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ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 4, ( Part -6) April 2015, pp. 32-38

RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS

Design & Stress Analysis of a Cylinder with Closed ends using

ANSYS
A. Dhanaraj1, Dr. M. V. Mallikarjuna2,
1
M.Tech, student, Department of Mechanical Engineering, QIS College of Engineering & Technology, Ongole,
2
Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, QIS College of Engineering & Technology, Ongole

ABSTRACT
The significance of the title of the project comes to front with designing structure of the pressure vessel for static
loading and its assessment by ANSYS , is basically a project concerned with design of different pressure vessel
elements such as shell, Dish end ,operating manhole ,support leg based on standards and codes ; and evolution
of shell and dish end analysed by means of ANSYS .The key feature included in the project is to check the
behaviour of pressure vessel in case of fluctuating load . The procedural step includes various aspects such as
selecting the material based on American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) codes ,and then designing
on the standards procedures with referring standard manuals based on ASME .Further we have included the
different manufacturing methods practice by the industries and different aspects of it .
Key Words: Pressure Vessel, Fluctuating load, Cylinder with closed ends, American Society of Mechanical
Engineers (ASME) , Finite Element Analysis, Static load.

I. Introduction Problem Statement

The pressure vessels (i.e. cylinder or tanks) are Vessel failures can be grouped into four major
used to store fluids under pressure. The fluid being categories, which describe why a vessel failure occurs.
stored may undergo a change of state inside the Failures can also be grouped into types of failures,
pressure vessel as in case of steam boilers or it may which describe how the failure occurs. Each failure
combine with other reagents as in a chemical plant. has a why and how to its history.
The pressure vessels are designed with great care It may have failed through corrosion fatigue
because rupture of pressure vessels means an because the wrong material was selected. The designer
explosion which may cause loss of life and property. must be as familiar with categories and types of
The material of pressure vessels may be brittle such failure as with categories and types of stress and
that cast iron or ductile such as mild steel. Cylindrical loadings. Ultimately they are all related.
or spherical pressure vessels (e.g., hydraulic - Material - Improper selection of material; defects
cylinders, gun barrels, pipes, boilers and tanks) are in material.
commonly used in industry to carry both liquids and - Design - Incorrect design data; inaccurate or
gases under pressure. When the pressure vessel is incorrect de- sign methods; inadequate shop
exposed to this pressure, the material comprising the testing.
vessel is subjected to pressure loading, and hence - Fabrication - Poor quality control; improper or
stresses, from all directions. The normal stresses insufficient fabrication procedures including
resulting from this pressure are functions of the welding.
radius of the element under consideration, the shape
of the pressure vessel (i.e., open ended cylinder, closed Material Selection
end cylinder, or sphere) as well as the applied pressure. Several of materials have been use in pressure
Two types of analysis are commonly applied to vessel fabrication. The selection of material is base
pressure vessels. The most common method is based on the appropriateness of the design requirement. The
on a simple mechanics approach and is applicable to materials used in the manufacture of the receivers
"thin wall" pressure vessels which by definition have shall comply with the requirements of the relevant
a ratio of inner radius, r, to wall thickness, t, of r/t10. design code, and be identifiable with mill sheets. The
The second method is based on elasticity solution and selection of materials of the shell shall take into
is always applicable regardless of the r/t ratio and can account the suitability of the materials with the
be referred to as the solution for "thick wall" pressure maximum working pressure and fabrication process.
vessels. Both types of analysis are discussed here,
although for most engineering applications, the thin
wall pressure vessel can be used.

