CHEMISTRY

1.1 The manufacturing of sodium-and calcium cyanides

Liquid cyanide is manufactured in South Africa using the neutralisation process, in which
hydrogen cyanide (HCN) is reacted with lime slurry or sodium hydroxide to form calcium
cyanide and sodium cyanide, respectively. HCN is manufactured by reacting anhydrous
ammonia and propane in a fluidised carbon bed reactor. The absorption reaction for
hydrogen cyanide to manufacture sodium cyanide is shown in equation 1.

HCN + NaOH -> NaCN + H2O (1)

This reaction is continued until the required strength of NaCN in solution is obtained, i.e.
circa 28% to 33%.

The absorption reaction for hydrogen cyanide to produce calcium cyanide is shown in
equation 2.

2HCN + Ca(OH) 2 -> Ca(CN) 2 + H2O (2)

Reaction 2 is continued until the required strength of Ca(CN) 2 in solution is obtained, i.e.
circa 17%.

An excess of sodium hydroxide is always maintained for equations 1 and 2, to prevent the
formation of the brown or black HCN polymer, which discolours the solution, and to prevent
the decomposition of the cyanide in solution.

Flake cyanide is produced in two stages. By reacting calcium carbide (CaC2) and nitrogen
(N2), calcium cyanamide (CaCN2) is formed. The chemical reaction is shown in reaction 3.

CaC2 + N2 -> CaCN2 + C (3)

The calcium cyanamide is reacted with salt (NaCl) and carbon (C) to form calcium cyanide
and sodium cyanide, which is broken up, screened and sold as flake cyanide. The appropriate
chemistry is shown in reaction 4.

2C + 2NaCl + 2CaCN2 -> CaCl2 + Ca(CN)2 + 2NaCN (4)

APPENDIX V CYANIDE CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS Page 101

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

1.2 Stability of cyanide compounds

1.2.1 Influence of climatic conditions on cyanide

Solid sodium and calcium cyanide compounds are stable at ambient temperatures in the
absence of carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). Flake cyanide is stable above pH 7.5 if it
is dry, but will react with moisture and CO2 in the atmosphere to form HCN and acetylene,
which is highly flammable. Moist or dissolved flake cyanide will be subject to the same
reactions as cyanide in aqueous solution. Under normal atmospheric conditions with CO2
and moisture available, solid cyanide compounds will hydrolyse at ambient temperatures to
HCN. Although an excess of NaOH which retards this reaction is present in commercial
cyanide concentrate solutions, a significant HCN concentration will still be present in the air
above any cyanide solution. Equation 5 illustrates the formation of HCN.

2 NaCN + CO2 + H2O -> Na2CO3 + 2HCN (5)

The boiling point of commercial cyanide solutions is approximately 112oC and the freezing
point between -5o and -10oC.

Hydrogen cyanide gas has a vapour pressure of 100 kPa at 26oC, while that of water is 34
kPa at 26oC. The boiling point of HCN is 26oC and that of water 100oC. Therefore, at
elevated temperatures or reduced pressures, HCN gas will be liberated from aqueous
cyanide.

1.2.2 pH influence on HCN(aq) formation

All cyanide solutions are very sensitive to pH. Usually, cyanide solutions contain an excess
of base in solution to sustain the pH of about 11. Nevertheless, it is important to understand
the relationship between solution pH, HCN(aq) formation and the potential evolution of
HCN(g).

Aqueous solutions of pH 9.3 ~ 1.5 units usually contain hydrocyanic acid, HCN(aq) and the
non-complexed cyanide ion, CN(aq) simultaneously to some degree. The chemical
equilibrium between these two species is characterised by the acid dissociation constant (Ka)
as illustrated by equation 6.

HCN(aq) Ka CN(aq) + H+(aq) (6)

Figure 1 demonstrates the resulting relative percentages in dependence of pH. This plot
assumes the generally accepted pH (50% distribution of each species) of 9.30 (at 25C and
I=0). Above pH 11 the majority of cyanide will hence be there as CN(aq) whereas below pH
7 it will be present almost exclusively as HCN(aq).

APPENDIX V CYANIDE CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS Page 102

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

Relationship HCN(aq) and CN- with pH

100%

90%

80%
CN-(aq)
70%
% concentration

60% HCN(aq)
50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
pH

Figure 1 HCN(aq) relation to CN- in dependence of pH

It is this concentration of HCN(aq) that in turn determines the highest HCN(g) concentrations
obtainable at equilibrium between aqueous and gas phase. The phase equilibrium is
characterised by Henry's law constant (KH), according to equation 7.

KH = HCN(g) (7)
HCN(aq)

Concentrations of HCN(g) encountered in practice will be a function of the state of

equilibrium and dilution reached by the surrounding air, but will never be higher than the
above gas concentration based on HCN(aq). Although not directly a function of pH, the
volatilisation rate (together with the above movement of HCN(g) from the aqueous to the
gaseous phase) would be dependent on temperature, the liquid-to-gas phase surface and
agitation.

1.2.3 The chemistry of gold cyanidation

Gold is dissolved by cyanide as shown by reaction 8 (Elsner),

4Au + 8CN- + 2H2O + O2 -> 4Au(CN)-2 + 4OH- (8)

This reaction must take place at an elevated pH to prevent HCN from forming, which leads
to health hazards, reduced dissolution efficiency and reagent losses. Usually this reaction
is managed at pH values of 10.2 10.5, achieved by the addition of lime to the gold
bearing ore.

1.2.4 Undesired reactions with cyanide

Cyanide compounds will react with all acidic gases, such as HCl, H2SO4, SO2 and H2CO3
and with all strong and weak acids such as HCl, H2SO4 and H2C2O4 to produce hydrogen
cyanide gas HCN(g) and/or cyanate OCN- and other by-products. The typical reactions of
sodium cyanide with various acids are illustrated in the following equations.

APPENDIX V CYANIDE CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS Page 103

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

With H2SO4 2NaCN + H2SO4 -> Na2SO4 + 2HCN (9)

With oxalic acid 2NaCN + H2C2O4 -> 2HCN + Na2C2O4 ( 10 )

Note : 49 grams of NaCN will release 22.4 litres of HCN(g) at STP.

Cyanide complexes can be categorised into strong acid dissociable (SAD) and weak acid
dissociable (WAD) complexes. The degree of dissociation has to be given critical
consideration with respect to the context in which these terms are applied. Whereas even
partial dissociation of available complexes can have serious impacts with respect to health
and safety or the environment, analytical quantification has to rely on exact knowledge of
species typical dissociation under reproducible conditions.

WAD is cyanide released from complexes with metals such as cadmium, copper, nickel and
zinc dissociated by weak acids (approximately pH 4.5). Such acids will dissociate the
cyanide usually quantified by titration with AgNO3, but over and above that also most of the
cyanide associated with Ni, Cu etc, depending on pH.

SAD is cyanide released from complexes with metals such as gold, silver, iron and cobalt by
strong acids such as sulphuric- and hydrochloric acid. Some complexes, Fe(CN)6 for
example, are almost quantitatively dissociated by strong acids within a short time while
others may display strong resilience and are only partially dissociated under these conditions.
Co(CN)6 for example only breaks down to a minor degree under reflux with H2SO4 for one
hour.

When adding acids to any cyanide containing solution, there hence exists the potential for
formation of HCN(aq), the amount of which would depend on acidic strength (beyond pH 1)
and equilibration time. HCN(aq) will achieve potentially lethal concentrations in a short time
(see paragraph 1.2.2) .

Most non-ferrous metals, such as copper, aluminium and magnesium are incompatible with
cyanide. These metals will be attacked by cyanide if present in any tank, piping, valves or
any equipment that cyanide can come into contact with. The reaction can vary from pure
corrosion with metals such as copper, to a violent chemical reaction with explosive potential
with magnesium. Since commercial cyanide solutions contain NaOH in excess, welded joints
on stainless steel tanks, pipes, etc., might be attacked by the caustic component in solution
causing caustic embrittlement, which can lead to leaks and failures.

Cyanide reacts with copper sulphate to form cyanogen (CN2), which has similar toxicity to
cyanogen chloride, as illustrated below.

Cu2+ + 2CN- -> CuCN + (CN)2

APPENDIX V CYANIDE CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS Page 104

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

1.3 Complexing methods

Various methods are used to destroy or recover cyanide from residues or to complex
cyanide spills. The various categories of cyanide remediation / complexing include:

1.3.1 Dilution

This treatment method does not destroy cyanide, but only dilutes it to an acceptable or
controllable level. Care has to be taken not to dilute cyanide with a medium of which the pH
is below 8, except under controlled conditions, since toxic gases will be generated. Minor
spills are usually diluted by washing the contamination away with process water.

1.3.2 Reverse osmosis / Electrodialysis

Membranes are used to separate cyanide from solutions for the recovery of cyanide or the
purification of the solution.

1.3.3 Electrowinning

Electrowinning cells such as those used in the gold industry can be used to recover cyanide
from or destruct the cyanide contained in solutions. The process is referred to as the Celec or
HAS process.

1.3.4 Hydrolysis / Distillation

Aqueous cyanide hydrolyses naturally under normal conditions (STP) but the process can be
accelerated by increasing the temperature or reducing the pressure of the solution.

1.3.5 Acidification / Volatilisation

As discussed in the previous sections, aqueous cyanide will evolve as various toxic gases
(HCN (g) and cyanogen chloride, etc, which would need different reagents and conditions)
when the solution pH is reduced to below 8 by the addition of acid.

1.3.6 Metal addition

Frequently used in the industry, a metal salt is added to cyanide to complex the cyanide in a
less toxic or more stable form. A typical example is the addition of ferrous sulphate, which
forms ferrohexacyanide, which is essentially non-toxic due to its high stability.

1.3.7 Flotation

Strong acid dissociable cyanide can be reacted with a heteropolar surfactant to form a double
salt. The precipitate of the double salt can then be recovered by conventional flotation.

1.3.8 Solvent extraction

Cyanide salts can be extracted from aqueous solution by means of conventional solvent
extraction.
APPENDIX V CYANIDE CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS Page 105

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

1.3.9 Absorption by minerals, activated carbon or resin

Minerals such as ilmenite, hematite and pyrite, as well as mineral groups such as feldspars,
zeolites and clays effectively absorb cyanide in all forms. Activated carbon and resins absorb
cyanide complexes very effectively. As used in the gold industry, they however also absorb
titratible cyanide, increasing cyanide consumption in the gold processing circuit.

1.3.10 Oxidation by bacteria, catalysis, electrolysis or chemical addition

The most common method of oxidising cyanides is by chemical addition of oxidants such as
chlorine, oxygen, ozone, hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorite and sulphur dioxide. Most of these
oxidants will form cyanate during the reaction, which will be converted to less toxic products
if an excess of oxidant is available. Control of the pH for these reactions is essential, since
cyanogen chloride and HCN will be formed in most reactions if the pH is allowed to drop
enough.

1.3.11 Photolysis

This is the break-up of some WADs and SADs by exposure to ultraviolet radiation, either
natural sunlight or artificial light, by the use of lamps, lasers or arcs.

2. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS

2.1 Cyanide poisoning symptoms

2.1.1 Light to mild poisoning

Irritation of the nose and throat

Headache, nausea and vomiting
Breathlessness
Dizziness
General weakness
Irritation and eruptions in case of skin contact

2.1.2 Severe poisoning

Unconsciousness
Respiratory failure
Convulsions
Dyspnoea (laboured breathing)
Cessation of breathing
Burns in case of skin contact
Death

APPENDIX V CYANIDE CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS Page 106

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

2.2 Toxicity of cyanide compounds

The following are the responses by humans to various hydrogen cyanide concentrations in
air. They are quoted for information purposes and are not to be used to determine exposure
limits.

270 ppm Immediately fatal

180 ppm Fatal after 10 minute exposure
133 ppm Fatal after 30 minute exposure
110 135 ppm Fatal after 30 minutes to 60 minutes exposure, or dangerous
to life
45 ppm 54 ppm Tolerated for 30 to 60 minutes without immediate or late
effects
18 ppm 36 ppm Slight symptoms after several hours

Responses of humans to various cyanogen chloride concentrations in air:

159 ppm Fatal after 10 minute exposure

48 ppm Fatal after 30 minute exposure
20 ppm Intolerable after 1 minute
2 ppm Intolerable after 10 minutes

The Department of Minerals and Energy (DME) occupational exposure limit for hydrogen
cyanide is 10 ppm (11 mg/m3). The occupational exposure limit recommended for cyanogen
chloride is 0.3 ppm (0.6 mg/m3).

The following are the lowest documented exposures to cyanide compounds that led to
fatalities in humans. These do not indicate the lowest toxic limits, but refer to actual
incidents where the exposures were measured. LDLo refers to the lowest documented lethal
dose, while LCLo refers to the lowest documented lethal concentration.

LDLo, oral, 0.570 mg HCN /kg body weight

LCLo, inhalation, 120 mg HCN /m3/h
LCLo, inhalation, 200 mg HCN /m3/10min
LCLo, inhalation, 400 mg HCN /m3/2min
LCLo, subcutaneous, 1 mg HCN / kg body weight
LDLo, oral, 6.55 mg NaCN /kg body weight
LDLo, oral, 2.86 mg NaCN /kg body weight

2.3 Routes of cyanide poisoning

Swallowing cyanide liquor or flake cyanide

Inhaling droplets of cyanide liquor or cyanide dust
Absorption through the skin
Inhaling hydrogen cyanide, cyanogen compounds or any other gas derived from cyanide

APPENDIX V CYANIDE CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS Page 107

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

2.4 Cyanide poisoning

2.4.1 General description

Cells in the human body use raw materials and produce products. One of these products is
energy, which is produced by the Krebs cycle. The compound that results from the Krebs
cycle is called ATP (adenosine tri-phosphate). ATP is converted to energy by oxygen, but if
cyanide is present inside the cell, oxygen cannot be absorbed by the cell. The cell therefore
starves to death.

2.4.2 Technical description

Cyanide causes histotoxic anoxia by binding to the active site of cytochrome oxidase, much
as oxygen does, thereby stopping aerobic cell metabolism after an initial effect on excitable
tissue, since cyanide cannot receive electrons from cytochrome a3. This causes ATP
synthesis to cease and the cell to die. Cyanide will also bind to haemoglobin, preventing
oxygen from reaching cells.

2.4.3 Antidotes

Oxygen is a natural antidote for cyanide. Its effectiveness is improved with the concurrent
use of other substances, such as amyl nitrite.

Amyl nitrite inhalation induces the formation of methaemoglobin, which combines with
cyanide to form non-toxic cyanmethaemoglobin.

Sodium thiosulphate converts titratible cyanide to thiocyanate, which is non-toxic.

Dicobalt edetate should only be used in confirmed cases of cyanide poisoning. It works by
complexing cyanide into a stable form.

Hydroxocobalamin complexes cyanide into a stable form.

4-Dimethylaminophenol works on the same basic principles as nitrites.

