Contents

Laterolog 8 ................................... 7-8

Dual Laterolog-R,, System ...................... 7-8
Delaware Effect ............................ 7-9
Groningen Effect ........................... 7-9
Scales ........................................ 7-10
Spherically Focused Log ........................ 7-10
Influence of Wellbore Variables and Log Corrections 7-l 1
Borehole Effect ............................ 7-I 1
Adjacent Bed Effect ........................ 7-l 1
Pseudogeometrical Factors ................... 7-l 1
Invasion Correction ......................... 7-12
Induction Logginoc.. ............................... 7-12
Principle ..................................... 7-12
Geometrical Factor ............................. 7-13
Focusing ..................................... 7-13
Deconvolution .................... ............ 7-13
Skin Effect ................................... 7-14
Equipment .................................... 7-14
Log Presentation and Scales ..................... 7-1s
Environmental Corrections Prior to Phasor Induction. 7-15
Borehole Correction ........................ 7-16
Surrounding Bed Correction .................. 7-16
Invasion Correction ......................... 7-16
High-Resistivity Formations .................. 7-16
Effect of Dipping Beds ...................... 7-16
Annulus .................................. 7-17
Salt Muds ................................. 7-18
Phasor Induction SFL Tool ...................... 7-18
Phasor Tool Description and Features ............. 7-18
Environmental Corrections ...................... 7-19
Shoulder Effect and Vertical Resolution ........ 7-20
Skin Effect ................................ 7-2 I
Borehole and Cave Effect. ................... 7-21
Large Boreholes ............................ 7-22
Invasion Corrections .............................................. 7-23
Contents

Interpretation in the Presence of Transition Zones .................. 7-25

Oil-Based Mud ............................................... 7-25
Phasor Case Studies .................................................. 7-26
Induction Versus Laterolog Measurements. ............................... 7-32
Microresistivity Devices .................................................. 7-33
Microlog ........................................................... 7-34
Principle.. ...................................................... 7-34
Interpretation .................................................... 7-34
Microlaterolog ....................................................... 7-34
Principle.. ...................................................... 7-34
Response ........................................................ 7-34
Proximity Log ....................................................... 7-35
Principle.. ...................................................... 7-35
Response ........................................................ 7-35
Vertical Resolution ............................................... 7-35
MicroSFL .......................................................... 7-35
Environmental Corrections ............................................ 7-36
Resistivity Interpretation .............................................. 7-36
Determination of 9, ................................................. 7-36
Resistivity Invasion Corrections ........................................ 7-36
Compensated Dual Resistivity .......................................... 7-37
References ............................................................. 7-39

8 Determination of Saturation . . , . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S- 1
Introduction .......................... .. . 8-1
Clean Formations. ..................... 8-1
Resistivity - Vs. - Porosity Crossplots . 8-l
Microresistivity-Vs.-Porosity Crossplots 8-3
R,,u Comparison ................... . 8-4
Logarithmic Overlays .................. 8-5
Log F-Log R,, Overlay ........... 8-5
R, Overlay and F Overlay ........... . . 8-5
Resistivity Ratio Methods ............... 8-6
Flushed Zone Method .............. . 8-7
Invaded Zone Method .............. . 8-7
Porosity Balance ................... . 8-7
Other Ratio Charts ................. 8-9
Contents

Invasion-Corrected Ratio Methods ...... .. 8-9

Rx, /R, Overlay ...................... 8-9
R,,iR, Quicklook .................... 8-10
F-MOP Movable Oil Plot ................. 8-12
Porosity and Gas Saturation in Empty Holes 8-12
Shaly Formations ........................ 8-13
Laminated Sand-Shale Simplified Model 8-14
Dispersed Shale Simplified Model ...... 8-15
Total Shale Relationship .............. 8-15
Saraband* and Coriband* Models .......... 8-16
Saraband Mode1 ..................... 8-16
Coriband Mode1 ..................... . 8-18
Dual Water Models ...................... 8-20
VOLAN* Mode1 ..................... 8-22
Cyberlook* Program ................. 8-24
GLOBAL* Method ...................... 8-26
References ............................. 8-30

9 Electromagnetic Propagation Logs ... .. ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-l

Introduction ..................... . 9-l
EPT Log ........................ . . 9-2
ADEPT: The Adaptable EPT Tool 9-3
Interpretation Methods ............ 9-4
CRIM Method. ............... . 9-5
CTA Mode1 .................. 9-5
tpt, Method. .................. 9-6
Endfire Array. ................... 9-7
Broadside Array .................. 9-8
Deep Propagation Tool (DPT) ...... . 9-8
Environmental Effects ......... 9-10
Interpretation Methods ............ 9-11
tpo Modified Method .......... . 9-11
Dual Water tpo Modified Method 9-12
The pn Versus Rj, Plot ........ 9-12
Dual Saturation Method ........ 9-13
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Tool Specifications and Limitations ......................................... 9- 15

