B, the ball does not collide with the wall and it performs full oscillations like simple pendulum. Thus, void <2 fE g Fig. 4.61 b. Ife < B, the ball collides with the wall and rebounds with same speed; the motion of ball from A to Q is one part of a simple pendulum time period of ball = 2 (tg). Consider A as the starting point (¢ = 0), equation of motion is x(1)= Acosar. x(1)= 1B cosa, because amplitude = A = Ip. ‘Time from A to Q is the time ¢ when x becomes — Ic > =la =1B cosa 311 = 1100") B ‘The return path from Q to A will involve the same time interval. ‘Hence time period of ball= 2s Gee fle) gare shews two Menticel simple pex- dulums of | th ¢. One is tilled at an angle and imparted an intial velocity, foward mean position and atthe same time other ones projected away from mean postion at a ye~ locity v, at an Fig. 4.62 Sol, Its given that first pendulum bob is given a velocity v, at ‘a displacement lc from mean position, using the formula for velocity we can find the amplitude of its oscillations as Vi=oVA'— (la) [It A, is the amplitude of SHM of this bob] Linear and Angular Simple Harmonic Motion 4.29 S wehave ‘As for simple pendulum @ = + HAD den] A @ Similarly if A; isthe amplitude of SHM of second pendulum bob we have Vso Aj = (8) val or rp + Gi) rr 8 Now we represent the two SHMs by circular motion repre sentation as shown in figure. 1s si © o Fig. 4.63 In first pendulum at ¢= 0 the bob is thrown from a displace- ‘ment €a from mean position with a velocity v, towards mean position. As it is moving towards mean position, in figure (a), ‘we consider the corresponding circular motion particle Ay of the bob 4 is second quadrant, as the reference direction of «, we consider anticlockwise. As shown in figure initial phase of bob 4 is given as Gi) ‘Similarly for second pendulum bob B, its corresponding cit- cular motion particle B, at ¢=0 is considered as shown in figure (b) its initial base is given as vow ‘As both the pendulums are identical, their angular frequency for SHM must be same, so their phase difference will not change with time, hence their phase difference can be given as = (ow) 1m previous question, ifthe second pen- dulum bob is thrown at velocity y, at an angle 3 from mean position, but on other side of mean position, find the phase fiference in the two SHMs now as shown inthe figure. Ww)4.30. Waves and Thermodynamics o Fig. 4.64 Sol. In tis case, amplitudes ofthe two SHMSs will still remain the same and are given by Eqs. (i) and (i) but when we rep- ‘resent the two SHMSs on their corresponding circular motions, the position of the particle in circular motion in second pendu-, Jum is now different as shown in the figure. @ © Fig. 465, As shown in figure (a) and (b) the initial phases of the two pendulum bobs are « (2) Ay o-x—sini(‘2) and =n +5 ‘As for both SHM ae same, their phase difference remains constant soit is given as sername (B)oa() Pendulum of Large Length but Small Amplitude Consider a pendulum of length of the string / which is not neg- ligible compared with the radius R of earth and assume that the bob is oscillating simple harmonically very close to earth's surface. Let us derive an expression for the angular frequency of oscillation. ‘Atany angular position @ of the string ofthe simple pendulum, relative to the point of suspension P, the net force acting on the ‘bob in x-direction is Fo = Tsing +mgsind ® The net force acting on the bob in y-direction is F,=Teos6—mgcos0 Gi) Since, the bob has a small speed and @ and @ are very small, wwe can neglect its acceleration in y-direction, That gives Tosé—mg cos6 =0. Hence, we have T= mg. Substituting 7 = mg in Eq. i) and writing sing =¢ and sin =0 for small angle and 0, we have Faq = mg e+) * R 1 Sieger where g "This gives Fase + mg =me(Le2)e ‘The direction of F,,. opposes the displacement x. Then, = fn, aye ems ‘Substituting ky = mg(1/!+1/R) in the formula @ = [kglm, wehave @=/e[(1/)+07R)] Hence T. Simple Pendulum in a Liquid If we immerse a simple pendulum in a liquid, the bob of the pendulum will experience buoyant force in upward direction in addition to the other forces such as gravity and tension. To find the hg, We need to find the net force on the bob near (or at) the equilibrium position, Dividing F., by the small displace- ‘ment x of the bob from the equilibrium position, we can find ta (=Eie=2) At inne sit a te ‘mula = Jhgy/m to find frequency (or time period), We will explain the above idea through the following illustration, TISSEEEEEEEY Derive an expression for the angu- Jar frequency of small oscillation of the bob of a simplependulum when it is immersed in a liquid of density p. “Assume the density of the bob as cand length of the string asl, Sol. Method 1 ‘The bob of the pendulum experiences buoyant force due to liq- uid = Vp g, in addition to gravitational foree. Thus net force on the bob = (mg ~ Ypa)- Fig. 4.67 For small displacement x of the bob, restoring force Fgc= (mg ~ Vo x)sind =~(mg — Vp) (ee and acceleration = ‘On comparing with standard equation of SHM, a = wx, we we Method 2 At equilibrium position the pendulum should be vertical. Free ‘body diagram of the bob at equilibrium position T+B=mg T= mg — B= Vog - Yog = Vg (o -p) Equivalent force constnat of oscillation aT _Vslo-p) ke e But ve know ky = mo? Linear and Angular Simple Harmonic Motion 4.34 PHYSICAL PENDULUM (COMPOUND PENDULUM) ‘Any rigid body suspended from a fixed support constitutes 2 physical pendulum. Consider the situation when a body is dis- placed through a small angle @. Torque on the body about O is given by 1 =mgl sind @ where 1 is the distance between point of = suspension and centre of mass of the body. “44 If Lis the MI of the body about O, then i tela a | From Eqs. (i) and (i), we get i aoe reh sind K de aoe 330 and d°6 diac oppositely directed. me £0 _-mgl . ree ae Soe since @ is very small. ‘Comparing with the equation d°@ / dt = "6, we get orem fe inl =4.32, Waves and Thermodynamics COSESTERET] what is the period of a pendulum formed by pivoting a metre stick $o that it is free to rotate about a horizontal axis passing through the 75 cm mark? Sol, Let m be the mass and Ibe the length ofthe stick. 