APPENDIX V CYANIDE CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS Page 108

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

APPENDIX VI PROCEDURE FOR SAMPLING OF PROCESS

STREAMS

1. Procedure

This sampling procedure deals with pulps and solutions sampled from process streams,
tailings discharge, boreholes, penstocks, return dams, etc. Parameters such as cyanide (all
forms), metals in solution and other cationic or anionic constituents must be preserved as
they were at time of sampling. This is a generic best practice procedure and as such site
specific conditions and particular reactions will need special attention. General deterioration
of samples may entail volatilisation, oxidation, precipitation or photo-catalytic reactions.

The filtration step needed to separate solids from solutions (in the case of slurry samples)
forms part of this procedure.

2. Sampling methods

Sampling procedures and equipment must conform to accepted metallurgical practise. When
selecting sampling points, consideration must be given to the effect on cyanide by specific
process conditions and equipment.

2.1 Slurry samples

Either the solution only or both the solution and wet solid might be required for analysis. The
slurry sample must be as fresh as possible. The solids and solution phases must be separated
without delay so as to stop or slow down any interaction between them and the surrounding
gas phase.

2.1.1 Generally 2x 1000 ml of solution is required for analysis.

2.1.2 Obtain a representative slurry sample of sufficient volume at each sampling point, taking
care to maintain the solid/solution ratio as present in the process stream.

2.1.3 Re-suspend the solids before filtration and separate using clean pressure filtration equipment.

2.1.4 Do not allow compressed air to blow unnecessarily through the filter-cake (this will
result in oxidation and partial drying of the solid fraction), and stop the filtration as soon as
the solution ceases to flow.

2.1.5 Bag the wet solids in a plastic bag, squeeze the bag and shake it to exclude all air and prevent
oxidation and CO2 absorption from taking place.

2.1.6 Label the bag immediately, indicating the sample number, location, date and any other
relevant information. Make sure that the bag cannot leak during transport and render the
label unreadable.

APPENDIX VI PROCEDURE FOR SAMPLING PROCESS STREAMS Page 109

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

2.1.7 Store the bag in a dark and cool place until despatch to the laboratory.

2.1.8 Treat the filtrate solution as described below.

2.2 Solution samples

Solution samples can have different characteristics, which will require different stabilisation
treatment. The main categories to be distinguished are process samples (high levels),
environmental samples (very low levels) and unstable samples (chemistry in flux). A sample
can exhibit characteristics of two categories (e.g. an unstable environmental sample).
Discretion must be used with respect to any particular situation, but any deviation from the
main procedure must be documented carefully. If there is a conflict of objectives (cyanide
has to be stabilised at elevated pH, ammonia and metals at lower pH), it is advised if in any
doubt to take different sub-samples with different stabilising steps taken (e.g. one stabilised
at high pH, one at equilibrium pH).

2.2.1 Check the solution for colour, clarity and odour; note any observations.

2.2.2 Immediately measure the pH and Eh, and record the obtained values with date and time.

2.2.3 Measure conductivity if required and note the value.

2.2.4 Check oxidising potential (Eh or iodine-starch papers) and correct (see 2.4).

2.2.5 Cyanide samples only:

Immediately check for sulphides (see 2.3) and stabilise to prevent the deterioration of
cyanide to thiocyanate. If sulphides are present, the solution is not likely to have a high
oxidising potential.
Check the pH and increase the pH of one sub-sample only to between 11 and 12 through
drop-wise addition of 50% NaOH solution. Bear in mind that precipitation might occur
and parameters involved in this reaction will have to be quantified in the other sub-
samples (neutral or acidic).

2.2.6 Environmental samples should have their containers rinsed 3 times with the solution before
filling. Attention must be given to the compatibility of the analyte / sample bottle.

2.2.7 All samples (or sub-samples) taken must be filled to overflowing before being sealed to
ensure that all air is excluded above the solution (squeeze the bottle if necessary). This
prevents losses through gas-phase interaction (volatilisation or oxidation).

2.2.8 Tag or mark the bottle without delay, indicating the sample number, sampling location,
applied stabilisation, date and any other relevant information. Ensure that labels remain
legible.

2.2.9 Keep the samples dark and cold pending despatch to the laboratory.

2.2.10 Transport as quickly as possible to the laboratory, having made prior arrangements for
reception.
APPENDIX VI PROCEDURE FOR SAMPLING PROCESS STREAMS Page 110

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

Note: Certain solutions, that have equilibrated for a long time under conditions very different
to surface atmosphere (e.g. The bottom of a tailings dam: high pressure, anoxic, saturated,
etc.), will now precipitate some fractions of their contents within a day or two, even if the
above procedure is followed. Interactions and suitable Redox potentials have to be
investigated from case to case to minimise this. It is generally advised to only stabilise at the
minimum necessary levels by fine dosing of relevant reagents.

Resources needed on site:

pH meter and electrode
Dissolved oxygen meter and probe
Eh probe
Buffer solutions (4 and 7, optional 10)
Wash bottle
Deionised water
10% hydrazine solution
Lead acetate solution (5 g/l)
Iodine starch papers
50% NaOH solution with Pasteur pipette
Suitable plastic bags (heavy duty) or wide-neck bottles (preferred)
Suitable, well sealing polyethylene or glass bottles
Labels, string and marker pens
Site map or flow-sheet to mark sampling points if available
Sampling log sheet

2.3 Sulphide test and stabilisation

The check for sulphides can be done with lead acetate papers or, preferably with a 5.0 g/l
lead acetate solution. The lead acetate solution is preferred because the indicator paper has a
detection limit of approximately 10 ppm S2-, which will still lead to interferences in
analytical quantification.

A drop of the lead acetate solution added to a sulphide containing solution will produce a
brown discoloration down to levels of 0.5 ppm S2-. Should this test prove positive, add a
very small amount of powdered PbCO3 until discolouration of lead acetate solution stops.
Gravity filter immediately through plied filter paper in a funnel.

2.4 Redox potential reduction

If the solutions have oxidising potentials more than +200mV against AgCl, it is advised to
bring the solution back to near zero through careful addition of a drop or two of 10%
hydrazine solution. This will slow down most of the crucial oxidation reactions and allow for
speciation reasonably close to that existing at the original point of sampling. If no Eh probe
is available, reduce until the blue discolouration on iodine-starch paper disappears.

APPENDIX VI PROCEDURE FOR SAMPLING PROCESS STREAMS Page 111

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

2.5 Records

A sample log sheet must be used to record the following information, as applicable:

Date and time of sample

Sample point location / sample ID
Process conditions: RD, pH, cyanide addition, tonnage throughput / volumetric flowrate
Time of last process stoppage
Weather conditions during previous 12 hrs (especially relevant to tailings, return water
and environmental samples)
pH, Eh and conductivity
Stabilisation methods used
Precipitates, colour changes, odours, etc.
Any other information deemed relevant

APPENDIX VI PROCEDURE FOR SAMPLING PROCESS STREAMS Page 112

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

APPENDIX VII ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUE FOR WAD CYANIDE

1. OBJECTIVE

To have a standard method for WAD cyanide analysis available that will produce the
presently acceptable value for WAD cyanide. The limitations of this method are known
(potential non-recovery of CuCN and similar) and the results will only be meaningful in
correlation with information obtained from other analyses performed (metal concentrations).

2. SCOPE

This method is used to determine the concentration of certain inorganic cyanides in

potable water, an aqueous waste or a leachate. The method detects inorganic cyanides that
are present as either free cyanides (HCN(aq) or CN-) or simple soluble salts, for example: Cu-,
Zn-, Cd, and Ni-cyanides. The generally accepted limit is a dissociation constant of 1019 or
less (complexes less stable than silver cyanide complexes formed in the AgNO3 titration).
All other complexes including iron complexes (depending on their concentration), gold,
platinum and some other transition-metals are not all or partially recovered. The range of
metal cyanides falling within the scope of WAD cyanide methods corresponds to species that
have the potential for severe environmental impacts. It is hence better suited than titration or
total cyanide for environmental monitoring.

Detection limits are reported as: 0.4 ppm for finish 11.8.1
0.005 ppm for finish 11.8.2
0.05 ppm for finish 11.8.3

Detection limit and reproducibility depend strongly on analyst skill and technology applied
for the quantification finish.

3. REFERENCES

The method is a direct analogue to : USEPA modified Roberts-Jackson

method, October 1983

Similar methods: DIN 38405, ASTM D2036-91, APHA

4500 CN

4. DEFINITIONS

USEPA United States of America Environmental Protection Agency

ASTM American Standard Test Method
APHA American Public Health Association

APPENDIX VII ANALYTICAL PROCEDURE FOR WAD CYANIDE Page 113

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

5. SUMMARY OF METHODS

5.1 Cyanides are converted to HCN

WAD cyanides are converted to HCN by refluxing the sample with acetate-buffer at pH
4.5 under addition of Pb-and Zn-acetate (which form stable double salts with iron-cyanides)
for 1 hour whilst distilling the HCN over into an absorber/scrubber containing NaOH
solution to immobilise received HCN. The CN- anions are then determined manually by one
of several methods, depending on concentration.

5.2 Titrimetric determination with AgNO3

In the presence of a silver-sensitive indicator. The detection limit is said to be anything
between 1 - 5 ppm, depending on operator skill and facility.

5.3 Colorimetric measurement

By converting the CN- into CNCl with Chloramin T at a pH <8, forming a strongly
coloured complex through addition of pyridine-barbituric acid reagent and comparing the
absorbance at 578 nm to standards at comparable ionic strength.

5.4 Potentiometric measurement

Uses a cyanide-selective electrode and a double-junction reference electrode to quantify CN-
It is essential that samples and standards are of comparable ionic strength.

5.5 Deviations
The addition of the heavy metal acetates represents a deviation from some of the other
standard methods; it is expected to be beneficial in suppressing variations originating from
iron cyanides and sulphide interference.

6. INTERFERENCES

The following interferences are recorded:

6.1 Sulphides, S2-

Are known to yield a negative time-lag interference due to conversion of CN- to
thiocyanate (slow reaction, faster at high pH ). The formation of a coloured complex with the
reagent for the colorimetric finish is also possible if distilled over (positive interference).
Sulphides should be removed by precipitation with PbCO3, CdCO3, Pb(NO3)2 solution or
similar followed by filtration prior to sample taking. Test: with Pb-acetate papers,
moistened with acetic acid or lead acetate solution added dropwise to some sample solution.

6.2 Organic thiocyanates

Organic thiocyanates will distil over during the process and form a cloudy turbidity, thus
interfering with quantification in the subsequent analytical procedures. Removal is
achieved by extraction into an organic phase prior to distillation.
APPENDIX VII ANALYTICAL PROCEDURE FOR WAD CYANIDE Page 114

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

6.3 Oxidants
Oxidants are a negative interference (conversion of cyanide to cyanate) and should be
eliminated immediately by treatment with ascorbic acid after positive test with KI-
starch indicator. This will stop further decomposition, but does not reverse the process.
More recent research casts doubt on the effectiveness of ascorbic acid because of
secondary interference and incomplete conversion. Treatment with oxalic acid at neutral pH
for 15 min, followed by stabilisation with NaOH has been suggested; addition of sodium
arsenite solution until the test shows absence of oxidants is another suggestion.

Current practice at some laboratories is the careful, dropwise addition of hydrazine solution
(10% concentration maximum) until the Eh has been reduced to non-oxidising levels.
Oxidation to cyanate under normal or mildly oxidising conditions is slow and does not merit
addition of potentially interfering reagents.
6.4 Glucose and other sugars, high concentrations of carbonates, fatty acids
These compounds complicate analyses due to formation of cyanohydrins, foaming upon
acidification and soap-formation in the scrubber-solution.
6.5 Exposure to UV -light and/or high temperature
Exposure before or after distillation should be avoided as this will lead to lower values being
obtained. UV light may catalyse cyanide oxidation or dissociation of strong complexes and
hence lead to incorrect WAD/Total cyanide ratios. Samples and intermediate samples should
be kept in the dark, stabilised and cooled until analysis is performed. This applies especially
to concentrations below 1 ppm and solutions with high levels of Cu and Fe.

7. APPARATUS AND EQUIPMENT

For distillation apparatus see figure 1, Annex A, UV Spectro-photometer (578 nm, 1 cm

cell).
Potassium iodide starch paper, lead-acetate paper, dilution equipment.

8. REAGENTS AND MATERIALS

8.1 De-ionized water

8.2 NaOH solution, 1.0 M [40,0 g/l]
8.3 Zn- and Pb-acetate solution, 50,0 g Zn(C2H3O2).2H2O
86,4 g Pb(C2H3O2)2.3 H2O
filled to 1000 ml
8.4 Acetate-buffer solution, 410,0 g Na (C2H3O2)2.3 H2O dissolved in
water, add acetic acid to pH 4.5 fill to 500 ml
with deionised water
8.5 AgNO3 solution, 0,0192 M [3,2647 g in 1000 ml]
8.6 Chloramin T solution, 1% freshly prepared
8.7 Barbituric acid/pyridine 15,0 g barbituric acid in a little water to wet,
add 75 ml pyridine, add 15 ml HCl 37%, fill
to 250 ml with water, dissolve, cool to
ambient temperature
APPENDIX VII ANALYTICAL PROCEDURE FOR WAD CYANIDE Page 115

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

8.8 NaH2PO4 solution, 1 M [120,0 g in 1000 ml]

8.9 Cyanide stock solution 1000 ppm [2,51 g KCN and 2 g NaOH
to 1000 ml]
8.10 Rhodanine indicator 20 mg p-Dimethyl aminobenzal-rhodanine in
100 ml acetone

9. HAZARDS AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS

HCN is a very poisonous substance that can kill through inhalation, ingestion and skin
adsorption. See relevant safety literature before handling any cyanide solutions. Heavy
metal residues from sulphide elimination should be disposed of in a proper way. Surplus
samples must be returned to clients or destroyed in accordance with prescribed detoxification
methods. It is advised to limit the total mass of cyanide added to the distillation procedure to
a maximum of 20 mg to limit dangers.

10. SAMPLE- HANDLING AND PREPARATION

Storage in the dark and cool, exclusion of oxygen and other oxidants leads to more
reproducible results. Preservation with solution pH at 10.5 to 12.0 and analysis as fast as
possible are prerequisites. Treatment for interferences as outlined above, but only if
necessary. The presence of solids usually renders samples instable and it is advised to filter
solutions with suspended matter and pulp residues.

