COAST

ARTILLERY
JOU AL
....
I Ij
j
I

THE PRESIDENT REVIEWING THE TROOPS OF THE

HAWAIIAN DEPARTMENT

I SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER, 1934 1
• •

Gunners' Instruction
THE COASTARTILLERYJOURNALannounces that it has issued a complete series of new and
thoroughly up-to-date GUNNERS' INSTRUCTION PAMPHLETS for all branches of the
Coast Artillery, covering the requirements for qualification as set forth in Training Regula-
tions 435-310 (Examination for Gunners).

NUMBER GUNNERS' INSTRUCTION PAMPHLETS PRICE

1. 2nd Class Gunner, Antiaircraft Artillery (Except Searchlight Btry.) $0.75

II. 2nd Class Gunner, Antiaircraft Artillery (Searchlight Btry.) 0.50
III. 1st Class Gunner, Antiaircraft Artillery (Except Searchlight Btry.) 0.65
IV. 1st Class Gunner, Antiaircraft Artillery (Searchlight Btry.) 0.40
V. 2nd Class Gunner, Fixed Seacoast Artillery (All Units) 0.55
VI. 1st Class Gunner, Fixed Seacoast Artillery (All Units) 0.50
VII. 2nd Class Gunner, Mobile Seacoast Artillery (All Tractor-Drawn and
Railway Units) .. 0.75
VIII. 1st Class Gunner, Mobile Seacoast Artillery (All Tractor-Drawn and
Railway Units) .. 0.75
IX. Expert Gunner, Antiaircraft Artillery 1.25
X. Expert Gunner, Fixed Artillery 1.00
XI. Expert Gunner, Mobile Seacoast Artillery 1.25
XII. Submarine Mining 1.50

All Pamphlets are now available. They cover the instruction of all 2nd Class, 1st
Class, and Expert Gunners of Antiaircraft, Fixed and 1\1obileArtillery.

These pamphlets are invaluable for the training and instruction of Coast Artillery
personneL Each enlisted man of a submarine mine detachment should
have a copy of "Submarine Mining"

The above prices are retail (postpaid) for single copies. On orders for 10 or more
copies we allow a discount of 10% (postpaid).

To ORGANIZATIONS of the military establtshment a discount of 20% will be allowed on

a/ty order regardless of number. F.OB. Washington, D. C.

The Coast Artillery Journal

1115 17th St.~N. w. WashiDgtoD~D. £.

• -a
THIS IS NOT A PAlO ADVERTISEMENT
THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL
Member Affiliated Military Magazines
Published as the Journal of the U. S. Artillery from 1892 to 1922
LIEUT. COL. E. E. BENNETT, C.A.C., Editor

VOLUME LXXVII SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER, 1934 NUMBER V

Publieation Date: Oetober 1, 1934

Contents
Trophies 322 Coast Artillery Activities 367
Hawaiian Separate C. A. Brigade News Letter-
Frontispiei:e 326 Panama Canal Department News Letter - Fort
Monroe News Letter - Corregidor Doings.
The EimglishAttack on Zeebrugge , 327
By Captain Karl Sehultz. News and Comment 376
The Coast Artillery Song - The Blue Ribbon
Bombardment Aviation and Its Relation to AA Defense ... 333
Winner - What One OffioorThinks of Small Arll1&
By Major H. A. Dargue.
Firing - Try This - 'rhe Coast Artillery Gooo to
Jungle Warfare (Part III) 337 School.
By Ingram Cary. The Foreign Military Press 379
Public Speaking 347 Reviewed by Major A. L. P. Johnson.
By Colonel William H. Waldron. Coast Artillery Board Notes 383
Crash on Artillery! 348 386
A Dl:0teon Safety Pointing Checking
By J. F. Hewett and A. H. Osborn.
By Captain J. T. Campbell.
Promotion Thesis 352
National Guard Notes 387
By Mary S. Engelhart. Annual Training Period at Ft. Ontario - Field
Traini,ng of the 245th C.A.- Field Training of
Promotion is in the Air 353
the 265th C.A.-Notes on 249th C.A. Camp
Why the Answer is No! 356 Aetivities - National Guard Publieity.
By Lieutenants M. J. MeKinney and Burgo D. Gill.
Reserve Notes 391
The .45 Automatic Pistol , 357 C. & G. S. Course Opaned to Reserved Offieers---
By Major Harry R. Pieree. CMTC Blue Course Graduates-Los -Angeles
Field Exereises-Doings of the 621st C.A.-
Tb; Corregidor Nail Picker ., 361 519th C.A. Brings Down Target.
By Lieutenant G. H. Stubbs.
Coast Artillery Orders 395
The Collapse of the Old Russian Army 363
By A. M. Nikolaieff. Book Reviews 398

THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL IS NOT RESPONSIBLE FOR OPINIONS EXPRESSED IN PUBLISHED CONTRIBUTIONS

THE COASTARTILLERY JOURNAL pays for original articles upon publication.

Published bi-monthly under the supervision of the United States Coast Artillery Association for the information of the Coast
Artillery personnel of the Regular Army, National Guard and Organized Reserve.
Publication Offices, 1406 East Franklin Street, Richmond, Virginia; Editorial Offices, 1115 17th Street, N.W., Washington, D. C.
Terms: $4.00 per year. (Coast Artillery Association members, $3.00 per year.) Single copies, 75 cents.
Entered as second class matter at Richmond, Virginia, under the Act of March 3, 1879, for mailing at special rate of postage
provided for in Section 412, Act of October 3, 1917.
Copyright, 1934 by the United States Coast Artillery Association.
 iHE UNITED STATES COAST ARTILLERY ASSOCIATION

TROPHY WINNERS A

.~~

REGULAR ARMY NATIONAL GUARD ORGANIZED RESERVES

YEAR ORGANIZA1JON COMHANOING
LOCATION ORGANIZATION COHHANIlING LOCATION ORGANIZATION COHHAtlJING LOCATION
AND ARHAMENT OFFICER ARMAl'£NT OFFICER OffiCER
1932 l'5thCAlH CoLH.B.Grant tl.Kammameha Co\.JJCollin~ Pro\idenre,RI. 955th CoI.JR.&.'Citzcr DullIth~linn.
193J '1st c.AITDl a.RP.Gla~ ft~ {OOl'oe Lt.eol CHIl'win PortlllnclOl'c. '529thc.. iColH'VHa"iiin~ PortlnnclOre.
1934 507thCN\A) LlCoUIE.Pdde Dc, Noinc .. lll

The Hall of Faille to Date.

TROPHIES
ASSOCIAnON TROPHY AWARDEDTO THE

I
T
seems to us that the life of an Editor is, to paraphrase
a well known quotation, "just one trophy after 507TH C.A. (AA)
another." Almost each issue of the JOURNAL con- To the 507th C.A. (AA) goes the signal honor of be-
tains an announcement of an award of some kind. We are ing the winner of the trophy awarded to a reserve regi-
not complaining. This is as it should be and we are glad ment. This regiment hails from the great open spaces of
of the opportunity to announce to the world at large and the middle west now suffering from an unprecedented
to make of permanent record so that future generations drought. This calamity has not dried up the ardor, ini-
may have an example of meritorious performance and tiative and energy of the Reserve officers who make up its
know what reserve officers have accomplished. Perhaps membership. Perhaps the absence of moisture in the at-
50 years from now some dot~ng grandfather can conjure up mosphere accentuated their thirst for knowledge. Whether
stories for his grandchildren as to how he won his spurs or not this be true we will leave to others to conjecture,
(and his sabre) in the hard fought battles of Cemetery while we will stick to facts which can be substantiated
Ridge by the light of a flickering lamp. from the reports submitted by the responsible authorities.
Perhaps our readers are well aware that we award annu- The personnel of the regiment consists of 25 Reserve
ally three regimental trophies, and in addition a special officers, scattered throughout the States of Iowa, Colorado,
trophy for individual accomplishment. The question has and Minnesota. This condition makes the accomplish-
been raised, "why all these trophies?" In answer we will ment all the more noteworthy for the reason that it is
state that they are all necessary and play an important part impossible to assemble the personnel for conferences or
in stimulating interest, developing friendly competition to develop that interest and inspiration which comes from
and building morale. Recently it has been proposed that personal contact. Neither the regimental commander n~r
the number of trophies be increased. It is ~ifficult to devise the unit instructor have an opportunity to exercise thelt
any additional basis of award that will be fair to all; also, inAuence except through correspondence. This naturally
multiplying trophies beyond a certain number would tend is detached and impersonal, hence we venture the assump-
to cheapen them in the eyes of recipients; therefore it is tion that the will to work and the determination to suc-
probably advisable to adhere to the trophies now au- ceed spring from within a~d are not the result of external
thorized until there has been demonstrated the necessity pressure.
for making a change The regimental commander is Lieutenant Colonel
This time it is our pleasure to announce the award of Harold E. Pride, whose address is Iowa State College,
two trophies, or more properly speaking, of a trophy Ames, Iowa, while the headquarters of the regiment is in
awarded to the reserve regiment for accumulating the Des Moines. For the past several years the unit has. b~en
greatest average number of credit hours during the last under the able tutelage of Captain Thomas R. PhIllips,
fiscal year and the individual trophy awarded to a Coast C.A.C. It will be recalled that this regiment was the
Artillery Reserve officer in each corps area. We will com- runner-up in the competition last year and was nosed out
ment upon these separately. of first place only because of the assignment of three en-
1934 TROPHIES 323
listedreservists, which fact had not been reported to either crease without reference to any other figures would be
the regimental commander or the unit instructor, conse- conside:ed a v~ry creditable performance, and would put
quently they contributed nothing to the number of com- the regtment 10 fourth place among all Coast Artillery
pleted sub-courses while their assignment figuted in the units. In announcing the award last year we ventured the
strength of the regiment. opinion that it would be a long time before the record
To stand second in the entire United States one year established then would be equalled or exceeded. Our
and first the following year is an unusual accomplishment. guess was wrong; for this we have no apology. Having
It immediately dispels any idea that the trophy was won no clairvoyant powers we could not anticipate that Col-
becauseof a spurt at the finish or because of what might onel Pride and his band of stalwart extension school shock
be termed chicanery by transferring from a particular unit troops could defeat the enemy sodecisively and capture the
all those except the most active and interested. This then heights hitherto considered impregnable. We reckoned
is clearly an effort sustained over a period of at least two without knowledge of the indomitable spirit, the persever-
years,and we believe that like a mass moving down grade ance and the will to win of this group of officers.We salute
it will gain momentum as it goes. them with the profound respect to which their record of
In computing the average number of credit hours the accomplishment entitles them. Undaunted by one bad
strength of all units as of December 31, 1933, was used as gtless we will hazard the opinion that the 507th has this
a factor. As previously explained, some date had to be time hung up a record which even it cannot equal or ex-
adopted, and the end of the calendar year is believed to ceed and. which will not be closely approached by any
be the fairest to all concerned for the reason that at this other regiment. We hope we are wrong again-time will
time of year the fewest changes normally take place tell.
among reserve personnel; also, newly assigned officers It is especially worthy of note that second, third, fourth
have had an opportuniry to gain an idea as to what is and fifth honors in that order go to organizations in the
expectedand required of them. IX Corps Area, mostly in the great State of California.
The trophy to be awarded to the 507th will be a replica To again paraphrase a familiar quotation "We wonder
of that awarded in previous years except for a change in upon what meat these soldiers feed that they have grown
regimental designation. Suitable presentation ceremonies so great." It must be the invigorating climate of Cali-
willbe worked out as soon as possible. fornia; aided and abetted by a certain amount of pressure
From the tabulation appearing below it will be noted and persuasion applied where it will do the most good by
that the 507th accumulated 3,399 credit hours, an aver- the regimental commanders and the unit instructors. The
ageof 135'96 hours per individual. Compared to this, the regiments are the 976th c.A. (AA) , 519th c.A. (AA),
recordfor the previous year was 80.27 hours, or an increase 57th R.A. (inactive), and the 509th c.A. (AA). The
of55'~ hours per member during the past year. This in- total and average number of credit hours, together with

STANDING
OFREGIMENTS
Corps Total No. of Average No.
Regt. Area Strength Credit Hours of Hours Regt. Commander Executive
5°7 VII 25 3,399 135.96 Lt. Co!. H. E. Pride Capt. T. R. Phillips
2
976 IX 35 3,171 90.60 Lt. Co!. G. W. Fisher Col. M. S. Crissy
3 519 IX 57 3>466 60.81 Lt. Co!. D. K. Smyth Maj. E. P. Noyes
4 57 IX 35 1,883 53.80 Maj. W. W. Breite Lt. Co!. R. H. Fenner
5 509 IX 36 1,918 53.28 Col. W. S. Pollitz Maj. W. K. Richards
-6 II 1,672 45.19 Col. F. R. Stoddard Lt. Col. W. M. Colvin
533 37
7 514 II 71 3,182 44.82 Maj. N. E. Deveraux Maj. J. C. Haw

STANDING
OFCORPSAREA
(Considering only CA. Res.)
Average No. of Average No. of
Average Strength Total No. of Credit Hours CreditHours
CA. No. of Unit of Unit Credit Hours Per Unit Per Individual
1 IX 15 44.27 25,153 1,676.86 37.88
2 II 13 48.~ 20,184 1,553.61 31.88
3 VIII 5 42.00 4,7°5 941.00 22.45
4 VII 8 87.87 15,427 1,928'37 21.94
5 I 14 55.42 14,243 1,017.35 18'35
6 VI 7 49.00 5,933 847.57 17,3°
7 III II 79.18 14,460 1,314.54 16.60
8 V 8 45.37 4,461 557.62 12.29
9 IV 10 90.20 9,137 913,7° ro.13
324 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL September-October
the names of the regimental commanders and unit in- Lt. Col. H. E. Pride
structors, appear in the accompanying tabulation. We Iowa State College
congratulate and salute all of these We are sorry that Ames, Iowa.
the rules of the game prevent us from awarding a trophy (Through Commanding General VII Corps Area,
Omaha, Neb.)
to each. We hope that they will have a battle royal for
My dear Colonel Pride:
first place next year and may the best man win.
I take great pleasure in informing you that the Executive
The tabulations will be of interest to all Reserve per- Council of the United States Coast Artillery Association
sonnel. It is regretted that space does not permit us to has designated the 507th C.A. (AA) as the winner of the
make the tables more complete. An analysis of these trophy awarded for outstanding performance during the
figures will prove illuminating, and we are constrained traming year ending June 30,.1934.
to wonder if some means can be devised by which The official report shows that during the past training
year the personnel of the 507th c.A. (AA) accumulated
the award of the trophy for the year 1935 will be made 3,399 credit hours by means of completed extension school
to a regiment in the eastern part of the United States. sub-courses. The strength of the regiment as of December
Perhaps we are thinking of the shipping charges. We 31, 1933, was 25, therefore, the average number of credit
hope for a reduction in this item of expense but we fear hours per individual is 135.96. This I consider a remark-
the worst. able accomplishment, one that never has been closely ap-
proached by any Coast Artillery organization, and I doubt
FIRST THREE COAST ARTILLERY REGIMENTS if it ever has been equalled or exceeded by any organiza-
IN EACH CORPS AREA tion. I desire to extend to you and through you to all the
Total Average Hours
personnel of your regiment, my personal congratulations
Regiment Strength Credit Hours
and the felicitations of the Association on this enviable
Per Member
record.
FIllST CORPS AREA
903 73 It is recalled that your regiment stood number two among
3,216 44.05
901 34 757 22.26 all the Coast Artillery organizations for the year ending
543 112 2,441 21.79 June 30, 1933. During that year the average for the regi-
ment was 80.27, therefore it is evident that the 507th CA.
SECOND CORPS AREA
has put forth a sustained effort with an average of 107.11
533 37 1,672 45.19 credit hours per individual over a period of two years.
514 71 3.182 44.82
513 53 2,155 40.66 I cannot too strongly voice my approbation of this ex-
cellent manifestation of interest, zeal and patriotism of
THIRD CORPS AREA which the members of your regiment, under your leader-
508 116 3,488 30.07 ship, has given positive proof. You have established a
510 62 1,535 24.74 mark which will be difficult for others to equal; I hope it
523 91 1,848 20.31
will prove an incentive for others to emulate.
FOURTH CORPS AREA The Secretary of the Association has been instructed to
524 124 1,911 15.41 place an order for the fabrication of the trophy. In the near
922 62 719 11.60 future plans will be formulated for suitable presentation
545 145 1,675 11.55 ceremonies.
FIFTH CORPS AREA Sincerely yours,
932 19 593 31.21 (Sgd.) W. F. RASE,
535 43 783 18.21 Major General,
933 25 440 17.60 President.

SIXTH CORPS AREA The Trophy for Individual Accomplishment

945 67 1,456 21.73
526
532
53
34
1,052
657
19.85
19.32 T HE first
based award
on the workof accomplished
this trophy was made
during the last. J:ear
tralll!ng
SEVENTH CORPS AREA year ending June 30, 1933, The trophy was made poSSIble
507 25 3,399 135.96 because of a donation by a former Coast Artillery Resen:e
955 98 3,349 34.17
960 92 1,890 20.54 officer to be set up as an endowment; the pr?c~eds .of this
is to be used by the Coast Artillery ASSOCIatIOnm .any
EIGHTH CORPS AREA
manner deemed appropriate. After giving this serIOUS
973 29 1,021 35.21 consideration the Council decided to award annually a
969 35 965 27.57
972 47 1,171 24.91 suitable prize to the Coast Artillery Reserve officer in eac~
NINTH CORPS AREA corps area who accumulates the greatest number of credIt
976 35 3,171 90.60 hours by means of extension school work during the pre-
519 57 3,466 60.81
57 35 1,883 53.80 ceding year. I
The award created considerable interest and we fee
In making the announcement of this award the Presi- sure that it has been the cause of stimulating activity on
dent of the United States Coast Artillery Association, the part of a very large number of officers. This is borne
Major General William F. Hase, addressed the following out by the fact that the records established this year. are
letter to Lieutenant Colonel H. E. Pride, the regimental
uniformly in excess of the records established in pr~o~
commander: years. For example, the highest score this year 15 8,...
1934 TROPHIES 325
credit hours as compared to 61I last year. Increase of heard so much of it that they also are familiar with the
hours in the case of the red ribbon winner is no less names, ridges and streams and they are anxiously looking
marked, being 654 hours as compared to 514 last year. On forward to seeing them."
this basis the award has amply justified itself and we hope The foIIowing tabulation speaks for itself. Anything
that it will continue to stimulate friendly competition the Editor might write will neither add to, not detract
among all Reserve officers. from the cold figures. While there is a considerable dif-
Some of the replies received from the winners may be ference in the number of credit hours earned by the win.
of interest. For example, one of them stated as follows: ners, all are deserving of unstinted praise and commenda-
"To be surprised is never justifiable in war but to be tion for their ~nergy and perseverance.
pleasantly surprised and delighted is justifiable when The In making the award the President of the Coast Artil-
United States Coast Artillery Association awards you a lery Association, Major General William F. Hase, has
trophy.... It is a privilege to study extension courses. addressed the following letter to each recipient: "On be-
When I think of the vast-almost incredible-amount of half of the U. S. Coast Artillery Association it gives me
work which army officers have done to improve fire con- great pleasure to inform you that you have been desig-
trol and position finding methods since the days of nated the winner of the sabre awarded by the Association
smoothbores; when I realize that the doctrines taught are to the Coast Artillery Reserve officer in each corps area
not mere theories but are the collective results of actual
who accumulated the greatest number of credit hours
wartime experience of the hundreds of officerswho have
during the past fiscal year by means of extension school
defended this nation since its birth, I begin to have a new
work. The sabre with your name etched on the blade i~
respect for their painfully acquired information which is
being forwarded to you by express. For your fine record
offeredto me without cost by the extension courses. By
of accomplishment I desire to extend my personal con-
encouraging officers to benefit from the privilege of ex-
gratulations and the felicitations of the entire Coast Artil-
tension course study, the United States Coast Artillery
lery Association. In winning this trophy you have fully
Associationis not only rendering a service to the extension
demonstrated your interest in your avocation and your
schoolsbut also to the officersthemselves."
high sense of duty to the Government which has honored
Another officercommented as foIIows:
you with a commission. The fact that you have given so
"In doing this work it was not all for the glory in it
unstintingly of your time to better prepare yourself for
for I am anxious at all times to try to further my knowl~
the duties which will devolve upon you, if and when the
edge along military lines, especially those of my par-
Government finds it necessary to call you into active serv-
ticular branch. I am very proud to have won the trophy
ice, is conclusive evidence of your high ideals and loyalty
-more so than I can express."
to the Coast Artillery Corps. It marks you as an out-
A third officer stated:
standing Reserve officer. It is my hope that you will con-
"There are two side lights on the work I did to earn this
tinue to be actuated by the same lofty motives and that
award that would perhaps interest you. To begin with,
your interest in Coast Artill~ry materiel and techniq~le
overthree hundred hours were done under conditions ap-
will continue and increase. I hope your example wIll
proaching those of real warfare, except that in place of a
point the way for others to foIIow and that it wiII react
dugout I had a little office down in a mine, and in place
to the benefit of the entire reserve corps.
ofH.E. shells, the explosives we use in mining operations
furnished the war effect. The other is that I have planned Sincerely,
a trip with my family this fall, and hope to spend several (Sgd.) W. F. HASE,
daysin the vicinity of Gettysburg, where the locations of . Major General,
the problems in the extension course of the C. & G. S. President. "
Schoolwere centered. I feel as though I were a native of See "News and Comment" for sketch of high scorer in individual
that part of the country . My wife and youngster have competition, page 377.

II) U)

g ,b ~
Corps Organ- ~ ::ll;!
Area Name Grade ization Address j r.n (5
First T oivo T. Kauppinen 2nd Lieut. 9°3d 163 Washington St., Gardner, Mass. 259 32 654
Second George W. Johnston Colonel 6I9th 7721 Ridge Blvd., Brooklyn, N. Y. 47 6 500
Third Clark R. Nickerson Captain 9 16th c/o Sears Roebuck & Co., Auburn, N. Y. 156 18 367
fourth Frank S. Harris 2nd Lieut. 13th 3927 Clairmont Ave., Birmingham, Ala. 80 II 233
Fifth Harold C. Graham 2nd Lieut. 5IIth 244 Norwood Ave., Youngstown, Ohio 61 9 180
Sixth HalP. Crane Captain 532d Lock Box 177, Utica, Ill. 42 5 364
Seventh Vernon S. Okerlund 2nd Lieut. 955th R. R. No 3, Fergus Falls, Minn. 144 18 338
Eighth Lewis O. Vogelsang Captain g&)th 2002 W. Huisache St., San Antonio, Texas 62 9 187
Ninth GwynP. Rees 1st Lieut. 6th Ft. Winfield Scott, California 325 49 858
 -\
1
tt
 The English Attack on Zeebrugge
EDITOR'S NOTE: This article was translated by Captain W. It shuts in the harbor and locks of Zeebriigge and protects
D Hohenthal) C.A.C.) who obtained it through Commander them on the north and west from the storms of the sea.
D~genhardt of the German Cruiser Kalsruhe. Comma!lder
This Mole was occupied in September, 1914, by our
Degenhardt took part in the.action ~t ~eebriigg~ and while at
Fort M011foe gave a graphic descr!ptton ~f this NatJy-Coast Marine Corps troops. The harbor is connected by means
Artillery classic. The JOURNALhas pub!!shed a number of of a canal with Briigge, which at the time was the prin-
tides on this subject-most of them wntten from the naval cipallying-in-harbor of the German sea fighters and also
:~ewpoint. It is believed that this article is the first written the General Headquarters of the Marine Corps. A wider
from the Coast Artillery side. canalled from Briigge to Ostend. After the Ostend canal
By CAPTAINKARLSCHULTZ,German Navy (Retired) had been made available .by damming up the water to
sufficient depth for torpedo boat destroyers and subma-
N the morning ~~April ~3' 19.18,after th~ ni~ht

O attack on Zeebrugge, H1SMaJesty the Kalser m-

spected the Mole of ~eebriigge. The captured
Captain P-- of the.Royal. L1ght Infantry was bro~ght
rines, this somewhat shallower canal was made use of by
German ships whenever the naval situation required. It
was able to accommodate the entire commerce with Os-
tend. Thus Briigge had two entirely independent tactical
beforehim. When Hls MaJesty remarked on the fall~lre exits to the harbor.
ofthe enterprise, this officeranswered, "I took a sportmg For the immediate protection of the harbor of Zee-
chancebut the fortunes of war were against me." . !his briigge a battery of six 88 mm. naval guns was installed
answeris typical of the English idea. o~war and m1htary on the outer end of the Mole, close to the lighthouse.
education, and it was also charactenst1c of the plan and Four of these guns were replaced in 1916 by three 105
theexecution of that assault.. mm. naval guns. Somewhat in rear of this Mole battery
1 place our old Prussian discipline, coupled w1t~ a stood two 37 mm. antiaircraft machine guns. West of the
strongsense of duty, military reputatio~, .loyalty to ~mg bas.eof the Mole was Battery Wiirtemberg, with four 105
andlove of Fatherland as well as the Spltlt of aggresslOn, mm. naval guns, and somewhat east of the canal entrance,
bred through the generations, at a much higher value was Battery Friedrichsort, with four 170 mm. naval guns.
than dressed up sport. But eve~.so, I a~ ~on,:ince.dthat Both of these batteries were emplaced as land batteries.
ahealthy mixture of sport i~ m~h~arytra1m.ng1Snot only During the long years of the war the Mole Battery was
of the highest value to the md1v14ual sol~ler but also to
under the command of Captain-Lieutenant M. A. Schutte
theefficiencyof the military ma~hme. Amon!? troops the of the reserve. Due to his long continued service on the
sporting spirit indicates aggress1ve ~en. and m the final
Mole, and his unruffled calm and friendliness throughout
consideration, the spirit of aggress10n 1Sthe soul of all
that entire period, he remains in the fond memory of all
militarysuccess, great or small. visitors to the Mole and fighters in Flanders as "The Pope
The attack on the Mole and harbor of Zeebriigge,
of the Mole." .
whichwas carried out in a gallant and cold-blooded mari-
For three and a half years "The Pope of the Mole" and
nerby a picked group of men, was, without do~~t, a pure members of his battery had remained. out there on the
exampleof the sporting idea. It is true that mlhtary suc-
Mole, through summ~r and winter, cold and heat, storm
cesS was denied them. Their plans were frustrated. by the
and rain, keeping watch, drilling and firing targe~ prac-
irondiscipline and calm determination of our brave Mole
tice, their routine interrupted now and then by the lllspec-
defenders. tions and visits of higher and lower commanders. A close
The dressing up of this ill-advised a~tack as a victorious
friendship bound the Mole Battery with all submarine
event served not only as an explanatlOn ?f th~. ~nusual crews that visited in the harbor of Zeebriigge. Enemy
high losses incurred, but also as ~ mean: ?~ qU1etmg the planes and monitors had sent to the ba~tery their iron
English people over the submanne act1vlt1es along the
greetings and many comrades had been killed. The fight
nearby Flanders coast. It also raised the -,?orale of the
was always a one-sided affair. The enemy remained be-
idle fleet in Scapa Flow, the fleet from wh1c~ volunteers
yond reach of the small caliber guns of the Mole Battery.
forthe attack had been taken. All exaggeratlOns of per-
At last after three and a half years. "Der Tag," or more
formancescan be readily understood in war. In war time,
accurately. "Die Nacht," came for the .Mole Battery.
propagandaserves both political and military purposes.
Since the night bomba,rdment of Ostend on the 11th
The following lines are dedicated to the memory of the
brave defenders of the Mole of Zeebriigge whose deeds and 12th of April, during which a plan for attack on the
have always been overshadowed by the various British coast had been found in a captured English. motor boat,
legends. the suspense felt by all had resulted in the order for greater
watchfulness throughout the entire coast defense. ~he
defeat of the English on the land front, recent Enghsh
THE ATTACKOFTHEMOLE naval demonstrations along the coast, and reports that the
The Mole of Zeebriigge extends in an easy curve from English intended landing operations, pointed to an early
the Hat coast of Flanders, eastward into the North Sea. attack.
328 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL September-October
On the night of April 22-23 there was a light land second of time!' 'Blow her to bits!'" One cannot blame
breeze. High water was expected at 45 minutes after those gunners. To use a war time expression, "They had
midnight. This was a favorable time for an attack. Con- their wind up, "-and in another place he said, "In about
sidering these circumstances, such an attack or attempt to five minutes we had reached the Mole, but not before the
blockade the harbor could not be a surprise to us; the ship had suffered a great amount of damage to both ma-
method of execution only remained in doubt. The alarm teriel and personnel." The personnel loss was very heavy.
gun was prepared, posts at the batteries were manned, A greater part of the storm troops and narurally their
and everything put in readiness for combat. The crews commanding officers had come on deck ready to land.
were given to understand that shortly after midnight the Both Colonel Elliot, who commanded the Royal Ma-
first motor sounds would be heard from the sea. In the rines, and Captain (Navy) Halahan, who commanded
light of star shells that were fired no vessel could be seen, the naval contingent, fell as did also a great number of
but on the other hand a smoke cloud was observed ap- officers and men. In addition to this, twelve of the four-
proaching slowly from the sea. It was recognized as an teen landing stages, which had been specially built on the
artificial smoke and soon enveloped the whole Mole and cruiser for landing on the Mole, were shot down. As a
harbor. result, the rapid disembarkation of the four companies of
With the alarm of the battery, the signal "Protect the Royal Marines, 750 men, and the Naval Landing Corps
Mole" was given to the other harbor batteries, and im- and demolition troops of 500 men, so vitally important
mediately afterwards the whole coast was warned. By this for successful assault, was renderd impossible.
time the firing of the Ostend Batteries from land and After the Vindictive had passed the battery running
sea had bugun. Soon thereafter the first heavy shell eastward, she came into the dead angle of the battery
bursts were observed in the neighborhood of Zeebriigge caused by the curving form of the Mole, and was then
harbor. This long range firing by the two monitors lost sight of in the smoke. The two 37 mm. machine
Erebus and Terror was shifted after the first few shots to guns of the antiaircraft battery, under command of Chief
the neighborhood in rear of the locks, "Heyst" and "Dun- Gunner's Mate Scheidt, had fired upon the Vindictive as
bergen," where during the entire duration of the firing she passed, and now were able to continue this fire on that
from 1:00 a. m. to 2:45 a. m., it fell wide o~all targets of part of the cruiser projecting above the Mole. They
military value. It apparently was intended to silence the brought the cruiser's high btidge and fighting top, both
seacoast battery east of Zeebriigge. The shells passed over of which were firing upon the Mole with machine guns
this battery and fell a safe distance in rear of it. After the of heavy and light caliber, under fire until these were
alarm the light seacoast batteries had laid an illuminating finally silenced.
girdle (star-shells), in front of the coast and especially in With the help of the two tugs Iris and Daffodil, on
front of the harbor of Zeebriigge. But the artificial smoke which a part of the storm troops had been embarked, the
aided by the condition of the atmosphere was so dense Vindictive made the outside of the Mole around 1:00
that only seldom were targets seen that could be brought a. m. She came alon\?;sidejust west of the observation sta-
under the direct fire of the seacoast batteries. These bat- tion of Battery Fried~ichsort fighting a strong tide. The
teries, during the continuation of the attack, were useful tug Iris then attempted to tie up to the Mole somewhat
principally in barrier and starshell firing, while the heavy west of the Vindictive. A number of men from this ship
Batteries, Kaiser Wilhelm It Schleswig Holstein and jumped on the Mole in an effort to make her fast, but
Freya fired upon the two monitors with data supplied by were shot down by the harbor company, and so the
the sound ranging section until these vessels ceased their steamer drifted away. Lieutenant M. A. Zimmerman of
ineffecrual fire. the reserve, who had been ord«red to the observation sta-
As the motor boat sounds from the sea became stronger, tion of Battery Friedrichsort, sent his observations to that
the Mole Battery scattered six salvos into the fog. Sud- battery by telephone. He also informed the gunbo~t
denly at 12:50 a. m., a small cruiser of about 20 hm. Westphal, the Mole Battery, and the destroyers lying.III
rating came into view through the smoke. Lighted to the the harbor, of the progress of the disembarkation whICh
brightness of day by the starshells, she apptoached from was invisible to them in the fog.
a northwesterly direction, heading directly for the Mole Captain-Lieutenant Benecke ~ommanded the torpedo
head. As she sighted the Mole, the Vindictive turned boat destroyer V-69 which was moored to the quay,.on
towards the outerside of the Mole, and passed in front of the inner edge of the Mole. With the assistance of EnSIgn
the battery at a range of about 500 meters. Salvo after Klintzasch, he cleared the only gun of the destroyer
salvo crashed out. A great number of bursts were observed whose line of fire to the mooring place of the Vindictive
against the hull, on the deck and upon the superstructure. was not defiladed by the Mole structure, and opened ~re
Captain Carpenter, who commanded the Vindictive and on the mooring place, the bridge and tops of the V",-
who -described the assault in his book The Blocking of dictive.
Zeebrugge, commented on the Mole Battery in the fol- The crews of the torpedo boats, lying in the harbo~,
lowing manner: "One can imagine the thoughts that had been sent to the Mole shelters upon hearing. th~ aIr
were uppermost in their minds, 'Hit her!' 'Smash her!' raid alarm. These were now assembled and hurned lOW
'Pump it in!' 'Curse those guns of hers!' 'Don't lose a the fight with their hand weapons. In the meantime the
1934 THE ENGLISH ATTACK ON ZEEBRUGGE 329