00cm The distance ofthe point of suspension from centre of 9 gravity is d= 25 em le Moment of inertia about a horizontal axis through O ee ah aati iP Fig. 4.70 fe ed 2 — med Tan EHD 9g [A 120257 «155, = Red“ V12x9.8x0.25 TORSIONAL PENDULUM Figure 4.71 shows a rigid object sus- pended by a wire attached atthe op to a fixed support. When the object is twisted through some angle, the twisted wire ex- cert on the object a restoring torque that is proportional to the angular postion. That is, r = -i0, where k (Greck leter kappa) is called the torsion constant of the sup- port wire. The value of k can be obtained by applying a known torque to twist he ig ara wire through a measureable angle @. Ap- Plying Newton's second law for rotational motion, we find that vo do k roto 1» 2. _kg Again, this result is the equation of motion for a simple hiar- monic oscillator with » = VK/T and a period T= 20 V/TTk. This systems caled a torsional pendulum, There is no small angle restriction in this situation as long as the elastic limit of the wire isnot exceeded. CIESESTREEZI 4 uniform dise of radius 5.0m and mass 200 g is fixed at its centre to @ metal wire, the other end of which is fixed to a ceiling, The hanging disc is rotated about the wire through an angle and is released. Ifthe dise ‘makes torsional oscillations with time period “=~ (0.20 s, find the torsional constant of the wire, Fig. 4.72 Sol. ‘The situation is shown in Fig. 4.72. The moment of inertia Of the disc about the wire is dF ‘mr? _ (0-200 kgX5.0%10" my? 2 2 5x 10*kg-m? The time period is given by MOTION OF A BALL IN A TUNNEL THROUGH THE EARTH ‘Case I: Ifthe tunnel is along a diameter and the ball is released from the surface. If the ball at any time is at a distance y from the centre of the earth, the restoring force will act on the ball due to gravitation between ball and earth. Acceleration of the particle atthe distance y from the centre of earth, a= ~GMyIR® = -—(GM)yIR° Fig. 4.73 Furthermore as_g = GM/R* ane )y - Comparing with a=—0'y ms £ z R =f or w= lf rare ®)-84, es een Case II: If the tunnel is along a chord and ball is released from the surface. If the ball at any time is at a distance x from the ‘centre of tunnel, acceleration of the particle at the distance y from the centre of earth ~GMyiR = -(GMyyiR MR a= ~(eRyiR ‘This acceleration will be towands the centre of earth, The com- ‘ponent of acceleration towards the centre of earth Furthermore, asComparing with & = f/f R fonfh areal a=-0'y Assume that a tunnel is dug across the earth (radius = R ) passing through its centre. Find the time ‘8 particle takes to cover the length of the tunnel if a. it is projected into the tunnel with a speed of gk b. it is released from a height R above the tunnel . itis thrown vertically upward along the length of tunnel with a speed of jg 0 » Fig. 4.75 Sol. Lety=A sin(wr+9) Atr=0, R=Asing @ ‘and ®~ 40 cos6(or+9) ‘Squaring and adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), A= V2R y~tiral Aty=0, 3x 48 F438 4 = Hence time to cross the tunnel = Linear and Angular Simple Harmonic Motion 4.33 OSCILLATION OF A FLOATING BODY IN A LIQUID AA floating body is in a stable equilibrium, When itis displaced up and released, it accelerates down and when itis pushed down, and released, it accelerates up. It means, a floating body experi- ences a net (resting) force towards its stable equilibrium posi- tion. Hence, a floating body oscillates when displaced up or down from its mean position. Constr a solid cylinder of density f, ‘cross-sectional area A and height h floating in a liquid of density 2, as shown in Fig. 4.76 (p, >). It is depressed slightly and allowed to oscillate vertically. Find the fre- ‘quency of small oscillations. Fig. 4.76 ‘= B-W=0; B= the buoyancy and W = the weight of the cylinder. ‘When the eylinder is depressed slighty by x, the buoyancy increases from B to B+ 6B, where 5B =|x|p,Ag ‘The weight W remains the same. Therefore the net force, Fe, = B+5B—W =5B=|x|p.Ag ‘The equation of motion is, therefore, ax pans =—xpAg ‘The minus sign takes into account the fact that x and restoring force are in opposite directions. Therefore OSCILLATION OF A LIQUID COLUMN IN U-TUBE AV-shaped glass tube of uniform cross section is kept in a yertical plane as shown. A liquid is poured in the tube. In equilibrum the level of liquid in both limbs of tube are equal. Find the angular frequency of small oscillations of liquid.4,34 Waves and Thermodynamics Fig 4.77 Sol. Let us displace the liquid of left limb by a distance x, the liquid of right limb will rise relative to equilibrum fine by same distance x, Fig. 4.78 Excess length of the liquid on the right limb Alsxtx @ from the figure, y= rsina=2'sing a from Ea. (i) eS ‘This excess length Ain right limb will provide restoring force ‘to the liquid in tube. ‘Weight of the excess liquid column w= pa-stg-( SBE Io Aig sin ‘P is the density of liquid and A is the area of cross section of tube. The, component of W along the tube will be equal to restoring force FP =Wsin B = p(sina +sin B) Axg This force helps the entire liquid to restore its original position by moving it with an acceleration a = Fim; m= mass of total by (sina + sin) Ang ” Here m= mass of liquid inthe tbe = Ape ‘= Length of total iquid column h sin ‘ing Hencose, Pltina +n Bag ® . ap] nina sind] . sina-sinp | ‘Compare with @=—a? = which gives SUPERPOSITION OF TWO SHM’S « Insame direction and of same frequency. x74) sin of 2 sin (wt +8), then resultant displacement Fax, tn = 4, sin of+ Aysin (t+) = 4 sin (wt +9) where A= VAi + Al+2A,A, cos8 if Aasind tu at) If 8=0, both SHMs are in phase and 4 = 4, + 4, If_=2, both SHMs are out of phase and =| 4, — 4, The resultant amplitude due to superposition of two ot ‘more than two SHM’s of this case can also be found by phasor diagram.