11. PROCEDURE

11.1 Place 500 ml or aliquot diluted to 500 ml part of sample in roundbottomed flask, add
boiling chips or magnetic stirrer bar.
11.2 Pipette 50 ml of NaOH 1M [8.2] into the scrubber tube; connect all the tubing.
11.3 Start airflow to reach approximately 2 bubbles per sec inlet-tubing at the roundbottomed
flask.
11.4 Add 2 drops of methyl red indicator.
11.5 Add 10 ml of acetate solution [8.4] through the inlet funnel,add 10 ml of zinc / lead-
acetate solution [8.3], rinse with a little water. Check for pink indicator color, add acetic acid
if necessary.
11.6 Raise temperature to boiling point, check air-flow and maintain for 60 minutes. Check for
pink indicator colour, add acetic acid if necessary, switch off and let cool for 15 min with
airflowing.
11.7 Interrupt airflow, take off the scrubber solution and transfer to 250ml flask. Wash the
tubing, sinter disk, etc. and add to the flask. Fill up to 250 ml and proceed with the
analysis, depending on the concentration of CN- :
11.8 Finish:
Titrimetric finish: transfer suitable aliquot to flask, add indicator [8.10] and titrate to
endpoint (yellow to pink). Check on blank and subtract from sample-consumption of
AgNO3. Relate to 1000 ml to obtain concentration of CN-

APPENDIX VII ANALYTICAL PROCEDURE FOR WAD CYANIDE Page 116

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

11.8.2 Colorimetric finish: withdraw 20 ml or measured aliquot into 100 ml flask; use NaOH 0,2
M to fill aliquot to 20 ml if dilution is required before measurement. Add 15 ml NaH2PO4
solution [8.8] and mix. Add 2 ml of Chloramin T solution [8.6] and mix. Let stand for 2 min
then add 5 ml pyridine-barbituric acid solution [8.7]. Fill to mark with deionised
water and mix. After 10 min read absorbance at 578 nm in 10 mm cell within the first 15
min. Determine concentration against standard-solution curve (colour stability with time is
plotted in Annex B).
11.8.3 Potentiometric finish: prepare standard solutions analogous to the samples concerning pH
and ionic strength.Transfer into beakers and immerse electrodes. Allow to equilibrate under
constant stirring speed and temperature (time: >5min and <10 min). Record the mV reading
and plot CN- concentrations vs mV on semi-log graph. A straight line should be obtained if
the instrument is operating properly. Difference between distilled and non-distilled standards
should be <10%. Measure samples and read CN- directly off the graph.

12. CALCULATIONS

The concentration of CNT is expressed in ppm. Hence

a.) for titration finish:

ml AgNO3 solution [8.5] consumed * 250 * 1000 * dilution-factora)
ml scrubber-aliquot taken * ml original sample used
a)
to be applied if original sample was diluted before analysis

b.) for colorimetric (UV) finish:

concentration from UV read-out * 250 * dilution-factora)b)
ml original sample used
b)
to be applied if less than 20 ml was used for UV color-development

13. PRECISION

Information on precision would depend strongly on laboratory specific circumstances;

fluctuations of up to 10% with less experienced staff is common.

14. QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL

The following steps must be taken to give a certain degree of confidence to the results:

With every batch of analysis performed (at least after 4 samples), one standard solution of
NaCN in a concentration comparable to the expected value (if known) must be run. A
deviation of more than 5 % must be rejected, all analyses repeated and the cause for the
deviation established.
On environmental samples (below 1 ppm), a blank and a freshly prepared NaCN standard
must be run with the batch to give the baseline and upper values.
For analysing plant solutions, standards should be made up in a plant comparable matrix
to verify adequate recovery
QC results must be reported along with the actual samples
APPENDIX VII ANALYTICAL PROCEDURE FOR WAD CYANIDE Page 117

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

Annex A: Figure 1

Annex B: Colorimetric finish; colour stability with time

p e r c e n t a g e o f c o l o r f o r m a t i o n r e l a t e d t o t i m e (fo r
re a c t i o n o f G l u t a c o n - d i a l d e h y d e w ith barbituric acid

100.00%

98.00%

96.00%

94.00%

92.00%

90.00%
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
m in u t e s s i n c e s t a r t o f c o l o r f o r m a t i o n

APPENDIX VII ANALYTICAL PROCEDURE FOR WAD CYANIDE Page 118

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

APPENDIX VIII PROCEDURE FOR PIPELINE MANAGEMENT

The following procedure can be used for thickness measuring and rotation management of
pipelines used for transporting cyanidation tailings.

1. Measuring points

Fixed reference points are to be established along the pipeline, which will be used for all
thickness measurements and rotation indicators. These reference points consist of distance
measuring points and thickness measuring points.

1.1 Distance measuring points

These points are referred to as Primary points and are numbered from the feed end of the
pipeline, at every direction change or flange, sequentially in the direction of flow. These
points should be stencilled with paint onto the pipeline.

8 (Prim)

9 (Prim)

1.2 Thickness measuring points

The thickness measuring points, referred to as Secondary points, are located relative to the
Primary points as follows:
1 metres from the flange (or Primary point)
3 metres from the flange (or Primary point)
5 metres from the flange (or Primary point)
Every 50 metres from the flange (or Primary point) on continuous welded pipes
The last measuring point is designated 0.999 and is 1 metre from the next flange (or
Primary point)

APPENDIX VIII PROCEDURE FOR PIPELINE MANAGEMENT Page 119

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

These Secondary points should be:

Marked 1, 2, 3 and 4 on the four quadrants (TDC, 900 clockwise, BDC and 2700
clockwise)
Determined with a centre finder and punched after cleaning to bare metal
Used for all future thickness measurements

APPENDIX VIII PROCEDURE FOR PIPELINE MANAGEMENT Page 120

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

2. Rotation

2.1 Centred rotation (900 / 1800 )

Centred rotation is where the pipe / section is rotated to a perfect 900 or 1800 from position 1
(TDC), and TDC becomes either 900 or 1800 and BDC becomes either 2700 or TDC.

2.2 Off centred Rotation

Off centred rotation is where a pipe / section is not rotated to a perfect 900 or 1800 (one or
two flange holes out). The thickness measuring points are used as per centred rotation,
except that a new BDC is established. The new BDC position (position 3) located and
punched.

Note: Thickness measurements should only be done on bare steel slurry pipes.

APPENDIX VIII PROCEDURE FOR PIPELINE MANAGEMENT Page 121

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

APPENDIX IX DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR ENGINEERING

CONTROL OF HAZARDS

The standards and specifications detailed hereunder must be considered when designing,
constructing, installing or modifying cyanide off-loading, storage or dosing plant and
equipment. The sections herein represents best practice and should be considered during all
risk assessments.

1. Civils

A proper geo-technical investigation must be conducted on all proposed off-loading and

storage sites for ground stability and suitability.
Due regard must be given to ground water, surface run-off slopes and proximity to
existing plant when selecting the site.
Off-loading and storage facilities must be sited on level areas, with adequate access for
cyanide tankers.
For any expansion joint Expoflex 800 tough epoxy Pu sealant is recommended.

2. Materials of construction

Under no circumstances should aluminum, aluminum alloys, brass or materials containing

magnesium, magnesium alloys, solder tinning or galvanized surfaces, be used for
transferring or containing cyanide as these materials are easily corroded by the caustic
solution.

Pumps, pipelines, flanges and valves installed for the transfer and handling of cyanide
solutions exceeding 1% strength, should comply with appropriate specifications, and
materials of construction for all equipment should comply with corrosion resistance
specifications.

3. Off-loading

Ideally the off-loading facility must be positioned away from the public, buildings and traffic
areas, as well as being away from other hazardous chemicals and process plant equipment.
Off-loading bays should be located in a well-ventilated position, so that if a leak occurs, it is
more likely to be detected and any vapour emissions will be dispersed by natural ventilation.

4. Access control

Access to the area should be closed off and entry controlled to prevent unauthorised access.
The off-loading facility should be fenced, with lockable gates.

APPENDIX IX DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR ENGINEERING CONTROL OF HAZARDS Page 122

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

5. Turning circle, roadways and in-plant routes

The turning circle should have an outside diameter of 36 m with a road width of 6m with
12 m circle radius.
Hard surfaced roadways.
4.5 m minimum overhead clearance.
Trucks should not reverse into off-loading area.

6. Off-loading bay

Civils should conform to be to SABS 1200.

The off-loading bay bund should be constructed of acid proof concrete / brick with a low
water to cement ratio.
The walls and floor of the bund should be impervious to liquid and designed to withstand
a full hydrostatic head.
Ensure the correct parking of the tanker in a clearly marked parking area.

7. Configuration of equipment

Off-loading hoses provided by the reagent supplier should be polypropylene fabric

reinforced with wire wrapping 2m long.
The off-loading hose flange provided by the supplier should be a Table D flange with
outer diameter 215mm, nominal bore 100mm and 4 x M16 bolt holes on a 178mm PCD.
The off-loading flange of the cyanide facility should be a Table D flange with outer
diameter 215mm, nominal bore 100mm and 4 x M16 bolt holes on a 178mm PCD.
These connecting flanges should be made unique for each of the different reagents used in
order to prevent the mixing of or delivery to incorrect storage tanks used for the different
reagent solution.
The reagent delivery line to the storage tank should be constructed of mild steel that
complies with the BS 2654 spec.
The off-loading air hose should be reinforced neoprene nylon, 30m long and 20mm
diameter.
The dedicated off-loading air station (isolating valve, regulator set at 180 kPa, pressure
gauge, pressure relief valve set at 200 kPa, non return valve rated at 40 m3/hr, moisture
trap and15 mm air connection point) should be located outside the hazardous area.
The air station should be positioned within sight of the discharge point, not closer than
7.5m away to avoid any risk of spray during off-loading.
The off-loading air pressure should be regulated to ensure that the pressure does not
exceed 180 kPa.

8. Delivery

All pipe work must only include sufficient flanged joints to enable the removal of critical
equipment items, pipe maintenance, transfer pumps and control or isolation valves. Wrap-
around vinyl canvas with tie-down flange covers should be installed on all flanges.
The delivery line to the storage tank should be sized to ensure a reasonable rate of tanker
discharge.
APPENDIX IX DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR ENGINEERING CONTROL OF HAZARDS Page 123

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

The line should rise vertically at the intake point.

Delivery pipe to be firmly supported (withstand vibration).
Unique 4 hole flange (Table D) with lock pin and lockable cover.

9. Spillage Containment

The off-loading bay should be constructed so that:

No surface run-off water or plant slurry/solutions can enter the area.

Surface run-off water inside the off-loading bay is routed into the storage area bund
spillage sump.
All cyanide spillage is contained and routed to the storage area bund spillage sump.

10. Storage Tanks

10.1 Location

It is recommended that storage tanks are located such that the cyanide dosing pipeline is kept
as short as possible, with due consideration being given to the location of other hazardous
chemicals relative to the cyanide storage tanks.

10.2 Sizing (tanks)

Storage vessels should be appropriately sized according to process consumption demand.

Storage times in excess of 1 month should be avoided to minimise degradation of the
sodium cyanide.
Storage tanks should be sized to at least contain one and a half times the capacity of a
normal delivery.

10.3 Construction

Manufactured to BS 2654-1989 specification.

The correct materials of construction should be used for all equipment items.
The correct inlet flange and pipework should be installed.
Suction and delivery flanges on reagent and spillage pumps should have flange covers.
Each tank should be provided with a separate vent pipe.
Each tank should have a separate overflow pipe.
Accurate and reliable tank level indication, with high level alarms, should be provided for
each tank.
Each tank should have a manhole for inspection and maintenance access, suggested size
of manholes is 500mm diameter.
Each should be provided with an individual earth strap.
The tanks should be fitted with two separate drain valves, one in line with the other. The
outside valve should have a blank flange with a 6 mm telltale hole in it, fitted to the open
end of the nearest valve.
Storage tanks should be designed on the full drainage concept, with no trapped areas.

APPENDIX IX DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR ENGINEERING CONTROL OF HAZARDS Page 124

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

10.4 Welding

Approval of welders to BS EN 287-1.

All welding to BS EN 288-1-1992 Part 1-3, 5 and 7.
Welds to be NDT tested and x-rayed.

10.5 Bund

The storage tanks should be sited on a hard-surfaced area and enclosed by a flood tested,
leak-proof bund wall and floor.
The bund wall should have no drain valves, drain holes or any other opening. If a drain
valve for off-loading spillages is provided for it should be locked when not in use.
Any other valve or opening should be permanently closed off and sealed.
The bunded area should be sized to safely contain 110% of the total storage tank contents
in the case of a single tank installation. In the case of a multiple tank installation, 110% of
the contents of the largest tank should be designed for.
Where two or more vessels are connected for simultaneous use, the bund should be sized
to accommodate the combined capacity of the tanks.
Any solution, including surface run-off water should be contained within the storage
facility bund area..
Storage tanks should be sited in well ventilated position, away from potential sources of
ignition.
Bund areas should be force ventilated when natural ventilation is inadequate.
The storage area floor should slope towards the spillage sump to avoid spillages
remaining below the tanks.
The bund wall area should be fitted with a spillage sump, with high level alarm warning,
and pump.

10.6 Access control

Storage areas should be fenced, with lockable gates, 1.8 2 m high fences are recommended.

11. Pipework

11.1 Schedule and standards

A proper risk assessment should be performed to determine what kind of piping to use.
Galvanized or HDPE / PVC piping is not recommended for transporting cyanide
solutions in excess of 1% concentration.
Plastic or rubber piping must not be used for temporary dosing of cyanide into the
process.
Minimum recommended diameters of dosing pipelines carrying cyanide solution are in
the range of 50 75 mm depending on the volume of flow.
Pipe lengths should be maximised in order to limited the number of flanged joints.

APPENDIX IX DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR ENGINEERING CONTROL OF HAZARDS Page 125

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

11.2 Flanges, gaskets, boltups

Only Clinkerite or red neoprene gasket materials should be used on pumps, valves and
pipe flange joints.
Screwed fittings should not be used on cyanide pipelines.
As far as practicable, all installed pipe work used for conveying cyanide solutions
exceeding 1% concentration must be continuously welded and flange free.
Where the use of flanges is unavoidable, suitable flange covers should be installed.
Spool pieces should be provided at pumps, balancing lines, delivery lines and spillage
pipelines to allow for positive isolation.

11.3 Welding

All welding should be to BS EN 288-1-1992.

Pipe welds should be stress relieved especially where trace heating of pipelines is used,
due to the severe corrosion that can occur with heated caustic cyanide solutions.

11.4 Support

Pipework should be routed to ensure that joints are not located over doorways and
windows.
Pipelines should be well supported and easily accessible for maintenance / repair.
Pipelines should not cross or run next to acid or water storage tanks or low pH areas.

11.5 Lagging

Where pipelines are at risk of freezing, the pipes must be fitted with heating tape and lagged.

11.6 Drainage

All pipelines should be fitted with a lockable drain facility to enable the line to be drained at
the lowest point in the storage bund area.

11.7 Colour coding

All cyanide pipes (including lagged pipes) should be painted dark violet (BS code 796,
SABS code F06) along the entire length of the pipeline.
All pipelines should be clearly identified (calcium or sodium cyanide) and have an arrow
indicating direction of flow. Labels and arrows should be placed on each 6 m pipe length
or at 6 m intervals on lagged pipelines.
All cyanide tanks should be clearly identified and painted signal red (BS code 537/-
SABS code A11/-) with a horizontal dark violet band (SABS code F06) not less than 400
mm wide located on the vertical centre of the tank.