{OBSERVATION STATWrr
N LBA'TTERY FlUEnll.[CfiZO~T
AlfTIAIllCUP'l' :5JlT'I'UY
[ Z-31:!!l:!GtJKS ~OB:)P.RlfA.TION S'rATION-
fENGU.'3H CR.UlS~l\ LIGHT HOUs2-
LUINDICTIVE ~ MOLE llJlTTUY 3-105l1Hll AlCl e-66l:!!.r.!! &uN".
-r-V b1
MOOllIN<:Jfl OF TH.E Dr.f>TlI.OYE1\ FLOTILLA

oI •
500
J • .
1000'"
l

commander of the Mole Battery, anticipating a landing Zimmerman had observed that the coming alongside, the
action on the Mole, organized assault troops from the mooring of the cruiser in the strong tide stream, and the
supernumeraries of his battery, 3 mates and 20 men, and disembarkation of troops with the two remaining landing
sent them under First Lieutenant of the Reserve M. A. stages, progressed very slowly and with great loss of life,
Rodewald to a previously selected infantry position to pre- under the organized fire of the defenders. The English,
vent the landing party from flanking the battery. At the troops who had landed moved cautiously towards both
same time the crew of Battery Friedrichsort observation ends of the upper Mole runway, some descending to the
station fell back and joined these assault troops in their platform below by means of ladders. After the first half
defensive position on the upper runway, just east of the hour, hand grenades were used which resulted in greatly re-
antiaircraft machine-gun battery. The men were so dis- ducing. the visibility in the area. Then the English troops
posed here as to be able to keep the upper runway and attacked, running along the upper Moleway towards the
the enclosed position of the Mole under rifle fire. Lieu- antiaircraft battery and the Mole Battery flank defense po-
tenant Zimmerman had to retreat from his position in the sition. They were supported by machine guns and light
Friedrichsort observation station. This position was close artillery fire from the tops and high bridge of the cruiser.
to the cruiser and could no longer be defended. For its These troops were met with the combined fire of 37 mm.
normal artillery function, this observation station was of guns, hand grenades, and rifles, and were destroyed. It was
little value. the only attack of any consequence which was to proceed
Due to the close proximity of our torpedo boat, firing on from the assault on the Mole. The remaining English
the cruiser by any of the batteries was out of the question. troops which had landed moved along the Mole in the
330 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL September-October

opposite direction towards the seaplane station on the in- board~ng knife and pistol. They killed each other at the
nerside of the Mole, the sheds of the destroyer flotilla, the same Instant.
torpedo boats and destroyers moored to the quay, but they The 200 men of the seaplane station did not take part
never got beyond the immediate vicinity of their landing in the fight. They had been assigned to the immediate
place. Since each command and organization seemed to defense of their station which was some distance from the
fail, one must assume that the great loss of officers and ~anding point of ~e Vindictive. They could not risk go-
men made it impossible to order further attacks. Ing far from therr hangars on account of the very poor
Shortly after the attack the tug Iris again attempted to visibiliry. No English troops were seen by them.
reach the Mole, this time close to the 37 mm. gun posi- At about 1:4° a. m. the Vindictive was released from
tion. However, she drifted quickly away. Effective rifle the Mole by the Daffodil. She made no ~rther attempt
fire was brought to bear on her decks thickly crowded t~ land troops. Un~er the strong and vr~orous firing
with troops. These suffered heavy losses. Even the man dltected on her landIng place she cast off In a hurried
at the wheel was shot down. First Lieutenant Rodewald manner, without even waiting until those troops landed
now sent part of his men back to their battery where they on the Mole had come on board again. After the Vin-
were needed, on account of the long duration of the fight. dictive had cast off, one officer and thirteen men sur-
With the men he had left, including Lieutenant Zimmer- rendered as prisoners of war to the gunboat WestphaZ and
man who had joined the party, he made a counter attack the assault troops of the Mole Battery. According to their
on the upper and lower Moleways, in the direction of the statements, the landing order included the plan of de-
Vindictive's landing place. This put him in position to stroying both the Mole and the ships in the harbor. After
set up a machine gun where he was able to deliver direct casting off, the Vindictive and her two tugs again came
fire on the enemy machine cannon platform. This, with under fire from the Mole Battery at short range. A large
the aid of the bursting shells from the V.69, very ef- . number of hits were observed especially on the tug Iris
fectively silenced the machine guns and light artillery in where heavy damages and losses occurred. In addition to
the high superstructure of the cruiser. Fire was then the ship's commander and the leader of the Royal Marines
directed on the troops coming out of the ship where a embarked on the Iris, eight officers and 69 men were
great many were sho~down. In addition to this, the flank. killed and three officers and 102 men wounded. The Iris
ing fire from the 37 mm. antiaircraft battery caused the had little luck in this undertaking. She went home suf-
enemy such heavy losses at the landing place that accord- fering from heavy losses and damages after having failed
ing to statements from prisoners only about 50 or 60 men to land a single man and having served no useful purpose.
succeeded in landing on the Mole-this out of 750 men The three ships then disappeared in the fog
of the Royal Marines and the 500 men of the Naval Land- The attempt to land on the Mole was given up. In this
ing Corps and demolition troops. The Mole defenders undertaking a total of 82 officersand I ,~8 men took part.
place an even lower estimate on the number landed. No This number includes those on both the attack and block-
men were landed from the tug Iris which failed in two at- ade ships. When one considers the losses admitted by the
tempts to come alongside. During the entire engagement British-214 dead, 383 wounded and 19 captured-the
the tug Daffodil had to hold the Vindictive against the percentage of the losses may be ascribed to the foolhardy
Mole and only a few of her men were able to come across attempt on the Mole, undertaken with three unprotected
the Vindictive to the Mole. ships. This cost the British dearly. The defenders of the
The direct or indirect bombardment of the Vindictive Mole carried out their mission in a most efficient manner.
by the land batteries was impossible, in the first place due Our losses at Zeebriigge were eight men killed and 14
to the heavy fog which covered everything during the en- wounded.
tire engagement, and in the second place due to the fact BLOWING UP OF THE BRIDGE LEADING TO THE MOLE
that our own men were on the Mole at the time. The hull A steel bridge strucrure led from the shore to the stone
of the cruiser and the two tugs could not be fired upon by Mole allowing the strong ebb and flood tides to passfreely
either the Mole Battery or the V-69 as long as they re- through the Mole. The enemy blew up the bridge at
inained in the shelter of the high Mole. However the 1:19 a. m., apparently to prevent the Mole crews from
cleaning up of the Mole proceeded smoothly in spite of getting reinforcements from the shore. The part blown
this. away was about 40 meters wide. The demolition was
In addition to the above mentioned Mole defense, the carried out by bringing a submarine filled with ~eavy
harbor company stationed on the Mole and the crews of explosives to a point under the bridge and detonatIng It
destroyers and torpedo boats did their share in a creditable there. This was accomplished under cover of smoke. The
manner. They shot down with rifle fire the English troops explosion severed every connection with the Mole indud-
that appeared on the high ledge of the Mole, and attacked ing telephone communication. The Mole was thus turned
and destroyed those few who had descended on the lower into an island which the British, from their airplane ob-
platform. They set up two flame throwers and a machine servers and intelligence reports, considered to be w~y
gun. Here an isolated and bitter hand to hand fight took held. As a matter of fact the Mole crew was quite lUsIg-
place, in which Seaman Kunne of the S-53 and an Eng- nificant when compared with four companies of Royal
lish Lieutenant-Commander fought to the death with Marines (750 men) and the composite naval landing
1934 THE ENGLISH ATTACK ON ZEEBRUGGE 331
forceof 500 men. Our defense consisted of 70 men in the sank a dredger. Finally our lighter, which carried liO"ht
Harbor Company, about 200 men from the seaplane sta- artillery, was hit and sunk by the enemy. The c:Cw
tion, about 60 men from the Mole Battery, and the crews saved themselves on the Mole. At 2:10 a. m. an English
ofthe torpedo boats lying in the harbor. The various ele- destroyer came in sight dose to shore. We could make
mentswere widely scattered. However, under the tactical out on her bow the designation F-53. In quick succes-
situationthey were sufficient to force the decision against sion she was fired upon by Batteries Augusta, Freya,
the British. No lives were lost in blowing up the bridge. Canal, Friedrichsort and then by the Mole Battery and
Aside from the obviously annoying situation, it had no sunk. This was the destroyer North Star whose ~reck
influenceon the course of events. An officers' patrol, sent was later visible at low-water. An additional ship was
fromshore, passed the wreck shortly after the explosion, sunk by Battery Augusta and at daybreak a motorboat
but took no action since the Vindictive had already cast was fired upon by both Battery Wiirtemberg and the
off. As a matter of fact, telephone communication was re- Mole Battery, and sunk.
establishedduring the fight. An emergency bridge, com- The objective of this blockade attempt was the blocking
pleted less than 10 hours after the attack, proved to be of the narrow Zeebriigge entrance of the Zeebriigge-
sufficientfor the immediate requirements. It was later re- Briigge Canal. It was hoped thereby to bottle up the
placedby a foot bridge procured in Briigge. German torpedo-boat-destroyers, submarines and torpedo
boats lying in Briigge and thus to effectively stop the
THE BLOCKADE ATTACK ON THE HARBOR
German submarine warfare, which, based on the strongest
A short time after the Vindictive had passed the Mole and most threatening harbors of the Flanders coast, had
Battery and had moored on the outer edge of the Mole, been dosing in on England through the English channel.
three torpedo motorboats were seen for a short time in The simultaneous attack on the Mole of Zeebriigge was
front of the harbor entrance. Illuminated by star shells, intended to divert the attention of the coast defenders
theseboats were brought under fire of the two 88 mm. from the blockade undertaking. The Mole attack was
guns of t~e Mole Battery. The nearest one was sunk. by also expected to accomplish the destruction of the military
thiseffective fire. Soon thereafter, at I: 10 a. m., a crUiser forces on the Mole, the batteries and observation stations,
appeared at very short range. Under the light of the the submarines and torpedo boats lying in the harbor,
many star shells fired by the land batteries, she was seen and especially the German seaplane station and its sea-
emerging from the smoke, with course set on the harbor planes. This statement of the English intention is based
entrance. Since the Vindictive lay in the dead angle of on the information found in captured English papers and
the battery and was no longer being fired upon, all five the actual conduct of the attack that followed. These
gunsof the Mole Battery were turned on this cruiser. On plans failed in spite of several months' careful preparation.
accountof the artificial smoke this blockade ship was first They were frustrated by the attention to duty and the
seenat such a short range that only two salvos could be resolute conduct of those lU charge of the principal posi-
firedon her while outside of the lighthouse. After she tions of the defense. In Ostend the simultaneous attempt
had passed the lighthouse, this blockade ship, the cruiser of two blockade ships failed also. Under the fire of the
Thetis, drew salvo after salvo at shortest range. With coast artillery they missed the harbor entrance and piled
disabledrudder she fouled the net barrier and missed the up on the beach. The English attack on the Mole at
canal entrance. She ran aground and was sunk in the Zeebriigge was beaten off with heavy losses to them be-
harbor. At 1:20 a. m. two additional blockade ships, the fore they could accomplish any destruction on the Mole.
lphigenie and the Intrepid, came in sight. They were in This attempt of a small cruiser and two unprotected
closecolumn and so well hidden by the smoke that it was steamers, which together carried over 1,200 landing
possibleto see only their superstructures. These ships ran troops, to moor on the outer edge of the Mole in the arti-
in through the fire of the harbor barrier, rounded the ficial smoke and to carry it by storm, was intended to be
lighthouse on the Mole in a sharp curve, even under the a surprise. It was based on luck and on the weak defense
fire of the Mole Battery and light artillery placed on a of the enemy. The surprise attack in the smoke did not
lighter that had been mooted on the inner edge of the succeed.
lighthouse. Our torpedo boats lying in the harbor opened In summary: The batteries had been alarmed by the
fireon these ships and the last ship in line was also fired first artillery firing .. The short and effective shelling by
upon by Battery Friedrichsort. However, after breaking the Mole Battery which was opened on the cruiser as soon
through our boat and net barrier, and receiving numerous as she came in sight caused heavy losses to the officersand
hits at short range, they reached the canal entrance and men in the English landing corps. It also robbed the ship
weresunk there. Soon thereafter the Mole Battery fired almost entirely of her means of rapidly landing large
upon a torpedo motorboat and sunk it in Hames. The -troop masses on the Mole which was so important to the
Mole Battery also fired upon an enemy destroyer which success of the landing operations. The landing was then
nearedthe harbor entrance. A number of torpedoes were entirely frustrated in the actual attempt. The fire of the
discharged from these destroyers and motorboats but in 37 mm. guns, the shells of the torpedo destroyer V-69 ,
thesmoke all of them missed their targets. One detonated and the riHe fire of the defenders caused such additional
againstthe Mole without doing any damage and another heavy losses that the organization and command of the
332 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL September-October

landing corps was broken up. Only between 50 and 60 had been built during the war, 2 torpedo motorboats and
men succeeded in setting foot on the Mole. Of these, 19 a number of smaller craft. On the following morning the
were taken prisoner, some were shot down by our Mole II Flanders torpedo boat flotilla rescued five survivors from
defenders, some sprang over the parapet of the Mole into the North Star. The destroyer. Phoebe was greatly dam-
the water, and some succeeded in reaching their ship aged. On the German side, one lighter and a dredger
again under cover of the smoke. were sunk.
As a diversion, the attack on the Mole was, generally The English personnel losses among the 82 officersand
speaking, not effective, since the coast defense batteries 1,~8 men taking part were as follows:
did not fire upon the Vindictive while she remained
ROYAL MARINES (Royal Navy)
aJongside the Mole. They withheld their fire out of
Officers Men
regard for our own fighting men on the Mole and on
Killed II 79
account of the impossibility of observing the fall of shots
Missing 21
in the smoke. Since the Mole Battery was unable to fire
Wounded 17 150
on the Vindictive except for the brief period in which that
vessel was in her field of fire, she turned her guns on the
Total 28 250
other targets engaged in the attempted blockade. In this
attempt, the first ship went ashore outside of the Canal ROYAL MARINE INFANTRY (Royal Marines)
entrance to Zeebriigge and was sunk. The two following Officers Men
blockade ships were successful in reaching the narrow Killed 9 96
canal entrance and sinking themselves there. But no Missing 2 13
blockade ship reached the canal locks, whose destruction Wounded II 205
would have effected a complete blockade of the canal. Captured 2
These locks were 500 meters from the nearest sunken
blockade ship. Total , ., " 22 316
The positions of the blockade ships in the channel of The above list given out by the English is incorrect in
the canal was not such as to effect the complete blockade that the listed number of prisoners, 2 men, actually
that some photographs apparently showed. These photo- amounted to I officer and 18 men. Those remaining. of
graphs were calculated to deceive. The passage at high the 19 listed as missing, may be added to the list of killed.
water was, as a matter of fact, effected the following day. Thus the English losses were 214 killed, 383 wounded
On April 24, 1918, at high water, the boats of the II and 19 prisoners.
Flanders torpedo boat flotilla passed through the channel, The German losses incurred on April 23, 1918,
narrowed now by the sunken ships. On April 25 the first amounted to the following:'
submarine UB- 15 went out through the channel. Dredg-
Killed Wounded
ing operations with three dredges started immediately.
Ostend 2 2
This work, together with the washing effect of the water
II Destroyer Flotilla 5 II
dammed up in the Zeebriigge Canal, enlarged the west-
Zeebriigge (Mole Battery) 2 2
erly channel which passed by the sterns of the two sunken
II Torpedo Flotilla I 1
cruisers. By the 15th of May the channel had a depth of
3.5 meters at low water. This was sufficient for all of our
Total 10 16
torpedo boats and submarines. After the guns and muni-
tions had been salvaged from the three sunken ships they The main advantage and the principal glory of that
were left where they had sunk. The submarine warfare night may be credited to the superior work and conduct of
operating from the harbors on the Flanders Coast had suf- the Mole Battery. The single gun of the V-69 also did
fered no interruption through the attempted blockade, very effective work.
since the harbor of Ostend had remained completely free. As long as we kept the principal channels free fr~m
During dredging operations traffic was dispatched un- mines for our own traffic, it was possible for enemy ShIpS
molested through the Briigge-Ostend Canal. to pass through the harbor defense barrier fire. On the
The ships taking part in the attack, the bombardment other hand, it is very difficult for an enemy to carry
and the rescue work in the attempt against Zeebriigge and through such a blockading operation as this attempt was,
Ostend on May 23rd and 24th, 1918, were; 9 monitors, in the face of seacoast batteries: In this war, no such op-
7 .small cruisers, 28 destroyers, 5 blockade ships, 2 tugs, eration has ever been successful.
2 squadrons of seaplanes, 1 scout, 57 motor-launches, 24 The brave defense of the Mole of Zeebriigge will al-
motorboats and 2 old submarines filled with eXplosives. ways be a glorious page in the history of the German
In addition, the following were held in reserve; 3 French Navy. It is a shining example of the resolute determi?a-
destroyers, 4 French torpedo boats and 4 French motor- tion of a small troop of brave men who remained to drtve
boats. The English sacrificed 5 blockade cruisers, and the back to his ship a greatly superior enemy who had at-
old submarine which they blew up. They lost through tempted a surprise attack under cover of darkness and
our artillery fire the modern destroyer North Star which smoke.
BOlUbardlUentAviation and Its Rela-
tion to Antiaircraft Defense
By MAJOR H. A. DARGUE, A.c.
isT axiomatic that if an objective is worthy of antiair- come fairly well known in an active campaign and some

I craft defense it is worthy of attack from the air. Anti-

aircraft: troops must expect to secure hits and bom-
bardment aviation must expect to suffer losses when an
of them involve matters of simple probability. For in-
stance, the normal location of gun batteries might be
plotted fairly accurately from the G-2 information ob-
attack is made within range of an efficiendy defended tained, and when one battery opens fire the areas in which
objective. Likewise, the aviator must expect to push on the others are probably located may at once be reasonably
and to drop at least a fair proportion of his bombs on the known. Dummy guns and camouflage may confuse the
target. The two services, therefore, should be acquainted G-2 estimate, but with a limited number of guns to de-
witheach other's capabilities and limitations and the meth- fend an objective from all approaches the well-trained air
ods of operation; they should take advantage of every op- officer should estimate the situation in the air and be able
portUniryin tlme of peace to cooperate in the develop- to modify the lines of approach and withdrawal as soon
ment of each other's weaknesses that these may be as one battery has opened fire so as to be in range of sup-
strengthened to the point of maintaining the highest ef- porting batteries for a minimum length of time. The best
ficiencyin operation. approach appears to be directly over the firing b.attery
The problems confronting the development of the unless the supporting batteries are so widely separated as
propertactics for bombardment aviation and the proper to leave gaps in the defense.
defenseagainst bombardment attacks are of vital interest Moving batteries from day to day or even changing
toboth the Air Corps and the Coast Artillery and must positions between day and night will result in a degree of
be solved by cooperative and not by competitive means. uncertainry, but the elevated position of the aviator and
The difficulties of simulating service conditions have to his training (and after a few attacks his experience) are
a 1arge extent prevented the establishment of suitable such that he should be able to take in the whole defensive
standardsby which to judge the relative efficiency of these gun lay-out and plot in his own mind the probable posi-
twobranches when engaged in the prosecution of training tions of those not firing.
exercisesand the execution of field problems. These The machine gun defense, due to the far greater num-
standards are in large measure standards of marksman- ber of guns available, is of course not so easy to picture ..
ship. The provision of a suitable radio controlled target The normal lay-out may present a fairly regular diagram
againstwhich service ammunition might be used, while on paper but when applied to the accidents of the terrain
thetarget maneuvers in the antiaircraft area in much the the pilot may have a difficult time in picking his course
samemanner as a loaded bomber approaching its ob- so as to come within range of the minimum number. On
jective,would undoubtedly furnish information of very the other hand the vulnerable area of the airplane is so
greatvalue. And also, the further dropping of bombs, small and its travel at such a high rate of speed that per-
especiallyat the higher altitudes and with sights and haps it is not so essential to study the possible locations
mechanismsmuch improved over those used years ago, of machine guns as it is to determine the gun battery posi-
wouldprovide tables of bombing probabilities not now tions. At least this is the case with the bomber who will
available. only resort to low altitude attacks when forced by weather
. The mission of the bomber involves putting his "eggs" to do so or when special conditions favor this action. Such
In the "nest" for which they are intended; the mission of a case might be that of a naval target or a seacoast fort
the defenders on the ground contemplates keeping the that has been surrounded by or smothered in smoke and
aviatorfrom ever reaching the point where the "eggs" the bomber can approach over water or through an unde-
areproposed to be laid. In accomplishing these missions fended area.
howmuch simpler it would be if a good G-2 could tell Data and firing experience have largely been gained
exactlywhat the enemy would do. But this is not possible against targets flying at greatly reduced speeds and with-
andtherefore each service must develop an understanding out the maneuver both in direction and altitude normal to
of the problems and tactics of the other that will enable aircraft. With airplanes traveling at the very high speeds
an estimate of the situation to be made upon the appear- now available, at altitudes not heretofore attainable with
anceof the first airplane or the sight of the first gun flash. a large load of bombs, and with easy maneuverabiliry even
To the man in the air it would be of great help to know in the heavy bomber, the aviator can readily appreciate
fromjust what points around the objective gunfire might there is considerable difficulty confronting the personnel
be expected, how many batteries there are, and perhaps who are endeavoring to predict the future position of the
~me information with regard to the efficiency of the par- airplane; who must always overcome that ever present ob-
tIcularunit operating them. These factors may soon be- stacle-time of flight of the projectile-and who possibly
334 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL September-October
ate contending with a large number of planes and bad fire is necessary. It would therefore appear that a nice c(}.
visibility. The aviator does know that the problem is dif- ordination between defensive air and ground action might
ficult and is sincere in his desire to know the best that can keep the bombers in mass long enough to make hi!lhly
b
be done in order that he may reckon with what he might effective the first antiaircraft: shell bursts These are the
have to meet in time of emergency. ones that the flyer considers may be most effective; he
Then at night there is the problem of sound locators figures he can dodge the rest.
and searchlights which the Air Corps is always endeavor~ The ~arksmanship of th~ bo~be~ is rapidly improving.
ing to make more difficult by silencing its equipment and Mechamcal developments 10 slght10g and the dropping
by camouflage. It is a great sight to the aviator to see a of bombs are removing most of the personal ertors. Even
mass of searchlights illuminate the sky as his formation mechanical flight for the few seconds necessary to start
of bombers winds a tortuous course among them. To the the bombs on an accurate course is available. But all this
flyer who missed his way those searchlights become bea- does not eliminate misses; their number will be reduced.
cons showing the approximate location of the objective. Let it not be forgotten by any service that in time of war
The idea on the part of the Air Corps, if its planes are it has taken tens of thousands ~f rifle and machine gun
to be detected, is to proceed by various routes and alti- bullets to produce one casualty; lt took thousands of anti-
tudes within a reasonably limited sector so as to confuse aircraft shells to bring down one airplane; and under the
the sound 10ca!;Drsto the maximum. Furthermore, dis- duress of war there will be plenty of bombs that might
persion of aircraft within this sector during a night attack just as well be duds. <

tends to limit very materially the number that may be So far but a few technical and tactical aspects of the air
illuminated. Some day there may be developed a much attack and the antiaircraft defense have been very brielly
better instrument than the present sound locator which discussed. The larger picture is of interest. The flyer
will dispel that feeling of security which the high flying must realize that the antiaircraft regiment is a self-c~n-
bomber now enjoys in the blackness of the night. Here tained unit-guns, machine guns, range finders and data
is a fine opportunity for development through cooperative computers, searchlights, sound locators and an intelligence
training of Air Corps and Coast Artillery units. net. It can operate without other assistance.
Nor does the Air Corps have an easy time. There is a The materiel of greatest interest to the bomber are the
certain sense of security from the great wide open spaces three or four gun batteries which are located, or should
of the air and flyers cast aside fear and approach the ob- normally be located, in a band some two or three tMu-
jective with a determination to get there. But the prob- sand yards wide and at an average distance of not more
lems of navigation and possible combat are ever present than six thousand yards from the target. For mutually
and at the target the marksmanship of the personnel, supporting fire the batteries are expected to be found
while dodging the antiaircraft fire, is put to a severe test. approximately equal distances apart in the battery band.
One important factor always favors the attack and this The machine guns, except for the low altitude attacks,
is the selection within reasonable limits. of the time. Night can be avoided. Searchlights are not a hindrance to flight
attacks will probably be favored over day attacks because but may interfere with the accuracy of bombing; with
of the greater security obtained by darkness. Then too, camouflage, however, they have been successfully avoided
weather conditions often favor an attack. A Coast Artil. at the higher altitude. The regimental intelligence net
lery observer at a recent exercise remarked, "Of course, may extend outward to fifteen miles and cover the whole
some Air Corps douds were present-you fellows get all circumference of the target. But this is not all. Defensive
the breaks]" Clouds form generally in layers, above observation aviation may keep the bombardment air-
which it is wholly practicable to fly and very often an dromes under surveillance and even trail the bombers
occasional glimpse of the ground and the target gives a hoping radio reports may result in a pursuit interception
check on the course sufficient for precision bombing. Of and combat. And ground communication agencies may
course if the sky is completely overcast a dip below the be organized into an intelligence net behind the lines
douds may be necessary for the very short time required which may give information of the approaching bom-
to perform the sighting operation. Stormy weather and bardment formation, its size and course, so that all de-
even fog will not be insurmountable barriers in another fensive arrangements may be alerted to thwart the pur-
emergency. Navigation is becoming less of a problem; pose of the attack from the air.
special schools with improved instruments are teaching On the attacker's side, the picture is equally compre-
the accuracy of flight under the most adverse conditions; hensive. The bombers are but a part of a larger air f?rce
flyers have repeatedly demonstrated the practicability of embracing attack and observation aviation and poSSIbly
blind flight. The robot flyer has already guided the air- pursuit. They are scattered by squadrons or even fl~gh,:
plane more accurately than human hands. on many landing fields; the communications net is lUW-
The bombardment crew realize they are the principal cate. Preparation for an attack and the atrack itself are
target for hostile pursuit and their greatest defense is deliberate and require careful coordination ..
gained in mass formation. Excellent formations have been The observers secure all possible information, indu~tng
developed for air defense but when the antiaircraft area is photographs, of the target and its defensive installatlons.
reached a certain amount of dispersion to avoid the ground During the approach of the attack they broadcast weather,
 FIRE ADJUSTMENT 335
ad: as advance and flank guards to ward off enemy aircraft, bardment proceeds alone under cover of weather. Two
and at night may drop an occasional beacon at check high ranking observers were overheard to remark at a
points and furnish illumination at the target by flare or recent exercise, "The bombers are already fifteen minutes
incendiary bomb.\ late-wonder what's happened." Nothing had happened
The role of the attack aviation is highly important. At except an accurate estimate of the weather had been made,
very low altitude and preceding the bomber by a few the bombers using the cover of the clouds and making
~utes they harass and destroy the antiaircraft defensive the attack on time as advantage was taken of holes suf-
:ttrangements in the sector over which the bombers will ficiently large to permit accurate sighting to be per-
deliver the main attack. They lay smoke, attack with formed. The douds had smothered the remaining noise
bombs and machine guns the antiaircraft gun positions, of the partially silenced motors.
searchlights and personnel and by their noise (using un- So these are the highlights of air attack and antiaircraft
siknced engines) may seriously interfere with sound loca- defense. For the bombers, silenced motors, special naviga-
torS. tion lights, camouBage, speed, altitude, robot pilots-
Pursuit aviation may furnish protection for the bom- maybe some day a whole flock of bombs on wings with
bardment formation through certain sectors known to be radio control from a mother ship that call guide its chil-
especially active or to designated points behind the hostile dren unerringly on their deadly mission. For the defend-
lines. Likewise they may escort the formation through ers, detectors that surpass the sound locator, a high rate of
certain active zones on the return. gun fire with plenry of bursts. right" on the nose," greater
Meteorological information, weather predictions, and effective range, plenry of powerful searchlights. And for
route forecasts are becoming increasingly accurate and this both, a target plane, radio controlled, at which to fire so
service will play a most important part in future opera- that the services may see what it's all about; and to top
tions. Weather is very often an ally of the birdman and all these, a steady improvement in tactical methods. Cer
attacks will many times be made with weather deciding operative training is needed. Each service must put forth
me time. In some cases the carefully prepared detailed its best that the other may be fully prepared for the
plans for the supporting units may be cast aside as bom- emergency test.