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ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 4, ( Part -6) April 2015, pp. 32-38

Table 1: Material assignment element of the vessel using nominal thicknesses

Head SA- 106 B exclusive of corrosion allowance. It is the basis for
establishing the set pressures of any pressure-
Shell SA- 106 B relieving devices protecting the vessel.
Drain SA- 106 B
II. Design temperature
Inlet SA- 106 B Design temperature is the temperature that will
be maintained in the metal of the part of the vessel
Outlet SA- 106 B being considered for the specified operation of the
vessel. For most vessels, it is the temperature that
According to ASTM standard this specification for corresponds to the design pressure. However, there is
pressure vessel is suitable for higher temperature a maximum design temperature and a minimum
services. The chemical and tensile requirement of design temperature (MDMT) for any given vessel.
Seamless Carbon steel pipe for high temperature The MDMT shall be the lowest temperature expected
service (SA-106 B) is as per table in service or the lowest allowable temperature as
calculated for the individual parts. Design
Table 2: Material composition temperature for vessels under external pressure shall
Composition %, (Grade B) not exceed the maximum temperatures
Carbon, max 0.3
ASME Code, Section VIII, Division 1 vs. Division 2
Copper, max 0.4
ASME Code, Section VIII, Division 1 does not
Sulfur, max 0.035 explicitly consider the effects of combined stress.
Molybdenum, max 0.15 Neither does it give detailed methods on how stresses
Nickel, max 0.4 are combined. ASME Code, Section VIII, Division 2,
Vanadium. max 0.08 on the other hand, provides specific guidelines for
stresses, how they are combined, and allowable
stresses for categories of combined stresses. Division
Table3: Material Properties 2 is design by analysis whereas Division 1 is design
Structural by rules. Although stress analysis as utilized by
Young's Modulus 2.e+011 Pa Division 2 is beyond the scope of this text, the use of
Thermal Expansion 1.2e-005 1/C stress categories, Definitions of stress, and allowable
Tensile Yield Strength 2.5e+008 Pa stresses is applicable. Division 2 stress analysis
considers all stresses in a tri-axial state combined in
Compressive Yield Strength 2.5e+008 Pa accordance with the maximum shear stress theory.
Tensile Ultimate Strength 4.6e+008 Pa Division 1 and the procedures outlined in this book
Compressive Ultimate consider a biaxial state of stress combined in
0 Pa accordance with the maximum stress theory. Just as
Strength
one would not design a nuclear reactor to the Niles of
Thermal
Division 1, one would not design an air receiver by
Thermal Conductivity 60.5 W/mC the techniques of Division 2. Each has its place and
Specific Heat 434. J/kgC applications. The following discussion on categories
Electromagnetics of stress and allowable will utilize information from
Division 2, which can be applied in general to all
Relative Permeability 10000
vessels.
Resistivity 1.7e-007 Ohmm
Table 4: ASME Codes
Design pressure ASME SEC. VIII DIV.1/ For Pressure vessels
The pressure use in the design of a vessel is call IS: 2825
design pressure. It is recommended to design a vessel ASME SEC. VIII DIV.2 For Pressure vessels
and its parts for a higher pressure than the operating (Selectively for high
pressure. A design pressure higher than the operating pressure / high thickness
pressure with 10 percent, whichever is the greater, / critical service)
will satisfy the requirement. The pressure of the fluid ASME SEC. VIII DIV.2 For Storage Spheres
will also be considering. The maximum allowable ASME SEC. VIII DIV.3 For Pressure vessels
working pressure (MAWP) for a vessel is the (Selectively for high
permissible pressure at the top of the vessel in its pressure)
normal operating position at a specific temperature.
This pressure is based on calculations for every

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ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 4, ( Part -6) April 2015, pp. 32-38

Design of Pressure Vessel Wind Load:

The minimum thickness or maximum allowable Wind load can be estimated as
working pressure of cylindrical shells shall be the Pw1 = KP1H1Do
greater thickness or lesser pressure, the thickness This equation is valid for heights upto 20m. Beyond
equations are given below. 20m, the wind pressure is higher and hence for
Circumferential Stress (Longitudinal Joints) : heights above 20m.
Pw2 = KP2H2Do
Generally, P1 lies between 400 N/mm2 and
P2 may be upto 2000 N/m2.
Therefore, the bending moment due to wind at the
base will be
Pw1h1
(If H 20m ) Mw
2
P h h
(If H 20m ) M w w1 1 pW 2 h1 2
Fig.1: Circumferential Stress or Hoop Stress
2 2
Therefore, bending stress will be,
pd bw
Mw
t
2 t1 z
Longitudinal Stress (Circumferential Joints):
Design Calculation
Thickness of cylinder:
Pi Di
t CA
2 Pi
t = 1.066 mm
Elliptical Head:
1
W (2 k 2 )
6