‘e In same direction but are of different frequencies aise Vc aus Sopeceinta sie late ‘This rerlant metion i no HME et pepsin y= B sinot+6) Cae (: 0 = 0 or x, that.y = (BA) x So path wil be it toad jets Glee eh r= (2 +))'= (4+ BY)* sino hich sequin of SHM having amplinde YA°+ BF Case (ii): If ino then x=Asinow 2 y= Bsin (at +12)=B cos or so resultant will be ro . equation of an ellipse and if A ~B, then superposition will be an equation of circle, This resultant motion is not SHM. © Superposition of SHM’s along the same direction (using phasor diagram) If two or more SHMs are along the same line, their resultant ‘can be obtained by vector addition by making phasor diagram. = Amplitude of SHM is taken as A, Jength (magnitude) of vector. 1 Phase difference between the vec- tors is taken as the angle between these vectors. The magninude of resultant of vectors give resultant amplitude of SHM and angle of 4 Phasr diagram resultant vector gives phase con- Fig. 481 stant of resultant SHM. " For example, xy sinor Az sin(wr 6) |fequation of resultant SHM is taken as x= A sin(ot + 9) Az Abs aps 2A cond —Assind A+ Aco Find the amplitude and initial phase of particle in SHM, whose motion equation is given as y= Asin or + B cos at Sol. Here in the given equation we can write A=Reosp @ and B=Rsing Gi) “Thus the given equation transforms to y= Rsinor+$) (iii) ‘Equation (ii) is a general equation of SHM and here R is the amplitude of given SHM and g is the initial phase of the oscil- lating particle at = 0 tang = Linear and Angular Simple Harmonic Motion 4.35 Here R is given by squaring and adding Eqs. (i) and (ji) =(aF Initial phase @ can be given by dividing Eq. (ii) by i) on) Note: Equations y ee eee also represent the general equation of SHM. ESSE, 1 sine harmonic motos re ro- resented by the following equations a= 10 sin(n/4) (121+ 1) J2=5(sin361 + \3c0s301) Here ris in seconds. Find out the ratio of their amplitudes. What are the time periods of the two motions? Sol. Given equations are y= 10 sin(wi4) (121 1) ® = 5(sin 31+ V3. 6s 3ett) Gi) ‘We recast these in the form of standard equation of SHM which yodsin(or+ 9) Equation (1) may be written as ‘Ya = 10 sin{(12/4) + (w/4)] 10 sinf@axt + 2/4) ‘Comparing Eq, (iv) with Eq (ii), we have Amplitude of fist SHM = 4, = 10 cm/s and @, = ‘Time period of first motion T, = 2la, = 20/34 = 2/3) ‘Equation (i) may also be written as ye= Ssin3nt + 53 cos3at Gi) Ww Letus put 5=4, 0089 o wi) and Then 5V3=A,sing A,cos @ sin 31 + A,sin p cos 3tt * A; sina +9) ‘Squaring (5) and (6) and adding, we have A.= VS) + SV3F 1 = 10 em ie, amplitude of second SHM is 10 cm and time period of second SHM is T, anlo, ‘Thus, the ratio of amplitudes Adin periodic times are T=Ts afin = 23 s Land (213) s 1. Ablock of mass m is suspended from the ceiling ofa stationary ‘elevator through a spring of spring constant&; tis in equilibrium. ‘Suddenly, the cable breaks and the elevator tarts falling freely. ‘Show that the block now executes a simple harmonic motion of amplitude m/kin the elevator,4.36 Waves and Thermodynamics Fig. 482, 2 The left block in Fig. 4.83 collides inelastically with the right ‘lock and sticks to it. Find the amplitude of the resulting sim- pie harmonic motion, Ade! Fig. 483 3 A ball of mass m is connected to two rubber bands of length Z, cach under tension T as shown in Fig. 4.84 The ball is dis- placed by a small distance y perpendicular tothe length of the rubber bands. Assuming the tension does not change, show ‘that (a) the restoring foree is ~(27/L)y and (b) the systema ex- hibits simple harmonic motion with an angular frequency « VTimks. Fig. 484 4 A mass M attached to spring oscillates witha period of 2.1 the mass is increased by 2 kg, the period increases by 1s ind the initial mass m assuming that Hooke's law is obeyed, 5. A uniform pole of length = 21 is laid on @ smooth horizontal table as shown in Fig. 4.85. The mass of pole is Mand itis eon ‘ected toa frictionless axis at OA spring with force constant k is connected to the other end. The pole is displaced by a smal ‘angle 6, from equilibrium position and released such that it Performs small oscillations, Find its angular frequency L——+ Fig. 485 ‘6 A pendulum has a period 7 for small oscillations. An obstacle is placed direetly below the pivot, so that only the lowest one- fourth of the string an follow the pendalum bob when it swings to the right ofits resting positon as shown, ‘The pendulum is released from rest at a certain point. Assuming that the angle between the moving string and the vertical stays small throughout the motion, fnd the time i takes to return to thar point. ae 7 40 Fig. 486 7. Aorizontalsting-mass system of mass M executes oscillatory ‘motion of amplitude a, and time period J. When mass Mis pass- ing through its equilibrium position another mass m is placed on ‘tsuch that both move together. Find the new amplitude and time period, 8 A spring of spring constant 200 Nim has a $02 block of mass 1 kg hanging at its one end and from the other end the spring is at- tached t0 a ceiling of an elevator. The el- ‘ator rises upwards with an acceleration of a8. ‘When acceleration is suddenly ceased, then ‘what should be the angular frequency and . Find the equilibrium position of the particle. ‘. Write the equation of motion of the particle 4. Find the time period of SHM. 111, A body of mass m hangs from a smooth fixed pulley P, by the inextensible string fitted with the springs of stiffness k, and k,. The string passes over the smooth light pulley P: which is connected with another ideal spring of stiffness Find the period of oscillation of the body. ‘on the coordinate x as U(x) where A and B are Fig. 4.131 12, A block of mass m connected * with a smooth prismatic wedge of mass M is released from ee rest when the spring is relaxed. Find the angular frequency of rs oscillation. 