Fire AdjustInent
By CAPTAINLEONARDL. DAVIS, CA.C
NOTE: Following is the first of a series of articles on this snb- ficiency obtainable from a given gun, even under these ad-
ject. This article deals with thoughts on the subject prior to the verse conditions. What reason have we to assume that an
World War. Succeeding articles will continue with more recent
ideas and will be accompanied by typical adjustment problems
officer who can obtain but 60 per cent of this maximum
and solutions. efficiency, from our present armament, will be able to
reach a higher percentage with the modern armament?
It is true that 60 per cent of the maximum efficiency of the

lt
JU5TMENT of fire may be defined as the prer
cess of applying corrections to the firing data to modern high power 8" BL rifle may far exceed in practical
value 100 per cent of the efficiency of the present 8" M.L.
bring the center of dispersion of fire of the battery
rifle. And, therefore, the practical efficiency of the entire
to the desired point with reference to the target. A re- service will be increa.<;edby a mere improvement in the
view of the matter published in the COAST ARTILLERY weapon; but is this enough, will this satisfy our Corps?
JOURNALand Coast A rtillery Memoranda on Target Prac- Are we contented to rest our reputation for accurate artil-
tice reveals a difference of opinion as to the necessity for lery work upon the mere improvement in our armament?
adjustment of fire and also a variety of opinions as to pro- I think not-and therefore maintain that the question:
HoUl to obtain the most efficient service from a given gun,
cedure among those who consider adjustment of fire as a
is the most important artillery question of today. I further
necessary process. Quotations from these publications are maintain that the officer who is unable to obtain over 50
of interest in tracing the development of ideas on the sub- per cent of efficiency from the old lO-inch Rodman with
ject. Many of these quotations, no matter how long ago mammoth powder, will not be likely to obtain more than
they were published, have a very familiar ring and are as 50 per cent of efficiency from any modern high power BL
pettinent today as the day they were published. Follow- rifle with brown prismatic or smokeless powder. Inefficient
service, and by this I mean a low percentage of the maxi-
Ing are a few quotations published prior to the World
mum obtainable from any given gun, is due in the first
War: place to inattention to details; secondly, to crude instru-
"A Few Thoughts on Practical Artillery," by First ments and careless and inaccurate use of them; and thirdly,
Lieutenant G. N. Whistler, 5th Artillery. CA.J., Janu- to a lack of knowledge of the fundamental principles of
ary, I~3' page 22: ballistics."
"The true soldier is one who always tries to obtain the "Artillery Target Practice," by First Lieutenant G. N.
best results possible with the means at hand. It is true Whistler, 5th Artillery. CA.J., January, I~, page 67:
that our guns are antiquated, our powder old and deterio- "Unless a man is familiar with the many causes of error,
rated, our projectiles poor, out sighting devices crude and which continually multiply as he proceeds in his work,
inaccurate; nevertheless there must be a maximum of ef- unless he has learned how to allow for them, and how to
336 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL September-October
correct for the varying conditions of his environment his "The .13th Company and the 35th Company, upon a
work will be utterly valueless. H 'day preVIousto the actual practice, fired each two trial shots
"Report of C. A. School Target Practice, 1901. C.A.J. corrected for drift and atmospheric conditions to test the
for Jan.-Feb., 1902, pages 10 and II: powder. In the practice, the charges for the first three
a. "Gunners timed the rate at which the target crossed shots of each of these companies were of the same lot of
the field of the telescope, in terms of the smallest division powder as that used in the trial shots; the last two charges
of the deflection scale, and were thereby able to make al- of each were of a different lot. In both cases the last two
lowances on this scale for the motion of the target across shots of each of these two companies went far beyond the
the field during the time of flight. Gunners were given target and were misses; the new powder evidently gave
or committed to memory the times of flight for the even higher velocities than the older lot.
thousand and half-thousand yards. The range being con- "All companies firing, except the 118th and those using
stantly. in evidence before th:m, enabled them to keep the mortars, ~elied on the corrections determined by the trW
deflectiOnscale set for motIon of target during time of shots, taking the proper elevations for the predicted ranges
flight across the field; to this was added or subtracted the from the range table.
corrections due to other causes (drift and wind). "The 35t:hCompany.used the chamber sponge after each
"The results of the firing led to the conclusion that the round. Th1Sgun reqUlred 15 seconds to run into battery
problem of deviation is not so difficult as has been sup- after tripping.
posed. "In the case of the mortars Brown Prismatic powder
b. "It should be kept in mind that this firing took place was used. No trial.shots for v:locity were fired, the per-
fo~ the first time with a time-limit firing interval of two formance of precedmg year bemg the only guide."
mmutes; that no information was given to the battery com- The following quotation contains ideas similar to those
manders as to the error of range after the first two shots; now used in connection with fire control by means of
that the powder was not uniform in pressure, and that it was aerial observation:
the first time that most of the officers and men had fired "System of Fire Direction," CA.}., July-August, 1903,
at moving targets. p. 105.
"The ranges varied from 3,000 to 7,000 yards." "An observation on the splash is taken and plotted.
"The Tactics of Fire Direction," by Major G. N. 1.'he B.C assumes an auxiliary point over or short and
Whistler, Artilery Corps. C.A.J. for November-Decem- nght or left of the new predicted point according to
ber, 1902, page 251: whether the splash is plotted short or over and left or
"Certain facts must always be kept in mind. The errors right of the last predicted point. The plotter determines
~ue to deviation ~bserved.with our guns are slight; there th~ elevation and corrected azimuth for this auxiliary
1Sgenerally no dIfficulty In doing good line work at any pomt. Care must however be taken in correcting shots
range. There should be no difficulty with reasonable care after the first correction has been made to increase or de-
in locating and relocating, in keeping on the target in the crease the previotif' correction according to the fall of the
D.P. zone, so far as deviation is concerned, whether the shot, and after the mortars are on the target to continue
vessel is 'head or broadside on.' with the same relative auxiliary point. In case no observa-
. "The great trouble is variation in range, due to errors tion of the splash is plotted the B.C determines the error
m .~ange detertni!lation, variation in the powder, and in- of the shot with reference to the actual position of the
abIlIty to determme the atmospheric conditions over the target at the splash. Care must be taken in assuming any
entire range, and to make corrections therefor. error of fire and in determining the auxiliary point to see
"Error in range determination can be reduced to the that the target passed over the last predicted point on the
minimum by the use of the horizontal method, and by plotting board and that the apparent error was not due to
great care in plotting, locating and relocating. a change in the course of the target. It will assist if the
"Atmospheric conditions and the corrections to be made plotting board is practically oriented in the field of fire."
therefore can best be made by firing a trial shot before the "Notes on 3-inch Practice," Captain Robert E. Wyllie,
enemy enters the field of fire. Batteries should be furnished C.A.C., C.A.J. for September-October, 1910, page 131:
with cast-iron projectiles for this purpose.
"Powder variations and sudden changes in wind or other "It is a mistake to imagine that corrections should not
atmospheric conditions are beyond our control except to a be made during the firing of a series. The conditions are
limited extent. Every B.C should endeavor to observe the ?ot the same as at a large caliber battery. There the range
fall of the projectiles from his own battery and correct IS accurately known; atmosphere, velocity and travel of
thereby. This may not generally be possible, as he cannot target .corrections, etc., can be scientifically applied; ~e
distinguish his own projectiles, but every effort should be range IS very much greater, vastly increasing the difficulties
made to do so. In stations where the B.C is furnished of .estimating the corrections, and lastly the number of
with a D.P.F. in addition to the Type "A" as recommended shots fired at practice is too small to give any accurate
:v
by t~e Wadsworth Board, hich is decidedly preferable to basis for corrections. At a 3-inch battery the above con-
the lUstrument for observatIon of fire provided by the Drill ditions are reversed and corrections should unquestionably
Regulations, the following plan is suggested: be made when necessary. Some admit that it should be
"The B.C when he sets his instrument on the setback done, but question its possibility on the ground that the
~oint will ~ote the time of flight for the range, a table of overs or shorts cannot be estimated with sufficientaccuracy,
tImes of flIght being conveniently posted near his instru- and if they could that there is not enough time during
ment..As soon as the guns are fired he follows the target, the firing of a series to make corrections. If the B.C. has
countmg seconds. The shots falling near the target at the no knowledge of the matter, and no system, that is per-
expiration of the time of flight, will probably be those fectly true, but that is where his training comes in. ~e
from his own battery." can learn to make fairly accurate estimates, and there 1$
"A'n P . F M time if he-is prompt in his decisions. He must not have
rtl ery racticeat ort auroe, Va.," C.A.J., May- to think about it, he must know instinctively and that he
June, 1903, page 331: can do by a proper system combined with experience."
 Jun le 4~
arfare
,
Ingram Cary-
Part III tree was hacked down, trimmed and the trunk carried
to the stream. The log was astonishingly heavy for its
WHAT HAS GONE BEFORE: Captaill Cochrane, Lieutenant Haz- size. When it was thrown into the water, it sank like a
zard, and a compallY of Macabebe Constabulary have been set
ashoreat Sail Ramon, Samar, with ten days' rations. to hold tl!al stone. At this the exhausted men flung themselves on
Ieit'll mid operate against the insurgent Pulajantes. UPqn lm.ldlllg the ground in despair.
it is found that the tOWlI has bem burned and that the mhabltan~s
haveeither fled or bem killed. A stockade is erect~d and Captalll Meanwhile there had come a change in the moist
Cochraneawaits supplies before taking the offmslVe. After two sticky atmosphere that during the day had seemed to bear
months these have failed to arrive, the men living 011 bats, makes,
fish,and other jUllgle edible~, so Coc~rane takes half the cOIl~pany down upon the men as though it were a crushing weight,
and marches inlalld. Crosslllg a traIl of hundreds of Pula}antes making even the slightest movement an effort which
mOl/iugtowards the coast, he makes a forced march ~ack to the
fort, just in time to helP repe~ all attack by the fanatiCs. brought the perspiration streaming from every pore.
The food situation /lOW belllg l?~ecan01tS, Cochralle, H~zard, Oblivious for the moment of what was taking place
andsixty of the 111min be~t. conaltlon, ~ove south to ob~alll sup-
plies.In an exhausted conditIon they arnve at the aras nver, a~ld around him, Cochrane stood in the midst of the prostrate
arefired all by A lIIerican soldiers in a lmlllch. Now go 011 WIth men racking his brain in the endeavor to think of some
Ihestory.
expedient that would apply to the situation. He was an
ardent reader of military history and often quoted to him-

R
ESTRAINING an intense desire to race along the self the statement credited to Napoleon that "In war the
bank after the launch, to shake his fist at it and happiest inspiration is often but a recollection." But in
to curse the men on board for dirty cowards, this case the recollection of the cowskins stuffed with
Cochrane arose and assembled his men. Fortunately the straw used by Cesar as floats for transporting men acro~s
mud in which they lay had protected them and no one streams brought no inspiration whatever.
was injured. He spoke comfortingly to the Macabebes, Hazzard moaned when the rain began to fall and the
although his voice was shaking with rage. He told them sound brought the Captain's thoughts back to the pres-
that they had been taken by the officer on the launch for ent. The sight of the sick Lieutenant suggested shelter,
Pulajans, a natural mistake because ragged and muddy and as his eyes roved about the jungle in search of suitable
as they were, they were unrecognizable as sol~iers; also material with which to construct it, they fell upon the
that no other soldiers besides themselves bemg brave broad leaves of a cluster of wild hemp plants growing on
enough to march through the interior, their presence on the bank a few hundred yards up stream. Then the in-
that river was unexpected and consequently caused fear; spiration came. The plant called by scientists M usa T ex-
finally that the passage of the launch with so!~iers on it ti/is, from which Manila hemp is produced, belongs to
Wasconclusive evidence that there was a mtlltary post the same family as the banana, for which it is sometimes
somewhere down stream to which he proposed to pro- mistaken. The trunk or stalk is often a foot in diameter
ceedby means of raft, the construction of which would be
Startedat once.
The story set forth in "Jungle Warfare" is historically correct.
With their habitual submission to his will the men It depicts incidents which occurred on the Island of Samar, P. 1.,
started to work. It was difficult to find any vegetation not in 1903-1904. The "General" was the late Major General Henry
T. Allen, who commanded the 90th Division during the World
covered with an armor of spines, but eventually several War, and later was in command of the U. S. Forces on the Rhine.
smooth-trunked trees of the proper size were found. The Captain Cochrane is now a field officer in the Regular Army.
Lieutenant Hazzard was a Constabulary Officer of that name.
menstarted to work to fell them bur when Cochrane saw First Sergeant Bustos and various other men of the company
that the wood was of compact fiber and very tough, he belonged to the company of Macabebe Scouts that took part in
the expedition under General Funston which resulted in the cap-
concentrated efforts upon one tree. With infinite labor this ture of Aguinaldo.
338 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL September- October

but it can be felled easily with one slash of a bolo, and river had become more winding and the character of the
although it has the appearance of being water-logged it banks had changed greatly. Instead of the usual junl7le_
contains innumerable air cells that give it buoyance. Here covered flats on either side there were now high cliff~ of
was something far better for a raft than inflated cowskins. solid rock that formed a canon through which the pent
The Macabebes took to the idea with zest; in fact many up waters flowed with increased rapidity. On the re-
of them had utilized the plant before entrant side of the river at each sharp
in crossing wide streams by swim- bend the action of the water had Worn
ming, one or two stalks having suf- deep fissures extending far under the
ficient buoyance to support a rifle and precipice, and in these caverns the
set of equipment. Nevertheless in seams of harder rock, less susceptible
their worn out and apathetic condi- to erosion, remained as jagged splint-
tion, none had thought of the ex- ers which projected like monstrous
pedient at this time. teeth, both from the bottom and from
Within two hours a raft of double ~\ the low hanging roof. To the soldier~
thickness of stalks over a hundred feet \i lounging comfortably under the awn-
long and thirty feet wide had been ~' ing on the powerful launch these
completed. The stalks were fastened' places presented, no doubt, merel\'
together by cross pieces, tied some- a curious spectacle, but to the stan:-
what precariously with strips of raw ing and exhausted Constabulary drift-
fiber. The Company was about to ing at the mercy of the current on an
embark, when to the Captain's con- unwieldy mass of vegetable pulp held
sternation he saw that the entire river together only by frail lashings fast
seemed to be flowing up stream. A coming apart, they were places of
moment's reflection, however, brought horror.
the realization that the river was tidal Fortunately the first cavern was eo-
and would again flow in the desired countered when the tide had almost
direction after a lapse of about six ceased to ebb. The raft drifted into
-it sallk like a stolle. the orifice and the men on it could do
hours. The embarkation was stopped,
therefore, and the men lay down in the rain to await the nothing except to push against the roof in order to keep
turn of the tide, the mere cessation of mental and physical from being scraped overboard. They managed to extri-
effort being a delicious luxury. At about midnight the cate the raft in .this way, although a large portion of it
expected change in the current was reported by the sen- was torn off by the tooth-like rocks under water. The
tinels. The Company then got on board the strange craft finishing touch to the horror of the place was added by the
and set out upon what it was hoped would be the last immense crocodiles which infested it.
and easiest stage of the journey to the sea. This experience taught Cochrane a lesson. He tied up
The first night on the raft would have been relatively the raft before the next bend was reached and obtained a
comfortable had there been food and shelter. Only a number of long poles during the six hour petiod of wait-
few times was it necessary for the sentinels to arouse the ing. He was disinclined to .continue the journey on the
men to push the raft away from the bank or to warn them raft, but there appeared to be no other alternative so the
of the danger of being swept overboard by overhanging order was given after midnight to push off, and once again
boughs. At daybreak the raft was made fast to the bank they were adrift in darkness at the mercy of the cur'rent.
and the men went on shore in search of edible plants and Cochrane declared afterwards that of all the varied ex-
roots. A few small birds were seen but as there were not periences of his life that night was the most harrowing.
enough to feed everyone the Captain would not permit The proximity of a cavern could be determined by the
the men to disclose their presence by firing at them. The lapping noise of the water against the roof and by the
river was simply alive with crocodiles, some over twenty rank, musty odor emanating from the crocodiles. The
feet in length. The famished men looked hungrily at poles were called into play again and again to fend the
them and Cochrane promised to let them shoot one if raft away from these dreadful places. The darkness and
food of a less repulsive nature was not found by the fol- rain added to the danger. Several times large pieces of
lowing day. Attempts to make a fire with flint and the fragile craft were torn loose and there were man\'
steel and the powder from a cartridge were unsuccessful, narrow escapes, but by hard work and good fortune the
all the wood in the vicinity being too damp to ignite, so company won through without losing a man.
the few handfuls of rice carried by the Captain were At daybreak the ruins of a house and some de~red
soaked in water and given raw to the sick men.
The journey was resumed in the afternoon when the
tide began to ebb and was continued until nightfall. The
patches that had once been under cultivation were in view.
The raft was practically dropping apart so the me~ were
landed and it was abandoned. There was a trad here
j
1934 JUNGLE \X'ARFARE 339
leading down stream but Hazzard and at least ten others
were unable to march. Having had enough of traveling
bv raft, Cochrane decided to select twenty of the strongest
~en and to push on by marching until he found the mili-
[ary post or some other place where food and boats could
be'obtained. He informed Hazzard of this deCIsion and
cautioned him to keep the men together. He also called
[he senior sergeant aside and told him that during the
Lieutenant's illness he must see that the proper measures
for security were taken. Then he spoke a few words of en-
couragement to the men he was leaving, and after shaking
hands with Hazzard, set out upon the route downstream.
The trail was overgrown and there were the usual features
of ridge and morass with the ever-present mud and leeches
[0 make marching a misery . Worst of all were the sloughs
marking every valley line where the slimy water ebbed
and flowed between steep banks of mud. During ordinary -the coffee contained SlIgar.
rimes such places were bridged with a few bamboo poles,
but the bridges had now rotted down and each crossing The accumulated miseries of weeks were forgotten and
presented a difficult problem to the exhausted men. the little detachment, which in the clear light of the open
Nevertheless, with infinite tenacity and resourcefulness had the appearance of a procession of scarecrows, moved
[he Captain led them on throughout the long morning forward with quickened pace in happy anticipation of the
and afternoon until, emerging at last from the forest, they meeting with friends soon to follow. As they approached
came upon fields of growing rice beyond which could be the town they saw that the landing place was stacked
seen the ruins of a town, and in the background the sea. high with boxes, sacks and crates and that parties of blue
Oras, situated at the mouth of a navigable river draining shirted soldiers, both American and native, were engaged
an extensive region rich in hemp, had been a prosperous in transporting articles from the stacks at the shore to
[rading center of over ten thousand inhabitans, but not where other stacks were being made in front of the
one of its buildings had escaped the holocaust inflicted by church. Then their attention was attracted by three natives
[he Pulajans. Even the church had been gutted by fire who appeared a short distance to the front. Evidently
but the stone walls remained standing, and floating from they were men of the town on patrol duty, as they carried
the tower was an emblem the sight of which thrilled bolos and spears and each wore a band of white cloth
Cochrane with joy-the Flag of the United States. around his hat. When they saw Cochrane's column they
turned and fled toward the church at full speed yelling
"Pulajan, Pulajan," at the top of their voices.
At first Cochrane was amused at the mistake, but
~~} - his amusement changed to deep concern when "call to

.,.
8
~

-lost his temper and cursed in plain English oaths.

340 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL Se ptember- October
arms" was sounded and the working parties dropped their the worn-out Nfacabebes anxio~sly awaiting the aid he
loads and dashed for the church to reappear presently with had promised to bring them, and by a great effort of will
rifles in hand on the walls of the building. Other soldiers kept his temper.
took position in rear of a barricade formed of ration and "May I ask your reason, Captain Todd," he said, striv_
ammunition boxes, and the ugly muzzle of a gatling gun, ing to speak with calmness, "for refusing to give me the
emplaced in the tower, disclosed itself from behind a help that for the sake of common humanity I have a rio-ht
parapet of sand bags. Within a few seconds the ani- to expect of you?" :->

mated scene in the camp had changed to one in which "I am not in the habit of giving an explanation for my
nothing was visible of the garrison except the barrels of decisions," the Captain of regulars responded pompous";:
rifles, with bayonets fixed, protruding from behind cover, "However, I am willing to inform you that I am holdi~o-
and every weapon was pointed at the forlorn little parry the launch for the use of the General, whose arrival I e~~
of Constabulary. ~ect dail~, and a~so that I do not propose at the present
Dismayed at the inhospitable reception, Cochrane time to rISk send 109 men of my command up the river
halted his men near the outer edge of a barbed wire en- where Antonio Anugar, with the main body of the Pula-
tanglement which enclosed the camp and moved forward jans, is known to be operating."
alone, at each step expecting to become the target for "But my men are dying of hunger and can't march. It
hundreds of bullets. When he reached the barbed wire will take only a few hours for the launch to make the
he received a peremptory order to halt and did so, in- journey and I have reason to know that Anugar's band is
dignation welling strong within him. Then the church ?ot on the river,.". Cochra~e spok~ earnestly, almost plead-
door opened and a party of about twenty men advanced mgly, for the VISIOnof hiS starvmg men haunted him.
with rifles at the "ready." Recognizing the officer who His persistence only angered the other who beo-an,
led the party, the Captain spoke to him, but he could "Do you, a mere Constabulary officer, presume to a~Q"ue
hardly make anyone realize that he was not an enemy with the Commanding Officer of this station ~?"
and it was only after he had lost his temper and cursed Cochrane's lean face flushed. "I don't presume any-
vehemently in plain English oaths that he was admitted thing," he interrupted, "I tell you as a fact that I ha~'e
co the enclosure. destroyed Anugar's band and furthermore that although
"What's the matter with you people, Ballard?" he said I am, as you say, a mere Constabulary officer, I take my
to the officer. "First you open fire at me from your men in the field to fight, instead of keeping them shut up
damned launch with a gatling gun and now you receive behind barbed wire."
me as though I were Papa Pablo himself." "What do you mean by saying that you have destroyed
The Lieutenant had not yet recovered from his aston- Anugar's band?" Captain Todd exclaimed, ignoring the
ishment. "You don't know how near you came to being reference to the barbed wire.
killed, Cochrane," he gasped. "If one shot had been fired, Cochrane drew himself up, "You have told me that the
you and your men would have been wiped off the face General will arrive shortly, I will make my report to
of the earth. How did you get here anyway? Don't you him," he responded, "and now, Sir, with your permission,
know that the whole country is alive with Pulajans?" I shall try to find some native boats as I intend to go
"Yes, I expect I know more about the Pulajans than back up the river tonight."
you do," was the response. "And now, if you will be so Captain Todd may have felt that he had failed so far to
kind as to admit my men, I will report to your Command- show the traditional hospitality of the Regular Army; at
ing Officer." ,..;;;_ any rate his manner now became
Captain Todd, U. S. A., the ~~, ~1::::::1 more cordial and he pushed ov~r
officer commanding the two 'C~
~-/ ~ a box of cigars and invited hiS
companies of Regulars and one ~. ~~: .J::-~ ) guest to take a chair, saying that
company of Scouts that formed there was no use in being in a
the garrison, was not a popular hurry and that dinner would be
man in his regiment ordinarily, '\ ready soon. Cochrane decli?ed
and was even less so in his tem- j his belated offerings and wlth-
porary capaciry as station and drew. At the door of the office
battalion commander. The alarm he was seized upon by Ballard
into which his command had and some other junior officers
been thrown by the arrival of Every man clamored for the privilege of going. who were waiting for him. They
Cochrane's detachment had an- bore him away to the mess and
noyed him and his manner was everything but cordial. proffered him food, drink and tobacco, all of whic~ he
He did not ask Cochrane to be seated and the Constabu- refused until he had first seen that his men were provided
lary officer's request for the loan of the launch to go after for, and then had enjoyed a bath and the delicious
the men left up the river was met with a refusal as curt as luxury of putting on clean clothing.
it was unexpected. Cochrane thought of Hazzard and Ballard was indignant when he learned that the request
 1934 JUNGLE WARFARE 341

I
The fituation for the moment waf critical.