APPENDIX IX DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR ENGINEERING CONTROL OF HAZARDS Page 126

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

12. Pumps

12.1 Transfer pumps

Positive displacement or hose pumps are preferred for concentrated cyanide solutions.
Pumps with glands should be avoided as far as possible.
Pumps should be located inside the storage bund area.
Positive displacement pumps should be fitted with a pressure relief valve.
Pressure relief valves should vent back into the pump suction or storage tank. Some
means of indication of high pressure is required.
Stainless steel or cast steel pumps can be used.

12.2 Spillage pumps

Vertical spindle pumps, without submerged bearings and having abrasive resistant wear
parts, should be used.

12.3 Sizing

Pumps should be appropriately sized according to the process demand, taking into account
flow velocities to prevent freezing.

12.4 Electrical controls

Pump stop / start controls should be located outside of the fenced storage area, at least 7.5
m from the pump.
Dosing pumps should have an emergency stop button located near the stop / start
controls.
Spillage pumps should be manually operated.

12.5 Valves

Main solution valves should preferably be stainless steel ball valves with PTFE seats and
seals. Dual valves, rotary disc valves, ball valves and gate valves can be used. Valve handles
should indicate open or closed position. Saunders valves are not recommended for cyanide
applications.

12.5.1 Locking mechanism

All valves on installed pumps and pipe work must be fitted with a locking mechanism.

12.5.2 Control valves

All control valves installed on cyanide lines should be appropriately sized to handle the
required flow rates they are designed for. The valve should be sized to control at 60% of
valve opening under normal conditions. Suppliers should provide valve-sizing
calculations of control valves.

APPENDIX IX DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR ENGINEERING CONTROL OF HAZARDS Page 127

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

The control valve could be a two or three way body style, of 316 stainless steel material.
For valves with a Plug and Seat configuration, the trim material should be a minimum
of 416 hardened stainless steel and inner valve cage material of 17-4 stainless steel, with
no brass internals.
The control valve should have a metal to metal seat arrangement with an airtight shut-off
during fail to close conditions. (Fail to close, air to open).
The gland packing should be PTFE or combination of asbestos and 316 stainless steel
material.
The control valve should preferably be fitted with a direct acting positioner and a
reversible pneumatic to current converter.
Control valve installations on cyanide lines should include isolation, flushing and bypass
facilities in cases where maintenance must be carried out. Under normal running of the
process, the flushing hoses should be removed from the process and blanked off with a
flange, which is connected at all times.

12.5.3 On/Off Control Valve

Where on/off control valves are used for isolation and/or interlocking in cyanide lines, they
could be to BA4 or BA1 specifications. The specifications are as follows:

BA4: Carbon steel ball valve, type 316 stainless steel ball, reduced bore with PTFE fire
safe seals and flanges to SABS 1123.
BA1: Stainless steel type 316L ball valve, reduced bore, wrench operated PTFE fire-safe
seals and flanged to SABS 1123.
Split body valves should not be used on cyanide lines.
Actuators should be sized to the required break torque necessary to open the valve under
tight shut-off conditions.
Indication switches should be provided on the valve actuator, and must preferably be of
the contactless type proximity switches. This indication can be wired back to the PLC by
hardwiring or ASI/profibus networks.

12.6 Electrical

12.6.1 Illumination levels

Minimum illumination of 150 lux (SABS 0114) should be provided at off-loading

coupling points, dosing pumps and valve arrangements, spillage sump and pump, dosing
points, control valves, isolating and drain valves, pump stop/start, emergency buttons,
cyanide first aid and emergency equipment storage and safety shower.
Tanks, walkways, stairways etc. should have adequate illumination (20 lux minimum).

12.6.2 Earthing

Storage tanks should be individually earthed.

All electrical equipment should be adequately earthed.
Earthing points should be provided for earthing of the tanker during off-loading.

APPENDIX IX DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR ENGINEERING CONTROL OF HAZARDS Page 128

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

12.6.3 Heating tape

Type PSB33 (complete with aluminium and fibre tape).

12.7 Instrumentation

12.7.1 Level indication

Ultrasonic type level instruments should be used with remote mounted transmitters and
flanged mounted sensors which could be sealed on the tank flange without the necessity
of opening a gauge hatch, which could expose personnel to cyanide gas.
The transmitter should be mounted outside the fenced area, with a local indication and
linked back to the control room, showing the actual bulk kg of cyanide in the tank.
Instruments such as differential pressure and gauge pressure transmitters are not
permitted on cyanide storage vessels.
External sight glasses should not be used on any cyanide storage vessels.
Storage tanks should have a high level warning alarm at 85% of tank volume. This alarm
must indicate high level to all personnel in the immediate vicinity.
Storage tanks should have a low level warning alarm, displayed locally at the tank and
used as an interlock to trip the positive displacement pump. This signal should be routed
to the control room SCADA. Where PLC systems are used the low level alarm must be
hardwired to the electrical panel to trip the positive displacement pump.
Preferably, storage tank level indication should be linked via telemetric to the suppliers
control room to allow the supplier to monitor tank levels and consumption rates.

12.7.2 Emergency alarms

Emergency alarms should be independent of any other plant alarm system.

Emergency alarms should either visual and/or audible type depending on risk assessment
of local conditions.
Emergency stop buttons should be positioned at safety showers, dosing points, storage
areas and strategically along the dosing pipeline.

12.7.3 Gas monitoring

Fixed gas monitors should be mounted on strategic positions to monitor for HCN gas at
all possible hot spot areas of the process, where exposure of personnel to toxic gas may
occur.
The monitor readings should be displayed locally and linked to the plant SCADA for
recording purposes. Local emergency alarms should be mounted locally and linked back
to the control room via the SCADA.

APPENDIX IX DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR ENGINEERING CONTROL OF HAZARDS Page 129

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

12.7.4 pH measurement and control

The pH meter could be of the two or four wire systems. The transmitter should be
mounted remotely in a protection box or canopy for protection and ease of maintenance.
The senior electrodes could be the submersible or inline types. When the pH meter is
selected, care must be taken to look at working and environmental conditions. For slurry
applications where high abrasion is evident, combination electrodes should be used.
Where cyanide is added into the process the pH should be controlled and maintained to a
value higher than 10.5 at all times to prevent the decomposition of cyanide to hydrogen
cyanide gas.
Any occurrence of a pH below 10.2 should prompt the operator to investigate and take
action. This can be done by the use of the SCADA system. In absence of a SCADA
system, a dedicated warning light and panel alarm should be installed near the control
room.
The pH measuring/control system should provide an interlocking signal back to the
cyanide dosing pump or control valve to trip or close when the pH is below 10.0. A
visual/audible emergency alarm should be provided for such conditions and must not be
able to reset until such time that the process pH rises back to pH 10.5.
The probe should be located in a vessel separate to where the lime is added to minimize
the effect of short-circuiting or hot spots.
It is recommended that where practically possible, a backup pH meter should be installed
to monitor the control system and to take over control in the event of a failure.
The lime should be dosed separately and upstream from where the cyanide is added. This
can be done with three-way control valves in rapid changing processes and splitter-boxes
for more stable conditions.
Conductivity should not be used as an alternate measurement for pH control systems.
Where a ring feed system supplies lime, the running status of the feed pump and the low
level of the feed tank should be monitored at all times. An alarm should sound when the
pump trips and/or when the lime tank level is low.

12.7.5 Flow Meters

Magnetic flow meters which correctly sized for the process application should be used.
The liner material should be a minimum of PTFE with tantalum electrodes. If the
magnetic flow meter is installed within the fenced-off area, a remote transmitter should be
mounted outside the fence.
The position for mounting this meter will be with the control valve in the loop with the
isolation, flushing and bypass facilities, which will provide safe and easy access in cases
where maintenance must be carried out. The installation specifications regarding pipe
IDs before and after the meter will be to the normal standards applied on magnetic flow
meters.
Differential type flow meters should not be used for cyanide lines.

APPENDIX IX DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR ENGINEERING CONTROL OF HAZARDS Page 130

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

12.7.6 Supervisory Links

All information regarding the dosing of cyanide into the process should be displayed,
monitored and recorded on the SCADA system. Where such equipment is not available,
allowance must be made to record the process parameters with remote recorders.

12.7.7 Cyanide Control System

An on-line cyanide analyser should sample the process at strategic points in the process
and the data linked back to the PLC/SCADA system for monitoring and controlling
cyanide addition.
Where control hardware such as Techlogic analysers are used, to control a variable speed
pump directly, additional controls should be provided. These should consist of a ration
feed control system, which feeds the cyanide with the tonnage addition and should take
control if the Techlogic analyser fails.
The ratio control system should include a suitable flow meter and control valve/variable
speed pump.
The control system should be designed to cut the cyanide feed at any give time when the
pH levels of the slurry are below the minimum level of 10.0. Under such conditions the
emergency alarm referred to in section 12.7.4 should sound with no reset on the alarm
until such time that the pH value is at 10.5.
All control data should be fed back to the SCADA system for recording purposes.

12.8 Security

12.8.1 Fencing and gates

Off-loading and storage facilities should be fenced with lockable gates to prevent
unauthorised access to cyanide reagents.

12.8.2 Dosing points

Dosing points should be located towards the middle of the process tanks without access to
the reagent.

12.9 Health and Safety

12.9.1 Emergency equipment and PPE

Safety showers should be platform operated with an attached eyewash, and painted in a
conspicuous colour.
The shower should be situated remotely at a minimum 7,5 m and maximum 10 m distance
from the potential spillage/risk area.
An audible or visual alarm should be fitted to the shower to inform employees when the
shower is being used and an emergency situation has developed.

APPENDIX IX DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR ENGINEERING CONTROL OF HAZARDS Page 131

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

The alarm should be routed to the control room via SCADA in order to inform the
operator that an emergency situation has developed.
The safety shower water supply should be uncontaminated potable water and have at all
times a supply pressure of 3,5 to 4,0 bar.
The shower water feed valve should be locked in the open position.
A wash water hose connection should be provided from the same feed line to the safety
shower, and located in close proximity to the shower.
The water hose, cyanide antidote kit, first aid and emergency rescue equipment (with
appropriate PPE) should be situated remotely from the potential spillage / risk area at a
minimum 7,5 m and maximum 10 m distance, ideally positioned next to the safety
shower.
An effective and operational telephone or radio communication system to the control
room should be in place.

12.9.2 Storage

Suitable storage facilities should be provided for the storage of PPE, emergency equipment
and complexing agent.

12.9.3 Ergonomics

As far as possible, valves should not be positioned above waist height or in deep sumps.
Drain points should not be positioned higher off the ground than is absolutely necessary.
Consideration must also be given to the position of the operator, when operating the
valve, relative to the drain discharge point and solution flow.

12.9.4 Informative signage

The following mandatory, prohibitory and warning signs should be displayed at the storage
area to inform of the hazardous nature of the stored cyanide reagent:

No entry to unauthorised persons

No smoking
No naked flames
Protective clothing to be worn
Warning of poisonous substance
Warning of corrosive substance
Route direction signs
Wind indicator
Road information signage markings
Suppliers hazardous signs
Cyanide first aid treatment procedures
Gas detection equipment

APPENDIX IX DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR ENGINEERING CONTROL OF HAZARDS Page 132

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

12.9.5 General design

Plant processes where cyanide is used should be bunded in order to contain and control any
cyanide bearing spillage (see section 3.2 of section 2 of chapter 4).

APPENDIX IX DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR ENGINEERING CONTROL OF HAZARDS Page 133

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

APPENDIX X AUDIT CHECKLIST FOR GUIDELINE

This appendix has been developed to assist the reader to perform a quick review of the requirements
listed in the cyanide guideline. It is not explicitly an audit document and should not be used as such.
Each company will have to develop site specific audit requirements and a set of measurement criteria
for scoring. The two columns on the side have been provided for this purpose.

Each point stipulated in this appendix represents an abbreviated version of the actual contents of a
specific section. The chapter and section numbers have therefore been kept the same for ease of
reference. In some cases, the reader is referred back to the original text as the volume that had to be
captured in that section was too great.

The version contained within this appendix in no way replaces the original document. When in doubt,
the original text contained in chapters 1 to 5 should be used.

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1. GUIDELINE MANAGEMENT
SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS
1. Management system for guideline in place and includes:
Procedures for issuing this document to line managers
Procedures to ensure control, issuing and adoption of updated versions
Procedures and requirements for exemption process and documentation
Procedures for auditing, documentation and actioning
2. Exemption approved at the highest level
3. Exemption based on:
Formal written risk assessment conducted by an approved multi-disciplinary team
Consultation with Health and Safety committees
Consultation with other relevant stakeholders
SUB-TOTAL:

CHAPTER 2 PEOPLE CARE SYSTEMS

1. COMMUNICATION
SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS
3.1 Internal communication
3.1.1 Subscribe to a policy of openness and transparency in mission statement.
3.1.2 Communication structures in place and meetings cover:
Cyanide related risks identified as part of the risk assessment
Emergency preparedness
Incidents and accidents
Cyanide training
General cyanide awareness
Safety requirements
3.1.3 Two cyanide awareness campaigns are held per year and cover:
APPENDIX X AUDIT CHECKLIST FOR THE GUIDELINE Page 134

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

Special training sessions on cyanide related topics

Display of placards and banners
Issue of brochures and circulars
Practical demonstrations
Self audits
3.1.4 Risks of cyanide reagents displayed throughout plant.
3.1.5 Cyanide communication procedure in place for risks, incidents and accidents and include:
After hours communication
Communications through plant meeting structures
3.1.6 Cyanide feature as a topic at all meeting levels in plant.
3.1.7 A documentation system in place continuous reporting, actioning, monitoring and follow-up of
risks as per inspections, incident investigation, task assessments and risk assessments.
System is accessible.
3.2 External communication and consultation
3.2.1 Community communication structure in place to discuss issues related to cyanide.
3.2.2 Local communities involved through input and transparency.
3.2.3 Minutes of community meetings kept and distributed to residents. Communication include:
Emergency response planning
Community emergency reporting
Risks associated with the transportation of cyanide through affected areas
Risks associated with cyanide spillages
Operational aspects of cyanide
Cyanide management audit results
Concerns raised by community members
3.2.4 Local authority liaison meetings held regularly and include :
Emergency response planning
Notification
3.2.5 Spokespersons at community meetings are General Managers or the Manager of plant.
3.2.6 Procedure in place to cover communication of cyanide incidents to stakeholders.
3.2.7 An emergency plan and evacuation procedure in place as detailed in section 1 of chapter 5.
Plan made available to residents.
3.2.8 Emergency telephone numbers displayed at strategic areas for the reporting.
SUB-TOTAL:

2. RISK ASSESSMENT
SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS
3.1 Baseline risk assessment done as required by Section 11 of MHSA.
A risk ranking system developed to assess safety, health, environmental and financial impacts.
3.2 A programme in place to monitor and review the risks identified in 3.1.
Include changes in work practices and procedures.
3.3 Risk assessment performed include:
Procurement
Transportation
Off-loading
Storage
Metallurgical operational tasks
Maintenance tasks
Decontamination
Impacts on local communities