413, A stepped pulley having massm, radius R and radius of gyration ‘is connected with two ideal springs of stiffness k, and k a, shown inthe figure. If the pul- ley rolls without sliding, find the angular frequency of its oscillation,4,48 Waves and Thermodynamics 14, 15. v7. 18, ‘A stepped disc of mass M and radius R is pivoted at its center C smoothly. An inextensible string connected with a light spring of stiffness k passes over the pulley. One end of the string is rigidly connected with the ground and the other end is attached to a body of mass m. Ifthe string docs not slide on the pulley, find the angular frequency of oscil- lation of the system, Fig. 4.134 A disc of mass m hanged by a string is attached at P and a spring of stiffness k is attached at O, Find the frequency of small angular 0s- cillation of the disc if the string does not slide over the pulley. As- ML of the dise about O. A cylinder of mass m and cross- sectional area A floating in the liquid of density p hangs from a rigid support P by an ideal spring of stiff- ness k, i. Find the depth of immersion of the cylinder if compression of the spring is equal t0 fi, What is the frequency of small vertical oscillation of the cylinder? Disregarding gravity, find the period of oscillation of the particle con- ‘nected with four springs as shown in the figure. (Given: 6 = 45°, 6 = 30°) Fig. 4.135 Fig. 4.136 Fig. 4.137 ‘A smooth ring of mass m, is lying on a rigid horizontal string. A bob of mass m, hangs from the ring by an inex- tensible light string of length . Find the angular frequency Of oscillatoion of the system, | u Fig. 4.138 19. A smooth piston of mass m, area of cross-section A is in ‘equilibrium in a gas jar when the pressure of the gas is P,. Find the angular frequency of oscillation of the piston, as suming adiabatic change of state of the gas. Pot, Fig, 4.139 If velocity of a particle moving along a straight line cchanges sinusoidally with time as shown in the given ‘graph. Find the average speed over time interval 1 = 0 to £2 (2n- 1) seconds, n being any positive integer. Fig. 4.140 In the figure shown, mass 2m con- ” nected with a spring of force con- — stant kis at rest and in equilibrium, 21, 2m ‘A particle of mass m is released from height 4.Smgik from 2m. The r ppanticle sticks to the block. Ne- sglecting the duration of collision find time from the release of m to men the moment when the spring has ‘maximum compression. 1, While a particle executes linear simple harmonic motion 4 its linear velocity and acceleration pass through their ‘maximum and minimum values once in each oscillation. its linear velocity and acceleration pass through their ‘maximum and minimum values twice in each oscillation. 6: its linear velocity and acceleration pass through their maximum and minimum values four times in each oscillationis linear velocity and acceleration always attain their peak values simultaneously. 2. While a particle executes simple harmonic motion, the rate of change of acceleration is maximum and minimum, e- spectively at a. the mean position and extreme positions bi. the extreme positions and mean position . the mean position alternatively d. the extreme positions alternatively 3. A hollow sphere is filled with water. I is hung by a long thread to make ita simple pendulum. As the water flows out of a hole atthe bottom ofthe sphere, the frequency of oscillation will a. go on increasing b. go ondecreasing 6 fist increases and then decreases 4. frst deereases and then increases 4. A simple pendulum oscillates slightly above a large horizon- {al metal plate. The bob is given a charge. The time period a, has no effect, whatever be the nature of charge b. always decreases, whatever be the nature of charge ¢. always increases, whatever be the nature of charge 4. a increases or decreases depending upon the nature of charge '5, Ablockisresting ona piston which executes simple harmonic ‘motion in vertical plain witha period of 2.0 sin vertical plane at an amplitude just sulicient for the block to separate from the piston. The maximum velocity ofthe piston is a. Sis vo Ome z z «Sn i ao il Ne py si) a eC periodic motion as y= 8 sin*(1/2) sin(10r) is. 7 The diagram below shows a sinusoidal curve. The equa- eee 10cm sem re 4i : : sn 60+ Jon by os es os 6+) en by 1059 604) on ey 10sn(16--% om &.y= 10. 161+] om 10. Th 2. 1B. Linear and Angular Simple Harmonic Motion 4.49 ‘The following figure shows the displacement versus time ‘graph for two particles A and B executing simple harmonic ‘motions, The ratio of their maximum velocities is Fig. 4.143 a3: b13 ek9 4. 9:1 ‘The variation of velocity of a particle executing SHM with time is shown in Fig. 4,144. The velocity of the particle ‘when a phase change of 2/6 takes place from the instant it is at one of the extreme positions will be Fig. 4.144 3.53 m/s b.25 mis 4.330 mis . None of these In the previous problem, the displacement of the particle from the mean position corresponding to the instant men- tioned is sin se SAB w SE ys? som mi < OF ays! 4 sV3.x mis! In problem 9, the maximum displacement and acceleration of the particle are respectively: Sm a 8m and Sx mis! bi 2 m and mis? * x 2 1m and mis? a. Sm and ms? z 2 ® 4 Figure 4,145 shows the variation of force acting on a parti- cle of mass 400 g executing simple harmonic motion. The frequency of oscillation of the particle is4.50. Waves and Thermodynamics 4. 