for the launch had been refused. "I knew old Toddy his right hand. It did him good to see them eat, and he
would rub Cochrane the wrong way but I never thought remained outside the tent watching them until Sergeant
he would do that," he said to the ot:1er juniors. "We'll Ablay saw him and rushed out, tin cup in hand, to an-
get boats from the natives and go after your men tonight nounce that the coffee contained both sugar and the
when the tide turns." hitherto unheard of luxury of evaporated cream.
"I'll take a detachment from my company' so your men Without Cochrane's knowledge, Ballard asked permis-
can rest," said another Lieutenant. sion of the Commanding Officer to accompany him either
"It won't be at all necessary, as a good meal and some with a detachment of Scouts or as an individual volunteer,
cigarettes will put new life in my men," answered Coch- but the request was refused. Leaving at dusk Cochrane
rane, not wishing to mention the Commanding Officer's made the night journey up the river in the flotilla of small
refusal to permit his men to go to the rescue. "All I ask boats manned by natives safely and in relative comfort.
is that you get me the boats and some food and cigarettes Only those who have been in a similar situation can ap-
to take with me," he added. preciate the feelings of Hazzard and his men when they
The battalion quartermaster, who was an old friend, were aroused by the approach of the boats and heard
promised to have everything in readiness, so Cochrane Cochrane's voice in respl'nse to the hail of the sentry.
went to notify Sergeant Ablay of the hour of departure. They had resigned themselves to an indefinite period of
Ballard led him to the mess of the Scout Company, which waiting and his return was not expected for several days
was also from Macabebe, and he found his men in good at the least. None was too ill to partake of the food, but
hands as many of the Scouts were their relatives or friends. when the cigarettes were distributed, the cup of content-
~ach Constabulary soldier had a heaped up platter of ment was filled.
nce and corned beef in front of him and was engaged in With the outgoing tide to favor them and fear of the
making away with it without bothering about such super- gloomy forests as an urge to the boatmen made good time
~uous accessories as knife or fork, nor was there any pause on the way down to Oras, the flotilla arriving at the sta-
In the operation except when some man, to save himself tion before noon. Lying at anchor off the port was a ship
from choking, had recourse to the quart pot of coffee at which Cochrane recognized as the Basi/an. The return
342 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL September-October

had been reported by the sentry in the church tower and fight 1 buried an even hundred of his men. Some of the
Ballard was in waiting at the landing place with informa- rest are wounded and all of them are dispersed. Anugar
tion that the General had arrived and wished Cochrane to himself probably escaped as he was not among the dead 1
report to him. As Ballard had made arrangements for found," was the response.
quartering the Company and conducting the sick men to The silence which followed was broken by Captain
the hospital, the Captain proceeded at once to head- Todd who remarked with a sneering implication that was
quarters. He found the General in conference with Cap- lost upon all save the Constabulary officer.
tain Todd and some other officers, one of the new comers "Evidently Mr. Cochrane, or rather Captain Cochrane,
being a Captain Nicklin of the Scouts, with whom he has not left much for the rest of us to do, unless we can
had served on several former campaigns. locate Maslog, but perhaps he had done that also."
An officer of high ability and splendid presence, the Cochrane flushed to the roots of his blonde hair but his
General possessed, among other unusual gifts, the faculty gaze never left the General's face. "Yes sir, 1 have done
of gaining the affection as well as the respect of all WhO that also," he said, when his commander glanced at him
served under him. He looked up from the map he was inquiringly. "At least 1 have a reliable guide who says
studying as Cochrane reported and smiled genially. he can take us there."
"Well, young man, we were just talking about you. I "Gentlemen, 1 think we had better let Cochrane have
am glad to see you," he said as he shook hands with the the floor," said the General. "He seems to know more
Constabulary officer. "You know Nicklin and Cook. about the actual situation than any of us. Now then,
T odd tells me you showed up here yesterday in rather a Captain, let's have your story."
bad way for food. Aren't you quite a long distance away Thus enjoined, Cochrane told in a few words of the at-
from your station?" tack on his station, the capture of Feliciano, the trail made
"It was the lack of food that brought me here Sir," by the Pulajans and the boy's statement that he could find
Cochrane answered. the way.to Maslog either from San Ramon or by the way
"That's odd," said the General. "Unless 1 am mis- of the Village farther up the coast.
taken, supplies for at least three months were shipped to When he had concluded there was another period of
you long ago by the "Masbate." However, we will talk silence and he noticed that the General was looking at
about those details later. Now as to the situation here him with a puzzled expression on his face. "How was it,
and my plans for taking the field. Captain Todd has ob- Cochrane, that you did not march to Maslog instead of
tained what he thinks is good information to the effect coming this way?" he asked finally. "Understand me,
that Antonio Anugar is at the burnt village of Concep- my boy, 1 am not criticising your actions at all, but
cion near the head waters of the Oras River, and that knowing you as 1 do 1 am at a loss to understand why,
Maslog is at the same place with over a hundred good
or not far from it. My ten- men in your company and
tative plan, therefore, is to the road to the place wide
move up the river with one open after Anugar's defeat,
company of regulars and you did not decide to go up
three of scouts and attack there and take it."
Anugar in his stronghold. Cochrane's face became
As you have just come from almost crimson and he could
somewhere up there you hardly control his voice, so
may have additional news; 0 deeply were feelings wound-
so 1 have postponed making n ed. "I think 1 told you,
a decision until your return. m Sir," he said, "that 1 needed
'c I am sure Anugar's band ~ food for my men and came
is not on the Oras River, here to get it."
Sir," replied Cochrane as "But you had food, for I
the General paused and nod- recall now that after West-
ded for hi~ to speak. over delivered your tequl-
"Give your reason for sition for rations, 1 had sup-
making such a positive state- plies for three months sent
ment," the General directed, to you immediately on th,e
bluntly. "Masbate." The Generals
"Because he attacked my manner was not unkindly
stockade at San Ramon just but there was a tinge of
nine days ago and after the Samar. sternness in his tone and
1934
.
JUNGLE
this in the presence of the other officers flayed Cochrane
\XTARFARE 343
Ballard's company of Scouts was to take station there
co his soul. with the mission of clearing the locality of Pulajans, and
"I did not get it. I got nothing; my men starved," was protecting the peaceably inclined inhabitants. The newly
all he could say. arrived Scout Companies commanded by Captains Nick-
"Do you mean to tell me," the General per- lin and Cook, together with Cochrane's detach-
sisted, "that you did not get the rations I sent ment, were to proceed to San Ramon, where an
\'ou? But you must have done so or you could "'\ expedition against Maslog, to be commanded
~ot have existed for all this time on that de- in person by the General, would be organized.
serted coast." \ Two days later Cochrane's men, who under
Forcing his emotion under control, Cochrane ~. rest and good food, had made rapid recupera-
looked squarely at the General and spoke. tion, were embarked on the Basi/an and the
"Nearly three months ago, I disembarked at cutter sailed for San Ramon. Although Coch-
San Ramon with rations for ten days. Since rane had felt but little uneasiness about the
that day not one pound of rations has come and safety of the station during his absence, it was
mv men have had to live on what we could a relief when the steamer rounded the Man-
fi~d. I would have marched to Maslog had grove Cape to see the flag flying from the Fort
they been able to do it, but I knew they could and the swarms of ragged soldiers crowding the
not. They are more like living skeletons than parapets to welcome the arrival of the long-
men, as you will see when you look at them. looked-for ship. Sergeant Bustos, however, was
If the boy I captured told the truth there is a too old a soldier to be caught napping. He
ship on the reefs to the north of San Ramon. noticed the brigadier's flag hoisted on the cutter
It may be the Masbate. and made haste to form the company under
The General strode across the room and put arms. When the General and other officers
his arm around Cochrane's shoulders. "Gentlemen," he landed they found the little garrison paraded and as the
said turning to the other officers, "I am not going to try parry approached, rifles were snapped to the "present"
to apoloO"ize to Captain Cochrane, because I can't. He and the prescribed flourish was sounded by the musicians,
and I ar~ O"oinO" out to the ship, for we have some matters with the precision and formality of a command of Regu-
to discuss~ I hope to see you all at dinner on board this lars. The General spoke a few complimentary words to
evening. Come now, young man, let's see what West- the First Sergeant which made that veteran swell with
over has for luncheon." pride; then he walked down the line, looking curiously
The Commanding Officer of the Basi/an was both aston. as he passed, at the hunger-ravaged features of the men.
ished and delighted when Cochrane appeared. He dem- He was visibly affected when at the conclusion of the in-
onstrated his pleasure at the reunion by various attentions spection he asked Cochrane to express his thanks and ap-
and gifts, of which perhaps the most highly appreciated preciation to the men for the soldierly qualities they had
was a box of fine cigars sent to the Captain's stateroom displayed and to inform them that he was proud of them.
after lunch with the compliments of the donor. Meanwhile the supplies of food and clothing brought
The conference held during the afternoon with the by the cutter were being unloaded. An issue of cigarettes
General cleared up various matters about which each had was made at once to assuage the men's impatience while
been in doubt or only partly informed. The General con- the cooks were busy with the preparation of an abundant
firmed the story told by Feliciano of the victories by which meal.
the Pulajans had come into possession of the rifles and The visiting officers were keenly interested in the Fort
ammunition, and the boy's statement regarding the vessel and its accessories. Hazzard's sketch of the locality and
wrecked on the northeast coast was accepted as the ex- the inscription on the grave of the hundred Pulajans also
plantation for the non-arrival of the Masbate. That ship received attention and praise. During Cochrane's absence
had been under orders, after touching at San Ramon, the First Sergeant had found and buried thirty-one ad-
to proceed directly to Manila for dury on the Luzon ditional corpses that were polluting the air in the vicinity
Coast, so its return to Catbalogan was not expected and of the station. He had likewise discovered the hidinO"
n
consequently its disappearance had not become known at places in the jungle of six of the original inhabitants of
the local headquarters before the departure of the General. the village and had induced them to return with their
The information given by Cochrane resulted in a ma- families and start rebuilding their homes. Hazzard, al-
terial change in the plans for future operations, orders for though weak, was now able to move about, and at his own
which were given to the assembled officers that evening request was detailed to supervise the issue of clothing and
after dinner. Captain Todd, with a column composed of shoes to the almost naked Macabebes. A liberal supply
troops from Oras, was directed to proceed up the river to of soap was included in the issue and a bath and change
the head of navigation, and after reconnoitering the coun- of clothing contributed as much as did the good food to
try to establish a camp at the burnt village of Concepcion. the rehabilitation of the men. Feliciano and Spot showed
344 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL September-October
their joy at the Captain's return by remaining constantly cided properly-in view of the peculiar psychology of the
at his heels, or under his feet, the efforts of boy and dog Macabebes-tha~ is, by lot, the obviously unfit men of
to win attention being ludicrously similar. course being eliminated by order. Spot decided the ques-
After the evening meal, Feliciano was interrogated at tion of his going by stowing himself away in one of the row
length. Notwithstanding his awe of the General he an- boats and appearing on board the ship at the moment of
swered intelligently, reiterating his former statement te- departure, this to the delight of his associate, Feliciano.
garding the wrecked vessel and asserting his ability to Westover got the Basilan clear of the reefs before dusk,
find a way to Maslog either by the land route or from the and running well out to sea, made his northing during
village on the coast. the night at half speed. At daybreak he sheered in to-
In the detailed description that he gave of life among wards the coast and by eight o'clock had brought the
the Pulajans, he referred more than once to the torture cutter to anchor in the shallow harbor about half a mile
and killing of prisoners by boys of his own age. When from shore. The wreck reported by Feliciano could be
pressed on this point he admitted that he himself had seen on a reef to the north. Westover identified it as the
officiated as "verdugo" on several occasions, adding Masbate so the mystery of that ship's failure to arrive
naively that ordinarily it was not at all difficult as the at San Ramon was ended. Of the fate of its crew, how-
prisoners, being tied to a stake, could not move hand or ever, there was only conjecture. A visit to the wreck no
foot and always stopped squirming soon after the dagger doubt would throw some light on rhis question but this
was driven in at the place where he was told to strike. undertaking was postponed until the return from the
Once it had been a little hard, he said, when the victim expedition on land.
was a woman whose cries and struggles made him think The troops were disembarked in the ship's boats, Cach-
of his mother at the time when the Pulajans killed her. rane's company, which was to lead the column, being sent
When questioned as to the motive of the Pulajan leaders ashore first with th~ mission o.f protecting the landing.
in compelling children to act as executioners, he replied No sooner had the dlsembarkatlOn started than a boudjon
that the Chief thought this would make the boys blood- growled out from on shore and the call was taken up and
thirsty and fearless in battle. He had never seen "Papa repeated, each time at a place farther inland, until its
Pablo," nor was even Anugar admitted to the presence of repetition died out in the distance. The landing, however,
the so-called Pope, whose actions were always shrouded in was not opposed. Well beaten paths winding about the
mystery. His story was exceedingly interesting for he place indicated that the locality was frequented by natives;
was gifted with unusually keen powers of observation probably the original inhabitants long since been driven
and was anxious to please his new friends by relating all into the ranks of the Pulajans.
he knew of the Pulajans. Feliciano had no difficulty in finding the trail by which
As a result of Feliciano's disclosures, the General de- he had come from Maslog with the band that had at-
cided to move the two Scout companies, each of which tacked and burnt the village. The last boat load of men
numbered over 100, and 80 men of Cochrane's company, got ashore by noon and Cochrane's cooks served the mid-
by boat to Cagamotan, the burnt village on the coast to day meal to the entire command at the usual hour. Soon
the north, and with the boy as a guide, to march from after it was finished the column was formed and moved
that place against Maslog. Hazzard was directed to re- out in single file. Feliciano led the way, with Cochrane
main at San Ramon with the mission of finding the vil- next, then came eight Constabulary armed with repeat-
lagers yet in hiding and persuading them to' rebuild their ing shotguns; next came the General, followed by the
homes. He was authorized to give the natives who had balance of the Constabulary. The two Scout companies
already returned enough rice for temporary needs and to brought up the rear. The order of march by no means
use them as emissaries for locating and bringing in the conformed to the principle set forth in military text books
others.
but Cochrane insisted upon sharing the post of greatest
There was a commotion in Cochrane's company the
danger with the little guide and the General likewise re-
next morning when the news was circulated that the Cap-
tain would leave that afternoon on another expedition and fused to take a less exposed position.
only 80 of the 143 men were to accompany him. Every There was no doubt that there would be a fight,
man clamored for the privilege of going. The men who which meant that the column would be ambuscaded
had remained at the Fort during his last absence main- and then attacked by bolomen. The orders for such a con-
tained that it was now their turn, while those who had tingency were that the men should rally by platoons a?d
gone with him claimed the right to go again as a recom- commence firing at will, the Pulajan riflemen to be 19-
pense .for the hardships already endured. First Ser- nored as a general rule and the fire to be concentrated on
geant Bustos was unable to quiet the disturbance as the the bolomen. The trail was broad and well beaten with
rival claimants finally demanded permission to present the "slick" appearance that heavy foot traffic gives to such
the case to the Captain, access to whom, by an iron-bound a path in the tropics. It traversed a gently sloping coastal
rule in the company, was never refused. Cochrane de- plain covered with alternate patches of jungle and cogon
cided the question the only way it could have been de- grass and occasionally it dipped to cross and recross a small
1934 JUNliLn WARFARE 345
stream that flowed in a rocky bed between banks entirely t~e column on both flanks. Only those who have sur-
hidden by masses of vegetation. VIved a bolo. n:sh are a~le to realize how strongly the
The air had ceased to vibrate from the rasping blasts of bravest man IS Impelled m such a situation to flee from
the warhorns and the jungle lay still and quiet under the the terrible knives; no others can appreciate the discipline
fierce heat. Cochrane almost envied Feliciano as, dad and strength of character that enabled the soldiers at this
only in his bright colored breechclout, he skipped after time steadfastly to face the onslaught of the fanatics.
the gorgeous red and blue butterflies flapping lazily over- The situation for the moment was critical. Cochrane
head, or dived into the foliage to explore the cool recesses was attacked by four big natives, each anxious to finish
of some hidden pool. Poising once, like a little golden the white officer and gain possession of the coveted red
cupid, on a boulder in midstream, he smilingly beckoned and gold shoulder straps; half the men in the two leading
Cochrane to come on, and the contrast between his tiny squads were down, .and those on their feet, including the
figure and the fierce looking soldiers he was guiding General~ were fightmg ha?d to hand with an enemy out-
brought to the officer's mind the line, "and a little child num~en?g them many times over. Heavy firing in the
shall lead them." rear mdlcated that the Scout companies were also en-
As the column continued to advance and still no enemy gaged. The soldiers were strung out single file and there
was seen the strain on the men became greater. They was not enough room on the trail for them to take the
knew they were marching into an ambuscade and natu:- best formation for meeting the attack. The advantage
ally there was a desire to meet the d.anger and ~et It lay, therefore, with the active and muscular bolomen,
over with. As Cochrane pushed on with unconsciOusly wh?se movements, until they sprang into the trail, were
quickened pace he selected first one place and then entirely concealed by the vegetation. Cochrane stopped
another on the trail as the spot where the column would three adversaries by emptying his revolver at them and
become the target for a volley, :nd. each time as he pr:- Sergeant Alalay saved his life again by shooting the
pared himself for the ordeal and It dId not come the stram fourth .. Being unable to reload either gun or revolver, he
became more intense. then selze~ a b~lo and defen~ed himself from other op-
Two of the short hourly halts were made and nothing ponents With thiS weapon until the Sergeant rallied some
unusual had happened. Then the head of. the column men to. protect him. Meanwhi~e the General upheld his
arrived at a place where the gras.son each sIde was long reputatl~n as o?e of .the best wmg shots in the army by
and thick. This time the Captam had selected the next neatly dlspatchmg With a pumpgun three Pulajans in just
bend in the trail as the most l~kely place for the ambus- a few seconds.
cade. As he walked towards it his thoughts wandered to The situation was saved, however, by First Sergeant
the perforations made by the multiball ammunition in the Bustos, who the moment the volley was fired, closed his
stomach of the soldier mortally wounded at San Ramon. men up and had them to face alternately to the right and
He did not expect to escape unscathed in the coming left. This formation enabled him to beat off the waves of
fight.. Papa Pablo's warriors were instructed to try always bolo.men that attacked his platoon and they fell back
to kill the white officers and as he towered above the leavmg the ground strewn With their dead and wounded.
Macabebes, wearing the gaudy red shoulder straps of the Seeing th~n that prompt action was necessary in order
Constabulary, he was too conspicuous not to be singled to save the officers and men to the front, he rallied his
out. platoon in a half circle and advanced astride the trail, the
Such was his train of thought when the shrill blast of men marching shoulder to shoulder and forcing a way
a whistle sounded almost at his ear and with a reaction thr?ugh the grass. The ~ulajan riRemen who yet stood
entirely automatic, he whirled and fired into ~he face of their ground were taken In flank and killed almost to a
a hideous red-garbed creature that rose up at hiS feet. man, while the bolomen, massing to make an end of the
The discharge of the pump gun synchroni.zed with t?at sorely pressed advance guard, were forced back before the
of a volley loosed at point-blank range by:a hne. of Pulajan living shield thus interposed by the splendid old sergeant.
riRemenuntil that moment completely hidden m the grass They were loth to give ground, however, and made sev-
at the side of the trail. As the sheet of smoke and flame eral charges before they withdrew.
burst forth into the faces of the leading men, the Captain Cochrane's second platoon moved forward in a similar
felt a blow as though he had been struck on the arm with manner and combed the locality, dispersing various
a sledge-hammer and the shotgun dropped from his grasp. groups that were still lurking in the grass. The column
His left forearm had been shattered by a heavy soft-nosed was then assembled and a count made of the casualties,
bullet. The shock of the volley, delivered as it was at a the wounded, of course, being given such treatment as
range close enough to burn the clothing of the soldiers, was available. The main effort of the Pulajans had been
would have appalled any but veteran troops. It was but directed a~ainst the ?ead of the column, the attack upon
the prelude, however, to worse danger, for while the the rear bemg more m the nature of a demonstration that
Macabebes were trying to rally upon their fallen com- was defeated by the well disciplined Scouts without loss
rades, the long grass became alive with red-uniformed men to themselves.
who sprang from their places of concealment and charged Cochrane fainted from loss of blood shortly after the
346 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL September-October

First Sergeant's timely maneuver, but he came to im- On the way back to the coast he fainted again and
mediately and asked first for a drink of water and then again, and his arm was by then badly infected; neverthe_
for a cigar. His wrist and hand were without feeling as less he refused to be carried. When the column repassed
the shattered nerve ends hung in strips, but the pain in the scene of the ambuscade he called Feliciano, and to his
his upper arm and shoulder was almost beyond endurance. surprise there was an answering cry and the little boy
He had been wounded in previous engagements both by darted from the grass to fall at his feet and clasp his knees,
bolo and bullets but never before had he suffered so squealing all the while with joy. Feliciano's story Was
greatly. There was no surgeon with the command so Cap- that when he heard the whistle he knew what it meant
tain Nicklin applied a tourniquet and bandaged the and for fear of being caught by the Pulajans he ran far
wound. into the jungle. When the noise of the firing ceased he
By unparalleled good fortune not a soldier was killed or crept back to find that his friends were gone. He resolved
mortally wounded. The inirial volley caused a majority then to hide near the trail and await their return. This
of the casualties. It was fired in the prone position, con- he did, remaining there in the grass without food or water
sequently the bullets went low and most of the wounded for nearly two days and nights.
men were struck in the legs and feet. It was due to this When all were safely reembarked, the cutter sailed for
lucky chance and to the promptness with which the Lauang, stopping at the wreck of the Masbate only long
soldiers rallied that the command escaped with such slight enough to ascertain that ship and cargo were a total loss
losses. and that the crew had taken to the boats, carrying with
Cochrane was in torment from the pain of his shattered them their arms and ammunition.
arm; and he was very weak, but he objected so strongly It was over a month before Cochrane was pronounced
to being sent back to the cutter with the other wounded fit for duty and authorized to rejoin the Company which
that the General permitted him to remain with the in the meantime had been transferred from San Ramon to
column. a station on the north coast only a few hours distant by
The less seriously injured Pulajans either made their boat from Lauang. The General had long since sailed for
escape by crawling into the jungle or were shot while at- Manila, taking with him Feliciano, whom he proposed to
tempting to do so. Those unable to move were given a have educated as a ward of the Philippine Government.
rough and ready first aid and left as they lay, their re- Cochrane arrived at the new station at sunset. The
moval to the ship being deferred until the return. The sentries had recognized Spot at a distance and as the boat
generous treatment accorded by order of the General prob- drew near the shore he found Hazzard and the men at the
ably surprised them, but not one could be induced to give landing place to welcome him. There was no cheering;
any information whatever. the Macabebes simply gathered around with shining eyes
Feliciano had taken to cover like a young partridge and grinned at their Captain while they waited for the
when the first whistle blast was sounded, and had not re- mention by name and the word or two of greeting which
appeared. Some of the Macabebes were of the opinion he had for each man. The company was quartered in the
that after having purposely led them into the ambuscade, deserted convent and dinner was spread that night in
he had rejoined the Pulajans. Cochrane had more faith in handsome style on an immense table of red hardwood.
his affection and gratitude, but when he failed to return After dinner the two officers took their ease in great
in response to repeated calls, the advance was resumed cane-bottomed armchairs, designed no doubt by some fat
without him, the Captain leading the way with a naked old fraile who loved comfort. Alalay brought in a tray on
bolo, taken from one of the men he had killed, in his which were whiskey and T ansan and a box of the fragrant
hand. Manila cigars dispensed at the commissary in Lauang.
Several months later when asked to describe this jour- Spot lay curled at his master's feet. The massive doors
ney, he replied that the pain, thirst, heat and loss of blood between the officers' quarters and the dormitory of the
so affected his mind that he had no t men were wide open, and as he leaned forward
connected recollection of what hap- to tweak the little dog's ear, he happened to glance
pened. He did recall, however, th~t towards them. What he saw in the half circle of light
Alalay followed continually at his cast by the lamps was the men of
heels, helping him to keep on the the Company, sitting on their hee!s
trail and to avoid the cunningly hid- in the semi-darkness, with theIr
den pitfalls and spear traps that were eyes fixed on him as though he
found more frequently the nearer were an idol to be worshipped. He
the stronghold was approached. pretended not to see them and
He said also that the remnant of leaned back, stretching out his long
the band they had defeated fell legs luxuriously. Then he look~d
back before them, and that when
they reached Maslog found it aban-
..
i
over at the Lieutenant and saId
with one of his rare smiles, "It's
doned and in Hames. It's good to be home. good to be home again."
Public Speaking
By CoLONEL WILLIAM H.
Infantry
WALDRON
UMany public speakers miss
a lot of opportunities to stop."
OMEWHERE away back in the dim and distant

S past a man got his fellow men together and talked they may be able to render an important service to the
to them. In those days men's lives were wrapped . profession of arms and at the same time contribute to the
up in the struggle for existence and it is more than prob- w~fare of t~e.~epublic. Officers who are detailed for duty
able that his talk was about the measures to be taken WIth the CIVIlIancomponents must be effective public
against a common foe. Here we have the first public speakers if they are to carry on wi~ the job. They.must
speech and the man who made it was a natural leader for be able to stand up before an audIence of any size; they
he stepped out ahead of the crowd and did something new must have something worthwhile to say, and have the
and unusual. It is entirely probable that he founded a ability and intestinal fortitude to say it; and last but not
tribe which eventually grew into a nation. In any event least, having said it, they must be able to sit down
he set the wheels of progress in motion and they have promptly and graciously.
been rolling along ever since. A young man had made his maiden effort at public
History records that empires, kingdoms and republics speaking and it was apparent that he was quite proud of
have come into being, risen to greatness, sunk into deca- himself. His old-timer uncle was in the audience. Know-
dence, and passed on, and much of this. process ,of evol~- ing he would get the unvarnished truth, the young man
tion has been largely the result of publIc speakmg. HIS- made ,~old t.oask uncle ~ow he Hked it. "Very good, very-
tory also has repeated itself all down through the centuries good, rephed the old-tImer. But, my boy, you missed
and our present is no exception to the inexorable law. We several wonderfully good opportunities." "What do you
have but to look about; us and see what is happening in mean, opportunities?" inquired the youngster. "Oppor-
the world today to appreciate that fact. In the years to tunities to stop and sit down," answered the uncle. And
come history will continue its repetition, for history is so it is with many public speakers; they miss a lot of
only a record of human events and the hu~an natut opportunities to stop. I once heard an accomplished speak-
which produces these events changes not a whIt. er declare that no man can speak more than twenty min-
Through all the ages the fine a~ of p~blic speak~ng,has utes on any subject without repeating himself, and that
remained essentially the same as It was m the begmmng. is literally true in a vast majority of cases.
The technique of the su!=cessfulpublic speakers of today In order to become an effective public speaker an officer
is substantially the same as that which was practiced by will have to prepare himself by sincere study and practice.
the chieftains of the tribes, the rulers of the people, the Also since there are mighty few who can speak extem-
generals of the Medes and Persians, the scholars of por~neously, every officershould have tucked away in his
Greece, The Roman Senators and all the great figures who bram a s~ort and ,:ell prepared talk ~n the organization
have flashed acros the pages of world history. First, there and functIOns of hIS own arm or servIce, and how it fits
has always been an intro~uction into :"hich is wove~ one into the scheme of preparedness. This should include a
or more expedients to gain the attentIOn of t?e audle~ce brief discussion of the history and salient features of the
and create in them a mood for a sympathetIC receptiOn National Defense Act. You would be surprised how little
of that wliich is to follow. There then comes the pres- p~ople kri.?w la?out ?ur scheme of preparedness as pro-
entation of the subject matter of the speech with a devel- VIded for m thIS baSIClaw. To supplement this talk, an
opment, in logical sequence, of the ideas which the officer should have others available and one of the most
speaker wants to get across to his hearers. This is followed appropriate that can be devised is a short talk on current
by the grand climax in which is inclu~ed the ap~eal to events of national and international importance. Issues of
the emotions of the people. All of thIS proceeds m the local, national and international importance are always
same simple sequence that has been the vogue down vital subjects for discussion.
through the ages. The public speaker who would de- Crowds will assemble for one purpose or another and
liberately disregard this time honored and accepted out- some one will get on his feet and talk with a force and
line is indeed a brave man. effectiveness that bespeaks authority. The crowd will fol-
Public speakers who have a message, who know wh~t low him and do his bidding for a crowd is made up of
they are talking about, and who are able to present theIr emotional human beings.
subject in an attractive way, will always be in demand in The ability to speak in public is a most valuable asset
the United States. to an officer of the army. Those who have it will find
Golden opportunities are affor~ed to th.e officersof the many opportunities to use it, and these should be taken
Army in this vast field of pubhc speakmg. There are advantage of when presented. Those who do not have it
thousands of civic clubs all over the country who are ever should lose no time in attaining this proficiency which is
on the alert for a speaker with a message. 'It is here that becoming ever increasingly important.
Crash on Artillery!
Words and music by J. F. HEWETT and A. H. OSBORN

(Dedicated to Major General John W. Gulick)

..
. p
1934 CRASH ON ARTILLERY! 349

(pu" effect)

,., ...
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st FIELD MUSIC
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350 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL September-October

.~ l\

on! - - with your guns, boys Ist ev 'ry -

A A

~t
Push on: to the
" "

'--"'"
boys Le"t your guns give 'em Hell - - -
A

. "'5
on, a.nd figh t, on for e - var No ma.t-tar
" A
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2nd Stanza
Who backs the infantry when the fighting begins?
Who cracks the enemy with a fire that wins?
Who brings the planes down in flames, boys, o'er land
and o'er sea?
Ever and forever, it's the Coast Artillery.
1934 CRASH ON ARTILLERYl 351

.
-----
you - - - may be -
.. stand",
A
pat -
A

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tor Un-cIa Sam, boys And the Ar - til - le-

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ry - - - - - -. Coast Ar - til - Ie -ry
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yd Stanza
Drink to the flag,boys, of the grand old C.A.
Here's how! to the men who will fight come what may.
And here's a toast to the gunners of each battery
Here's health! to the General, and the Coast Artillery.
Promotion Thesis
Bright, iiI' bars of gold;
Wearer will be quite as old
As Alexander dead and cold
Ere they turn to silver.

Single bars of silver plate

Multiply to two too late.
Long ago Youth took the gate
While advancement tarried.

Next the golden leaves appear

With life's yellow leaf and sere GRflN f'APP't ')5
AmbiFion's fires burn low, I fear- A CAPTfllN Now'!-!
In our aging Cresar.