APPENDIX X AUDIT CHECKLIST FOR THE GUIDELINE Page 135

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

Impacts on the environment

3.4 Risks associated with work practices for which no procedures exists are assessed.
3.5 Risk assessments conducted by a multi-disciplinary team and include:
Line management
Operational and maintenance employees
Persons responsible for health, safety and environment
Health and Safety representatives
3.6 Risk assessments performed for the development of various procedures.
SUB-TOTAL:

3. TRAINING
SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS
3.1 General considerations
3.1.1 Manager of plant appropriately qualified.
3.1.2 Employees appointed for cyanide specific tasks.
Hold a valid Grade 10 certificate.
Meet other specific training requirements.
3.1.3 Employees other than those appointed under 3.1.2. meet ABET 3 or equivalent level.
Meet other specific training requirements.
3.1.4 Employee selection system in place for cyanide areas.
Employees selected for critical placement meet MOHAC 5.
3.1.5 Cyanide training given by accredited trainer or unit and assessments aligned with the SAQA.
3.2 Training systems
3.2.1 Risk assessment performed to determine the scope of training requirements and the frequency
of refresher or follow-up training for all tasks.
Intervals determined in consultation with Health and Safety committee.
3.2.2 Training records include:
Name of employee
Date of training
Contents of training
Pre- and post-test evaluations
Name of trainer
Name of training facility
Signatures of trainer and trainee
3.2.3 Administration of the training performed in line with the national qualifications framework and
include the filing in employee files of:
Request for training records
Attendance lists
Hard copies of all pre- and post-test training material and evaluation records
Copies of competency certificates
Workplace related training such as planned task observations, assessment documents and
follow-up training
3.2.4 Employees formally appointed after competency assessment.
3.2.5 A system in place to identify employees appointed under 3.1.2.
3.2.6 Cyanide training audited on a regular basis both internally and externally.
3.2.7 Lesson plans update when procedures change. Communication and documentation in place.
3.3 Training requirements
3.3.1 All persons performing cyanide tasks have been assessed competent.
3.3.2 Training for employees include:

APPENDIX X AUDIT CHECKLIST FOR THE GUIDELINE Page 136

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

Training on task procedures developed from risk assessments

Emergency procedures and equipment
Location of emergency equipment and alarms
Risk assessment techniques
Hazard identification
Environmental impacts
Lock-out and clearance procedures
Cyanide first aid treatment
Personal protective equipment and specialised breathing apparatus where appropriate
Outcomes supported by unit standards and assessment guides developed at national level
3.3.3 Induction programme in place for contractors, visitors, vendors and members of the public.
3.3.4 All employees meet the training requirements for all cyanide related unit standards.
SUB-TOTAL:

4. MEDICAL TREATMENT
SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS
3.2 First Aid And Medical Supplies
3.2.1 Cyanide PPE for Plants
PVC chemical rainsuit with hood.
Elbow length rubber gloves.
Gumboots
Air-line mask.
Hazmat combination gas canister A2B2E2K2P2 or equivalent
Eye protection.
Self contained breathing apparatus SCBA.
3.2.2 Cyanide PPE for Hospitals
2 x PVC chemical rainsuit with hood.
2 x Elbow length rubber gloves.
2 x Pairs gumboots.
2 x Respirators Hazmat combination gas canister A2B2E2K2P2 or equivalent.
2 x Sets eye protection.
3.2.3 First Aid Kit
Cyanide PPE as in 3.2.1 above.
6 gauze wrapped ampoules of 0,3 ml amyl nitrite for inhalation.
500 ml of 5% sodium thiosulphate (hypo solution).
Oxygen cylinder, flow gauge, connecting tubing and 60% oxygen mask.
Bag resuscitator, 2 x adult face mask and reservoir bag.
Oro-pharyngeal airways (2 each of sizes 3, 4 and 5).
1 x strong clothing scissors.
Fully equipped mine first aid box (see regulation).
Stretcher (with straps and pillow) and blankets.
Copy of section 4 of chapter 2.
Two Tripac Cyano kits available on site.
3.2.4 Medical Doctor / Cyanide Trained Professional Nurse Kit
Cyanide PPE as in 3.2.1 above.
2 intravenous giving sets.
A selection of intravenous cannulae (3 each of sizes 16 and 18).
Alcohol swabs.
APPENDIX X AUDIT CHECKLIST FOR THE GUIDELINE Page 137

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

2 syringes of 50 ml.
3 syringes of 20 ml.
2 syringes of 10 ml.
2 syringes of 5 ml.
Hypodermic needles (2 large gauge needles for 50% dextrose and 8 x 21 gauge needles).
Ampoules files.
2 litres of 5% dextrose saline.
2 x 200 ml normal saline.
2 ampoules of 10 ml 3% sodium nitrite.
4 ampoules of 25 ml 50% sodium thiosulphate.
2 ampoules of kelocyanor solution.
2 ampoules of 50 ml 50% dextrose.
2 ampoules of 1:1000 adrenaline.
Laryngoscope with 2 sizes of Magil adult blades.
Endotracheal tubes (2 each of sizes 7, 8 and 9).
Portable suction unit, suction tubing, Yankauer suction and 2 x size 14 suction catheters.
Bag resuscitator, 2 x adult face masks, reservoir bag.
Stomach tube, tube lubricant and funnel tube, (only for use in intubated patients).
Copy of section 4 of chapter 2.
Replaced amyl nitrite replaced every 12 months.
Replaced 5% sodium thiosulphate solution replaced every 6 months.
3.3 Location of First Aid and Medical Kits
3.3.1 First aid kits in containers at strategic next to an emergency shower.
First aid kit in the plant control room.
Keys readily available.
3.3.2 Medical doctor kits available at casualty area.
Alternatively positioned in a suitably placed area of the plant.
3.3.3 PPE available with first aid and medical doctor kits.
3.3.4 First aid kits, medical doctor and PPE available in the ambulance that serves the plant.
3.3.5 Additional supplies of Tripac-Cyano (x4), kelocyanor (x2) and two copies of this section of the
guideline kept in the approved hospital dispensary.
3.3.6 All cyanide first aid drugs stored in a refrigerator at between 5 - 20C.
SUB-TOTAL:

5. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS
3.1 General
3.1.1 Cyanide orders for PPE and equipment routed via safety and health departments.
3.1.2 Procedures developed from risk assessment for specific PPE and monitoring equipment.
3.1.3 Engineering solutions provide for hazards from cyanide. Cyanide PPE supplied at no cost.
3.1.4 System in place for control of the condition of PPE and monitoring equipment.
3.1.5 Procedure in place that govern the replacement and disposal of redundant and the cleaning and
storage of used or contaminated protective equipment.
3.1.6 All personnel exposed to cyanide areas wash before leaving plant.
3.1.7 All employees that use cyanide PPE are trained in the use thereof and understand implications.
3.1.8 Symbolic signs are fitted to and displayed in all areas where cyanide reagents are present and
where PPE are required.
3.1.9 Gas dosimeters are used where gases are present. Training done and evacuation routes present.
APPENDIX X AUDIT CHECKLIST FOR THE GUIDELINE Page 138

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

3.1.10 Entry into high risk areas controlled by approved procedures.

3.1.11 Two-way radio communication available in cyanide areas.
3.2 Safety equipment
3.2.1 Only approved cyanide equipment used at all times. Suppliers specify the limitations.
3.2.2 Proof exists for chemically retardant PPE.
3.2.3 Air supply systems to air-line masks moisture, dust and pollutant free.
3.2.4 As a minimum, PPE used when entering high risk areas include:
Chemical resistant suit with hood
Eye protection in the form of a full face shield
Respirators Hazmat A2B2E2K2P2 combination gas canister or equivalent
Elbow length rubber gloves
Gumboots
Additionally, as dictated by risk assessment, the following specific personal protective
equipment should be used in high risk areas:
Self contained breathing apparatus - (SCBA)
Air-line mask system
Personal gas detector with alarm function
3.2.5 Self contained breathing apparatus worn whenever gas concentrations inadequate.
3.2.6 An emergency mobile trailer available and equipped as detailed in section 5 of chapter 4.
3.3 Monitoring equipment
3.3.1 Gas detection equipment only be purchased from approved suppliers.
3.3.2 Gas detection equipment capable of measuring hydrogen cyanide and make allowance for other
gases.
3.3.3 Approved monitoring equipment with data logging facility are used for clearance and
continuous monitoring.
SUB-TOTAL:

CHAPTER 3 SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION

1. DUTY TO CARE
SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS
Manufacturers, suppliers and distributors of cyanide do:
3.1 Promote their businesses by making safety, health and environmental issues an integral part of
all business activities.
3.2 Assess the environmental impact of each cyanide facility they propose to construct or
warehouse facility.
3.3 Design, build, operate and maintain all cyanide facilities and transportation equipment in a safe
and environmentally acceptable manner.
3.4 Provide for emergencies and assist local communities to with preparedness.
3.5 Promote the conservation of resources.
3.6 Strive towards achieving zero emissions.
3.7 Responsibly correct past practices that have created environmental or health problems.
3.8 Continuously improve processes, practices and products.
3.9 Promote open discussion with stakeholders about materials manufactured, used and transported.
3.10 Build alliances with government, policy makers, businesses and advocacy groups.
3.11 Align their businesses to the principles of Responsible Care and report to relevant
stakeholders the findings of audit reviews.
SUB-TOTAL:

APPENDIX X AUDIT CHECKLIST FOR THE GUIDELINE Page 139

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

2. TECHNICAL SUPPORT
SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS
The following technical specifications and/or services are provided by manufacturers, suppliers
and distributors of cyanide reagents:
3.1 Product information, material safety data sheets and basic chemistry of cyanide reagents.
3.2 Specific PPE to be worn when handling cyanide or working with cyanide related equipment for
both normal and abnormal situations.
3.3 Personal safety and hygiene recommendations for working with cyanide.
3.4 Correct product handling and packaging methods for both liquid and solid cyanide reagents.
3.5 Recommended details covering storage, facility design, construction, location, access, spillage
area, piping and fittings, off-loading requirements, materials of construction, signage, site
security and illumination.
3.6 Recommended methods for the proper control of inventory levels and reagent scheduling.
3.7 Transportation and delivery requirements.
3.8 Off-loading and storage facility operating procedures.
3.9 Maintenance practices and procedures for tanks and equipment.
3.10 Emergency response planning.
3.11 First aid and medical treatment guidance.
3.12 Detoxification procedures to handle cyanide spillages and cyanide contaminated equipment.
3.13 Other information as laid down in Section 21 of the Mine Health and Safety Act.
SUB-TOTAL:

3. PROCUREMENT SYSTEMS
SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS
3.1 Manufacturers of cyanide reagents manufacture in a safe manner.
3.2 Manufacturers, suppliers and distributors subscribe to an authorised Responsible Care
programme and supply results of audits to customers on an annual basis.
3.3 Cyanide loading procedures used by suppliers and distributors ensure the proper supply of the
specified reagent to a haulier or transporting company.
3.4 Cyanide delivery documentation correctly identify the reagent being carried.
3.5 Secure guarantees exists that packaging and transport containers comply with legislation.
3.6 Off-loading agreements are established between customers and suppliers and/or distributors.
3.7 Suppliers and distributors comply to chapter 8 of the National Road Traffic Act for transport of
Dangerous Goods.
3.8 Suppliers and/or distributors provide cyanide to the required specifications and/or procedure
exists for non-conformance.
3.9 Sampling procedures and/or analytical methods, for specification considered or included.
3.10 Suppliers and/or distributors supply delivery and quality control documentation for each
delivery.
3.11 An effective communication system and procedure is in place for changes to delivery
schedules.
3.12 Procurement contracts include the supply of risk assessments of routes to be used.
3.13 Service through road hauliers to distribute cyanide is performed by a competent and safe
operator.
3.14 Suppliers and distributors of cyanide reagents only change haulier on prior approval.
SUB-TOTAL:

APPENDIX X AUDIT CHECKLIST FOR THE GUIDELINE Page 140

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

4. TRANSPORTATION
SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS
3.1 Suppliers and distributors of cyanide comply with all current and future amendments to
legislation for the manufacture, packaging, product loading and transportation.
3.2 Vehicles used to transport are appropriate, have a certificate of roadworthiness, have no retread
tyres and are pre-used checked.
3.3 Risks associated with the use of top or bottom discharge tankers assessed.
3.4 Vehicles used for transportation are equipped with a satellite tracking system which provides
for response in case of emergency.
3.5 Copy of vessel pressure testing certification for tanker available.
3.6 Suppliers transport manager or distributor or agent acting on behalf of a supplier is appointed
according to Regulation 2.6.1.
3.7 Guarantees obtained that delivery vehicle drivers are properly trained and licensed for operating
vehicles and that they are competent to deal with accidents and emergency procedures.
3.8 Delivery drivers carry identification which confirm that they are trained and inducted for site
specific off-loading procedures and cyanide first aid treatment.
3.9 Consignors of cyanide reagents undertake regular audits of the haulage or transportation
operations of their hauliers or transporters.
3.10 Cyanide loads are only left unattended in secured areas away from members of the public.
3.11 Suppliers and distributors conduct detailed risk assessments of routes to be used for delivery.
Routes are periodically re-evaluated.
3.12 During transportation, distribution is stopped when severe weather conditions exists.
3.13 Transportation of solid cyanide reagents are performed dry.
3.14 Safe routes exist for routing of delivery vehicles to the cyanide off-loading area. It covers that:
Suppliers and distributors drivers and operating staff are conversant with the prescribed route
The delivery routes are sign-posted
Hazards are identified and appropriate warning signs displayed
Minimum clearance heights are provided for as determined from risk assessment
Safe speed limits are established and delivery vehicle drivers comply with the speed limits
Minimum turning circles are provided for as determined from risk assessment
The delivery roadways are hard-surfaced and at least 6 m wide
The vehicle does not need to reverse
SUB-TOTAL:

5. WAREHOUSING
SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS
Beside specific legal requirements, distributors of cyanide or anyone warehousing cyanide
reagents do:
3.1 Meet packaging requirements as set out in the next section.
3.2 Keep cyanide first aid equipment and meet the relevant requirements detailed in section 4 of
chapter 2.
3.3 Meet the requirements for personal protective equipment as detailed in section 5 of chapter 2.
3.4 Meet the requirements for general storage as detailed in section 2 of chapter 4.
3.5 Comply with relevant sections of the National Building Regulation and Standards Act and
SABS 0263.
3.6 Conduct a detailed risk assessment of the potential for accidental release of solid cyanide,
cyanide solution or HCN gas at the facility.
3.7 Conduct risk assessments of the roads used to transport cyanide to and from the warehouse to
its final destination.