15. 16. 7. 18, Tosa fem) Fig. 4.145 ads! b.(S2x) <1 (18x) (122) A block of mass 1 kg hangs without vibrating at the end ‘of a spring whose force constant is 200 N/tn and which is attached to the ceiling ofan elevator. The elevators rising with an upward acceleration of g/3 when the acceleration suddenly ceases. The angular frequency of the block after the acceleration ceases is a 13 rad/s b. ld radis ©.15 rad/s 4. None of these AA vertical spring carries a 5 kg body and is hanging in equilibrium, an additional force is applied so that the Spring is further stretched. When released from this po- sition, it performs 50 complete oscillations in 25 s, with an amplitude of $ em. The additional force applied is &80N b 80N a 4a?N d 4N A particle moves with a simple harmonic motion in a straight line. Inthe first second starting from rest it travels ‘-distance a and in the next second it travels a distance ‘in the same direction. The amplitude of the motion 2a’ 3a? 2a? 3a? 36 3a-b Gab 30a A panicle, free to move along the x-axis, has potential en ergy given by Us = K [1'— exp( —x)] foro ‘neither simple harmonic motion nor oscillatory about its mean position for small displacements 4. none of the above ‘A particle performing simple harmonic motion having time period 3s isin phase with another particle which also ‘undergoes simple harmonic motion at = 0. The time pe- riod of second particle is T (less than 3 5) If they are again in the same phase for the third time after 45 s, then the value of T will be 2.285 278 625s 4. None of these ‘A particle performs SHM on the.x-axis with amplitude A and time period 7. The time taken by the particle to travel a distance A/5 starting from rest is T 20 Be 1d « Leos 6] The coefficient of friction between block of mass m and 2m is = 2 tan 6. There is no friction between block of ‘mass 2m and inclined plane, The maximum amplitude of the two block system for which there is no relative motion between both the blocks is 6. Fig. 4.159 weed k © Seyshe 4. None ofthese A block of mass ‘m’ is suspended from a spring and executes vertical SHM of time period 7 as shown in Fig. 4.160. The amplitude of the SHM is A and spring is n 2, B. 14. 7. 16. Linear and Angular Simple Harmonic Motion 4.55 never in compressed state during the osil- lation. The magnitude of minimum force 4, mg = mA = pear Fig. 4.160 AA particle performs SHM of amplitude A along a straight line. When itis ata distance V3 /2A from mean position, its kinetic energy gets increased by an amount 1/2 ma*A* due ton impulsive force. Then its new amplitude becomes, a e.V2A a. 5A na A horizontal spring-block system of mass 2 kg executes SHM. When the block is passing through its equilibrium: position, an object of mass 1 kg is put on it and the wo move together. The new amplitude of vibration is (A being its inital amplitude) alia at 2 B ofa uffa 4 ‘A metre stick swinging in vertical plane about a fixed hori- zontal axis passing through its one end undergoes small ‘oscillation of frequency f, If the bottom half of the stick were cut off, then its new frequency of small oscillation ‘would become Fig. 4.161 ah bv2h ah 4.2V2 fo ‘A physical pendulum is positioned so that its centre of sravity is above the suspension point. When the pendulum is eleased it passes the point of stable equilibrium with an angular velocity @. The period of small oscillations of the pendulum is 2 oe A mb aces cal met bl oct pena tees tee eee dnc Th pits oye we Paha view A wire is bent at an angle 8. A rod of mass m can slide along the bended wire without friction as shown in Fig. 4.162. A soap film is maintained in the frame kept in a vertical position and the rod is in equilibrium as shown in4.56. Waves and Thermodynamics Ti 8. the figure. If rod is displaced slightly in vertical direction, then the time period of small oscillation of the rod is Fig. 4.162 bg Fe = Re ON tan arf ¢ fF & mo A solid right circular cylinder of sa ogi weight 10 kg and cross-sectional z area 100 cmt is suspended by a z spring, where k = 1 kgfem, and z +hangs partially submerged in water ~- ‘of density 1000 kg/m? as shown in 5 . Fig, 4.163. What is its period when - it makes simple harmonic vertical oscillations? (Take g = 10 mis*) a. 06s bis © 15s 22s A block ‘A’ of mass m is placed on a smooth horizon- tal platform P and between two elastic massless springs 5, and S, fixed horizontally to two fixed vertical walls. ‘The elastic constants of the two springs are equal to k and the equilibrium distance between the wo springs both in relaxed states is d. The block is given a velocity vy initially towards one of the springs and it then oscil- lates between the springs. The time period T of oscilla- tions and the minimum separation d., of the springs will be 4} | & — ‘ | s, S| Fig. 4.164 0. A certain simple harmonic vibrator of mass 0.1 kg has a total energy of 101 Its displacement from the mean posi- tion is Lem when it has equal kinetic and potential ener- gies. The amplitude A and frequency n of vibration ofthe vibrator are a AnvEem,n=22 He was Vem, n= vy 7 * 1 500 1 1000 2 Am cen, ne te a Am teem, n 100 Aa gpomn =O ta. A= Jem, nl |. simple pendulum of length {and a mass mt of the bob is suspended in a car that is travelling with a constant speed v around a circle of radius R. If the pendulum undergoes small oscillations about its equilibrium position, the fre- quency of its oscillation will be ifs ‘2ANR al 2 On VRE (ne