All his future's in the past;

Silver leaves approaching fast
But it's doubtful if he'll last
Long enough to wear them.
But
Eagles drop from high
Stars on this game old guy
Who sleeps so quietly
In Arlington.
ProInotion is in the Air
2E What will come out of it all
T
life blood of the nation courses its way through
officialWashington where the nature and complex-
ion of its corpuscles are materially changed. Such is anybody's guess.
emotions as hope, expectancy, disappointment and des-
pair vie with each other for the ascendancy and operate then additional separations by forced attrition will operate
to alter its color from red to blue and back again. As to bring the total- up to 4;h. % of the promotion list of-
usual, the atmosphere of the nation's capital is surcharged ficers. A board of major generals will do the selecting out
with the portent of impending events in both the civil on the basis of efficiency and general value to the service.
and military world. So far as the latter is concerned, the Officers selected out under the provisions of this plan will
question of promotion, elimination, or what have you, not be retired but will be transferred to a "service com-
occupies the center of the stage. mand list" where they will be available for assignment to
It will be recalled that early in July the Chief of Staff the Service Command contemplated in paragraph 38 of
sent out a directive to the General Council consisting of the War Department Mobilization Plan of 1933, They
the Deputy Chief of Staff, and the chiefs of arms and will receive 75% of the pay they draw at the time of
branches and the sections of the War Department Gen- transfer and will be available for a period of fourteen days'
e'ral Staff, to prepare a promotion plan, every important active service annually without increase in payor emolu-
feature of which should be supported by the majority ments.
opinion of the Council to the end that the completed This plan further provides for the promotion of bri-
plan could command the unified support of the Army~ gadier general to major general by seniority provided the
Individual officers were encouraged to submit for con- senior brigadier is pronounced qualified for promotion.
sideration their ideas as to the action necessary to improve Should the senior brigadier be found not qualified he will
the unsatisfactory condition now existing. In conformity be transferred to the service command list. Length of
with the directive, each chief of arm and branch endeav- service in grade for major generals and brigadier gen-
ored to obtain the reaction of the officers for whom they erals of the line is limited to four years. At the end of that
are authorized to speak, and each has submitted his recom- period they are transferred to the service command list.
mendations. The same procedure has been followed by Chiefs of arms and services, or their assistants in the grade
the several sections of the War Department General Staff. of brigadier general, are also to be transferred, upon com-
Added to this there are many individual proposals now pletion of their four-year tour, to the service command
before the General Council. Out of the welter of pro- list. Under this plan it is estimated that during the first
posals and in spite of the currents and cross currents of year of operation the following promotions would take
personal opinion, bias, prejudice, aspiration and all the place:
other human reactions which enter into the make-up of 241 lieutenant colonels to colonels
an individual, something may emerge which will prove a 460 majors to lieutenant colonels
boon to the commissioned personnel of the Army. If it 528 captains to majors
does not, it will not be because of a dearth of ideas or want 482 first lieutenants to captains
.of thorough, careful deliberation, backed by sound judg- 532 second lieutenants to first lieutenants
ment and a sincere desire to improve conditions which are
admittedly bad. After the first year the annual separation would proba-
bly be distributed as follows:
-It is quite probable that something will be done about
promotion, but it is too early to hazard an inspired fore- 79 colonels
cast as to what that something will be. Readers of the 59 lie~tenant colonels
JOURNALmay be interested, however, in knowing the 109 maJo~s
essential features of some of the plans now under con- 193 captams
sideration. We therefore publish brief synopses of a few, NOTE: The servicecommandlist comtemplatedby this plan
selected random. The numbers designating the several not only provides a badly needed reserve of physically fit
Regular officers to direct and supervise the all important
plans have no significance; they are used merely for the
mobilization machinery in the event of a major emergency,
purpose of differentiation. but offers an ingenious alternative to overloading the retired
list with the able-bodied victims of forced attrition.
PLANI
Provides for the separation from the promotion list an- PLANII
nuallyof 12;h. % of the colonels, 8% of the lieutenant This plan proposes the creation of 500 vacancies annu- .
colonels, 6;h % of the majors and 6% of the captains, ally. It estimates that from 300 to 350 of this number
in all some 450 officers. Wheneyer this number is not at- would be from "normal" causes. The remaining 150 to
tained by normal means, i.e., death, retirement for age, 200 would be obtained by forced elimination, based upon
physical disability, resignation and Class B procedure, comparative efficiency and general worth to the service.
354 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL September-October
The plan proposes that the present single list be retained The plan calls for a board of nine general officersto be
and made to approach a proper list as regards age in grade known as the general personnel board to be charged with
and freedom from blocks. To accomplish this it is pro- the operation of the law and to classify officers annually
posed to retire colonels after eight years, and brigadier as suited or unsuited for promotion. Under this plan, pro-
generals after six years' service in grade if they are not motions to the grade of colonel, lieutenant colonel and
carried on the list for promotion. The following retire- major are to be made by seniority from those officers
ments based on age and grade is proposed: carried on the eligible list for promotion to the next higher
Colonels over 58 grade. Officers not included on the eligible list would
Lieutenant Colonels over 54 mark time in their present grades. Officers passed over
Majors over 50 twice in making up the eligible list are to be placed on the
Captains over 46 retired list. Officers selected out under this plan will be
This scheme also carries a provision to permit retirement paid 2~ % of present pay multiplied by the number of
.
upon vo1untary app 1ication 0f alI officers aft er 22 years 0 f completed years of commissioned service, not to exceed
commissioned service. The pay of officers selected out 75% of the pay at date of retirement. This plan, if pUt
under this plan would be the same as at present for offi- into effect, would result in the immediate promotion of
cers eliminated by Class B procedure, i.e., one year's pay 214 lieutenant colonels, 393 majors and 859 captains.
or OfficersWIth 10 years or 1ess 0 f commissioned service The resulting increase of the number of active field offi-
fa:.'
Ii: ~/' tImes t h e num b er 0 f years, not to exceed
an d 2}2/ cers would be 620. (All Central and South American
0
75/0~/ for Officers
a:. f h .
0 more t an 10 years of servIce. This
armies take notice).
plan stresses the necessity for a new and better form of An officer once placed on the eligible list for promotion
efficiency report. would not be removed therefrom except as a result of pro-
motion or the specific recommendation of the general
PLAN III personnel board. The Secretary of War would report to
This plan provides for the automatic promotion of the President annually those general officers who should
second lieutenants after three years of service and first be retired at the age of 62. The forced retirement of those
lieutenants after ten years of service. It permits officers of officers below the grade of general who have been twice
the World War hump to retire voluntarily after ten years passed over would tend to smooth out the promotion list
from the date of the passage of the bill. It provides for and stimulate promotion of the more active and capable
the distribution of promotion list officers by grade as fol- officers..
lows: There is no eligible list for lieutenants. Second lieu-
Colonels 6% tenants are to be promoted to first lieutenant after three
Lieutenant Colonels 7% years of commissioned service and first lieutenants will be
Majors 16% promoted captains after ten years of commissioned service.
Captains 30~ % This plan provides for age in grade retirement, at the
1st and 2d Lieutenants combined 40~ % discretion of the President, as follows:
There is a specific provision that no officer will be pro- Generals at 62 years
moted ahead of any officer now above him on the pro- Colonels at 60 years
motion list. To accomplish a proper flow of promotion Lieutenant Colonels at 58 years
this plan provides that vacancies in each of the grades Majors and officers of company grades at 56 years
shall occur annually as follows: A limit is placed on the percentage by grades of pro-
Colonels 15% motion list officersas follows:
Lieutenant Colonels 8% Colonels 4~ %
Majors 7~% Lieutena.nt Colonels 7~ %
Captains 4~ % Majors 20~%
Vacancies after normal losses to be created by voluntary
PLAN V
retirements or forced attrition on the basis of efficiency.
Proposes selection to grade of general officer. All other
PLAN IV
promotions by seniority.
This plan has some unusual provisions in that it This plan is based on the premise that an officer com-
abolishes the grade of brigadier general and promotes all missioned a second lieutenant at 24 should attain the grade
officers of this grade to the grade of major general, the of first lieutenant at 27, captain at 33, major at 40, lieu-
upper third of this list to receive the pay and allowances of tenant colonel at 46, and colonel at 5I.
major generals and the remainder to receive the pay and It provides for the following distribution of promotion
allowances now prescribed for brigadier generals. It pro- list officersby rank.
poses five generals of the line (the Chief of Staff and the Per Cent Number Increase Decrease
commanders of the four armies) and four lieutenant gen- Colonels 6% 628 158
erals of the line. LieutenantColonels 7% ;732 155
1934 PROMOTION IS IN THE AIR 355
Majors 16% 1,674 51 passed over are not automatically retired. They mayor
Captains 30;h % 3,190 260 may not be selected out. If not selected out they continue
Lieutenants 40;h % 4,236 in their present grades and are considered for promotion
The reason for the increase in the number of colonels again at each succeeding annual meeting of the selection
and lieutenant colonels is to provide for a proper promo- board as long as they remain In the service.
tion Row without excessive forced attrition in the grades Under this plan officers selected out will be retired on
of captain and major. 75% of their pay at the date of retirement.
Under this plan the total number of separations from
PLAN VII
the active list is 533 per year. Deaths, retirements, resig-
nations, Class B boards, etc., will account, on the average, This plan proposes an increase in the number of field
for 277 leaving 256 to be selected out on the basis of com- officers to 35% of the total number of officers.
parative efficiency as follows: One of the major premises of this plan is based on the
Colonels 18 assumption that officers should be promoted to the next
Lieutenant Colonels 35 higher grade as follows:
11~0~ 75 First Lieutenant at about 26
Captains 88 Captain " " 30
Lieutenants 40 11ajor 40
This plan recommends that officersselected out receive Lieutenant Colonel" " 48
retired pay amounting to 2;h % of active pay at time of Colonel "" 52
retirement multiplied by the number of years of service, It proposes to encourage retirements and to apply the
not to exceed 75%' Class B law more strictly. Where existing forms of attri-
tion fail to cause a sufficient number of vacancies, it pro-
PLAN VI
poses forced retirement of the pecessary number of offi-
This plan does not favor promotion by length of service cers from those whose place on the age curve is highest
or age in grade .. with respect to the normal age curve for the entire pro-
It advocates forced attrition where the rate of attrition motion list. It also provides for the selection out of all
from the normal causes is not sufficient to create the num- officerspassed over by a selection board appointed for the
ber ?f vacancies necessary to provide a proper Row of pro- purpose of preparing an eligibility promotion list for the
motton. grades of lieutenant colonel and colonel.
It estimates that a 4.2 % attrition of promotion list This plan advocates the retirement of major generals at
officerswill meet the requirements and proposes that offi- 64, brigadier generals at 62, and all officersin the grade of
cers be selected out to make up that percentage after all colonel or below at 60. All officers retired or selected out
normal attrition factors have operated. It is estimated that for age under the provisions of the preceding paragraph
this will produce the following vacancies annually: receive 3 % of their pay times the number of years of com-
Colonels 25 missioned service up to 75%'
Lieutenant Colonels 35
The foregoing resume makes no pretense of being com-
Majors 115
plete. Many ingenious proposals not included in the
Captains 225
above summaries have been advanced. A number of
Lieutenants 40
them contain some "selection up" features but, for the
It proposes no change in the distribution of officers ac- most part, the plans proposed are against outright "pro-
cording to rank. motion by selection." Even those which favor some one of
As an aid to the "normal attrition" feature it proposes the many variations of promotions by selection, carry
that any officer may be retired after 30 years of service features designed to protect the rough field soldier types
at the discretion of the government as well as at the dis- with few social graces from the danger of being jumped
cretion of the officer. After 9 years of service in the grade by the fair-haired boys hundreds of files their juniors.
of colonel or 6 years in the grade of brigadier general, an Two features are common to a majority of the plans
officerwill be retired if not promoted to next higher grade. under consideration. One of them is a recommendation
It advocates a modified form of '''selection up" into and that the percentage of field officers be increased and the
above the grade of major. It proposes a selection board to other is the advocacy of some form of forced attrition to
consider the eligibility for promotion of officers in the produce a proper Row of promotions and Ratten out the
grade of captain and above, beginning at the top of the hump. There is also a strong feeling that the retired list
list in each grade. This board places on a list for promo- should not be overloaded. Except on these points there
tion each year officersto fill the expected vacancies in the is little evidence of any crystalization of thought on the
order which their names appear on the promotion list. In subject. What will come out of it all is anybody's guess.
other words, no junior is jumped over a senior. Officers T mly, in more than one sense, promotion is in the air.
 Why the AnsW"er Is No!
MARVINJ. McKINNEY ANDBURGOD. GILL,C.A.e.
By LIEUTENANTS

HEN we first join~d the service it dawned on us

W
3, The unfairness of some older officersand e.O's who
that there was such a thing as the Quartermaster let it be known that their policy is, "I don't like Q.M's,
Corps, but what was it all about? Supply, a and now that we understand each other, let's get to
generic term, was the answer to our question, but like all work."
general terms it was meaningless. The Quartermaster 4. Post maintenance work, which was mentioned in
Department was largely a matter of mystery, and it is a "2," takes better than half the usual Q.M's time, and
human trait to deprecate anything we do not understand. seems to cause more than two-thirds of his worries. The
In a recent article we had published on education for Q.M. should be a capable staff officer and not be forced
junior officers,* it was stated that each new officer during to waste his time on paint, plumbing, gardens, and roads
the first three to six years of his service should serve with around the post. Young line officers do not want to go
an artillery arm, a mounted and a dismounted branch, and into the Q.M. because they do not wish to be post main-
with horses or motors, as well as a tour in a supply branch. tenance officersall their lives.
In that same article mention was made of the fact thar
5. Here are some concrete examples that we have seen:
there should be a minimum amount of staff work (except
Within less that a year the writers have noted two su-
supply) like police and prison, post exchange, aiding,
perior majors who have transferred to the Q.M. Both are
personnel, and adjutanting. In our present school system
brilliant men and excellently trained in the army service
we receive an ample amount of instruction for staff work.
schools. With the training that they have received, plus
However, it is many years before one wakes up in the vital
their records and ability to work, they should have held en-
necessity of the Q.M.e.
viable staff positions. But, as Q.M's on their present as-
It was about eight years after receiving our commissions signments, what do we see? One (a post Q.M.) was
before we realized the extreme importance of supply. It "ridden" almost to the point of a nervous breakdown by
was only,by chance even then that the true state of affairs the unreasonableness of a colonel who would not have
was brought to our notice. Of course, the e.e.C's was, treated any member of his regiment in that fashion. The
and is, the chance-like emergency. If the supply branch other is the case of an officerwho was the Q.M. of a large
of the army had fallen down, regardless of what the line e.e.e. district with very poor assistants and insufficient
might have done in handling these young men, the Army laborers. His task was made more difficult by the errone-
would have received a black eye that would have taken a ous views somebody occasionally gave his e.O.
longer time to regain its normal color than even the dis-
After thinking quite a bit about the Q.M.e., especially
coloration caused by the "embalmed beef" scandal of
after noting the great amount of work necessary at ea~h
three decades ago.
post, and realizing that the maintenance of a post and Its
It is realized that the Quartermaster Corps, after the grounds is generally the personal hobby, as well as the
long period of doldrums as far as taking new blood into duty, of most commanding officers, why should the post
it, is at last needing recruits. Actually, we wonder why QJvL have to handle post maintenance? It strikes one
officers wish to transfer to it in spite of the fact that it rather forcibly that these functions should be held by
looks like actual professional bribery is resorted to in some the post police and prison officer working directly und~r
instances. For example, take Major XYZ, a splendid the colonel. This would free the Q.M. of a lot of hIS
officer, who is possibly worried over the Leavenworth or troubles, and put the onus of the care of a post where ~t
the War College detail. "Transfer to the Q.M.e. and properly belongs-upon the e.O.-who would ~av~ hiS
we will send you," and off goes the major. "house keeping" staff officer, the P. and P., as hiS nghr
May we note the mental drawbacks that the thought hand man.
of a transfer or a detail in the Q.M.e. brings up no mat-
Young officers are ambitious, and look for be~t~r jobs
ter how much we would like the experience.
and higher rank in times of war, and want tralUlUg to
I. The youthful fixed opinion of, "That blankety- accomplish this and further their ambitions. College de-
blank Q.M.! Who wants to be one anyway?" tails and schools should not be the only bait held out by
2. The fact that the Q.M. on a small post is generally the Q.M.e. The work should and can be made more
..
overworked by his four assignments of supply, commis- lUterestlUg.
sary, agent finance, and post maintenance and utilities. Would it not be better for each individual officer, or
One look at the mass of detail work with the mountains especialy selected ones, to serve a n:o-year detail, in the
of paper work behind it is enough to give a line lieutenant Q.M.e. during the early years of hIS career? If It w~re
mal de mer at the thought of being immersed in it. so, more officerswould have a better understanding of.Its
*"Can We Broaden' Our Basic Education?" COAST ARTILLERY problems and realize what supply means and how vital
JOLR~AL, March-April, 1934. it is!
The .48 Autom.atic Pistol
By MAJOR HARRY R. PIERCE
C.A.C. "Itis awaste of time to debate
about what kind of firearm
I
Nmany ways the ,45 Colt automatic pistol is a much
abused weapon. It is claimed by some that it is in-
accurate, by others, that it is not dependable on ac-
is safer in the hands of the
count of the possibility of jams. In one respect, however, kind of person who will pull
no criticism is ever heard. All will admit that it has a
powerful wallop. a trigger without knowing
While no bald statement will be made herein that the
.45 automatic is the best weapon made, it is the belief of
whether or not the gun is
the writer, after years of shooting, experimentation and loaded."
study, that it is not far from the top and well deserving of
its place as official side arm of the Army, Navy and One of the crack shots of the Los Angeles Police Pistol
Marine Corps. team is quoted as saying that the '38 revolver is good for
In this article, the usefulness of this weapon is con- a 10% better score than the .45 automatic: With this re-
sidered, not as a target gun, alone, nor primarily as a mark in mind, a comparison was made from recorded
military arm, but as an all-around, general utility weapon scores fired at the Los Angeles Police Pistol range by the
for all killing purposes. For we must remember that a same men over the National Match Course using thei:t;
firearm is, after all, a lethal instrument, one designed to pet. 38 revolvers and the .45 automatic. These results are
kill some living thing. shown below:
That the ,45 has certain disadvantages will be admitted Per Cent
but it is claimed that most of these can be overcome or .38 .45 Auto . Loss Using
Shooter Score Score Difference .45 Auto.
eliminated by proper knowledge and understanding. It 1 280 248 32 11 plus
is the intention, in this article, to explain how some of 2 275 244 31 11 plus
these may be corrected. 3 268 241 27 10 plus
4 273 240 33 12 plus
Let us discuss certain inherent characteristics of hand- 5 266 236 30 11 plus
guns with the particular object in view of determining 6 270 236 34 12 plus
7 271 234 37 13 plus
how the .45 stacks up. 8 270 232 38 14 plus
ACCURACY-Let us suppose that we desire a gun 9 266 216 50 18 plus
10 259 196 63 22 plus
for target practice alone. We would, most of us, choose
Totals 2,698 2,323
one of .22 caliber. It is by far the most accurate and most Average 270 232 38 14 plus
easily fired of all hand weapons. This caliber does not,
however, answer the requirements of a lethal weapon. As can be seen, there is an appreciable difference in
As we go up the list of calibers we find some that make target practice it will be admitted but, on the target used,
good pocket guns but with poor accuracy and limited an enlargement of the group by an inch at 25 yards
range and accuracy. These limitations decrease, in gen- would account for it. Why worry about an inch when
eral, as the calibers increase. We finally arrive at the .,8 the average man's personal error at that range is six
which is generally conceded to be the smallest allowable inches, at best?
for real killing use. On the other hand, there are other considerations, af-
Of these larger calibers we find, today, only two popu- fecting the usefulness of a gun, than machine rest scores
lar sizes. The. 38 in revolver and au'tomatic and the ,45 or even target practice scores. The hang and feel are
also in both varieties. Once in a while we see a '38/4°, important, particularly as they affect getting into action
a .44 or a '44/4° but these guns, all excellent, are not as in a hurry. Target practice does not take that into con-
favored as they used to be before the War, principally on sideration. The ease of loading, the speed of fire and the
account of the lack of availability of ammunition for facility with which a gun may be carried all affect the
them. final analysis.
If we consider supreme accuracy alone, there is no While one target proves nothing it may be considered
doubt but that the .38 revolver tops them all. From a corroborativetestimony and for this purpose, one recently
machine rest it will make a smaller group every time. The fired, is shown. This indicates ten shots, fired consecu-
'revolver has a mechanical advantage with its fixed barrel tively from a regular Ordnance issue pistol with an issue
that never can be attained in a weapon with a movable barrel at 25 yards, outdoors. The only difference between
barrel, all other things being equal. The actual difference, this pistol and the average one issued to troops is the
in inches, is really slight, at hand-gun ranges, but it is amount of care put into the sight adjustment and trigger
something that makes a popular appeal, particularly to pull, something that can be done to most weapons of this
t:arget shooters. type.
358 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL September-October
In this connection, let me say a few words about trigger will have their centers of impact in the same place with
pull. The average revolver, when prepared for target the same gun. For this reason it is hard for one person
practice, has a good, sweet pull of 37h- to 5 pounds. A to fix the sights for another.
light pull may be dangerous in the hands of a novice but In order to determine whether or not the Sights are
it is of great value to the expert in making a good score. correctly set, fire a group of ten shots at a well defined
A sweet pull is an absolute necessity in any gun. In these bull's eye and determine the center of the group. It is
two elements lie the greatest disadvantage of the .45 as assumed that the shooter has been properly instructed in
issued-disadvantages that can be almost entirely over- the proper way to aim. If the center of the group is near
come. the center of the bull's eye, the gun is properly sighted.
Practically all of the criticism of the .45 as regards ac- If, on the other hand, this center of group is high, file
curacy is due to this trigger pull, either a heavy one-in off the rear sight or, if low, the front sight. Care should
some cases as heavy as ten or twelve pounds-or a rough be taken not to file too much. A fine, smooth file should
one. Triggers are usually issued heavy in the interests of be used and a little taken off at a time interspersed with
safety. When buying a gun, however, or in picking one other group firings to determine results. The rear sight
out for target work, it is usually quite simple to pick one is dovetailed into the slide and may be moved to the
out that has the desired weight and feel. If not, a good right or left to take care and correct for deflection varia-
machinist or gunsmith can easily fix it to suit. It is gen- tions. If the group as determined is to the right, take a
erally a question of hand working the hammer notch to small copper hammer and knock the sight slightly to the
the proper smoothness or in changing the angle of this left. If the group is to the left, the reverse is true.
l)otch. This is a delicate operation that requires ex- If the owner of a pistol is not a good enough shot to
perience and is not recommended for the average person make a satisfactory group, have a good shot give the
to attempt. It is not, however, an expensive job and is weapon a test for accuracy. If the gun is all right there
well worth the money it costs in satisfaction obtained. are two ways in which fairly good groups may be made
With the .45, a light pull is not necessarily desired. without waiting to develop into a better shot. One is to
Experience has shown that a moderately heavy pull will use an arm rest while firing, being careful not to let the
bring in better scores for the average than a very light pistol, itself, touch the rest; at the same time, keeping
one. By moderately heavy I mean in the neighborhood the sights as far away from the eye as possible.
of 6 pounds. The pull may be safely made as light as 4 Another way, and one that generally works out better,
to 47h- pounds if desired. Below that will generally cause is to call the shots and to disregard all those that are not
the slide to follow through upon firing. called "good." In the target shown it will be noted that
Sight adjustment is always important. Most guns are four out of the ten shots were called right, left or low, or,
not sighted correctly, strange as it may seem. This is in other words, not "good." When a shot is called "not
partly due to lack of targeting in manufacture and partly good" it is generally difficult to tell how much off it is.
to the individual characteristics of the person using the Ordinarily, it is worse than we think it. In this group, had
gun. So much depends upon how a pistol is held and these four shots been disregarded, a fine six shot group
upon how one looks over the sights. While it is true that would have resulted from which the center of impact
there is a correct way to do both it is rare that two persons could easily have been determined.
Blackening the sights is quite essential in target prac-
Target fired A,pril JZ. 1933 tice although not practicable for service use. The sun,
4: 00 P .11. light gllsty wind
.45 Automatic-5n barrel shining on the sights froin the side, will have a tendency
.._____5.<--Bullseya ____
Average error - .92"
to throw the group in the opposite direction. As great a
Score on 5n bull 100 difference as 4 inches has been noted at 25 yards due to
Score on 3n bull 98
/
this cause alone. The favorite method of blackening
sights is by a flame carrying a heavy black smoke. The

( CalleA.
Left
best apparatus for this purpose is the acetyline lamp
using carbide for fuel. Some people carry a lump of
camphor in their shooting kit. In emergency, a match, a
candle or a cigar lighter answers the purpose. A specially
prepared paint is sometimes employed with the added
advantage that it will not rub off. Any method that will
prevent glare is satisfactory ..
It is often the case with World Wat automatics that
the sights are narrow and hard to see. Sometimes the rear
sight notch is so shallow that it is impossible to sight the
guri properly. The rear sight notch can be deepened by
the judicious use of a thin file. Broader sights can be suI:
stituted for the narrow ones if desired. For general use It:
is believed that the broader sights are to be preferred.
1934 THE .45 AUTOMATIC PISTOL 359

Most automatics can be improved by the purch~e of ~at insure against accidental discharge prove false secur-
a match barrel from the Colt factory. While the issue Ity. They may be out of order. If this is the case, an
barrel may be every bit as good, the chances are that a owner of an automatic should know it and correct the
match barrel will be better and worth the cost. If this is difficulty. It is very simple to test these devices and it
done, a barrel bushing should be purchased at the same should be done frequently. The method of doing so
time and fitted to the barrel at the factory. follows.
There is one other little point in shooting which, al- Ist-Discor:nector .. This is the little gadget that pre-
though it does not affect the grouping of shots, may seri- vents automatic op~rat1on. Cock the gun (unloaded, of
ously affect the score, especially if targets of different sizes course). Press agamst the muzzle and push the slide to
are fired at at different times. We might call this the the rear a short distance, about a quarter of an inch. Pull
problem of the point of aim. If one is in the habit of the trigger. If the hammer falls, the disconnecror is prob-
always shooting at the same size target at the same range, ably ~orn and needs replacement. It may be that the
the correct point of aim is, of course, at six o'clock, and fault IS.caused by the hammer notch having been filed at
the center of group should be in the center of the bull. some time or other rather than in the disconnector but if
The difficulty ariseswhen we become accustomed to shoot- the hammer is to blame, the safety lock test or the grip
ing under those conditi?ns and suddenly shif:: to a ~o safety test will probably fail, one or the other or both.
inch bull. Unless we thmk to take a lower pomt of aim, 2nd-Safety lock. Cock the hammer and place the
our group will probably be high. In a general utility gun safety lock at safe. Pull the trigger. If the hammer falls
we should have a sight setting that, with the natural aim, there is something the matter with the safety lock, or, as
will be right in the majority of cases. It is very embaras- noted above, with the hammer.
sing to have a gun sighted for a 6 o'clock aim at a 5 inch 3rd-Grip safety. Cock the hammer. Pull the trigger
bull and be called upon to hit a small target such as a without touching the grip safety. The hammer should
match box. After four or five clean misses, we may re- not fall. The grip safety may be worn where it bears
member to aim a little low. In the meantime, we have against the sear spring or the sear spring may be broken.
jeopardized our reputation, if we ever had any. For such If, on pushing in the grip safety, it springs back to nor-
aU around shooting at large and small targets, it is believed mal position when the pressure is released, the trouble
better to sight the gun to shoot about one i?ch above the may be, as in I and 2, due to improper filing of the ham-
point of aim. This insures correct shootmg for small mer notch. Some people do this little thing to give a
targets and the larger ones are nearly as easy to hit. For lighter trigger without knowing how far they can go in
game shooting a~one it w?uld be preferable. to h~ve. a safety.
sight setting to hIt where aImed, but the one mch me m SHOCKING POWER OR STOPPING POWER-
25 yards will not make a great deal of difference. If we look up our ballistic tables we find something like
Many people who claim they cannot shoot a hand gun this:
fail to realize the limitations of this class of weapon. They Bullet Muzzle Muzzle Energy
Weight Velocity Energy 100Yds.
expect the impossible. They fail to realize that the person
Weapon Grs. fls ft./lbs. ft./lbs.
has never been born who can hit exactly where he wants .38 S. & W. Spl. 6" barrel 158 860 258 218
to every time. A target for a hand-gun is never a point .38/44 60" barrel 158 1,125 444 373
.38 Super-auto. 5" barrel 130 1,190 408 303
but an area. The ability of a marksman is not to see how .45 Colt 50" barrel 255 780 353 301
many bullets he can put through the same hole, but .45 Automatic 5" barrel 200 910 368 319
.45 Automatic (issue) 230 810 335 295
rather to see how small a group he can make. The size
of this group is appreciable even with really good shots. Off-hand we would pick the '38/44 as the cartridge that
For the benefit of those who are unfamiliar with what can would give us the greatest stopping power both at the
be expected from this type of shooting it might be said muzzle and at 100 yards. But in reality, we would be
that, at 25 yards, a twelve inch group is good for a novice, overlooking a very important factor-the area of cross
a six inch group is good for an average good shot and a ~ect.io~of the bull~t or the area over which the energy
four inch group will always rank high in any match. ISdlstnbuted up?n Impac:. A smaller bullet usually gives
SAFETY-Many people contend that the automatic greater penetration, an Important element where brain
weapons, in general, are not safe. It is rather a waste of shots .are desired, but the larger bullets have greater shock
time to debate about what kind of firearm is safer in the even If of less actual power. Since it is the shock that kills
hands of the kind of person who will pull a trigger with- as often; or more often, than actual penetration, we wish
out knowing whether or not the gun is loaded. ~oaI?phfy the energy by a, formula for stopping power. It
The .45 automatic in good condition in the hands of a IS dIfficult to manufacture any accurate formula for this
person qualified to use a pistol is as safe or safer than a purpose since there are other things to consider, the prin-
revolver. The grip safety furnishes an additional safe- cipal one being the shape of the bullet. A flat nosed bul-
guard against accidental discharge not furnished on the let will have a greater stopping power than a sharp nosed
average revolver, But, as an empty fire extinguisher is one of the sa~e weight and impelled with the same
worse than no fire extinguisher at all, since it furnishes p,ower. To all mtents and purposes, 'however, if we mul-
false security, so may the very features on the automaric tIply the energy by the' area of cross section of the bullet
360 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL September-October
we may find a relative number whlch will do for pur- RANGE-Referring again to our ballistic tables, we
poses of compatison. The following table gives the stop- find the 38/44 well in the lead in range. This is a
ping power calculated in this manner for energies at the theoretical advantage. In truth, however, it is believed
muzzle at 100 yards: that its usefulness ends there. As far as a hand gun is
Bullet Stopping Stopping Loss in concerned the question of long range use is a doubtful
\Veight Power Power 100Yds.
Weapon Grs. Muzzle 1OOYds. of Range one. Any hand gun, unless equipped with a stock for Use
38/44 Revolver .......... 158 50 42 16% like a rifle, is primarily a short range weapon, 50 to 75
.38 Super automatic .. 130 46 34 28%
.45 Colt Revolver 255 56 43 21% yards being generally considered the limit of practical
.45 automatic 200 58 50 14% firing. That the modern gun, of whatever caliber, will
.45 automatic 230 (issue) 53 47 11%
shoot accurately up to 200 yards and more is well known,
It is a matter of interest to note that the lighter the but the dispersion in holding is so great as to make such
bullet the greater the loss in energy and stopping power actual use exceptional.
during Hight.
The .45 automatic shoots very well with normal sights
SPEED-Speed of fire is a difficult problem to analyze. up to 75 yards. From 75 to 100 yards a slight elevation is
So much depends upon the individual. Ed McGivern, in necessary but can be accomplished by aiming high. Be-
recent articles, shows how he can take most any kind of a yond 100 yards, the elevation necessary to hit is increased
gun and ripple off five shots in a second or less and, at the to such an extent and to it is added such a deviation to the
same time, hit something. The average person would left due to drift that accurate work is quite difficult. We
have difficulty in firing his shots that fast with a machine may say, then, that 100 yards is the maximum effective
gun, to say nothing about hitting anything he wanted to. range for this weapon. For really long range shooting it is
To see some of our expert revolver shots knock out almost necessary to have a gun with adjustable sights.
perfect scores at twenty-five yards in ten seconds is an
DEPENDABILITY-Under this heading we find the
education in trigger-hammer manipulation. These feats
greatest argument against the automatic. The claims are
take a great deal of practice.
that the automatic is apt to jam. It is true that I have
To use the automatic fast and hit something besides the
seen four guns out of 24 jam on each run in a match
landscape also takes practice, but it is believed that a
where that number of targets were used, but will add that
reasonable amount of speed can be attained more easily
99 per cent of guns that so jam can be corrected within a
with the automatic with its mechanical cocking than with
a revolver. few seconds. People shooting an automatic will insist
The principal advantage of the automatic comes, in my upon continuing to use a magazine that is bent or ha.o;
opinion, not in firing five shots fast, but in firing a greater split. A bent or split magazine will jam nearly every
number of shots fast or faster than a man equipped with time, whereas a gun in good condition using a magazine,
a revolver can do. For instance, this gun has been fired also in good condition, will practically never jam. The
as fast as 21 shots in five seconds. Five or six shots can be only case I have ever known where a .45 automatic
fired quite rapidly with a revolver, but no one has yet jammed not due to a poor magazine was due to a ~plit
devised a means of reloading with any speed comparable cartridge case. Magazines should be inspected frequently
to that of the automatic. In battle this is of great ad- and ammunition should be looked over for defective cases
vantage. prior to loading. This is merely common sense.