APPENDIX X AUDIT CHECKLIST FOR THE GUIDELINE Page 141

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

3.8 Ensure that the facility is not situated in a densely populated or highly active business area.
3.9 Ensure that the facility is accessible to emergency services in the event of an incident or
accident and meet the requirements as detailed in section 5 of chapter 4.
3.10 Ensure liaison with local emergency services on emergency planning not only for the facility
but also for public roads, access ways leading to such a facility and the customer property.
3.11 Ensure that the warehouse facility is situated in an area where no possible risk exists for surface
run-off water or water run-off from a possible fire fighting event to pollute the environment.
3.12 Ensure that an automatic alarm system connected to a supervised monitoring service for
security and to the local fire brigade for fire risks is installed and operational at the facility.
3.13 Implement and manage an effective access control policy to the warehouse facility.
3.14 Supply training to employees who handle and/or transport cyanide reagents to and at the
warehouse facility or to its final destination.
3.15 Keep a formal cyanide stock inventory system.
3.16 Implement a formal traceability system for all cyanide containers and packaging.
3.17 Implement a waste disposal system applicable to the specific warehouse site and follow
requirements as detailed in the section 8 of chapter 4.
3.18 Ensure that no foodstuffs (including beverages), animal feeds or tobacco products are
warehoused in the same facility.
3.19 Ensure that fire fighting equipment is compatible, working and people trained.
3.20 Ensure that appropriate lifting equipment is available, pre-use checked and that people are
trained in its use.
3.21 Ensure compliance with various other sections of this guideline.
SUB-TOTAL:

6. PACKAGING
SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS
3.1 Packaging and labelling meet the requirements detailed in SABS 0229.
3.2 All delivery systems are labelled, identify the package contents and meet the requirements of
SABS 0228.
3.3 Meet requirements of SABS 0231-1 and SABS 0232-3.
3.4 Alternative package disposal methods are evaluated for each cyanide user location.
3.5 Empty packaging are handled as hazardous (contaminated) until it is decontaminated using the
methods detailed in section 8 of chapter 4.
3.6 Cyanide packaging are always be opened close to the point of use or transfer.
3.7 Containers used for transporting cyanide reagents are opened in a well ventilated area.
SUB-TOTAL:

7. SECURITY OF CYANIDE
SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS
3.1 Except in emergencies, off-loading of cyanide reagents are conducted at an approved off-
loading site.
3.2 Off-loading are not carried out on public property without authorisation from local authorities
and communities.
3.3 Unauthorised access to cyanide reagents and the off-loading and storage facility is prevented.
3.4 Traffic through the mine or plant off-loading and storage facility is kept to a minimum.
3.5 A fence and lockable gates is used to protect off-loading and storage facilities. All critical
valves and infrastructure are intact and locked and keys controlled.
3.6 No person other than a competent person handle or move cyanide.
3.7 Authorisation for removal and transfer of cyanide reagents are given after risk assessment by
General Manager of plant.
3.8 An emergency procedure covers the response to and communication regarding any possible
APPENDIX X AUDIT CHECKLIST FOR THE GUIDELINE Page 142

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

theft of cyanide reagents and possible exposure.

3.9 Cyanide packaging is decontaminated as detailed in section 8 of chapter 4 and a procedure is in
place to monitor final disposal.
SUB-TOTAL:

CHAPTER 4 PROCESSING PLANT

1. OFF-LOADING
SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS
3.1 General requirements
3.1.1 Agreed, site specific off-loading procedures are developed from a risk assessment of the
facility.
3.1.2 Cyanide off-loading is only conducted by a dedicated and competent person as detailed in
section 3 of chapter 2.
3.1.3 Delivery is always conducted by the supplier driver whilst being assisted by the customer
qualified person.
3.1.4 Prior to delivery of the initial cyanide consignment, the supplier and or distributor
conducted an assessment of the off-loading and storage facility.
3.1.5 Off-loading activities are limited to daytime hours (7 am 5 pm), and any deviations covered
by a procedure developed from risk assessment.
3.2 Off-loading area
3.2.1 Care is taken for materials being used and the possibility of such materials being easily
corroded by the caustic solution of cyanide reagents.
3.2.2 Illumination in the off-loading area comply with the legal minimum requirements of 150 lux.
Adequate illumination of the delivery vehicle off-loading hose connection point is covered.
3.2.3 Off-loading installations are enclosed with a fence with lockable gates when no off-loading
occurs.
3.2.4 Off-loading gates are locked with a unique lock and key set and a system in place to control the
issuing of keys.
3.2.5 Off-loading installations are provided with clearly visible barricades to prevent unauthorised
access to the installation whilst off-loading is in progress.
3.2.6 Off-loading installations are equipped with a wind direction indicator sock or ribbon.
3.2.7 Off-loading installations can sufficiently drain and contain any cyanide spillage or surface run-
off water.
3.2.8 Off-loading installations are equipped with a sump, manually operated spillage pump, level
device and audible alarm.
3.2.9 Off-loading installations are equipped with ferrous sulphate reagent and shovels.
3.2.10 The following symbolic signs are displayed at off-loading areas:
No entry to unauthorised persons
No smoking
No naked flames
Protective clothing to be worn
Warning of poisonous substance
Warning of corrosive substance
Cyanide first aid procedure
3.3 Off-loading
3.3.1 Equipment used for off-loading cyanide comply with the following specifications:
Off-loading hoses provided by the supplier are polypropylene fabric reinforced with wire
wrapping 2 m long
The off-loading hose flange provided by the supplier is a Table D flange with outer diameter

APPENDIX X AUDIT CHECKLIST FOR THE GUIDELINE Page 143

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

215 mm, nominal bore 100 mm and 4 x M16 bolt holes on a 178 mm PCD
The off-loading flange of the accepting storage facility is a Table D flange with outer
diameter 215 mm, nominal bore 100 mm and 4 x M16 bolt holes on a 178 mm PCD
Connecting flanges are unique for each specific cyanide reagent
Cyanide delivery lines to storage tanks are constructed of mild steel that complies with the BS
2654 specification
The off-loading air hose is reinforced neoprene nylon, 30 m long and 20 mm diameter
The dedicated air station is located outside the hazardous area but in full view of the off-loading
hose
The off-loading air pressure is moisture free and regulated to ensure that the pressure does not
exceed 180 kPa and pressure gauges are marked to indicate the maximum pressure
All pipe work only include sufficient flanged joints to enable the removal of critical equipment
items. Flange covers are installed on all flanges
3.3.2 Cyanide off-loading doe not commence until the following inspections and actions have been
carried out by a competent customer qualified person.
Verify product delivery documents and delivery vehicle details
The reagent delivery vehicle driver and the customer qualified person wear approved personal
protective equipment as listed in the site specific off-loading agreement
An approved and totally functional first aid kit, cyanide antidote kit and emergency rescue
equipment with appropriate personal protective equipment are available and in working order at
both ends of the off-loading area
An effective and operational telephone or radio communication system to the control room is in
place
The safety shower and eye wash (including audible alarms) are tested and in working order
A water hose is available and connected to the potable water point
Dry powder BC or foam type fire extinguishers are available
The delivery vehicle is standing level, the park brake has been applied and the wheels chocked
and earth straps connected
The cyanide storage tank levels have been determined, recorded on the checklist and verified
The appropriate delivery line flange is unlocked
The off-loading hose connection bolts have been tightened and tested
The off-loading area has been barricaded off and the required warning signs displayed
The off-loading air hose connection is tight and has been tested
The customer qualified person gives authorisation for the off-loading of cyanide to commence
when the supplier vehicle driver and customer qualified person are both outside of the hazard
area.
The customer qualified person visually checks the off-loading hose couplings for leaks, from
outside the hazard area when off-loading commences
The customer qualified person and the vehicle supplier driver both remain in attendance at the
off-loading installation to monitor the off-loading process
3.3.3 The off-loading air valve is immediately be closed if any leaks or other abnormal conditions
develop during off-loading and any emergency responded to in accordance with the
requirements of section 5 of this chapter.
3.3.4 On completion of off-loading the supplier driver and customer qualified person ensure that
equipment used and contaminated during off-loading are flushed and any spillage properly
handled in accordance with the requirements of section 8 of this chapter.
SUB-TOTAL:

APPENDIX X AUDIT CHECKLIST FOR THE GUIDELINE Page 144

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

2. STORAGE
SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS
3.1 Storage areas
3.1.1 Vessels used for storage of cyanide reagents meet the following requirements.
The correct materials of construction are used for all equipment items
The correct inlet flange and pipework are be installed
Suction and delivery flanges on reagent and spillage pumps have flange covers
Each tank is provided with a separate vent pipe
Each tank has a separate overflow pipe where applicable
Accurate and reliable tank level indication, with high level alarms, are provided for each tank.
For flake cyanide storages, load cells are recommended.
Each tank has a manhole for inspection and maintenance access
Each tank is provided with an individual earth strap
Walkways and access over and/or around cyanide storage tanks are ergonomically designed
with safe practice in mind
Storage tanks permanently display the required Hazchem labels
Storage tanks are be clearly identified and painted signal red with a horizontal dark violet band
not less than 400 mm wide located on the vertical centre of the tank
3.1.2 Cyanide storage vessel capacities are capable of accepting the operational frequency of required
deliveries.
3.1.3 Storage tanks hold at least 1.5 times the capacity of the delivery tanker. Flake cyanide storages
have a minimum capacity of at least twice that of a normal delivery vehicle.
3.1.4 Two storage tanks are preferred to a single large tank in order for a plant to continue running in
the event of problems with one of the tanks.
3.1.5 A system is implemented between customer and suppliers or distributors to enable the accurate
determination of storage levels and effective delivery scheduling.
3.1.6 Storage tanks are fitted with two separate drain valves, one in line with the other with telltale.
3.1.7 Ample emergency exits from buildings are provided. Vent pipes are extended above roof level.
Adequate ventilation should be provided for storage areas, whether inside or outside buildings.
3.1.8 Storage facilities are remote from existing or planned acid storage areas.
3.1.9 The following symbolic warning signs are displayed at the storage area:
No entry to unauthorised persons
No smoking
No naked flames
Protective clothing to be worn
Warning of poisonous substance
Warning of corrosive substance
Cyanide first aid procedure
Gas detection instrumentation
3.1.10 Illumination installed in the storage area, at dosing pumps, valves, remote switches and alarm
buttons comply with 150 lux .
3.1.11 Flake cyanide storage, handling and mixing facilities meet the following additional
requirements:
They are not be located within the confines of a building but in an area of free flowing natural
ventilation
The outlet vents from storage vessels and mixing tanks are able to manage an overflow of 17
m per minute without any build-up of pressure inside the vessel
The storage vents pass through an effective dust and fume removal system before air is allowed
to be discharged to atmosphere
APPENDIX X AUDIT CHECKLIST FOR THE GUIDELINE Page 145

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

If a wet dust extraction system is used, the outlet terminate at a point lower than the vent take-
off points from the vessel. A wet scrubber is preferred over a dry bag collector due to the
inherent danger of changing bags. Adequate pumping arrangements exist for the transfer of
scrubber water
The system used to feed flake cyanide from the storage to the mixing facility feature an
emergency shutdown function in the event of over-supply of cyanide
The mixing facility is designed to allow for venting of the acetylene gas that is generated during
the make-up process. Proper make-up and mixing procedures are be in place to prevent injury
to plant personnel, the storage facility and the environment
The solution into which flake cyanide is transferred before make-up is adjusted to a pH of 11
before such transfer occurs
The conical bottoms of flake cyanide storage vessels are in two sections joined by flanges, nuts
and bolts
Fittings such as pipes and valves are of the appropriate static-electric free materials and
corrosion- and abrasion-resistant
3.1.12 Briquette cyanide storage, handling and mixing facilities meet the following additional
requirements:
Storage areas are protected from infiltration of rain and flood water
Storage areas are well ventilated
If partitioning of cyanide storage areas occur within a building it is properly fenced
Emergency egress from storage areas is easy and free of obstacles
Cyanide is not closed to acidic reagents or explosive materials
Storage areas are away from potable water and sewerage systems
The required Hazchem labels is displayed at storage, handling and mixing facilities
Cyanide is stored at a level of two palette heights above floor level
The mixing facility allow for venting of the ammonia gas that is generated during the make-up
process. Proper make-up and mixing procedures are in place
The solution into which briquette cyanide is transferred before make-up is adjusted to a pH of
13 before such transfer occurs in order to reduce the formation of ammonia gas
Agitation on mixing tanks is stopped as soon as briquettes have been dissolved into solution in
order to reduce the formation of ammonia gas
3.2 Bunded areas
3.2.1 The floor of bunded areas is sited on a solid impervious area and enclosed by a flood tested,
leak-proof bund wall.
3.2.2 The bund wall has no drain holes or any other opening which could allow cyanide effluent to
escape from the bund area.
3.2.3 The bund walls are kept clean and free of any superfluous material.
3.2.4 The bunded area is capable of safely containing 110% of the total storage tank contents in the
case of a single tank installation, and in the case of a multiple tank installation, 110% of the
contents of the largest tank. Where two or more vessels are connected for simultaneous use, the
bund is able to accommodate the combined capacity of the tanks.
3.2.5 The bund area is protected from storm water ingress from other areas. Any solution, is returned
to a process slurry stream at a point where the pH value is greater than pH 10.5.
3.2.6 A spillage control system is in place which cater for the return of cyanide reagent spillages.
This system is manually operated.
3.2.7 The field control stations for is located in positions remote from exposure to spillage.
3.3 Safety systems
3.3.1 A fully operational safety shower and eye wash bath is provided at the storage site and is:
Identified with appropriate signage
Platform operated with an attached eyewash
Situated at a minimum 7,5 m and maximum 10 m distance from the potential spillage/risk area
APPENDIX X AUDIT CHECKLIST FOR THE GUIDELINE Page 146

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

Fitted with an audible alarm

Additionally, the alarm is routed to the control room
The wash water source is uncontaminated potable water and has a in-pipe supply pressure of
3,5 to 4,0 bar
The wash water isolating valve located at the shower is locked in the open position and the key
controlled by means of an official key register
3.3.2 A wash water facility is available at the site at all times for use in emergency situations.
3.3.3 Cyanide first aid and emergency rescue equipment as detailed in section 5 of this chapter is
situated remotely at a minimum 7,5 m and maximum 10 m distance, next to the safety shower.
3.3.4 Wherever emergency rescue and first aid equipment is kept under lock and key, all keys is
available in an emergency break-glass container.
3.3.5 The complexing reagent, ferrous sulphate, and a shovel is readily available close to the potential
spillage area and in a dry condition.
3.3.6 No public access to the hazardous materials storage and off-loading area exist and it is fenced
and locked.
3.3.7 Make-up, mixing and dosing systems for all forms of cyanide reagents are equipped with
audible alarm systems. The safety of personnel at such a site, close vicinity to the site and at the
point of entry into the process is governed by a procedure.
3.3.8 An appointed responsible person checks the facility daily using a site specific checklist.
3.3.9 Entry into storage areas is only by competent persons and only after the necessary clearance
certificate is issued.
3.3.10 Personal protective equipment as detailed in section 5 of chapter 2 are worn when entering
cyanide storage areas.
3.3.11 Storage and bund areas are equipped with dry powder BC or foam type fire extinguishers.
SUB-TOTAL:

3. TRANSFER TO PROCESS
SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS
3.1 Pumps, pipelines, flanges, valves and gaskets are not constructed materials which can be
corroded by caustic cyanide solutions.
3.2 Flanges on installed pipework used for conveying cyanide solutions exceeding 1% strength are
minimised and suitable flange covers installed.
3.3 Main solution valves are stainless steel ball valves with PTFE seats and seals.
3.4 A detailed risk assessment is performed to determine the route and type of piping to be used for
transfer of cyanide solutions. It include:
Alignment with the specifications laid down in BS 2654
Location near pipelines and bund areas containing acid, acid solution or low pH water
Proximity to established pipe-racking for ease of inspection and maintenance work
3.5 Pipelines are stress relieved before installation when heat tracing is performed.
3.6 Only gaskets made from clinkerite or red neoprene used on pump, valve and pipe flange joints.
3.7 All redundant cyanide pipelines are removed after proper risk assessments have been
conducted, and pipelines decontaminated as detailed in section 8 of this chapter.
3.8 Positive displacement pumps are fitted with a pressure relief valve venting back into the
storage tank. The system is maintained according to a scheduled maintenance plan.
3.9 Where cyanide pipelines are susceptible to freezing, these are fitted with heat tracing and
lagged.
3.10 Where a ringmain feed system is used, the return cyanide solution discharge back into the same
tank feeding the cyanide dosing pump.
3.11 All cyanide pipelines are inspected routinely and written procedures established to deal with
leaks.
3.12 All cyanide pipes (including lagged pipes) are painted dark violet along the entire length of the
APPENDIX X AUDIT CHECKLIST FOR THE GUIDELINE Page 147

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

pipeline. All pipelines are clearly identified (calcium or sodium cyanide) and have an arrow
indicating the direction of flow. Labels and arrows are placed at regular intervals on lagged
pipelines.
3.13 Where flake or briquette cyanide reagents are directly transferred to process streams, the area is
well ventilated and an audible alarm installed at the discharge point. A specific procedure
covers transfer.
3.14 Manual transfer of flake or briquette cyanide is only be performed by a trained, competent
person wearing PPE listed in section 5 of chapter 2. Containers or drums used for transfer
remain fully closed until reaching the point of entry into process streams.
3.15 Discharge points of cyanide into process streams enter at a point which will create the lowest
possible risk of exposure to personnel. A procedure govern evacuation from such points and
preventative measures to be taken.
3.16 Discharge points of cyanide enter the process stream at a point where the pH is maintained
above 10.5 and which is well ventilated at all times. On-line pH monitoring is conducted
including a linked audible alarm. A procedure governs the evacuation from such points and
preventative measures to be taken.
3.17 Discharge points of cyanide into process streams are NOT close to control rooms or buildings.
Ample emergency exists are provided where this cannot be avoided.
3.18 Acid, acidic solutions or low pH water do NOT enter at the same point where cyanide is
discharged into the process and is neutralised up to pH 10.5.
SUB-TOTAL:

4. GENERAL USE OF CYANIDE

SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS
3.1 Cyanide reagents are supplied at the specifications agreed to during procurement..
3.2 The use of cyanide is controlled by safe working practices and procedures which include:
The use of methods by a trained and competent person or Occupational Hygienist to declare
working areas safe
The issuing of correctly authorised Hot Work Clearance and Permit to Work Certificates
Compliance with safety precautions
The use of approved respiratory and other personal protective equipment as indicated on the
Hot Work Clearance and Permit to Work Certificates
The control of hazards resulting from cyanide reagents, cyanide gases and cyanide reaction
products
A description of the first aid equipment to be used
Cyanide exposure symptoms
Emergency rescue procedures
Methods for cyanide leakage and spillage control
Cyanide decontamination methods
Mine Health and Safety Act requirements
Minerals Act and Regulations requirements
3.3 Any work performed on equipment or facilities are only performed by a person trained
according to the requirements detailed in section 3 of chapter 2.
3.4 Additions or modifications to working procedures, practices, standards and installed cyanide
handling, storage equipment, reticulation, sampling and analytical measurement equipment are
subject to a risk assessment.
3.5 Working areas that may be suspected of containing cyanide products are monitored in
accordance with an approved Occupational Hygiene management programme and equipped
with suitable cyanide gas detection systems.
3.6 Persons are not be allowed to enter or work in any tank, vessel, pipeline, confined space or
poorly ventilated areas unless the concentration of cyanide is declared safe for work by a
APPENDIX X AUDIT CHECKLIST FOR THE GUIDELINE Page 148

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

suitably trained and competent person.

3.7 No eating, drinking or smoking is allowed in any cyanide working area, or while working with
cyanide or cyanide reaction products.
3.8 All cyanide pipelines and storage tanks comply to the specified colour coding detailed in the
preceding section.
3.9 Colour coding and labelling are maintained to ensure proper visual identification.
3.10 Cyanide measurement and monitoring are performed as directed by the requirements of section
7 of this chapter.
3.11 Cyanide spillages are cleaned up immediately in accordance with the procedures developed in
terms of section 5 of this chapter.
3.12 Suitable protective clothing are always worn as described in section 5 of chapter 2.
3.13 Operational procedures ensure that a pH of greater than 10.5 is maintained in process streams
and circuits at all times.
3.14 Cyanide solutions are only used for the dissolution of gold in slurry streams, gold precipitation
circuits, gold elution processes, carbon activity analyses and laboratory applications by
competent personnel.
3.15 Acid washing and eluting of loaded carbon are NOT performed in the same column.
3.16 An acid neutralisation step ensure that conditioned carbon is delivered back to the process at a
pH in excess of 10.5.
3.17 Spent acidic solutions is neutralised using the procedures detailed in section 8 of this chapter
and transferred back into the process stream at a point where the pH is in excess of 10.5 and
which contains a pH monitoring and alarm facility.
3.18 Cyanide is added to the metallurgical process in the correct amounts required for proper and
effective dissolution of gold particles. Regular laboratory optimisation tests dictate the required
amount of cyanide to be used.
3.19 Systems are in place to effectively control process parameters and these systems are calibrated
on a regular basis.
SUB-TOTAL:

5. EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE

SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS
3.1 Emergency procedures
3.1.1 A risk assessment is performed to identify all possible cyanide incidents or emergency
conditions that may arise and cover:
Alarm conditions on cyanide monitoring and measuring equipment
Spillage and exposure of personnel during off-loading
Process exposure of operational personnel
Chemical reaction in storage vessels
Spillage from storage vessels
Rupture of a cyanide tanker
Explosions
Fire in or close to cyanide storage vessels
Exposures to cyanide and/or HCN gas
3.1.2 Procedures for cyanide spillages include:
Alarm conditions
Actions to prevent further spillage
Isolation of spillages
Notification of relevant persons
Evacuation and assembly
First aid treatment

APPENDIX X AUDIT CHECKLIST FOR THE GUIDELINE Page 149

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

Containment of spillages
Monitoring and sampling of the effects
Clean-up of spillages
Detoxification of excess spillage
Rehabilitation and monitoring of affected areas
Frequency of emergency drills
3.1.3 An emergency file is available at the entrance to the plant and contain:
A full description of the metallurgical process
A detailed site map showing the location of emergency equipment, cyanide off-loading and
storage facilities, cyanide pumps and pipeline routes (including spillage pumps/ pipes), dosing
points, cyanide solution make-up tanks and equipment and any other area where cyanide is
used
A copy of the cyanide emergency procedures and emergency contact numbers
3.1.4 The procedures are compatible with the environmental emergency plan developed in terms of
section 1 of chapter 5.
3.2 Communication
3.2.1 Emergency procedures are communicated to:
All plant personnel including those responsible for off-loading and handling of cyanide
reagents
Control room personnel
Emergency response personnel
Security and access control personnel
Responsible line managers
3.2.2 Emergency procedures are revised annually. They are displayed at:
Cyanide off-loading points
Cyanide storage areas
Control rooms
Other identified risk areas
3.2.3 A communication system is in place to notify relevant management and/or other stakeholders
of any cyanide emergency incidents.
3.2.4 Communication with employees, the local community and the media relating to cyanide
emergencies are handled as detailed in section 1 of chapter 2.
3.2.5 Emergency reaction personnel are supplied with route maps indicating the routes to be
followed from base centres to the plant.
3.2.6 A formal system exists which cover communication and provide for interaction on off-site
emergency situations as detailed in section 1 of chapter 5.
3.3 Preparedness
3.3.1 Drills to test the emergency procedure for cyanide first aid treatment are conducted on a
monthly basis. The complete response chain is audited on a 6 monthly basis and actions taken
where appropriate.
3.3.2 Drills to simulate other cyanide emergencies as identified in the risk assessments are conducted
on a regular basis.
3.3.3 Emergency alarms are checked on a daily basis using a site specific checklist.
3.3.4 When specific high risk maintenance or other tasks are performed a competent trained
professional nurse is present on site or emergency services alerted.
3.3.5 Whenever work or actions are performed around cyanide installations which pose an exposure
risk to plant personnel, such work or actions is governed by a clearance procedure and
emergency preparedness covered as per the Buddy system.
3.3.6 Plant personnel are trained in emergency procedures and assessed as competent to recognise,
and deal with, all possible cyanide emergencies as identified by the risk assessment.
3.3.7 Emergency reaction personnel are trained and familiar with cyanide first aid treatment.
APPENDIX X AUDIT CHECKLIST FOR THE GUIDELINE Page 150

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

3.4 Response
3.4.1 Access to the scenes of spillages, incidents and accidents are closed off and entry controlled to
prevent unauthorised access.
3.4.2 A senior manager and/or emergency co-ordinator is identified to take charge of emergency
situations. The notification of this person is incorporated in procedures. This person is
identifiable during emergency situations.
3.4.3 No person, including emergency response personnel, enter a contaminated area or scene of a
cyanide accident without wearing full cyanide PPE and unless fully stocked cyanide first aid
kits are available on site.
3.4.4 Cyanide spillages are detoxified as detailed in section 8 of this chapter.
3.4.5 As far as possible, clean-up of cyanide spillages are conducted by specialised Hazchem
emergency response personnel. Where it is necessary for production personnel to enter the
contaminated area PPE is worn (including PVC suit and self contained breathing apparatus) and
the Buddy system strictly enforced.
3.4.6 Cyanide first aid treatment is administered as detailed in section 4 of chapter 2.
3.4.7 All cyanide spills, incidents and accidents are properly investigated and appropriate actions
taken to prevent the reoccurrence of a similar event.
3.5 Equipment
3.5.1 A dedicated emergency mobile trailer is available at each plant and stored in a proper, safe
manner. The number of items for the trailer are based on an assessment of the risk exposure and
the number of employees likely to be exposed and meet the suggested items as per section 5 of
chapter 4.
SUB-TOTAL:

6. MAINTENANCE
SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS
3.1 General
3.1.1 A detailed risk assessment is conducted of all general and repetitive engineering inspection and
maintenance tasks performed in cyanide areas or on systems containing cyanide. From this,
detailed procedures and standards for conducting those tasks are developed and approved.
3.1.2 A detailed risk assessment is conducted for any abnormal or infrequent engineering tasks or
work not covered by 3.1.1 above, and procedures developed and approved.
3.1.3 Risk assessments and procedures include HCN gas measurement, personal protective
equipment to be used, flushing, detoxification of equipment and hot work clearance.
3.1.4 No work is conducted in any poorly ventilated or confined areas without a risk assessment
having been performed.
3.1.5 Any addition, change or modification of procedures used for inspection, maintenance and repair
work on any equipment used for the storage, transfer and control of cyanide reagents are
subjected to a risk assessment prior to implementation.
3.1.6 Routine maintenance of equipment used for cyanide storage and transfer are managed by means
of an established, written maintenance system. It includes a formal record keeping system of all
maintenance work performed.
3.1.7 Personnel who perform inspection, maintenance or repair work on cyanide facilities are trained,
tested and found competent on approved procedures. They comply to training as detailed in
section 3 of chapter 2.
3.1.8 A proper clearance certificate is issued to both the person operating the section and the person
intending to perform inspection, maintenance or repair work. Each person ensures that
equipment is properly locked out or isolated.
3.1.9 Emergency response measures are in place whenever inspection, maintenance and repair work
are carried out and comply with the requirements of section 5 of this chapter.
3.2 Maintenance
3.2.1 All working areas used for conducting an inspection, maintenance or repair of any equipment
APPENDIX X AUDIT CHECKLIST FOR THE GUIDELINE Page 151

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

used for the storage, transfer and control of cyanide are tested for cyanide gases and declared
safe by a trained, competent person.
3.2.2 Personnel performing inspection, maintenance or repair of any equipment used for storage,
transfer or control of cyanide wear appropriate cyanide specific personal protective equipment
and monitoring systems as identified in the risk assessment or as described as a minimum
requirement in section 5 of chapter 2.
3.2.3 Lock out or isolation are performed by positively isolating. Measures include:
Lock out of electrical equipment such as pumps and agitators
Installation of spades to close piping entering or leaving tanks, sumps and bund areas
Closing and locking of valves
Removal of pipe spool pieces
3.2.4 Tools and equipment used during inspection and maintenance and constructed of aluminium or
aluminium alloys, magnesium or magnesium alloys, brasses and any tinned or galvanised
materials are not be allowed to make direct contact with any cyanide.
3.2.5 In addition to protecting personnel engaged in inspection or maintenance work on cyanide
installations, adequate measures are taken to protect other personnel in the immediate vicinity.
3.2.6 Decontamination of cyanide storage vessels and contaminated equipment are performed as
detailed in section 8 of this chapter before any maintenance work is performed.
3.3 Confined areas
3.3.1 All areas where gases can or are suspected of accumulating are treated as areas likely to contain
noxious gases and are monitored. The areas are identified by means of prominently displayed
warning signs and entry to such areas restricted and controlled by means of approved clearance
procedures.
3.3.2 During risk assessment, consideration is given to the necessity for gas testing. In particular,
consideration is given to the chemicals in the environment and the gases that can potentially be
created.
3.3.3 The area is properly ventilated by means of, for example:
Installing fans for gas extraction or positive ventilation
Use of air to ventilate working areas
Opening of manholes, etc., to create adequate ventilation
3.3.4 Portable electric tools and extension lighting are flameproof and properly earthed when work
is carried out in confined areas.
3.3.5 Employees who enter confined areas for inspection and maintenance purposes wear cyanide
protective equipment as identified in the risk assessment and be equipped with a life line. A
Buddy is positioned at a safe distance for emergency response if required.
SUB-TOTAL:

7. CYANIDE MEASUREMENT AND MONITORING

SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS
3.1 General
3.1.1 Regular HCN gas surveys are conducted by a competent person.
3.1.2 Areas where HCN gas concentrations are likely to exceed 10 ppm are identified.
3.1.3 Areas where HCN gas concentrations are likely to exceed 10 ppm are monitored. The system
contains: audible alarm and procedures.
3.1.4 Only approved continuous monitoring equipment are used.
3.1.5 Continuously monitoring during periods of maintenance carried out on closed vessels, sumps,
confined spaces and poorly ventilated areas are done.
3.1.6 Cyanide bearing effluent in and around the plant are detoxified it using the procedures detailed
in section 8 of this chapter.
3.1.7 A management system is implemented to monitor cyanide levels in plant slurry and water
reticulation systems.