end of «srt of force constant is xt a ver- cal wall andthe other toa body of mass m resting on & smooth horizontal surface, There is another wal at ds. tance from the body. The spring is then compressed by 8x and released. The time taken ostrike the wall rom the instant of release is (given sin "(1/3 = (e)) ale b. ra eg Fig. 4.165 alee ges [as 6\K 3 VK eae fantail 4VK ONE AA block P of mass m is placed on a smooth horizontal surface. A block Q of same mass is placed over the block P and the coefficient of static friction between them is AA spring of spring constant K is attached to block Q. The blocks are displaced together toa distance A and released. ‘The upper block oscillates without slipping over the lower block. The maximum frictional force between the block is Fig. 4.166 © KAR be dug83. A uniform stick of mass M and length L is pivoted at its centre. Is ends are tied t0 two springs each of force con- stant K. Inthe position shown in figure, the strings are in their natural length. When the string is displaced through a ‘small angle 8 and released, the stick Fig. 4.167 a. executes non-periodic motion. , executes periodic motion which isnot simple harmonic, [ox M c.executes SHM of frequency £ x on deuce tttienes [= 1. A mass m is suspended from a spring of force constant k and just touches another identical spring fixed to the floor eiicomncrmutmuanses mo ke ke 89. Fig. 4.168 aol E or ‘sd alten | “GER NE ag A street car moves rectilinearly from station A (here car stops) to the next station B (here also car stops) with an acceleration varying according to the law f= a ~bx, where fm baybee 4 and b are positive constants and x is the distance from station 4. The distance between the two stations and the ‘maximum velocity are ‘Two panicles P and Q describe SHM of same amplitude 2 and same frequency f along the same straight line. Linear and Angular Simple Harmonic Motion 4.57 ‘The maximum distance between the two particles isa. The initial phase difference between the particle is arm = bai 16 x13 The velocity v of a particle of mass m moving along a straight line changes with time:ras éPulde =—Kv where K isa positive constant. Which ofthe following statements is correct? a. The particle does not perform SHM. b, The particle performs SHM with time period 222 ae «The particle performs SHM with frequency Te sie prim SM wine pit. ‘The oscillations represented by curve | in the graph are expressed by equation x = A sinat, The equation for the oscillations represented by curve 2 is expressed as Fig. 4.169 a. x= 2A sin (wt 2/2) b. x= 2A sin (or +12) 2A sin (ot - 2/2) sin (ot 1/2) Graph shows the x(¢) curves for three experiments involv ing a particular spring-block system oscillating in SHM. ‘The kinetic energy of the system is maximum at t= 4 s, for the situation: b2 e3 . Same in all The acceleration of a particle moving along x-axis is a 100s + 50. It is released from x= 2. Here ‘a” and ‘x’ are {in S.1 units. The motion of particle will be: a. periodic, oscillatory but not SHM. b. periodic but not oscillatory. €. oscillatory but not periodic, 4. simple harmonic.4,58 Waves and Thermodynamics ‘91. In the above question, the speed of the particle at origin will be 10¥2 mis be 15mis © 10m/s 4. None of these ‘A particle performs SHM of amplitude A along a straight kinetic energy gets increased by an amount jmota? due {0 an impulsive force. Then its new amplitude becomes 5 a Ae aa a 5A 93. A horizontal rod of mass m and length L is pivoted at one ‘end, The rod’s other end is sup- ported by a spring of force con- stant k. The rod is displaced by Fig 4171 a small angle @ from its hori- Zontal equilibrium position and released. The angular fre- quency of the subsequent simple harmonic motion is Bk E ae “i [Bk 3a = e pee a j= m "2b m 94. A small mass executes linear SHM about O with ampli- tude a and period 7. Its displacement from O at time 778 after passing through O is a. al b alW2 ce. a2 a. aly2 95._‘Time period of a particle executing SHM is 8s. At = 0, it is at the mean position, The ratio of the distance covered by the particle in the Ist second to the 2nd second is 1 1 a b v2 ce a. 241 v2+1 aCe 96. A particle perfroms SHM with a period T and amplitude 4. The mean velocity of the particle over the time interval during which it travels @ distance a/2 from the extreme position is aT bWT 3a a aft 97. A graph of the square of the velocity against the square of the acceleration of a given simple harmonic motion is ay bt Ry anes A plank with a small block on top of its is under going vertical SHM. Its period is 2 s. The minimum amplitude at hich the block will separate from plank is 10 2 20 x ® “0 oe * 10 The potential energy of a simple harmonic oscillator of ‘mass 2 ky nits mean position is 5 J. If its total energy is 9.4 and its amplitude is 0.01 m, its time period would be a x/l0s b. 220s ©. 1150s 4. 2/1005 100. A spring mass system preforms SHM. If the mass is 101. doubled keeping amplitude same, then the total energy of SHM will become: 4. double be halt ©. unchanged 4. 4 times A particle of mass m moves ina one-dimensional potential energy U(x) =—ax' + bat, where a and b are positive con- stants. The angular frequency of small oscillations about ‘the minima of the potential energy is equal to 102. A particle of mass m moves in the potential energy U 103. shown above. The period of the motion when the particle has total energy £ is a Qn Jinik + 4)2E 7g? b. nlmilk & nymik +228 img @. 