UNFORTUNATELY, WE CANNOT DISCARD within a few years an instrument which is as

old as mankind. No more could we completely discard the horse in favor of the
automobile, nor the scythe in favor of the harves'ter, nor the pen in far.:orof the type-
writer, nor the local store in favor of the mail order house, nor the policeman in
favor of local agreements to behave, nor the constabulary of the state in favor of an
honor system among drivers of vehicles, nor the local militia in favor of arbitration
between angry minoritiffS of our people, nor armies and armament in favor of inter-
national councils and courts, all in any short period of time. Each will go along with
the other until our human efforts gradually supplant one with the other in so far as
practical limits will permit: If the new instrument fails, we shall temporarily, of
necessity, turn back to tbe older one in spite of our desires and ideals, but we shall
not, on this account, abandon the ideal.-CoLONEL CHARLES G. METTLER.
 The Corregidor Nail-Picker
By LIEUTENANTG. H. STUBBS, CAC

HE CorreCTidor Nail Picker came into existence magnets in their series-parallel relation. I used the

T about two ~'ears ago when the Commanding

eral's attention was called to the large amount of
damage being done tG automobile tires and animals by
Gen- 2S-volt side of the generator with only two of the three
panel circuits, each circuit handling four magnets in
series-parallel.
nails on our roads. The Commanding General, having Each magnet consists of an iron bolt M" in diameter
directed the Police and Prison Officer to have the prison- surrounded by a soft iron collar (to increase the capacity
ers pick or sweep up the nails, I mentioned the magnet of the core) and soft steel end plates. The end plates
idea and thus my troubles began. were threaded and screwed against the collar to avoid
I do not claim that the oudit described here is fully movement after winding. The wire is wild wound with
perfected. I do claim three things for it: (I) it works, additional insulation provided by generous application of
(2) it costs next to nothing to make shellac and a layer of insulating cloth added after each
or operate if labor is discounted and three or four layers of wire. Tape applied to the outside
To {CT. 6R£MER
there is a good "finder" around, (3) i~ for protection and it was found advisable to add tin
after a month's operation of the shields on the lower part of the two center coils which
"picker" the number of punctures are bumped most often in operation. North poles are
per week on 60th CA trucks dropped mounted next to the cross-bar. The following informa-
from an average of ten per week to rion on the magnets is furnished; it may be varied con-
one per week and the number of siderably in some respects:
horses and mules on sick report from
TO ((T.IlREAKEf'.
nail wounds dropped from eight to CORE
one. Soft iron in cylindrical form.
The outfit in general consists of a Diameter - 4.6 cm.
DC electric power source with ap- Length - 7.6 cm.
propriate control panels and an eight WINDINGS
unit electro-magnet, all mounted on
Wire - 12 ga. (B&S) c.c.
a Liberty truck. Materials needed are as follows: Number of turns - 600.
I Liberty truck (better get permission to use a
"reserve" for this limited service so that a perma- END PLATES
nent installation can be made.) 2 plates to each coil.
Soft steel.
I SCR-82 or other gasoline driven DC generating
Diameter - 13.3 em.
Ulllt. Thickness - 1 em.
I BD-s control panel.
2 Wheels about 8 inches in diameter. The hook-up will be made plain by referring to the
I Crossbar about I ~" by I ~" by i- diagram. The complete magnet rack consists of 8 mag-
10 Bolts, M" by 12".
2 Eyebolts M" by 6".
36 Nuts M".
4 Sq. ft. soft steel plate, X" thick.
6,000 Ft. wire, copper, No. 12 or 14, double cotton in-
sulated.

Suspension chains and rods, conduit cable, insulating

cloth, etc., as needed. Most of the above is readily avail-
able on any post, together with a lathe which is needed
for winding the magnets and for machine work.
The power plant used in our outfit is a SCR-82 with
BD-S control panel (2S volt). This unit consists of a
one-cylinder, air-cooled motor with a DC generator. It
is an obsolete or obsolescent type issued for battery charg-
ing or general electrical work. Any available DC port-
able power unit producing from 7 to S6 amperes at S to
40 volts can be used by simply rearranging the eight The Co/"/"egidor Nail.Picker.
362 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL September-October l
enough to the roadway at all times without being bat-
tered to pieces. The mounting shown may properh. be
called a suspension-support system. The suspe~sion
rods are provided with a few inches of chain on each end
for flexibility, and are long enough to allow the wheels
to touch the ground under ordinary road conditions. The
main cross-bar is mounted so that when supported bv the
wheels with the suspending chain slack the entire' unit
revolves and the magnets as they rotate are lifted higher.
The entire cross-bar is adjustable for height as the vertical
part of the wheel axle is threaded and nuts hold the bar
in place. This suspension lifts the magnets up and over
any obstacles in the road which the wheels strike but
damaging bumps on the magnets are inevitable so thev
should be rugged. For this reason the speed of the truck
must be kept down to three or four miles per hour.
Two magnets at work.
The power plant and panel board must be firmly fas-
net coils-4 coils to each circuit, 2 sets of coils in parallel tened in place. On our first test run this was not 'done.
and 2 coils in series. A quick shower, steep upgrade, slippery truck bed and as
Chick Sale says, "You're caught." (It took two months
ELECTRICAL DATA to fix the generating unit.)
Voltage across each circuit - 20 Volts.
This outfit picked up about four hundred pounds of
Resistance of each coil-- 1.4 Ohms.
Total resistance of circuit - 1.5 Ohms. nails and scrap in its first week of steady operation. Most
Current through each coil - 7.0 Amp. of this was legitimate prey for the picker but a few pro-
Total current through generator - 28.0 Amp. tests came in. The Quartermaster would like to have his
reenforcing iron back for use on a concrete job; a man-
MAGNETIC DATA
hole cover had been moved (I never would admit respon-
Ampere turns, 4,200.
Permeability, 800. sibility for that one); a soldier wanted the five centavo
Cross-section area, 122 sq. em. (Diameter of coil itself, 12 em) . piece he had thrown in front of the truck as a joke, and
Length of coil, 7.6 em. the iron handles on man-hole covers were invariablv
Flux density, 557,040 gausses. pulled up to bump tires. The average day's "catch" is
25% nails or tacks, a few dozen tin cans, lots of nuts and
HEATING OF COILS
bolts, miscellaneous scrap, sometimes a coin or two, a few
The whole of the cylindrical area of the coils is ex- odd toys, ete.
posed to the air for cooling. At first the picker was run over the roads continually
Actual rise in temperature due to passage of current is for a week, and we found that the second or even third
85 degrees Fahrenheit. trip in a day was profitable. At present one trip over the
The chief difficulty in design was with the method of roads each week keeps them clean, and at that business
mounting the magnet itself so that it would be close is not so good at times.

THERE ARE THOSE who are so closely shut up within a little round of petty pleas-
ures that they have never dreamed of the fun of reading and conversing and investi-
gating and reflecting. It is essential to awaken the impulses of inquiry, of experi-
ment, of investigation, of reflection, the instinctive cravings of the mind. The
principle underlying all our educational procedure is that actions become more suc-
cessful as they pass from the sphere of feeling to that of understanding.-MEIKEL- .
.". , JOHN.
The Collapse of the Old Russian Anny
By A. M. NIKOLAIEFF
Colonel, General Staff, Imperial Russian Army
HAless numerous profession-
al army is a hetter instrument
IS
T COMMON knowledge that the street riots in

I Petrograd in March, 1917, with which the Russian

revolution began, were started by striking workmen
andthe troops of the Petrograd garrison which joined the
of war than millions of un-
trained men called out dur-
workmen on the fifth day. It is known equally well that, ing periods of hostilities."
followingthat mutiny and the fall of the Imperial Gov-
ernment, the Russian army at the front, despite.the ef- During the World War the situation was different.
fortSof the Revolutionary Government to improve its The number of men in the depot units was enormous.
fighting capacity, disintegrated and refused to fight. According to the annual report of the Russian Minister of
How did it come to pass that the garrison of the Im- War, on December 31, 1916, the number of men under-
perial capital mutinied almost over night? Why, after going training in the units at the rear was more than
the March events in Petrograd, in consequence of the 2,170,000. This, by itself, was a whole "army of the rear"
measuresand the policy of the Provisional Government, behind the army at the front ..
didthe army at the front completely break down? Was In that period of the War, the men who formed "the'
thereno way to save the army, and thus prevent Russia army of the rear" fell into two categories. One category,
from ending her part in the War and abandoning her the smaller, consisted of recruits called out at the end of
Alliesat a critical moment? May, 1916, 908,000 recruits having been drafted at that
These questions are not merely of historic and academic time. Another category, the larger, consisted of militia-
interest, inasmuch as they touch upon an important prob- men ( opolchenie) who had been called out to the number
lem, much discussed by military experts after the War: of 1,310,000 from September to the end of that year.
whether, under certain conditions, the tendency to in- The age of these militiamen, belonging to the second
creasethe numerical strength of the army in time of war class, was from 24 to 43 years, and they had received no
shouldnot be limited by the principle that a less numer- previous training. The trained men of that category be-
ousprofessional armed force is a better instrument of war longed to the first class which was summoned during July
for self-protection than millions of untrained men called of the first year of the War.1-
outduring the period of hostilities. The depot units, whose purpose it was to make O"ood
Prior to answering these questions, it is necessary to the losses of the army at the front, did not exist at all in
point to an important factor that was peculiar to Russia's time of peace. As soon as war was declared, these units
internal life and which, since the latter part of the 19th were formed in the proportion of one battalion to every
century, had operated continuously. This was the de- infantry regiment; only ten professional officers and a
structive activity of revolutionary forces aiming at the, few score trained soldiers were assigned to each depot bat-
overthrow by force and violence of the existing regime. talion to serve as its cadre. In the World War, first, be-
No time could offer better opportunities for revolutionary cause of the necessity of keeping a large number of men
propaganda than a time of war. constantly ready to fill up the ranks of the army in the
As far as the Russian army was concerned, the main field, and secondly, because of the shortage of officersand
effortof propaganda was aimed at that part of the popula- trained soldiers, the numerical strength of the individual
tionwhich, under the conditions of modern warfare, turns replacement units, an? their subdivision~ had greatly in-
a peace-time army into a "nation in arms"; that is, at the creased. Compames 10 the depot battahons stationed in
millions of men called out in time of war to be trained in Petrograd numbered as many as fifteen hundred men
specialunits at the rear, the so-called depot battalions or each, and some had only two officers,whereas the strength
battalion of replacement troops. "In the rear of the army," of a company at the front was two hundred and fifteen
Weread in a letter written by a revolutionary during the men and three officers. Of no small importance, also, was
World War and intercepted by the censor (June, 1916), the fact that the officersin the replacement units had been
"the revolutionary mobilization shall take control of all assigned for duty ~t the rear because of wounds, injuries,
the rear establishments, but primarily of the depot bat- or poor health. Officers in those units who were phy-
talions." sically fit, formed the exception.
As early as 1904-05, during the Russo-Japanese War, it At Petrograd were stationed the replacement units of
became obvious what importance was attached by the nearly all the regiments of the Imperial Guard. With the
revolutionariesto the spreading of propaganda among the
1The men who had received military training in time of peace
replacement battalions, with a view to "turning the im- and formed the category of trained reserves, a total of 3,515,000
perialisticwar into a civil war." But in that war, the num- (of whom 3,115,000 were reservists and 400,000 militiamen, first
class) were called out during the mobilization to fill up the units
ber of men in those battalions was not large. of the standing army and to build up new formations.
364 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL September-October
exception of two Cossack regiments (about 1,200 horse- economic and political, and from the number of strikers.
men) and small units of artillery and engineers, the gar- The number of strikers, which in the initial period of the
rison of the capital, numbering from 150,000 to 160,000, Wat (the second half of 1914) had fallen to the insignifi_
was made up of men who for the greater part belonged to cant figure of 35,000 persons (in 68 strikes for the whole
the older-age groups, who, from the military standpoint, country), gradually rose during the War, until in 1916 it
represented raw untrained material under the nomihal reached 1,080,000 persons in 1,410 strikes.
control of an enrirely inadequate number of officers. Fur- Regardless of the nature of the workers' dicontent in
thermore, part of the garrison included men evacuated time of war and its causes, the important fact may not be
from the front because they had been found unfit. left out of consideration that the workers, including Wo-
Every depot battalion bore the same name as that regi- men and those under age, constituted less than I % per
ment at the front to which it was sending reenforcements. cent of the total population of Russia. Furthermore, the
Thus the replacement units in Petrograd were called only clqss of the population which revolutionary propa-
depot battalions of the Guard regiments, Preobrazhensky, ganda, in the period immediately preceding the war, had
Pavlovsky, Volynsky, etc.,-in other words, the regi- affected was the industrial workers, many of whom be-
ments of the three infantry divisions of the Imperial longed to the revolutionary parties. When we consider
Guard. Attenrion is drawn to this detail because of the the concentration in the Petrograd area of more than 250,-
fact that, as a rule, non-military writers, as they describe 000 workmen and about 15°,000 depot troops we realize
the revolutionary' events in the capital during March, that the conditions for revolutionary propaganda were ex-
1917, call the depot battalions that played such an im- ceptionally favorable.
portant part in those events, by the names of the regi- The main reason for concentrating so many replace-
ments for which they were training reenforcements. In ment units in the capital of the Empire lay in the fact
these descriptions we read that "the Pavlovsky regiment" that, inasmuch as in time of peace nearly all the Imperial
mutinied in March, or that "the whole Preobrazhensky Guard had been stationed in Petrograd and its district,
regiment [was] marching down the street ... without the many accommodations of that area offered an easy
a single officer." Thus, anyone who is not familiar with solution of the question of quartering newly summoned
the details of military organization gets the impression men; however, under the peculiar circumstances of war
that the mutiny occurred, not among the men of the time, such a solution testified to an amazing lack of com-
depots undergoing training to serve as reenforcements, prehension of the situation and a want of foresight on the
but among the crack regiments of the Imperial Guard, part of the authorities. They knew well that no efforts
which formed the cream of the Russian army. The truth, were being spared by the revolutionaries to imbue the
however, is that those regiments were at the front and did depot battalions with propaganda; and they ought to
not take any part in the March events. have known that the men in those battalions, recentlv
Despite the prevailing opinion, the fate of the Russian gathered together from all over the country, placed und~r
Empire on March 12 (February 27, Russian Calendar) the nominal control of a few officers and not welded to-
was decided in Petrograd, not by the fact that the regi- gether either by discipline or a spirit of comradeship.
ments of the Imperial Guard had joined the revolutionary might, under the influence of that propaganda, be easily
workmen, but because the workmen had been joined by won over to the side of the workmen.
the recently drafted, untrained contingents of the depot The swiftness with which the mutiny which started in
units of those regiments. Special emphasis is laid on that one of the depot battalions, spread among all of them.
feature, because a mutiny of the Imperial Guard would may serve as the best proof to what extent the ground for
have meant that the discipline of the Russian Army had a mutiny had been prepared. These were the events thar
been completely destroyed before the revolution. No such took place in Petro grad during the five days of March.
situation existed. According to the testimony of the army 1917, during which the fate of the Empire was decided:
leaders (Brussiloff and Denikine), the Russian army in On Thursday, March 8, a number of workmen in
the field at the beginning of 1917 (before the revolution) , Petrograd went on strike because of a shortage of bread
in spite of its defects, presented an "imposing force" in the capital. Street demonstrations occurred on that and
capable of carrying on an offensive successfully. The on the next day, during which policemen dispersing the
army joined the revolution not as a mutinous act but crowd were beaten. On March 10 the street demonstra-
after its leaders had recognized and accepted the political tions became political in character; red flags with revolu-
change. tionary slogans made their appearance in the crowd on the
Petrograd with its suburbs, while it presented a large N evsky Prospekt, the main thoroughfare. On that day
concentration area of depot units in the rear, was at the a police captain on dury in the Znamensky square was
same time an industrial center of the greatest importance. killed and a hand grenade was thrown at a platoon of
The number ~f workmen employed in all the factories of gendarmes. In the evening, shots were fired at a trOOpof
the Petrograd district was not below 250,000. What the the 9th cavalry reserve regiment which had been sent to
mood and attitude of the factory workers toward the Gov- disperse the crowd on the Nevsky; the cavalrymen, of
ernment was, may be judged from the number of strikes, whom one was wounded, dismounted and opened fire,
1934 THE COLLAPSE OF THE OLD RUSSIAN ARMY 365
killing three and wounding nine men in the crowd. On cont~nt a~d depression, in which every revolutionary
the afternoon of March I I the first case of military malllfestanon, far from meeting with disapproval, was re-
mutiny took place: the fourth company of the depot bat- garded by a great many as the beginning of a change for
talion of the Pavlovsky regiment walked out of the b:lt- the better. That such a mood was the result of a number
racksarmed, gathered on the street, and fired shots at the of serious causes is well known.
mounted police. This was their form of protest against No small patt in creating psychological depression was
orders to fire at the crowd. On the fifth day, Monday, due to various rumors, which sowed alarm and under-
March 12, the depot battalion of the Volynsky regiment mined the hope of success (such as the rumors about the
mutinied; the men walked out of the barracks and refused unreliability of the Allies and the sympathy of the Em-
to give up their rifles. Soon they were joined by parts of press f~r th? Germans). In spreading such rumors, the
the depot battalions of the Preobrazhensky and Litovsky revolutlOnanes marched hand in hand with the Germans
regiments. An armed crowd of mutinous r~servis~, ac- who made extensive use of that method of fighting thei;
companied by a crowd of work~en who had Im:nedlately enemy.
joinedthe soldiers, was now movlllg down the Klrochnaya , An ever:t of such a catastrophic nature as the rebellion
street and setting government buildings on fire-the bar- III the capItal of the country of hundreds of thousands of

racks of the gendarmes' squadron, the military engineers' me?, ~alf?f them armed, in the midst of a great war, had
school, and the district law coutt. The military mutiny as lts lllevltah!e result the disarrangement of normal life
that started on the previous day in one company now and, the creatlOn of chaotic conditions, not only in the
spread thr?u.g? the depot batta~ions belonging to the ~ree capItal, but in the entire country as well. The effects
infantry dlvlslOnsof the Impenal Guard. From that tlme were. felt first by the army at the front, for in J9J7 the
on the capital was in the hands of an armed crowd. Russlan army, numbering 7,000,000 men, had turned
The question arises: Was it not possible to put an end o:er the effe~tives of its infantry regiments several times
promptly to the street demonstrations begun by the work- (lll some regIments as much as ten times). It represented,
men and so to forestall the mutiny of the depot troops? ~~ a greater de?{?e tha,n a~y a.rmy in any epoch, those
As one reads the testimony given before the Special arme,d masses, III whlch quahty had been sacrificed for
Commission of Inquiry of the Provisional Government quantIty.
by General Khabaloff, commander-in-chief of troops in Of the possibility of disintegration, with which those
the Petroo-rad area, no conclusion is likely to be reached armed masses were threatened following the crash of the
other tha~ that, owing to the failure to supply the striking monarchy, the new government was well aware. But the
workmen with bread from the army stores immediateli measures ?f which. that government was endeavoring to
and other causes, the situation, as far as the Imperial Gov- prev:nt dIsllltegratlOn and to save the situation showed
ernment was concerned, was hopeless, that It had r:o k.nowledge.of the fundamental principles of
army orgalllzatlOn. It falled to grasp the full meaning of
One of these causes lay in the fact that not a single in-
the change brought about by the revolution. On one
fantry unit of regular troops was at the disposal of the
hand the new government, by its orders and efforts to
military authorities in Petrograd. Only with the help of
"democratize" t~e army, was undermining the authority
such troops could order have been promptly restored and
of the comma?dlllg person?el and destroying disciplines;
maintained.
But even regular troops, had such been available in on the. o~he.r,It was prepanng an offensive which only a
well disciphned army could carry out ..
Petrograd, would have been of little use in putting a
quick end to the street excesses unless at their head there Preparations for an offensive were made with a view to
had been a man of strong will and energy. In circum- fulfilling a plan adopted before the revolution. Russia's
stances calling for decisive measures, General Khabaloff obligations, according to that plan, which had been
actedwith neither energy nor determination. worked out in common with the Allies at the conferences
in Chantilly in Nov~mber, J9J6, and in Petrograd in
Finally, aside from the need of reliable troops headed
February, 19J7, requIred that the Russian army should
by a resolute commander, the quick suppression of street
make a decisive attack not later than three weeks after
excessesdepended primarily upon the mood and attitude
~he ?eginning of an offensive by the Allies. That offen-
of the population of Petrograd. Lack of sympathy on the
lve It had been p!anned to start in the beginning of the
part of the residents of the capital for the demonstrations
year but later ~n It was po~tponed until May. Now, as a
of the workers would have greatly facilitated the effective
consequence of the events III Petrograd and their influence
reestablishment of order by the troops, if only for the
on the army, not! even in May could an offensive have
reason that the man in the street would have kept away
from those demonstrations. In reality, a very different state . 'O,~ the, measures ~dopted for the p~rpose of "democratiza-
of things existed. The population was in a state of dis- tion! but m fact leadmg ~o the destruction of discipline, the fol-
lowmg-.may serve as typIcal exa;nples: the e.O. of every unit,
accordmg t~ ~h.ene~ order of thmgs, h~d to share his authority
'Judging from a report of the Chief of the Supply Service, it and respons~blhty ~I.t? an elect.edcommIttee of soldiers and of-
would have been possible to spare for this purpose from 800 to ficers and wIth a c!':lhan commIssar, whose secret duty it was to
1.000puds on the first and second days, and from 3,000 to 5,000 watch over the poht~cal conduct of the e.O.; courts martial were
pudson each of the following days. One pud is equal to 36 English sus~ended and the ng~t of the commanders to inflict disciplinary
POunds. pUnIshmentswas abohshed. -
366 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL September-October
been undertaken. At a conference held in Petrograd on (2,237,000 recruits were called out from January 15 to
May 17 by the commanders of the several groups of August 7, 1915) that still remained, and on the degree of
armies, members of the Provisional Government, and rep- reliability of individual units.
resentatives of the Soviet Workers' and Soldiers' Depu- According to a statement of General Brusiloff at the
ties, the following statement was made by General Alexei- May conference already mentioned, there remained in the
eff, the Commander-in-Chief who had succeeded the units of the 10 cavalry corps 50 per cent of their cadres.
Emepror in that post after the latter's abdication: "The The status of the artillery and engineers was the same.
army is on the brink of ruin. One step more, and it will As to the main body of the army, the infantry, there re-
be thrown into an abyss into which it will drag Russia and mained in the companies an average of from three to ten
her liberties, and there will be no way to save it." soldiers of the standing army. These figures, of course,
It seems obvious that, with an army in which there was are a minimum. However, should we assume that in the
no discipline and which was "on the brink of ruin," an 2,962 infantry battalions of the army, there remained in
offensive was out of the question. Yet that offensive was each company an average of five veterans of the 1914-
undertaken. It was launched by the three armies (11th, 1915 campaigns, including soldiers of the peace-time
7th and 8th) of the Southwestern Front, and it had for army, and 25 young men summoned in the course of
its object the invasion of Eastern Galicia. It began on 1915' an infantry force of 360,000, possibly of 400,000
July I and made some progress but, after two weeks, it men, might have been built up. By adding to these the
died down. Six days later the armies started to fall back, cavalry units (about 80,000 men) and other arms of
though no orders to do so had been given and their retreat service, an army of a half million men might have been
soon turned into a flight. The details of that ill-fated of- created. From all the officers of high and low rank it
fensive are as convincing as they are tragic. would have been possible to give that army excellent
A month and a half later the German operation against leadership. Far from resembling an unstable militia, that
Riga showed that the Russian army was incapable, not army would have presented a reliable force.
only of offensive, but even of defensive, action. In considering the task which it wou'ld have been pos-
In point of fact, not only by autumn 1917, that is, on sible to assign to a "professional" army, it should be
the eve of the seizure of power by the Bolsheviks, but clearly understood that, by no means, would the scatterin~
even as early as that summer, the Russian army was prac- of that army along an extended front line have served
tically non-existent. In place of it, there were millions of any good purpose. The only task which the new army
men, armed and getting army rations, making up military would have been in a position to accomplish was the pro-
units of various names and occupying a front line one tection of the political center of the country. Under the
thousand miles long, from the Baltic to the Black Sea, but conditions that existed in Russia in 1917, the political
absolutely incapable either of making an attack or of put- center of the country should have been transferred from
ting up a defense. The hope of the Provisional Govern- Petrograd to Moscow. In the emergency through which
ment of continuing the war against Germany and Austria the country was then living, only by extraordinary meas-
with the Allies fell through. ures such as this would it have been possible to save the
Was it not possible to devise some other means that situation. It may be said that, in case the army had taken
would have offered a better chance to attain the desired up positions only on the roads leading to Moscow, (ap-
results? proximately on the line Pskov-Smolensk) it would have
The Provisional Government from the very beginning been possible for the enemy to occupy Petrograd and also
of its existence was confronted by a dilemma. It had to to advance far into the interior along the lines to the south
choose between undertaking the offensive in accordance of those leading to Moscow. But in this connection it
with the plan worked out with the Allies and, by so must be pointed out that, by the summer of 1917, the
doing, to run the risk of completely destroying the army: front line, running from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea,
and explaining to the Allies that it must abandon that presented an unstable and insecure screen which no longer
plan with a view to saving the army. Of these two pos- gave protection. Furthermore it was not improbable-
sible decisions, unquestionable preference, it would ap- indeed, it was to be expected-that, following the entry
pear, should have been given to t?e one that contained of the United States into the war, the enemy would be
the possibility of preserving the army and-of continuing compelled to concentrate their main forces on the West-
the war. Such a decision was not only to the interest of ern Front. Germany, already experiencing difficulties
Russia, but to the interest of the Allies as well. with regard to her man power, would hardly take the risk
It would seem that the cutting down to a minimum of of penetrating deeply into the interior of Russia or of un-
the numerical strength of the army with the object of pre- dertaking operations on a large scale in the East. In any
serving it was the measure that needed to be taken before case, it seems certain iliat, had there been a reliable Rus-
anything else was done. To what minimum the strength sian army even a half million strong, the German and
of the army should have been reduced depended on the Austro-Hungarian troops would not have taken ~e
number of the cadres or professional elements, and on the chance of invading nineteen Russian provinces as they dId
young contingents, summoned in the course of 1915 after the seizure of power by the Bolsheviks.
 COAST ARTILLERY ACTIVITIES

Office of Chief of Coast Artillery

Chief of Coast Artillery
MAJOR GENERAL WILLIAM F. RAsE
Executive
LIEUT. COL. HENRY T. BURGIN

Personnel Section Organization and Training Section

MAJOR R. T. PENDLETON LIEUT. COL. E. E.BENNETT
MAJORF.P.f.UffiDAWAY
Materiel-and Finance Section
MAJOR R. E. HAINES Plans and Projects Section
MAJOR O. L. SPILLER LIEUT. COL. G. A. WILDRICK
MAJOR C W. BUNDY MAJOR C. M. S. SKENE

Hawaiian Separate Coast Artillery Brigade

News Letter
BRIGADE COMMANDER, BRIGADIERGENERAL ROBERT S. ABERNETHY
CHIEF OF STAFF, LIEUT. COL. FULTON Q. C. GARDNER, CA.C
S-l, LIEUT. COL. W. V. CARTER, A.G.D. S-3, LIEUT. COL. BENJAMIN H. L. WILLIAMS, CA.C
S-2, CAPT. WILLIAM F. LA FRENZ, CA.C S-4, MAJOR BIRD S. DUBOIS, CA.C
HARBOR DEFENSES OF HONOLULU HARBOR DEFENSES OF PEARL HARBOR
LIEUT. COL. WM. E. SHEDD, JR. COLONEL AVERY J. COOPER
16th CA. 15th CA.
SIXTY-FOURTH COAST ARTILLERY
COLONEL WILLIS G. PEACE
64th C. A.
By Lieutenant John R. Lovell, C.A.C.