Fig.2: Longitudinal stress K=

0.5d i

pd c
t K=2
4 t2 Generally, k = 2 ( however k should not be greater
Design of Shell due to Internal Pressure: than 2.6)
1
W (2 2 2 )
6
=1
Pi .d i .W
t
2. .J
t = 1.06mm
Wind load:
Pw1 = KP1HDo

Fig.3: Shell due to Internal Pressure = 626.38 N

Pw1h1
Mw
Pi Di 2
t = 755.41 N.m
2( ) Pi Therefore, Bending Stress will be,
Design of Elliptical Head: Mw
P .d .W 1 bw (as bw = 350 N/mm)
t i i W (2 k 2 ) z
2. .J 6
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ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 4, ( Part -6) April 2015, pp. 32-38

t 5.36 103 m
123 123
L 1834
3 3
= 1916 mm

III. ANALYSIS OF PRESSURE VESSEL

Structural Results

Table.5: Structural Supports

Name Fixed Support Shell
Material Structural Steel
Mass(kg) 109.69
Fig.5: "Total Deformation" Contours
Volume(m3) 1.410-2
Ellipsoidal Dish End
Type Fixed Surface
Reaction Force 1.7110-3 N Table.7: Model > Static Structural > Solution >
-3
[-1.7110 Nx, 1.1610 - Results
Reaction Force Vector 7
Ny, Maximu
Object Equivalent Total
3.6710-9 Nz m Shear
Name Stress Deformation
Stress
Reaction Moment 1.8110-5 Nm
State Solved
[1.8110-5 Nm x,
Reaction moment vector 3.1610-9 Nm y, Scope
1.0610-7 Nm z] Geometr
All Bodies
y
Table.6: Structural results Definition
Name Scope Min Max Equivalent Max
Total
Equivalent Type (Von-mises) Shear
Model 6
8.610 Pa 7
3.510 Pa Deformation
Stress Stress
Stress
Display
Maximum Solved Solved Solved
4.96106 1.87107 Time
Shear Model
Pa Pa Results
Stress
Total 4.2710-5 3.101e+006 1.613e+006
Model 0.0 m Min 0m
Deformation m Pa Pa
3.137e+007 1.696e+007 4.1032e-005
Max
Pa Pa m

Fig.6: Model > Static Structural > Solution >

Fig.4: "Equivalent Stress" Contours Equivalent Stress

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ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 4, ( Part -6) April 2015, pp. 32-38

Results
Min 4.7782 Pa 2.757 Pa 0m
6.4722e+007 4.4133e-
Max 3.5341e+007 Pa
Pa 004 m

Fig.7: Model > Static Structural > Solution >

Maximum Shear Stress

IV. FATIGUE ANALYSIS

Table.8: Model > Geometry > Parts
Object Name FATIGUEANALYSIS
Fig.8: Model > Static Structural > Solution > Fatigue
State Meshed Tool
Definition
Suppressed No
Material Structural Steel 2
Stiffness Behavior Flexible
Nonlinear Material
Yes
Effects
Bounding Box
Length X 0.762 m
Length Y 0.782 m
Length Z 2.08 m
Properties
Fig.9: Model > Static Structural > Solution > Fatigue
Volume 0.30847 m Tool
Mass 2421.5 kg
Centroid X -2.3696e-003 m
Centroid Y 2.1709e-003 m
Centroid Z -8.3295e-004 m
Moment of Inertia Ip1 522.75 kgm
Moment of Inertia Ip2 522.8 kgm
Moment of Inertia Ip3 80.459 kgm