2)2E/mg? ‘The displacement of a body executing SHM is given by =A sin (2at + 2/3). The first time from 1 = 0 when the velocity is maximum is a V2 © 0.255 b. 0.165 aoss 104. Two particles are in SHM in a straight line about same 108, cquilibrium position. Amplitude A and time period T of both the particles are equal. At time r= 0, one particle is at displacement y, = +A and the other at y, =-A/2, and they ‘are approaching towards each other. After what time they cross each other? a 7B bh TA eS a. 6 A system of two identical rods (L-shaped) of mass m and Tength ! are resting on a peg P as shown inthe figure. Ifthe system is displaced in ts plane by a small angle 8 find the Period of oscillations ON: Fig. 4.172be 2m 282 3g T aan | 3 106. A particle is subjected to wo mutually perpendicular sim- ple harmonic motions such that its x and y coordinates are given by : enya?) The pacth ofthe particle will be a. an ellipse b. astraight line ©. aparabola 4. acircle 107. Two simple harmonic motions y, = A sin or and v2 = A cos wt are supre imposed on a particle of mass m. ‘The total mechanical energy of the particle is be mois? e Amara? a. zero 4 ps Cee tas ees 1. A coinis placed on a horizontal platform, which undergoes vertical simple harmonic motion of angular frequency «. ‘The amplitude of oscillation is gradually increased. The coin will leave contact with the platform forthe first time a. at the highest position of the platform B, atthe mean position ofthe platform «for an amplitude of gf? 4, for an amplitude of JaT@ For a simple harmonic motion with given angular fre- quency @, two arbitrary initial conditions are necessary and sufficient to determine the motion completely. These initial conditions may be a. initial position and inital velocity 'b. amplitude and initial phase . total energy of oscillation and amplitude 4. total energy of oscillation and initial phase 3. The potential energy U of a body of unit mass moving in one dimensional conservative force field is given by U=x ~ 4x +3. All units are in SI For ths situation mark ‘out the correct statement(). ‘8. The body will perform simple harmonic motion about = 2units, ’, The body will perform oscillatory motion but not simple harmonic motion. © The body will perform simple harmonic motion with time period V2n s, 4. If speed of the body at equilibrium position is 4 m/s, then the amplitude of oscillation would be 22 m. 2 5. |. For the spring pendulum shown in Fig, Linear and Angular Simple Harmonie Motion 4.59 | 4.173, the value of spring constant is 3 x 10 N/m and amplitude of oscillation is 0.1 m. The total mechanical energy of ‘oscillating system is 200 J. Mark out the correct option(s). ANOVA a. Minimum PE of the oscillating system ™ is505 'b. Maximum PE of the oscillating Fig. 4.173 system is 200 J. ‘& Maximum KE of the oscillating system is 200 J 4. Minimum KE of the oscillating system is 150 J. ‘An object of mass m is performing simple harmonic mo- tion ona smooth horizontal surface ss shown in Fig. 4.174 Just as the oscillating object reaches its extreme position, ‘another object of mass 2m is dropped on to oscillating ob ject, which sticks to it, For ths situation mark out the cor- feet statements, ca Fig. 4.174 ‘a, Amplitude of oscillation remains unchanged, ', Time period of oscillation remains unchanged ¢. The total mechanical energy of the system does not change. 4. The maximum speed of the oscillating object changes. Assimple pendulum consists of a bob of mass m and a light, string of length / as shown in the Fig. 4.175. Another iden- tical ball moving with the small velocity ¥, collides with the pendulum’s bob and sticks to it. For this new pendulum, ‘of mass 2m, mark out the correct statement(s) bees Fig. 4.175, 4 Tine psd oft pins a 0. Ts egton ton otis pndum a ae 6 Th eins fm penta al, ool} 4. Time period of the pendulum is 2 = 84.60 Waves and Thermodynamics, A particle performing simple harmonic motion undergoes initia displacement of A/2 (where A is the amplitude of simple harmonic motion) in 1 Atr=0, the particle may bbe at the extreme position or mean position. The time pe- rod of the simple harmonic motion can be b24s 6s 128 aids 3. A particle is subjected to two simple harmonic motions 1. The speed v of « particle moving along a straight 10, u 22 along x and y directions according to x = 3 sin 100 xr, sin 10071, 1. Motion of particle will be on ellipse travelling in clockwise direction. ' Motion of particle will be-on a straight line with lope 43. ‘c. Motion will be simple harmonic motion with ampli- tude 5. 4d. Phase difference between two motions is 7/2. when its ata distance (x) from a fixed point ofthe line is given by v? = 108 ~92° (all equations are in CGS units the motion is uniformly accelerated along the straight ine b the magnitude of the acceleration at a distance 3 em from the point is 27 emis? ‘the motion is simple harmonic about the given fixed point 4 the maximum displacement from the fixed point is 4 em ‘A horizontal plank has a rectangular block placed on it. ‘The plank starts oscillating vertically and simple harmoni- cally with an amplitude of 40 cm, The block just loses con- tact with the plank when the late is at momentary rest ‘Then 2 hepsi of ositntion is 2) be the block weighs double its actual weight, then the plank is atone ofthe postions of momentary rest the block weighs 0.5 times its weight on the plank halfway up 4. the block weighs 1.5 times its weight on the plank halfway down the block weighs is true weight on the plank when the Tater moves fastest, ‘820 particle is subjected 10 two simple harmonic motions peti ecte( One| vesralcack ‘metres and isin seconds. ‘a. The displacement of the particle at ¢ = 0 will be 2/3 m. ’, Maximum speed of the particle wll be 20V7 mis . Magnitude of maximum acceleration of the particle will be 2007 mus? 4. Energy of the resultant motion will be 28 J. A spring block system undergoes SHM on a smooth hori zontal surface, the block is now given some charge and 4 uniform horizontal