The President's Visit saw Halemaumau, "The House of Everlasting Fire," an

active cylindical-shaped volcanic crater, which is about

T
HE recent visit of the President of the United
one-half of a mile deep and about three-quarters of a mile
States has been t~~ outstanding event ~n the his-
in diameter.
tory of the Hawallan Islands. The entire popula-
tionturned out and gave our Commander-in-Chief that When he arrived off Honolulu the next day, he saw
Warm, sincere, and typical greeting that Malahinis never the greatest Aloha demonstration ever staged in Hawaii.
forget,that great welcome and goodbye that the native Great fleets of fishing sampans and other vessels in full
Hawaiians call their "Aloha." The people of Hawaii dress formed a lane through which the cruisers passed
certainlyknow how to entertain, and the occasion of the en route to the harbor entrance. In the harbor a large
~resident's visit saw this art developed to perfection. It number of native canoes, called "outriggers," met the
IS difficult to find adequate words to describe the color-
cruisers. Duke Kahanamoku, the great swimming cham-
fulaffairs that were prepared in his honor. pion from 1912 to 1922, dressed in feathered cape, and
The president, aboard the D.S.S. Houston, and ac- standing majestically on a platform between two out-
companied by the U.S.S. New Orleans, arrived off the rigger canoes, represented Kamehameha I, the Hawaiian
KanaCoast on the Island of Hawaii the morning of July warrior who conquered the Isla~ds in 1719' and estab-
24th. He tried his hand at big-game fishing in the fa- lished the monarchy which lasted until 18g3' The sky
tnousfishing banks there, but was rewarded only by sev- was literally black with Army and Navy aircraft; every-
eralbig strikes and a couple of small catches. He visited thing that would fly was in the air to take part in the
thecity of Hila on the 25th, and motored to the military welcome.
testcamp, high up the mountains at Kilauea, where he The Army review held at Schofield Barracks was the
368 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL September-October
greatest peace time military demonstration that has been When you read the letter, please do not get the idea the
conducted since the WorId War. The ceremony was con- Coast Artillery excelled everything else on the field: Of
ducted on the newly-turfed division review field, with the course we have our own ideas, but the Hawaiian Di-
beautiful Waianae and Koolou Mountain Ranges flank- vision, commanded by Major General Dorey, and the Air
ing the sides of the great field. Everything that could Corps, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Gerald Brant,
march or roll was in the gigantic formation, which ex- did their jobs well. They received letters similar to the
tended as far as the eye could see in every direction. It one above quoted.
actually required over five minutes to call all elements of The President was enthusiastic and greatly impressed.
the command to attention. He asked to meet all of the Regimental Commanders and
Mr. Roosevelt arrived on the field and passed in front their Ladies immediately after the ceremony. In fact, he
of the troops in his car. The crowd of spectators, num- was most cordial with everyone with whom he came in
bering approximately 30,000 people, gave him a great contact.
ovation. The president took his station in the reviewing At II:OO a. m., Saturday, July 28, the President left
stand and watched over 15,000 troops pass before him. the Royal Hawaiian Hotel and called on the Governor at
The writer will make no attempt to tell how well the the Palace to bid "Aloha" to the representative of the
Coast Artillery did its job. That will be left to Major people of Hawaii. While there he delivered a short ad-
General Briant H. Wells, our Department Commander, dress to the people of the Territory, wherein he declared
who sent the following letter to Brigadier General Robert that the Chief Executive of the Nation recognizes these
S. Abernethy, the Brigade Commander, a few days after Islands as being an integral part of the United States. The
the ceremony: remarks about the Army and Navy will be interestinO"
SUBJECT: Review for The President of the United States. to the readers of the JOURNAL,which I quote here: :-J

To: The Commanding General, Hawaiian Separate Coast "And in leaving, I want to say a word of congratula-
Artillery Brigade, Fort DeRussy, T. H. tion on the efficiency and the fine spirit of the Army
1. It is with great pride that Ipass to you and the officers and Navy, of which I am Commander-in-Chief. They
and men of your command the verbal comments of the
constitute an integral part of our National Defense,
pleasure and satisfaction of the President of the United
States on the fine showing of the Hawaiian Separate Coast and I stress that word 'Defense.' These forces must
Artillery Brigade in the review in his honor on July 26, ever be considered an instrument of continuing peace,
1934. To him and to all present the obvious efficiency with for our Nation's policy seeks peace and does not look
with the spectacle was staged gave a renewed knowledge to imperialistic aims."
of the fine efficiency of your command. It is easy to see that the Army and Navy in Hawaii
2. My own observations, as each succeeding rank passed
made a very fine impression on our President.
in review, were ones of increasing satisfaction and pride.
I know what careful preparation and training must neces- At the pier a special Escort of Honor, under the com-
sarily precede such an excellent showing. Its consummation mand of Major Franklin Babcock, 15th Coast Artillery,
speaks itself for the efficiency of both officers and men. rendered the honors. The President then marched aboard
The disciplined movement of your command to Schofield and was received by the Navy again for his trip to Portland.
Barracks, amounting in itself to a major tactical operation, As the Houston pulled away from the dock, the Hawaiian
and involving the hurried assemblage of dispersed portions
Division Band, composed of the six bands stationed at
thereof and their dispatch without adequate opportunity,
because of limited terrain and shortage of gas, for pro- Schofield Barracks, numbering over 300 pieces, co~-
longed habit forming training, was a commendable suc- pletely surrounded by the guidons of the Hawaiian DI-
cess. vision, played several marches and that stirring melody of
The orderliness and promptness of the initial formation Hawaii-that song that tourists never forget-"Aloha
for the review showed efficient planning and advance Oe." As the cruiser cleared the harbor, a battery at Fort
preparations.
Armstrong boomed the 2I-gun salute, and the President
The precision of marching; the uniform intervals and
distances; the excellence of the saluting; the correctness of was officially on his way. As the cruiser rounded Diamond
dress; the fine physical condition of the men; the neatness Head and nosed its way north-eastward, the Air Corps of
of uniform; the appearance of equipment; and the obvious the Army and Navy, about two hundred planes, passed
effort of every individual to do his best, attest highly suc- overhead and rendered a parting salute ..
cessful training and superb morale and spirit. The President of the United States may have occas~on
3. It is rare that the military eye cannot detect many
to make many trips, but for novelty and sincere affectlOn
errors of omission and detail. This review was the most
notable of all reviews I have witnessed for the absence of on the part of the people, he will find none to compare
such errors. I can wholeheartedly state that for perfection with his recent trip to Hawaii.
of detail and general performance, the Presidential review of of of
was the best I have ever had the pleasure of witnessing. HONOLULU SECTORATHLETICS
Will you kindly convey to the members of your command
my commendation for their efficient performance and
splendid morale and spirit. I am very proud to be their
T HE Fort Shafter baseball team, with Captain Edward
W. Timberlake and First Sergeant William C. Ghan
in charge, won the .Army Baseball Championship of the
commander.
B. H. WELLS, Major General, Honolulu Sector for the third year in succession. ~
Commanding. Shafter team will next engage in a three-game series Wlth
1934 COAST AR TILLER Y ACTIVITIES
369

Upper left: ilfoonlight Cavalry, 64th CA. Upper right: Captain Brey's Battery prepares for action; and below, the
same battery passing thro!lgh defile in sand d!lnes to go into firing position. Lower left: Planes forming letters
rr F R" in honor of the President. LOUIeI'right: The President sal!ltes the colors.

Wheeler Field, the champions of the Hawaiian Division National A.A.U. Outdoor Swimming Meet in Chicago,
Baseball League for the Department title. Following is where he placed third in the high-diving competition.
the final standing of the teams in the Sector Navy Base- Following is the standing of the teams at the beginninO'
ball League: of the swimming season in the competition for the Se(to~
Team Plawd IVan Lost Percentage Athletic Supremacy Trophy:
Fort Shafter 21 17 4 810
Submarine Base 21 17 4 810 Basket- Base-
Luke Field 21 16 5 762 Post Boxing ball Track ball Tota!
Fleet Air Base 21 12 9 SiZ Ft. Shafter .. 957 600 1000 1000 3557
Fort Kamehameha 21 8 13 391 Ft. Kamehameha .. 1000 800 990 428 3218
Staff 21 7 14 333 Luke Field .. 171 1000 667 857 2695
Harbor Defenses of Honolulu 19 4 15 210 H. D. of Honolulu .. 603 000 561 222 1386
~farines 19 I 18 190 l' l' l'

Lieutenant Charles W. Gettys, the Sector Athletic Of- Brigade Gunnery

ficer, has called for representatives from the various posts By Captain IVi/liam F. Lafrenz
to organize the Sector-Navy Swimming League. Six or-
ganizations have entered teams as follows: Fourteenth
Naval District, Luke Field, Fort Kamehameha, Fort
U NDAUNTED by the scores turned in last month
by the 64th CA. Searchlight Batteries, the "addi-
tional assignment" searchlight batteries of the 41st CA.
Shafter, Harbor Defenses of Honolulu, and Staff. Dur- (RY) under the leadership of Major Ira B. Hill, decided
ing the past two years, interest in swimming has mounted to show the Brigade, and the 64th Coast Artillery in par-
greatly. Last year, the Honolulu Sector Swimming Team ticular, what they could do, using the old long horns and
defeated all competition in the Hawaiian Islands, and the Cadillac Searchlights.
Corporal Eddie Alvarez of Fort DeRussy was sent to the Handicapped by this old equipment, harrassed by
370 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL September-October
other planes leaving and returning to the landing field tery "L." As the formation came within range of the
(located in the center of the defended area), and inci- latter, its guns joined with those of Battery "B" in an en-
dentally trying to pick up their own plane through holes deavor to repulse the enemy. This battle practice was very
in the clouds, Battery A, under command of Captain spectacular and met with much approval from the specta-
Fred Koerbel, and Battery B, Captain Ed. Stillman com- tors. Both batteries were "right on" and the sleeve was
manding, held their exercises near Pearl City, from June literally torn to ribbons.
22 to 27, 1924, and turned in the following scores: A wait of about twenty minutes was well covered bv
1StPlatoon, Battery A, 41st C.A 92,7 the patter dispensed by "Orator" Timberlake. By this
2nd Platoon, Battery A, 41st c.A. IO~H time it was dark and an ominous cloud bank had crept up
1St Plat()on, Battery B, 41st C.A 120.9 over the horizon. An enemy bombing raid was staged
2nd Platoon, Battery B, 41st c.A. 106.7 against an imaginary defended area in our rear. Sound
Immediately following these exercises, the 64th Coast locaters followed this formation through the douds and as
Artillery moved into camp at Bellows Field, Waimanalo, the formation entered a dear space for only a short time,
on July 2, 1934, to conduct its annual gun and machine Battery "B" opened up, and another $200.00 silk sleeve
gun practices. This move is a departure from the practice was shot down and dropped into the sea.
of previous years, in which the 64th Coast Artillery held Following the bombers came the hedge-hopping attack
its practices at Fort Weaver. planes, which were met by the machine gun fire of Bat-
Encamping at an Air Corps Field, with two planes tery "I." Fifty caliber tracers found the range and :l
assigned to the regiment for its exclusive use in conduct- deadly fire was poured into the formation. This concluded
ing its practices, was an ideal long sought for by this regi- the demonstration.
ment, and the report on this arrangement is awaited with' of of of
great interest by all concerned. While the results of the Fort DeRussy Transformed
target practices have not been turned in at the time of By Lieutenant Clarence M. Mendenhall
this writing, they looked good, and a number of sleeves If OVERS of Fort DeRussy who have not seen it lately
show evidences of direct hits. lLt wouldn't know the old hole now. That waste of al-
One of the most interesting events during this period, geroba, date-palm, coral and swamp-land "Mauka" (to-
was a demonstration conducted by the regiment, with ward-the-mountains), is nearly metamorphosed.
the cooperation of the Air Corps, for the information and First, some i)OO algeroba, date-palm, and opuiua trees
the instruction of officersfrom other branches of the serv- and scrub were yanked out by tractors and cleaned up by
ice, the Navy, and the civilian community. C.W.A. workers. A grove of large date-palms was left
The program started at 4:30 p. m., with a tactical prob- along Saratoga road. Sixty-three large date-palms were
lem of the defense of a troop column marching through a transplanted, screening the back side of the buildings on
series of defiles. Battery L, 64th Coast Artillery, under Kalakaua Avenue.
command of Captain William G. Brey, marching in rear Second, top soil frol? Punch Bowl was hauled in and
of an advance guard, pulled out of column and took up a spread by C.W.A. workers to a beautiful level grade-
firing position halfway between two defiles. The transi- 150,000 cubic yards in five months.
tion from the march formation to firing position was ac- Third, six lines of a semi-automatic sprinkling system
complished in record time, and thirty minutes after pull- were installed, covering a little more than half the area
ing out of column, the battery repulsed a bombing forma- designed for the Hawaiian Separate Coast Artillery Bri-
tion (represented by a towed sleeve) which had appeared gade Parade Ground.
unexpectedly from the sea. The smoothness of the entire Fourth, Kalia Road (main road through the post) was
operation, from the placing of the guns and director in widened to a four-lane boulevard.
firing position and the orientation of the guns and director Fifth, a work of art in the form of a cut rock portal and
to the ultimate defeat of the raid, was indicative of the wall on Kalahaua Avenue was built. At the same time the
high state of efficiency of the organization. baseball diamond was regraded, grassed, parked, and
At the conclusion of the problem, ably described by roads and parking spaces built.
that master of the microphone, Captain Edward W. Tim- Sixth, the boxing arena and carpenter shop were razed.
berlake, 64th Coast Artillery, the interested spectators The boxing arena is being rebuilt with adequate drainage
were allowed to inspect the equipment of this battery and and parking facilities i,n the vicinity of the Corral (re-
that of Battery I (the machine gun battery), set up near- moved in 1932), and the carpenter shop is taken c~r~of
by. by a large addition to the back of the Utilities BUlldmg
After everyone had asked all the questions they could (in rear of Randolph-Dudley enclosure), thereby concen-
think of, a report was received that a large enemy bomb- trating all utilities.
ing formation was approaching from the sea. As it came Future projects that are within the means of actual pres-
over the horizon, flying high and in the clouds, fire was ent set-up of men and money are: construction of a
opened on the leading formation by Battery "B," 64th quarter-mile race track and athletic field; salvagi?g and
Coast Artillery, under command of Captain Oliver B. rebuilding lower-warehouse and truck shed, gasolme sta-
Bucher, located about a mile down the beach from Bat- tion, and old stables, into a group of three buildings to
1934 COAST ARTILLERY ACTIVITIES 371
back on Waikiki Amusement Park for a new gas Hause, Captain Milton Heilfron, Captain William H.
station, searchlight truck shed, and storehouse and dress- Sweet, Captain Le Roy A. Whittaker, Lieutenant Louis
ing room for athletics; construction of a stone wall and T. Vickers, Captain Geo. W. Rickers, Lieutenant Ver-
gate from a new entrance at John En~-Kalia Roa.d Junc- num C. Stevens, Lieuten~nt John A. Sawyer, Captain
cion to the North Gate; and completlon of gradmg and Frank J. Mc5.herry, .MaJor Edward P. Noyes, Major
top-soiling the remainder of the entire area (75 acres). Gerald B. RobIson, LIeutenant John H. Lewis, Lieuten-
We need money to complete the wateting system. We ant Freddie Keeler, Lieutenant Edgar N. Chace, Lieuten-
may get it, but if we do not, we have transformed a back ant Milton L. Ogden, Lieutenant W. T. Ashworth, Lieu-
yard'Kiawe thicket into a monument of surpassing beauty tenant Harry W. Schenck.
-a monument to the energy of Colonel Steele, to the Weare very happy to announce the marriage of Lieu-
generosity and broad vision of Mr. Lester McCoy, and tenant Will K. Stennis to Miss Lillian G. Graft, at the
to the life-blood of interest-in-the-job sweated out by the Central Union Church, in Honolulu, on Wednesday eve-
rest of us. No, you would not know the old hole now. ning, the 8th of August. It is also a pleasure to announce
OVERSANDSHORTS the marriage of Lieutenant Walter A. Rude to Miss
Many new officers have been assigned to duty in the Marion Craycroft, of Fresno, California. The best wishes
Brigade, arriving in September, October and November. of the entire Coast Artillery Corps go to our newly-weds,
These include: Lieutenant Freddie Scheiffier, Lieutenant may their happiness be unbounded.
A. B. "Duke" Miller, Lieutenant Geo. R. "Kamaaina" Colonel Avery J. Cooper, the Commanding Officer,
Carey (he was born out here), Lieutenant Colonel Peter the Officers and Ladies of the Harbor Defenses of Pearl
H. Ottosen, Captain Jimmie Jacobs, Lieutenant Charles Harbor, conducted an Aloha Review in honor of Colonel
N. Branham, Lieutenant Wallace H. Brucker, Captain and Mrs. Harry L. Steele, who departed on the August
Arthur K. Chambers, Colonel Geo. L. Wertenbaker 17th Transport for station at Fort Monroe, Virginia. Tea
(who will be the Commanding Officer of the Harbor De- was served at the Officers' Club at Fort Kamehameha im-
fenses of Honolulu, Fort Ruger), Major Francis A. mediately after the Review.

Panama Canal Department News Letter

Department Artillery Officer
COLONEL
PERCYM. KESSLER,
CA.C
Fort Amador Fort Sherman
COLONELEARLD' A. PEARCE COLONEL
CLARENCE
G. BUNKER,
4th CA. (AA) 1st CA.
Fort Randolph
COLONELRICHARD 1. McKENNEY,
1st CA.

R
EMORSELESS time changes all things, even the inspections in quantity as well as quality, for we had the
assignment of the correspondent from the Canal unique experience of entertaining the President and the
Zone. My predecessor, being modest, declined to S~~retary of War at the same time. Anticipating these
add to his contributions the prestige and glamour of his VISIts,the Department Commander ordered a review of
name. Now that official orders have transferred him to the Pacific Sector troops at Fort Clayton on June 20, and
coolerclimes, we feel that we are not violating any con- a review of the Atlantic Sector troops at France Field on
fidencesby announcing that he was none other than Cap- July 7, Ihave not heard the details of the Atlantic Sector
tain Parry Lewis. He handled a difficult job in a most review, except that General Fiske hald a critique similar
excellent manner, and we hope that his facile pen (or t~ the one held at Fort Clayton, at which he expressed
typewriter) will not be permitted to lose its cunning now hISpleasure at the appearance of the troops now that "tin
that the urge to write, supplied by official orders has been hats" and blouses are a thing of the past, and promised
removed. bigger and better reviews in the future. His predictions
When Captain Lewis received his orders to return to materialized very shortly.
the States he requested the Adjutant to appoint a succes- The Secretary of War arrived at Chistobal early on
SOras local news gatherer for the COASTARTILLERY JOUR- July II, and was met by a guard of honor composed of
NAL. The Adjutant, following an old Army custom, Batteries "C," "F," and "H," I st Coast Artillery. While
pointed a finger at me and said, "You're it. Yau have a the Secretary was en route from his reception to join
lotof time .... " He explained that he meant "time" in President Roosev~l.ton the cn:iser Houston, the guard of
this Department, not time on my hands, for with the honor moved to Jom the remamder of the Atlantic Sector
operation of the two year law, we are all getting so many troops at Gatun locks to do honor to the President. While
assignments "in addition to other duties" that we carry the Houston was transiting the canal, the Pacific Sector
notebooksjust to remember how many jobs we have. tro?ps were massed at Milaflores locks. Turn about is
The months of June and July called for reviews and fair play, and the age old custom was reversed. At both
372 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL September-October
places the Presidential patty passed in review on the field was heavy due to rain the previous night but We
cmiser, saving us the extra effort of maintaining straight slithered through the review without any reported casual-
lines, intervals and distances. ties. The regimental basketball season has ended and the
The President was most complimentary in expressing post teams are playing in the Sector series on both sides of
his opinion of the appearance of the command and the the Isthmus. Fort Randolph is leading in the Atlantic
Department Commander declared the following day a Sector series. Golf continues as a major sport at all three
holiday. It was celebrated, in part, at Fort Amador by Coast Artillery posts. The Fort Sherman golf course has
necessary fatigue so that the post would look its best when been extended and much improved. Private Barney M.
the President paid us a visit. As he left the Canal Zone Leonard, Battery "C" 1st Coast Artillery, tied for first
on the evening of July 12, a Presidential salute was fired place in the New Isthmian Open Golf Tourney. Our
by the Amador saluting battery. Fort Sherman correspondent reports that though July was
Secretary Dern made two visits to Fort Amador during the middle of the rainy season, not a single day was too
his stay on the Isthmus. The first was on the evening of wet for play on the Fort Sherman course. We might add
Friday the 13th when he watched a night drill from that our "liquid sunshine" (with apologies to our Hawai-
Flamenco Island. The drill was a success, notwithstand- ian correspondent, Jack Lovell) at Fort Amador has not
ing the day and date, so either he brought us luck or 13 prevented continuous play here.
need have no terrors for us. The next morning he made a As has been intimated, we are short of officersand men
short tour of the post and fortified islands. Our regret is thanks to the two year law. The Grant took another
that he did not stay longer and see more. We were ready quota of "short-timers" who have not been replaced, bur
for him. we are up to the law on departures. If the Chateau Thierry
The following Tuesday we participated in a sector re- only brings us enough recmits we will be up to strength
view at Fort Clayton in honor of Secretary Dern. The in enlisted personnel. We will have to miss a few more
next day the Secretary flew to France Field where the At- transports though before all the officer replacements arrive
lantic Sector troops were reviewed. and O.D. tours do not catch us coming and going.
Beginning July I, we dug out our old copies of T.R. The Amador Officers' Club held an informal supper at
435-55 (the new one's have not been distributed) and are the Club Miramar on June 22, for the officers scheduled
now busily engaged in target practices. Parry Lewis led to leave on June 30th. Another supper and dance was
off in the 2nd Battalion with a 14" gun practice. The held at the Post gymnasium on July 27, for those officers
final returns are not yet of record but the practice looked leaving on the Grant.
good, although the field of fire would not clear up until The following officers have left these parts during the
the Department and Sector Commanders who were to past two months for stations in the United States: Lieu-
have been spectators went home to lunch. Battery "D" tenant Colonel Richard Donovan, Lieutenant Colonel
next fired a 155 mm. practice. Then Phil Taliaferro went Kelly B. Lemmon, Major B. L. Flanigen, Captain H. H.
into action, firing a series of practices with 155's using Newman, Captain George R. Owens, Captain Parry
airplane data for tracking and spotting. This was fol- Lewis, Captain Edward King, Lieutenant C. V. R.
lowed by a 14" D.C. practice using the same fire control Schuyler, Lieutenant E. F. Cook, Lieutenant N. B. Wil-
system. The films are not dry at this writing but there son, Lieutenant E. W. Hiddleston, Lieutenant J. F. Rod-
are obviously hits in the practice. enhauser, Lieutenant R. J. Glasgow, and Lieutenant Larry
The 1st Battalion, 4th Coast Artillery, commenced Brownlee. Larry missed the boat at Balboa but the trains
antiaircraft firings with Battery "B." Ed King had just still mn to Colon and we expect that he caught the Grant
time to complete his practices before mshing for the gang- there ..
plank of the Grant. At present the well-known argument We have also loaned Major Benitez to Department
is on regarding camera records versus visual spotting. We Headquarters to mn the G-2 section and Captain Edge-
will record the results of the argument in the next letter. comb to Pacific Sector Headquarters to help arrange re-
Battery "F" was next on the list for firing but futther views for the shock troops ..
practices are postponed until we can get enough officers Newcomers who have arrived are: Major M. M. KIm-
from the States to serve as officials. We are also short of mel, First Lieutenant N. B. Simmonds, and First Lieu-
men for gun crews. tenant W. V. Davis at Fort Amador, and Captain F. G.
The 1st Coast Artillery report that small arms instmc- Epling and Lieutenant V. M. Kimm at Fort Shet1~an.
tion and range firing occupy a prominent place in the train- They have all survived the first shock of mass formatl?ns
ing schedules of all their batteries. We concur in this and for reviews, but we can still say "they ain't seen not~tng
add gunners examinations to our schedules. The exami- yet." They can look forward to maneuvers next sprIng,
nations start this week with each of us. serving on at least if they aspire to be doughboys.
two sub-boards. We still hope that when we have fin- Colonel. Clarence G. Bunker, Commanding Officer.
ished there will be appropriations for a few experts. 1st Coast Artillery, left for the United States on AugusJ:
On August 1st Colonel Reeder presented the regi- 4th. His command was assembled at Forts Sherman an~
mental baseball trophy to the team captain of the Battery Randolph to hoo'or him in a final review. He retires tl1l5
"B" winning baseball team at a regimental review. The fall after a long and successfud career in the Army.
 Fort Monroe News Letter
BRIGADIERGENERAL}OS. P. TRACY,U. S. ARMY,
Commanding.
COLONELRUSSELLP. REEDER,2d c.A.,
Commanding Harbor Defenses of Chesapeake Bay COLONEL GEO. L. WERTENBAKER,
and 2d Coast Artillery. Commanding 1st Bn., 51st C A.
MAJOR FRANKLINKEMBLE, MAJOR }OS.F. COTTRELL,
Commanding 3d Bn., 52d CA. Commanding 1st Bn., 2d CA.
By Major J. D. Powers, C.A.C.

I
iTs at the end of a long, hot and hard summer that We had all sorts of dances and social affairs while the
this news letter is being written, and we hope that by cadets were at Fort Monroe and attractive young ladies
the time it is published the weather will be cool and all seemed just to spring up from nowhere. No one has ever
activities back to normal. The Summer Training Camps been able to figure out how the cadets find all these girls,
have returned to "pre depression" strength, and we have but they do it somehow.
hadc.c.c. processing camps to handle and c.c.c. com- On Saturday night, August 11th, the midshipmen had
panies to organize. We still have offi:ers out in the field a ball in the Chamberlin Hotel and the cadets had a dance
with the c.c.c.. and an ever mountmg load of c.c.c. in the Coast Artillery School building. Everyone pre-
administration and property accounting to carry. The dicted that we might have an Army and Navy football
ban on civilian employees for post utilities continues in game on the parade ground but we were denied that
effect, so the load of painting, plumbing repair, carpentry, pleasure. The Navy seems to be very dry this year, so
and post upkeep has to be carried by the enlisted per- there was not any reason to have too much gaiety.
sonnel. After Saturday the cadets had no more military activi-
The Harbor Defenses have lost many officers, and even ties here. On Sunday, August 12, they visited the aircraft
though they are replaced, it will be a long time before the carriers, Lexington and Saratoga. On Tuesday morning
new officers can take the places left vacant in the affection they set sail for West Point on the U.S.A.T. Grant. W~
ofthe garrison. Colonel Harold E. Cloke is leaving us for were very sorry to see them leave and sincerely hope that
Fort Scott, Colonel Wertenbaker for Hawaii, Lieutenant they enjoyed their stay at Fort Monroe as much as we
Colonel Glassburn for organized reserves in St. Louis, enjoyed having them here.
Major J. D. Brown for the Utah A. andM. College, Major On Sunday morning, July 29, General Tracy and Col-
Dingley to the C. and G. S. School at Fort Leavenworth, onel Cloke assisted in the unveiling of two memorial win-
and Captain "Running" Waters to Georgia Tech. dows in the "Church of the Centurion" at Fort Monroe
The first class, U.S.M.A. Cadets, arrived at Fort 1\10n- to the memory of the late Colonel Easterbrook and Mrs.
roeearly in the morning of August 9, to stay with us until Easterbrook. The windows were presented by the Easter-
noon on d1e 14th. Five days was a short period in which brook children, and very appropriately were placed in the
to teach them all about the Coast Artillery but it seems chapel here, as Colonel Easterbrook spent many years as
from their target practice records that we did not do so Chaplain at Fort Monroe, and always had a deep affection
badly. While they were here they fired target practices on for this post.
the 155 mm. G.P.F. guns and the 3" antiaircraft guns. The 246th Coast Artillery, Virginia National Guard,
They had only one and one-half days' drill, but they were at Fort Monroe from August 1Ith to August 26th,
made very good gun crews in that time. for their two weeks of annual training. They were under
The half of the class who fired the 155 mm. guns made the command of Colonel Alonzo F. Wood, Va. N.G.,
a record that would give a regular Army Battery a rating and were quartered in the summer camps.
of "Excellent." The half of the class on the 3" antiair- While the National Guard were here they fired service
craft guns fired a practice that was worthy of a great deal practices on the 10" D.C. guns, 155 mm. G.P.F. guns,
of praise. They knocked down one sleeve and put so the 6" B.C. guns, and the 12" Mortars; some of the bat-
many shots close enough to the target that it looked as teries made good scores.
though it could stay up only by overcoming the force of On August 17 they were visited by the Honorable
gravity. George C. Peery, Governor of Virginia, accompanied by
Accompanying the cadets were several distinguished General Malone and General Tracy. The escort of honor
officers from the Military Academy, including Com- was praised and training activities inspected.
tnandant, Lieutenant Colonel Simon Bolivar Buckner, Last year this regiment was "washed out" by the tor-
Infantry. There was also a staff of Coast Artillery officers, nado and tidal wave, so this year each battery kept a man
under the supervision of Lieutenant Paul W. Cole, who on guard at night to turn out the troops in case of another
:t:ted as instructors in Artillery training. Last but not storm.
bst, was the inevitable staff of tactical officers whose task It seems that the marriage bug has bitten another of our
it is to keep the cadets on the "straight and narrow." few bachelors at Fort Monroe. Second Lieutenant Charles
374 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL September-October

G. Patterson (class of '33) and Miss Elsie Powell of to handle its own affairs, and that in case of mobilization
Hampton were married on the 25th of August. We wish it ~ould r:eed no help in training officers and men for
them luck because it is all we have left after buying a active service.
gross of wedding presents for the other members of the The Beach Club is now completed, and our dances are
post who have married. being held in the club and on the porch. The club is
Now that the summer camps are about over, we are larger than the old one, and a great many more windows
settling down to our own target practices, which are to be have been cut in the walls, making it quite cool inside.
held in September and October. While we only have The concrete dance floor in front of the club is almost
half the normal allowance of ammunition, we expect to finished. The soft drink and sandwich bar is now on the
equal the excellent records made in 1932, the last year we club porch instead of in the kitchen-more convenient
fired regular practices. To our surprise, Battery C, 2d but not so "clubby" as when we all sat on the kitchen
C.A. (Captain F. R. Chamberlain, Commanding) was table and ate hot dogs and drank Coca Cola.
cited in Army Regulations (AR 775-10) being mentioned The open air swimming pool is .even better than we
specifically and given the allowance of an AA gun bat- expected. When Captain Cochran sunk well points to
tery and also the allowance of an AA MG Battery. In secme filtered salt water, he had no idea how cold this
the past this battery has been kept busy firing for the water would be. Even on the hottest days the water in
School and the Board, but from now on it will have a the pool has been cold.
chance to compete for honors with the AA Batteries in f f f

the mobile regiments.