Table.9: Model > Static Structural > Solution >

Results
Geometry All Bodies
Definition
Fig.10: Model > Static Structural > Solution >
Safety
Type Life Damage Fatigue Tool
Factor
Display
End Time
Time

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ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 4, ( Part -6) April 2015, pp. 32-38

WIND ANALYSIS

Fig.10: pressure distributation on face of vessel

Fig.11: Constant Amplitude Load

Fig.11: streamline and pressure representation

Solution Report
Fig.12: Strain Amplitude vs Reversals to Failures Table.12: Boundary Flows for wind analysis
Locati Mass Momentum
Table.11: Model > Static Structural > Solution >
on Flow X Y Z
Fatigue Tool > Result Charts
0.0000e -1.756 2.7605 -8.37
Rainflow Damage body
Object Name +00 1e+03 e+02 6e+01
Matrix Matrix
Free 0.0000e -1.495 0.0000 0.0000
State Solved walls +00 3e+02 e+00 e+00
Scope 1.7405e -5.181 -8.52 1.5579
inlet
+02 e-07 9e+03 e-06
Geometry All Bodies - 1.740 1.3129e 8.1929 -2.31
outlet
5e+02 +01 e+03 5e+00
Options
Pressur
Chart Viewing e 0.0000e -1.932 5.4447 8.5967
Three Dimensional
Style vessel +00 5e-02 e+01 e+01
Results Defalt
0.0000e 1.8922e 0.0000 0.0000
Minimum Range 0. Pa symp
+00 +03 e+00 e+00
Maximum Range 1.9246e+008 Pa
By interpolation we get: for 41 m/s of wind
Minimum Mean -3.2328e+008 Pa speed the wind pressure is 730 N/m2 and from the
Maximum Mean 6.1628e+007 Pa standard wind load table we compare the result which
is very accurate.
Definition
1.e+009 V. CONCLUSION
Design Life The paper has led to numerous conclusions.
cycles
However, major conclusions are as below:

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ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 4, ( Part -6) April 2015, pp. 32-38

- The design of pressure vessel is initialized with

the specification requirements in terms of
standard technical specifications along with
numerous requirements that lay hidden from the
market.
- The design of a pressure vessel is more of a
selection procedure, selection of its components
to be more precise rather designing each and
every component.
- The pressure vessel components are merely
selected, but the selection is very critical, a slight
change in selection will lead to a different
pressure vessel al- together from what is aimed to
be designed.
- It is observed that all the pressure vessel
components are selected on basis of available
ASME standards and the manufactures also
follow the ASME standards while manufacturing
the components. So that leaves the designer free
from designing the components. This aspect of
Design greatly reduces the Development Time
for a new pressure vessel.

REFERENCES
[1] BHPV manual on Multilayer Pressure
Vessels.
[2] Brownell and Young, "Process Equipment
Design" Chapter 7, Chapter 13, Chapter 14
and Chapter 15. Seely,
[3] F.B., and Smith, A.O., "Advanced Mechanics
of Materials" Wiley, Newyork, Chapter 10.
[4] John F.Henvey Pressure Vessel Design -
Nuclear and Chemical Applications" An
East-west Edition, Newyork, Chapter 5 and
Chapter 7.
[5] Henry H.Bednar Pressure Vessel Code
Book", Chapter 11.
[6] Jasper, T.M and Scudder, C.M AIChE
Transactions, PP885 -909.
[7] Fino, A.F., Economic Considerations for
High Pressure vessel Design" pp-101-104.
[8] Fratcher, G.E: New alloys for Multilayer
Vessels" Vol 33, No.11.
[9] Jasper, T.M and Scudder, C.M Multilayer
Construction of Thick-wall Pressure
Vessels" Volume 37.
[10] Jawad, Maan H., "Wrapping Stress and Its
Effect on strength of Concentrically Formed
Plywaals," Paper No72-PVP7.

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