References ............................................................. 9-16

10 Permeability and Productivity .......................... . . . . . . . 10-l

Permeability ............................................... .10-l
Irreducible Saturations ................................... . lO-2
The Transition Zone - Capillary Pressure Effects ............. . lO-2
Permeability From Resistivity Gradients .................... . lO-2
Permeability Estimates From 4 and S,(,, ..................... 10-3
Permeability and the Nuclear Magnetism Log. ............... . lO-5
Principle.. ......................................... 10-5
Applications/Interpretation ............................ 10-6
Effective and Relative Permeabilities ....................... 10-7
Water-Cut Prediction .................................... 10-7
Permeability From Geochemically Derived Mineral Abundances 10-7
Permeability From the Formation Tester Tools. .............. . lO-8
Drawdown Analysis ................................. . lO-9
Pressure Buildup Analysis ............................ IO-10
Productivity ............................................... .lO-12
The Producibility Log ................................... .lO-13
References ................................................ .lO-14

11 Wellbore Seismic .......................... . . . . . . . . . . . 11-l

Well Seismic Equipment ......................... . 11-l
Digital Check-Shot Survey ....................... 11-3
Time-to-Depth Conversion and Velocity Profile 11-3
Geogram Processing ............................ 11-4
Vertical Seismic Profile ......................... 11-5
VSP Processing. ............................ 11-8
Offset Vertical Seismic Profile ................ 1 l-8
Walkaway Surveys .......................... 11-8
DSA Tool for VSP Acquisition ................... 11-13
Primary Uses of the VSP Summary ............... 1l-14
Proximity Survey Interpretation ................... 11-14
References .................................... 11-14
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12 Geologic Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12- 1

Introduction ........................... 12-1
Correlation ............................ 12-l
Stratigraphic Information From the Dipmeter 12-6
HDT Dipmeter Tool. ................ 12-8
Dual Dipmeter Tool ................. 12-9
Wellsite Processing. ................. 12-13
Dipmeter Advisor* Program .......... . 12-13
Formation MicroScanner* Service ..... .. 12-14
Electrofacies Identification ............... 12-14
Faciolog Computation ............... 12-15
Geocolumn Display ................. 12-16
Reservoir Description Services. ........... 12-19
Missing Data. ...................... 12-19
Estimation of Permeability. ........... 12-20
Lumping .......................... 12-21
Gridding and Mapping ............... 12-22
References ............................ 12-23

13 Mechanical Properties of Rocks . . . . _ .. ........... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13-l

Natural Fractures .................................................... 13-l
Fracture Detection ............................................... 13-l
Sonic Measurements .......................................... 13-l
Caliper Measurements. ........................................ 13-3
Density Measurements ........................................ 13-4
Resistivity Measurements ...................................... 13-5
Photoelectric Absorption Measurements .......................... 13-5
Dipmeter Measurements ....................................... 13-5
Borehole Televiewer Tool ..................................... 13-6
Formation MicroScanner* Tool ................................. 13-6
Other Measurements .......................................... 13-6
Conclusion ...................................................... 13-7
Elastic Constants .................................................... 13-7
Inherent Strength Computations and Their Relationship to Formation Collapse 13-8
Stresses Around a Producing Cavity. ................................ 13-8
Solution to the Collapse Problem ................................ 13-9
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Griffith Failure Criterion ................... .13-9

Mohr-Coulomb Failure Criterion ............ .13-10
Stress Analysis in Relation to Hydraulic Fracturing 13-l 1
Calibration with Mini-Frac Data ............. .13-12
Fracture Pressure Computations ............. .13-13
Hydraulic Fracture Geometry Analysis ........... .13-13
Fracture Height, .......................... .13-14
The FracHite* Program .................... .13-15
Fracture Propagation Azimuth. .............. .13-15
References .................................. .13-19

Note: A companion book Cased Hole Log Interpretation Principles/Applications-1989, provides similar
information for cased hole services. Throughout this document references are made to charts, nomo-
grams, and tables necessary for quantitative interpretation of data from our various logging tools. Refer
to the Schlumberger Log Znqvretution Chart--1989 book for the most up-to-date version of these charts.