APPENDIX X AUDIT CHECKLIST FOR THE GUIDELINE Page 152

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

3.1.8 Measurement and monitoring equipment are calibrated and a management system is in place for
measurements made.
3.2 Standards
3.2.1 Cyanide strength or concentration measurements are carried out using approved automated
instruments.
3.2.2 Manual measurement of cyanide concentrations in plant process solutions are conducted using
procedures as detailed in Appendices VI and VII.
SUB-TOTAL:

8. DETOXIFICATION
SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS
3.1 General considerations
3.1.1 Process streams containing residual cyanide are routed to tailing dams.
3.1.2 The discharge point for adding cyanide waste to the process stream is at a point greater than pH
10.5.
3.1.3 Detoxified cyanide solutions or slurries are returned to the process and not discharged into the
plant storm water drainage system or natural watercourses.
3.1.4 Redundant/contaminated engineering equipment and packaging materials are cleaned in a
cyanide decontamination area.
3.1.5 Decontaminated cyanide equipment and packaging are not distributed into the public domain.
3.1.6 Complexing reagent used for cyanide spillage, decontamination and detoxification procedures
is ferrous sulphate (FeSO4). Care is taken against risks involved in the use of this reagent.
3.1.7 Any effluent solution plant boundary conform to the limit of 0.5 mg/l WAD cyanide.
3.2 Cyanide decontamination area
3.2.1 A decontamination area in place and is:
Lined with concrete or other impermeable lining to prevent seepage
Entire area to be well ventilated and bunded to prevent surface run off from or into the facility
Secured by means of a fence and locked access gate
All appropriate warning and information signs should be displayed
A sump and manually operated spillage pump should be installed to transfer detoxified material
back to the process
All necessary safety equipment should be made available
Clear responsibility of the facility assigned to a responsible person
3.2.2 No equipment leave the facility without decontamination and clearance certificate.
3.2.3 A record keeping system is maintained on equipment entering and leaving.
3.2.4 Scaling and wash water are not be allowed to accumulate in the area and is returned to process.
3.2.5 Regular audits of the facility and of the cleaning procedures is done.
3.2.6 Cyanide waste handling and transport procedures are in place.
3.2.7 Personal protective equipment are worn during transportation to and during decontamination in
the facility.
3.2.8 Transport is safe without spillages on route.
3.2.9 Decontamination of any spillage on route and transport equipment is done.
3.3 Decontamination of cyanide contaminated equipment
3.3.1 Initial cleaning of equipment is performed inside the cyanide area.
3.3.2 Decontamination occurs as in 3.3.2.
3.3.3 Further decontamination occurs as in 3.3.3.
3.3.4 Equipment hosed off after decontamination and identified.
3.4 Decontamination of bulk cyanide storage vessels
3.4.1 Consideration given to the requirements of sections 6 and 7 of this chapter.
3.4.2 Storage vessels decontaminated as in 3.4.
3.4.3 Tanks designated for either removal or repair treated as operational.
APPENDIX X AUDIT CHECKLIST FOR THE GUIDELINE Page 153

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

3.5 Decontamination of packaging

3.5.1 Decontamination of packaging performed in cyanide decontamination area.
3.5.2 Cyanide drums, lids, locking rings and plastic bags decontaminated by using the method
described under 3.3.
3.5.3 Decontaminated drums should holed before disposal in milling circuits.
3.5.4 Decontaminated drums identified as such. Drums not used in public domain.
3.5.5 Bulk bags decontaminated as per 3.5.5.
3.5.6 Wooden boxes decontaminated by rinsing with water.
3.5.7 Rinse water from the decontamination processes above returned to process.
3.5.8 Small or bulk bags or wooden boxes incinerated. Not allowed to enter municipal waste sites.
3.6 Decontamination of cyanide spillages
3.6.1 General
3.6.1.1 Procedures developed for spillages as required by section 5 of this chapter.
3.6.1.2 When complexing spillages, PPE are worn.
3.6.1.3 Spillages cleaned-up in order to minimise the exposure.
3.6.1.4 Spillages approached from an upwind direction using the Buddy system and downwind areas
evacuated. Notices and barricades placed.
3.6.1.5 Solid cyanide spills returned to the container by using a shovel. If the cyanide has become
dirty it is detoxified as described in this section.
3.6.1.6 If solid cyanide becomes wet it is detoxified as described in this section.
3.6.1.7 In extreme spillage cases, the assistance of a fully equipped Hazchem response team is called
in.
3.6.2 Detoxification
3.6.2.1 Solid cyanide spills cleaned-up as detailed in 3.6.2.1.
3.6.2.2 Large liquid cyanide spills not be diluted.
3.6.2.3 Complexing occurs as detailed in 3.6.2.3.
SUB-TOTAL:

CHAPTER 5 ENVIRONMENT

1. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS
3.1 General requirements
3.1.1 Impacts assessed and managed in accordance with the requirement and standards for
Environmental Management Programme Reports detailed in Government Notice 704.
3.1.2 Design and management of tailings dam complexes conducted as detailed in SABS 0286 and in
the Guideline for the Compilation of a Mandatory Code of Practice for Mine Residue
Deposits.
3.1.3 A detailed water management program developed and implemented.
3.1.4 Cyanide training conducted for employees as detailed in section 3 of chapter 2.
3.1.5 Clear responsibilities and appointments made for the management of cyanide and
environmental protection.
3.1.6 Annual cyanide environmental audits conducted and appropriate actions taken.
3.1.7 Environmental impacts minimised following the hierarchy of: reduce, reuse and recycle.
3.2 Risk assessments
3.2.1 Assessment of the following done:
Impacts from overland piping used for the transfer of cyanide bearing solutions and slurries
Impacts from canals and trenches used to divert cyanide bearing solutions and slurries
Impacts from cyanide bearing solutions and slurries on overburden soils and underlying
geological strata

APPENDIX X AUDIT CHECKLIST FOR THE GUIDELINE Page 154

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

Impacts from cyanide bearing solutions and slurries on surface and ground waters
Impacts from cyanide waste products such as packaging and woodchips
Impacts from any cyanide bearing solutions or slurries leaving Metallurgical Treatment facility
boundaries
Impacts from the transportation and storage of concentrated cyanide reagents
Impacts of cyanide products on human life, terrestrial and aquatic fauna
3.2.2 Issues covered as action plans in management systems include:
The use of minimum effective amounts of cyanide reagent for dissolution of gold
The installation of monitoring points
Identification of sampling points and frequency of sampling
Monitoring of mining and post mining operations, e.g. discharges, surface and ground waters
and terrestrial and aquatic fauna
Ensuring the proper degradation of cyanide by approved methods when above specified levels
Construction of physical containment measures such as cut-off trenches, berms, containment
dams, etc.
Implementation of emergency response plans to deal with spillage of cyanide bearing solutions
and slurries from plant boundaries, tailings dam complexes or return water dams
Implementation of proper community based communication programmes
Training programmes for relevant personnel
3.3 Monitoring programmes
3.3.1 A cyanide balance developed and in place as detailed in 3.3.1.
3.3.2 An effective surface water quality-monitoring programme developed and monitored as detailed
in 3.3.2.
3.3.3 An effective groundwater quality-monitoring programme developed and monitored as detailed
in 3.3.3.
3.3.4 An effective tailings dam monitoring programme developed and monitored as detailed in 3.3.4.
3.3.5 A procedure and system for the recording, documentation and reporting of all monitoring
results developed.
3.3.6 As identified in risk assessments, monitoring equipment installed at all points of discharge from
plant boundaries.
3.4 Tailings management
3.4.1 Operational procedures developed for anti-pollution dams within plant boundaries.
3.4.2 Stormwater and effluent containment structures in place to prevent contamination and discharge
beyond plant and tailings dam complexes.
3.4.3 Operational procedures developed for tailings dam complexes and include:
Maximisation of water returned from the facility
Monitoring of relative densities deposited onto facility at as high a density possible, taking
cognisance of dam building capacity
Effective meeting scheduling to discuss operational requirements
Frequency of inspections
Deposition strategies
Surface and ground water monitoring programmes
Pipeline management
Monitoring programmes described in section 3.3.
3.4.4 Plant include a dewatering step prior to tailings deposition.
3.5 Drainage and effluent control
3.5.1 No cyanide or cyanide waste enter any stormwater drain system or natural watercourse.
3.5.2 Diversion measures for run-off installed.
3.5.3 All unit operations within plant bunded including critical pipework, pumps and valves.
3.5.4 A water management plan developed and maintained.

APPENDIX X AUDIT CHECKLIST FOR THE GUIDELINE Page 155

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

3.5.5 Contamination of surface waters effectively decontaminated using prescribed methods.

3.5.6 Decontamination plans for known and potential soil and surface water contamination developed
to prevent further contamination of surrounding areas.
3.5.7 The effects of elevated levels of cyanide in ponds, canals, dams, etc., on wildlife and livestock
minimised through one or a combination of the measures listed in 3.5.7.
3.6 Pipeline management
3.6.1 All pipelines transporting cyanide containing slurries monitored as detailed in Appendix VIII or
similar.
3.6.2 Pipeline wall thicknesses measured, recorded and monitored for wear on a monthly basis.
3.6.3 Pipelines rotated clockwise when facing in the direction of flow, at a predetermined wall
thickness so as to achieve uniform wear.
3.6.4 Pipelines lined at bends, spool pieces, road or rail crossings, river or watercourse crossings,
vleis and environmentally sensitive areas and at any other area identified by risk assessment.
3.6.5 Flow or pressure differential systems installed on pipelines used for transferring cyanide
containing slurries.
3.6.6 A communication system in place for reporting of spillages to a responsible person.
3.6.7 Pipelines drained of solids prior to opening them for maintenance purposes.
3.6.8 Notices placed at strategic points along or on pipelines listing a 24-hour emergency contact
number to be used for reporting leaks, failures, etc.
3.7 Emergency planning
3.7.1 A plan for environmental emergencies developed and contain:
A map of the operational boundaries
Direction and distances to neighbouring towns and communities
Position of main roads, railways and power lines
Position of rivers, ponds, canals and dams
List with contact details for emergency services
List with contact details for regional authorities
List with contact details for relevant government departments
List with contacts details for all farmers, residences and businesses within the surface
ownership, boundaries and potential affected downstream areas from the operation as identified
during risk assessment
3.7.2 The plan compatible with the emergency procedures developed in terms of section 5 of chapter
4.
3.7.3 A risk assessment performed to identify all cyanide environmental emergencies or conditions
and include procedures for:
Elevated levels of pollution in boreholes
Seepage from process dams, tailings dams, and ponds into rivers and dams
Elevated levels of cyanide in backfill products
Solution and slurry spillages from plant boundaries and tailings dam complexes
Overtopping of tailings dams, catchment and return water dams
3.7.4 Procedures developed for cyanide environmental emergencies include:
Detoxification, clean-up and rehabilitation of spillages
Notification of mine personnel, emergency services and relevant government departments
Procedures to be followed by mine and plant personnel
Supply of potable water to affected areas or communities
Protection and evacuation of wildlife, livestock and flora
Evacuation of local communities
3.7.5 All emergency reaction team personnel trained and found competent to apply detoxification
procedures. Additional training requirements detailed in section 3 of chapter 2 in place.
3.7.6 As far as possible, assistance is obtained form Hazchem emergency response units. Where not
possible, production personnel are trained and equipped with PPE as detailed in section 5 of
APPENDIX X AUDIT CHECKLIST FOR THE GUIDELINE Page 156

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

chapter 2.
3.7.7 Cyanide spillages are cleaned up as soon as possible. Measures detailed in section 8 of chapter
4 are used.
3.7.8 An emergency preparedness and response plan developed with interested and affected parties
and include:
Communication of hazards to local communities and local authorities
Co-ordination of emergency response which will effectively deal with accidents and prevent
major disasters
Training residents of local communities on how to act in the event of an accident
Liaison with local authorities
3.7.9 Emergency planning and response covered at every catchment management agency and local
community communication meeting. Local emergency preparedness and response updates are
given.
SUB-TOTAL:

2. BACKFILL
SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS
3.1 A comprehensive cyanide-monitoring programme established for the backfill section.
3.2 Sampling requirements for the backfill section in place as detailed in 3.2.
3.3 Samples treated and analysed as detailed in 3.3.
3.4 The results of backfill monitoring programmes well documented and reported to officials at
plant and mine level.
3.5 Ferrous sulphate used to complex free cyanide in backfill products and due care taken against
risks in using this reagent.
3.6 A properly functioning cyanide complexing section in place and meets the following
requirements:
A facility to dissolve ferrous sulphate powder so that it may be dosed as a solution
A pH measurement and control system to ensure reaction in the range 5.5 to 6.5 during contact
of the pulp with ferrous sulphate solution
Adequate mixing to ensure sufficient agitation and a dissolved oxygen concentration in
equilibrium with atmospheric oxygen
Dosage of ferrous sulphate to ensure a Fe: CN molar ratio, which is always slightly in excess of
0.5
A fixed continuous detection instrument for HCN gas with an audible alarm
3.7 A system in place at the mine or shaft for the verification of cyanide concentrations in backfill
product batches before they are placed underground.
3.8 Operational procedures developed for the backfill section and include emergency corrective
action in the cases of backfill meeting specifications. Batches not released.
3.9 Total cyanide levels in the backfill material controlled at less than 20 ppm (CN), and the pH
between the range 5 to 7.
SUB-TOTAL:

3. CLOSURE AND DEMOLITION

SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS
3.1 The closure and rehabilitation of cyanide facilities and associated infrastructure are provided for
over the life of the operation.
3.2 A risk assessment performed on all cyanide facilities and associated infrastructure before
demolition.
3.3 Detoxification of cyanide facilities, associated infrastructure and equipment performed using
specified procedures as detailed in section 8 of chapter 4.

APPENDIX X AUDIT CHECKLIST FOR THE GUIDELINE Page 157

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAN GUIDELINE ON CYANIDE MANAGEMENT FOR GOLD MINING

3.4 Whenever detoxification occurs, specified protective equipment are worn as detailed in section
5 of chapter 2.
3.5 A waste decontamination area constructed for the demolition site as detailed in section 8 of
chapter 4.
3.6 Prior to the rehabilitation of a contaminated site, the final land-use and the sustainability of the
rehabilitation is defined and rehabilitation programme developed.
3.7 Closure and rehabilitation meet legislated requirements.
3.8 Redundant and/or scrap plant and equipment are identified and dealt with appropriately.
SUB-TOTAL:
SUMMARY
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
GRAND TOTAL:

APPENDIX X AUDIT CHECKLIST FOR THE GUIDELINE Page 158

REFER TO DISCLAIMER AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS DOCUMENT

REVISION 0 JUNE 2001