electric field E is switched on as shown in Fig. 4.176. Asa result 1B. 1s. ae Fig, 4.176 2. time period of oscillation will increase D. time period of oscillation will decrease time period of oscillation will remain unaffected 4, the mean position of SHM will shift tothe right ‘The potential energy of a particle of mass 0.1 kg, moving along the x-axis, is given by U= Sx(x—4) J, where. is in ‘meter. It can be concluded that 8. the particle is acted upon by a constant force the speed of the particle is maximum at «the particle executes SHM 4. the period of oscillation of the particle is (/5) s ‘The time period of a particle in simple harmonic motion is 7. Assume potential energy at mean position to be zero. After a time of 716 it passes its mean position, its 8. velocity will be haf its maximum velocity », displacement will be haf its amplitude acceleration will be nearly 86% of its maximum acceleration 4. KE=PE Figure 4.177(a) shows a spring of force constant k fixed at ‘one end and carrying a mass m at the other end placed on a horizontal frictionless surface. The spring is stretched by a force F. Figure 4.177(b) shows the same spring with both ends free and a mass m fixed at each free end. Each of the spring is stretched by the same force F. The mass in case (a) and the masses in case (b) are then released. Which of the following statements are true? =2m @ rr] aioli | » Fig. 4.177 ‘a. While oscillating, the maximum extension of the spring i more in case (a) than in case (b. b. The maximum extension of the spring is same in both cases. ‘c. The time period of oscillation is the same in both cases, 4. The time period of oscillation in case (a) is V2 times that in case (b).16. 7. 18. wv When the point of suspension of pendulum is moved, its period of oscillation fa decreases when it moves vertically upwards with an acceleration a b. decreases when it moves vertically downwards with acceleration greater than 2 g 6 increases when it moves horizontally with acceleration a 4. all ofthe above “The displacement-time relation for a particle can be ex- pressed as y= 0.5[cos'(nz) — sin*(n)] ‘This relation shows that . the particle is executing a SHM with amplitude 0.5 m '. the particle is executing a SHM with a frequency times that of a second’s pendulum . the particle is executing a SHM and the velocity in its ‘mean position is (nzt) mvs 4. the particle is not executing a SHM at all At two particular closest instants of time t, and f, the dis- placements of a particle performing SHM are equal. At these instants ‘instantaneous speeds are equal b. instantaneous accelerations are equal ‘¢. phase of the motion are unequal 4. kinetic energies are equal ‘Two blocks connected by a spring rest on a smooth hori- zontal plane as shown in Fig. 4.178. A consiant force F starts acting on block m as shown in the figure. Which of the following statements are not correct? [api Fig. 4.178 ‘a. Length ofthe spring increases continuously if m, > m;- . Blocks start performing SHM about centre of mass of the system, which moves rectilinearly with constant acceleration ‘ Blocks start performing oscillations about centre of ‘mass ofthe system with increasing amplitude. 4. Acceleration of m, is maximum at initial moment of time only. A block of mass m is suspended by a rubber cord of natural length = mg/k, where k is force constant of the cord. The block is lifted upwards so that the cord becomes just tight and then block is released suddenly. Which of the follow- ing will not be true? ‘a. Block performs periodic motion with amplitude greater than 1 b. Block performs SHM with amplitude equal to ‘. Block will never return to the position from where it was released. 4. Angular frequency a is equal to I radis. Linear and Angular Simple Harmonic Motion 4.61 21, The displacement (x) of a particle as a function of time (1) is given by sin (bt +6) where a, b and c are constants of motion. Choose the cor- rect statements from the following. €. The motion repeats itself in atime interval of 2b 1. The energy of the particle remains constant The velocity of the particle is zero at x= a 4. The acceleration of the particle is zero at x= +a A simple pendulum is oscillating between extreme posi- tions P and Q about the mean position 0. Which of the fol- Jowing statements are true about the motion of pendulum? ‘a. At point O, the acceleration of the bob is different from Bb. The acceleration of the bob is constant throughout the oscillation ‘c. The tension in the string is constant throughout the oscillation. 4. The tension is maximum at Q and minimum at P or Q A oylindrical block of density d stays fully immersed in a beaker filled with two immiscible liquids of different den- sities d, and ds, The block is in equilibrium with balf of it in liquid 1 and the other half in liquid 2 as shown in the Fig, 4.179. Ifthe block is given a displacement downwards and released, then neglecting friction study the following statements Fig. 4.179 a. Itexecutes simple harmonic motion, Its motion is periodic but not simple harmonic. ©. The frequency of oscillation is independent of the size of the cylinder. 4. The displacement of the centre of the cylinder is symmetric about its equilibrium position. ‘A mass of 0.2 kg is attached to the lower end of a massless, spring of force constant 200 N/m, the upper end of which is fixed to a rigid support. Study the following statements. a. In equilibrium the spring will be stretched by 1 cm, If the mass is raised tll the spring becomes unstretched and then released, it will go down by 2 em before moving upwards. ‘. The frequency of oscillation will be nearly 5 Hz. 4d. If the system is taken to the moon, the frequency of ‘oscillation will be the same as that on the earth,