In October a battalion of the recently organized Fleet
Corregidor Doings
Marine Force from Quantico will come to Monroe for Renovation of the Cine
155 mm. and AA MG firing. Incidentally they have By Lieutenant R.I. Woods, C.A .C.
airplanes as an integral part of the force. The other day
they wanted to borrow a Cloke plotting board and some
fire control equipment from us, so ordered a plane down
O LD SUNSHINERS will be interested in knowing
that the Topside Cine at Corregidor recently has
been the victim of extensive operations and treatment.
from Quantico during the afternoon to pick up the equip- Not only has her face been lifted, but her exterior has
ment and take it back. We wonder how long it will be been repaired and additions made thereto, her interior
before the Coast Artillery has planes under its control, thoroughly renovated, and her approaches made to con-
just as it now has motor transportation, mine planters, and form to the latest ideas in modernization.
tugs? Four marine officers are to attend the C. A. School During the typhoon season the Topside Cine has long
this fall-the Marines wanted to send more, but were been the despair of patrons who have been forced to run
limited to four. They have organized a school of their through the rain some sixty to seventy yards from trolley
own at Quantico covering many of the subjects taught at or automobile then huddle in a two-by-four lobby while
the CA. School, and are using some of their officers who tickets were being purchased. In addition, there was al.
are graduates of our school as instructors. We understand ways the chance that the seats would be in some location
that they are bringing their class to Monroe in October where the sound could not be heard, since the building
to witness the firings. was constructed originally with the idea of tropical com-
Captain Riley E. McGarraugh is to go out on the Colo- fort first and acoustics last.
ra,do during September as an instructor on sound locators Now all this is changed, thanks to a far-sighted Cine
for the AA School which the Navy is conducting on the Council.
Colorado. Lieutenant Crichlow of the c.A. School, and First, it was decided to do something about the sound
Lieutenant Kelly from the Harbor Defenses, will attend reception of talking pictures. A study of the theater was
the school as observers. We have had many invitations made and some five thousand square feet of "acousti eel:"
from the Navy to cruise with them, and to witness their tox board" were purchased and installed. This board IS
target practices, but their firing seems to come at om specially designed to absorb a certain percentage of the
busiest season, hence none of us have been able to accept sound and prevent the formation of echoes.
their invitation.
This year the 622d CA. (HD) staged an innovation
in the training of reserve regiments. Lieutenant Colonel
James B. Bentley, the Regimental Commander, believed
that the time had come when a Reserve regiment no
longer needed "babying" by the Regular officers. With
the approval of the District Commander and of Major
E. B. Gray, the Unit Instructor, Colonel Bentley prepared
a training schedule for his regiment, and well in advance
assigned each subject to one of his officers who was an
expert in the particular subject chosen. The plan worked
out splendidly, and the 622d proved that it was competent The remodeled Cine at Corregidor.

"
1934 COAST ARTILLERY ACTNITIES 375

Then it was agreed to redecora~ethe ~terior in buff and ous forms of athletic facilities, and for other items too
ivory. This was done, wash pamt bemg used, and the numerous to mennon.
final result greatly enhances the appearance of th~ walls. Of course, much of the profit from the Cine has gone
An addition was built to the front, one story hIgh, en- back into the business-into the purchase of new and
larging the lobby into what might be called a foyer. Two better equipment for the theatres. Many years ago pro-
ne;' ticket booths were construtced, and best of all, .fa- jection machines were installed at Forts Hughes, Frank
cilitiesfor entrance from the trolley line, thr~ugh a stanon and Drum in order that the men on duty at these small
t one end of the new addition and from pnvate automo- stations might have amusement three nights a week.
~ilesvia a porte-coche at the other end: This porte-coc~e In 1914 the Bottomside Cine was destroyed by fire. The
is reached by a concrete U-shaped dnve from the r.n am insurance carried, however, was sufficient to reconstruct
road. Due to the large increase in the number of pnvate the building. Late in 1914 the Topside Cine was opened.
cars on Corregidor in recent years, and. the consequent At first, a room was fixed up over the Post Exchange.
need for increased parking space, the mam r?ad has been Trade became too heavy for this room, and a building
widened opposite the Cine and an automobIle park con- was erected on the southeast corner of what is now the
structed. parade ground. This building remained until 1926, when
It may not be amiss a.t this time to ~i~e a somewhat it was torn down and the present fine reinforced concrete
sketchy account of t~e h~st01"fof the Cme-a true Cor- buildin?; constructed at the instance of Brigadier General
regidor institution, differmg m many respects from any F. M. Caldwell.
other army post theatre-and to show how it operates. In a letter of General Bailey's dated February, 1915,
"Sketchy" wa.s used advise~ly, for there a;,e :rery few we learn that "even with these two theaters now the
documents relanng- to the history of the Cm~mato- places are crowded every night and upon occasions hun-
graph," as it was called in those early days .of the flickers, dreds of enlisted men stand in line outside to try and get
and much of our information might certamly be classed seats." Apparently, movie fans were as rabid in 1915 as
ashearsay. they are today.
However, we have reason to believe that the Cine was About this time the garrison at Fort Mills was being
first established about March of 1910. This theatre was greatly increased and there was a considerable body of in-
at Bottomside, "near the Bay," and was operated by a fantry stationed at Middleside. Accordingly, Genera~
Mr. James A. Scott as a concession of the Post Exchange. Bailey approved the construction of a third theatre, which
It appears that Mr. Scott's. r?le :was limited ~o that of was built about March, 1915, just below the present Mid-
the original entrepreneur. It is Ir:dlCatedthat hi.s connec- dleside car station and close to where the Post Studio is
tionwith the moving picture busmess ?n ~orregido: ~a~e now located. This building was torn down about 1923'
toa close in November of 191 I. At thiS time the DiVISiOn It has never been replaced, as the Topside and Bottomside
Commander, Major General J. Franklin Bell, purchasc:d Cines are able to care for the present trade.
from his private f~nds the rig~ts of Mr. S~o~t and. paid In 1915, not only moving pictures were being pre-
offthe claims of hIS many credItors. The Cme contmu~d sented, but also what General Bailey was pleased to call
in operation, reports being rendered monthly on financial "Real High-Class Vaudeville." No vaudeville is shown
status to Division (now Department) Headquarters by today, but the Topside Cine has a well-equipped stage on
the "Officer in charge of th~ Theat:e." . which the Army Relief Committee presented recently the
This control from Mamla contmued unnl August, original musical comedy: "Geneva Jitters," and the Cor-
1912, when General Bell generously tu:ned t?e Cine ?ver
regidor Players gave the three-act farce: "The Whole
tothe Commanding General at Fort MIlls, WIth the snpu- Town' s Talking."
lationthat any profits derived be exper:ded for the benefit
At present, two shows of the same picture are run
of the garrison. Genera~ Bell well re~hze.dthe. a~vantages
nightly at Topside, and the next evening the same show
of establishing the Cine as an orgamzatlOn dIstmct fro~
is given at Bottomside. Pictures are usually obtained
the Post Exchange, and the desir~biliry of ~a~ing avaIl-
within ten days after first run in Manila.
able thereby to this isolated garnson what IS m effect a
"communiry fund." Admis~ion? Less than you would suppose. Reserved
This fund is expended for the support of. t?e schools.; seats, 20 cents; general admission, 12~ cents; children, 5
the maintenance of trained nurses; the prOViSionof vatl- cents.

THE PEACE OF A NATION

*
does not depend exclusively upon its own will nor upon
the beneficent policy of neighboring powers; and that nation which is found totally
unprepared for the exigencies and dangers of war is criminally negligent of its
honor and its duty.-ANDREW JACKSON.
 NEWS AND COMMENT

The Coast Artillery Song instinctively quicken ~he puls~, raise ~e head, expand
the chest and cause med soldIers tQ pIck up their feet
I N the preceding issue of the COASTARTILLERYJOUR-
NALit was predicted that we would be able to make
full pronouncements concerning the long awaited official
with less effort.
b. It should be an original and distinctive Coast Artil-
l~ry production. (Lyrics adapted to existing popular airs
Coast Art~llery song. For once we are able to make good
dId not seem to fill the bill.)
?n a promIse, and the song is reproduced elsewhere in this
c. T~e score was considered to be more important ilian
Issue. We hope that it will speak for itself and will prove
the lynes, for the reason that it is easier to fit words to
a boon to the Coast Artillery Corps for years to come.
music than vice-versa.
It may be. of interest to oU! readers to know something
The words as published elsewhere in this issue are sub-
about the hIstory of the project and the trials and tribu-
ject to change. It is not unlikely that they can be revised
lations .through which it has passed. From the inception
to more nearly portray the record of glorious achievements
of the Idea the pathway has not been strewn with roses.
of the Coast Artillery. Will some poet laureate come to
It has encounterd some adverse criticism, it has met with
the front with his ideas as to what they should be? The
procrastination, delay, inertia and a host of other enemies
JOURNAL will publish all helpful sugg€stions.
~ll.of.them bent upon delaying its progress or strangling
All entries, without name of author, were submitted to
It m mfancy. The task that confronted Mohammed in
the committee on award. Each member of the committee
mov.ing th~ mountain. was no greater in comparison than
reached his conclusion and recommendation independ-
th dIfficultIesconfrontmg those whose task it was to bring
ently ?f the other~. Subsequer:tly at a meeting of. the
the plan to a full fruition.
commIttee the men.ts and demen.ts of the few outstanding
It will be recalled that other arms of the senrice have
numbers were conSIdered. In thIS the committee had the
a. ~istinctive sonf?' the best known of these being "The
ben~fi~of the advice and suggestions of a nationally known
CaIssons go Rollmg Along" and "O'er the Broad Mis-
muslcl.an. As a result of all of this painstaking effort the
souri." It was felt that, in this respect, the Coast Artil-
committee recommended to the Executive Council of the
lery Corps should be on an equal footing with its sister
Association that the first prize be given to Messers J. H.
arms. Sev:ral attempts have been made to bring out a
Hewett and Arthur H. Osborn, the latter is a lieutenant
<;oast ArtIllery so~g; the best; known of these composi-
of t~e New York.National Guard. Their composition is
tions was one whIch made Its appearance during the
dedIcated to Major General John W. Gulick, former
W?rld W~r ~ut this, like all the others, was open to the
Chief of Coast Artillery under whose regime the project
serIOUSobjectIOn that the lyrics had been adapted to a
took definite form. It may not be amiss to record that the
w~ll known and popular musical score, therefore, at best
co-authors have produced a number of song hits among
thIS song was only half "Coast Artillery."
the better known of these are the following:
At a meeting of the Executive Council of the Associa-
The Princeton Cannon Song.
tion held in the early part of 1933 it was decided to offer
The Guard of Old Nassau.
cash prizes for the lyrics and music of a Coast Artillery
The Mummy March and a Brigade March, dedicated
song: A cash prize always stimulates human endeavor
to the Coast Artillery Brigade, N.Y.N.G.
and It was hored that something worthwhile would re-
Weare sorry that there is no second prize, therefore the
sult. It was pomted out at the time that a musical hit to
best we can do is to give honorable mention, and all the
catch and hold the popular fancy and favor is more the
distinction that this carries, to the composition entitled
result of accident than design. This is borne out by the
"!he Coast Artillery," words by Major Edward B. Den-
fact that of the thousands of compositions produced an-
nIS and melody by Mr. Kurt Freier.
nually only a very small percentage strike a responsive
The committee on award desires to make due and grate-
cord and are elevated to any degree of popularity. The
ful acknowledgement to Captain W. J. Stannard, leader
a~lllouncement of the contest brought forth 18 contribu- of the army band, and to Major R. J. Hernandez, Editor
tIO~s. Some of these consisted of lyrics only, others of of the Quartermaster Review, for their painstaking efforts.
lyncs adapted to popular musical scores. Several consisted valuable assistance and helpful suggestions in assisring
of music only. A committee was appointed by the Presi- the Coast Artillery song to emerge from its cocoon and to
dent of the Association to make recommendations to the dev?lop the full statute of an accomplished fact. To
Council for the award. This commitee formulated the Major Hernandez belongs the credit for the excellent
followin~ hypotheses as outlining in a broad general way band arrangement now in course of production. This we
the reqUIrements to which the winning number should hope will become nationally popular, certainly it should
conform. be included among the repertoire of all Regular Army,
a. It should be an inspiring military march that would National Guard and R.O.T.c. bands.
1934 NEWS AND COMMENT 377
The Blue Ribbon Winner with rifle and pistol. \\1e had to tell the men that the

To
scores could not be counted for the purpose of qualifying
First Lieutenant Gwyn Perki~s ~ees.' 6th CA. Res.,
and obtaining medals. A few weeks later the R.OT.C
belongs the signal honor and distInction and all the
came to Fort Worden for their practical training. During
other similar descriptive adjectives which we command
that time they fired "Course D," and those who qualified
for not only being the honor man in the Ninth Corps
Area but also the officer who, were issued the prescribed medals. Our men were cogniz-
insofar as can be determined ant of these facts.
from official records, has earned At present one battery of the 14th CA. is engaged in
the greatest number of credit a mine practice. It will load and fire one service mine.
hours by means of completed The cost will be several hundred dollars. Mine work
extension school sub-courses with sub-mines comes nearer to the actual service condi-
during any 12 month period. tion than any other "simulation" we have in training. It
Considering that the school appears to me that the only advantage of handling the
operates for only 9 months of service mines is to prove that they are properly loaded.
the year it is evident that Lieu- Five mines are planted in a nineteen mine group and one
tenant Rees maintained an av- only of these is fired. The tests are the main proof that
erage of 95,3 hours per month the work has been done properly. The only other ad-
Lief/tellallt Rees, throughout the year. This vantage that can be urged in favor of firing a service in-
6th C.A. Res. monthly average would not be stead of a sub-mine is the moral effect of seeing and hear-
considered a poor accomplish- ing the explosion.
ment for the entire year and it becomes almost phenome- There is nothing about having a shoulder pounded blue
nal when we consider that it is more than three credit and black for "instruction only" and then having to swab
hours each day, Saturdays, Sundays and holidays in- a '30-cal. bore for a week that is likely to raise the morale
cluded. We wonder how many gallons of midnight oil of the average soldier. And, after all, there is nothing
were consumed, how many hours of sleep missed. These more embarrassing to any soldier than to have to admit
questions we will leave for Lieutenant Rees to answer. that he has had practically no experience with the weapon
It should be remembered that he was not out of a job he handles most, although he is in the Coast Artillery and
and, therefore, seeking ways and means to fill in the time not normally expected to function in the role of Infantrv.
of his enforced idleness. On the contrary he was fully Why not use the cost of the mine to train the men with
employed on the full time duties of a sergeant, Hq. Bat- the rifle? It appears to the writer that nothing would be
tery 6th CA., a job which in itself must have consumed lost. Certainly much would be gained in the way of pride
nearly all of the working hours of each day. in the rifle and in the ability to shoot-which is still a
Lieutenant Rees was born and educated in England. prime requisite of any soldier. The writer is aware that
He holds a B.S.C from St. Magdalen's College. He has the saving on mines alone would not suffice to qualify the
been examined and recommended for promotion to the Coast Artillery with the rifle, but with the small allow-
grade of captain, CA. Res. His average rating on all ance already made it would go far. Certainly some other
completed extension school courses is 97 -4- At the present savings could be made to augment the budgeted amount
time he is preparing to take the Command and General required for rifle firing ..
Staff School extension course. We wonder what he will do The writer is not an expert shot, nor is shooting a
when, like Alexander, there are no more worlds to con- hobby with him. But he does believe that morale is the
quer. greatest factol in the handling of men, and that men
f properly handled will do any job creditably. He believes,
further, that rifle qualification could be made a big item
What One Officer Thinks of Small Arms Firing in increasing morale instead of a drag on good spirits as it
THE EDITOR,COASTARTILLERYJOURNAL. now is. This goes also for pistol shooting.
Dear Sir: The above thoughts are submitted to you, not as a com-
plaint against the present training scheme, but as a sug-
I am not entirely familiar with the editorial scope of the
gestion which appears to me to be profitable and 10gic~1.
}OUR:-.lAL.It appears to me, however, that any subject or
thought good for the service and particularly for the Coast Very truly yours,
Artillery would be suitable for discussion in the JOURNAL. C L. PARTIN,
Further, that officers of all grades should point out to you, Second Lieutenant 14th CA.
as our quasi-official spokesman, improvements in our
training which occur to them. These thoughts urge me Editor's Note: THE COAST ARTTLLERY JOURNAL is the proper
medium for the exchange of thought. Its columns are open to any-
to write the foll~wing: one who has ideas for the improvement of tactics, technique or
This summer we of the 14th Coast Artillery were training. \Ve welcome contributions, and we hope that some one
who does not agree with the idea expressed will make it the target
obliged to cause our men to fire "Instruction Course 0" for his heavy artillery and turn loose a broadside. Fire at will.
378 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL September-October

Try This Coast Artillery School

ARE your shoulder knots, aiguillette and similar insignia Tactics 1934-35 Class
Major R. V. Cramer Capt. Joseph B. Hafer
ftrarnished or in need of cleaning? If so try this; you Major H. R. Jackson Capt. Leslie W. Jefferson
will be surprised at the results: Make a heavy soap suds Major H. F. Grimm, Jr. 1st. Lt. Granger Anderson
Major J. N. Caperton (Cav.) 1st Lt. Donald J. Bailey
with luke warm water and ivory soap. To each pint of Major E. L. Poland (InL) 1st Lt. Ben E. Cordell
this add one tablespoon full of household ammonia. Im- Capt. W. W. Irvine 1st Lt. Theodore J. Dayharsh
merse the article to be cleaned in this solution and thor- Capt. R. N. Mackin, Jr. 1st Lt. \lv. George Devens
Capt. J. Beveridge, Jr. (A.C.) 1st Lt. Everett C. Dunham
oughly scrub with a soft brush. The insignia will look 1st. Lt. William H. J. Dunham
like new and will not be injured by the bath. Artillery 1st Lt. Burgo D. Gill
Major H. H. Acheson 1st Lt. Noble T. Haakesen
-( Capt. J. R. Townsend 1st Lt. Allison R. Hartman
Capt. J. T. Campbell 1st Lt. Carl W. Holcomb
The Coast Artillery Goes to School Capt. L. L. Davis 1st Lt. Francis B. Kane
1st Lt. Aloysius J. Lepping
Engineering 1st Lt. Marvin J. McKinney

F OLLOWING is a roster of the instructors and stu-

dent officersnow on duty at the several service schools
and other institutions of higher learning. The total num-
Major H. H. Acheson
Capt. D. W. Hickey, Jr.
1st Lt. R. W. Crichlow, Jr.
1st Lt. Nathan A. McLamb
1st Lt. William L. McNamee
1st Lt. Robert L. Miller
1st Lt. Clarence E. Rothgeb
ber happens to be an even 100. This is approximately 1st Lt. L. W. Bartlett
1st Lt. Warren C. Rutter
one-tenth of the officerpersonnel of the Corps. 1st Lt. Lawrence E. Shaw
Extension Courses 1st Lt. Joseph P. Shumate
Major W. S. Phillips 1st Lt. Peter W. Shunk
INSTRUCTORS STUDENTS Capt. F. L. Christian 1st Lt. Arthur R. Thomas
1st Lt. Maxwell W. Tracy
Army War College Enlisted Specialists 1st Lt. Edgar R. C. Ward
Maj or J. H. Cochran 2d Lt. James G. Bain
Lt. Col. J. S. Pratt Lt. Co1.Robert C. Garrett Capt. R. W. Argo 2d Lt. Oliver H. Gilbert
Lt. Co1. Olin H. Longino Capt. J. T. DeCamp 2d Lt. Everett D. Peddicord
Major Carl E. Hocker 1st Lt. L. M. Morton 2d Lt. August W. Schermacher
Major LeRoy Lutes 2d Lt. Merle R. Thompson
Major Earl H. Metzger 2d Lt. Robert F. Tomlin
Major George R. Meyer Lt. Bohdan Mankowski, Polish
Major Robert M. Perkins Naval Officer
Commap.d and General Staff School Advanced Technical Course
1933-35 Class 1st Lt. A. H. Bender
Lt. Co1.Horace F. Spurgin Major Christian G. Foltz 1st Lt. D. McLean
Lt. Col. Edward N. Woodbury Major Rollin L. Tilton
Lt. Co1. Eugene B. Walker Capt. Wm. H. Donaldson, Jr. Naval War College
Lt. Co1. William R. Nichols Capt. John T. Lewis
Major James B. Crawford Capt. Porter P. Lowry Major Richard F. Cox
Major John H. Hood Capt. Bryan L. Milburn
Major Frank L. Hoskins Capt. Everard F. Olsen Army Industrial College
Major Charles R. Finley Capt. Walter L. Weible Major D. S. Lenzner
1st Lt. Bonner F. Fellers
1st Lt. Paul L. Harter
1934-36 Class Air Corps Tactical School
Major Alexander H. Campbell Lt. Col. R. R. \Velshmer Capt. B. F. Harmon
Major Nelson Dingley, 3d
Capt. Harry C. Barnes, Jr. University of Michigan
Capt. Harold C. }.fabbott
Capt. John G. M'ttrphy Motor Transport Course
Capt. Thomas R. Phillips 1st Lt. William L. McPherson
Capt. Andrew P. Sullivan
1st Lt. George M. Badger Massachusetts Institute of Technology
1st Lt. Lester DeL. Flory
1st Lt. Joseph E. Harriman Electrical Engineering Course
1st Lt. Hobart Hewett 1st Lt. Edward Barber

As
*
A POWERFUL NATION not desiring war, we cannot accept the thesis that there is
no such thing as neutral rights as opposed to belligerent rights. It will be through
the curtailment of belligerent rights rather than through the negation of neutral
rights that future war will be stamped ou.t. There is apparently only one way to
keep neutral rights respected. That is to make certain swift retribution, through sea
power, of those who violate them.-CoMMANDER E. S. R. BRANDT, U. S. NAVY.
 THE FOREIGN MILITARY PRESS
Reviewed by Major Alexander L. P.Johnson, Infantry

ARGENTINA-Hi Caballo-June, 1934. W orId conditions upon the smaller nations which devote
The Argentine Army Remount Service began publi- their attention to internal problems, and which do not
cation of a new periodical devoted" to the horse, horse- seek to acquire new markets for their products. He points
breeding and related subjects. The first number of this out the well-known fact that during the world war
interesting magazine, released under the auspices of the small nations were practically compelled to become par-
Ministry of War, contains 28 pages of highly informative tisans of the one or the other group or belligerent powers.
material, profusely illustrated, which should prove of To show what might befall Mexico in an hypothetical
interest not only to cavalrymen and devotees of the horse conflict between Japan and the United States, the author
in general, but to horse-breeders and more particularly to quotes Frederick A. Oliphant, Secretary General of the
veterinarians. Distribution is free. "International Society of the Americas," to the effect,
that the Japanese navy and troop ships would silently
MEXICO-Revista del Ejercito y de la Marina-Febru- cross the Pacific and establish a base of operation against
ary, 1934. the United States on the undefended coast of Lower Cali-
A NEW ORIENTATIONOF THE FOREIGNPOLICYOF fornia. "Only with the help of American troops fighting
MEXICO. By Lic. Fernando Lera, ex-E.E. and M.P. on Mexican soil would Mexico be able to repel the in-
The recent revolutions have wrought momentous vader. Should, however, Mexico unaided offer resistance,
changes in the internal life of Mexico and inevitably af- Japan would resort to drastic measures, and Mexico would
fected Mexican international relations as well. The au- forfeit the possibility of favors in the future. If, on the
thor notes in this article, first in a series on foreign affairs other hand, Mexico were not to offer resistance, Japan
published by the important Mexican daily, El Nacional, might offer her certain concessions, but in that event the
that for the first time in her history Mexico has a chan- United States would be compelled to disregard inter-
cerywhich inspires and directs a foreign policy based ex- aational frontiers to defend its national interests. The
clusively upon national interests and upon the new ten- United States would be justified in holding Mexico ac-
dency of nations to seek the achievement of just aspira- countable for any damage that might result from Mexi-
tions in the international field by means of open di- co's complacent attitude."
plomacy in which the interdependence of common inter- The author, in acknowledging the possibility of a situ-
ests imposes upon all nations a policy of mutual under- ation such as Oliphant pictures, proceeds to examine the
sra?ding, sincere cooperation and close economic collabo- means at Mexico's disposal to meet the apprehended con-
ratIOn. tingency. The Mexican infantry, he states, is armed with
Referring to the Pan-American Congress, which met thre~ or four different types and calibers of rifles and
at Montevideo in December, 1833, the author notes with machine guns. This condition, he rightly concludes, is
satisfactionthe important part played by Mexico, and the bound 'to entail grave consequences. Notwithstanding the
strong cohesiolJ. manifested by the American republics scarcity of water in northern portions of Mexico, the au-
which heretofore had not had particular success in the thor advocates the adoption of the water-cooled machine
discussion of international affairs. The author attributes gun because of its greater capacity for sustained fire. Ex-
the success of the Mexican delegation at Montevideo to perience shows, he states, that the air-cooled machine gun
the fact that the Mexican State Department has, for the becomes so over-heated in a short space of time that it
first time in its history, become an effectively and ef- cannot be fired again until it is cooled off sufficiently by
ficiently functioning organization for the conduct of artificial means. The author adds that as long as troops
foreign affairs. He credits Sr. Puig Casauranc, Secretary carry enough drinking water, there should always be an
of Foreign Affairs and formerly Mexican Ambassador ample supply of water for the machine gun. Once the
to the United States, with effecting reforms whose far- supply of drinking water is exhausted, nothing can save
~ching importance in the life of Mexico cannot be over- the army from a catastrophe.
LStimated. - The Mexican Army, the author notes, has no guns
capable of high angle fire. The procurement of mortars
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON OUR MILITARYPREPARED- for the artillery, he states, is imperative. Similarly hand
NESS. By Captain Luis Virialo Carsi, Artillery- and rifle grenades must be added to the infantry arma-
March, 1934. ment. The infantry also needs a satisfactory accompany-
Ascribing the social and economic ills which plague the ing gun. Armored cars and tanks, the author observes,
!'Orld to an universal apprehension of impending war, under conditions existing in Mexico would at best have
~ author seeks to determine the probable effects of but experimental value.
380 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL September- 0 ctober
FRANCE-La Revue d'lnfanterie-February, 1934, cludes, anti-tank guns must be organized into regimental
THOUGHTSON ANTI-TANKDEFENSE. By Lieutenant units available for artachment to battalions as the need for
Colonel Henry Martin. that arises. A divisional anti-tank gun company would
The defence of a center of resistance, the author writes, be equally valuable in that it would enable the division
is based upon the barrage of automatic weapons of small commander to reenforce his regiments when needed.
caliber. Against tanks this system of defence is, in the The author believes that regimental anti-tank QUns
author's opinion, inadequate. Assuming a situation in should be .capab!e of going .into action rapi?ly. and t~go
which the opposing forces are intrenched in positions out of actlon WIth equal dIspatch. The dIvlSlonal anti-
about 100-500 meters apart, the author visualizes a day- tank gun battery might well be tractor-drawn for cross-
break attack preceded by a line of fast tanks, about 20 for country. travel which would enable it to go into action
each battalion front of 1,000 meters. Travelling at a rate wherever needed.
of speed 16 km. per hour, these tanks would require
but two minutes to cover the space of 500 meters, or less Revue Militaire Francaise-April, 1934.
than 30 seconds to cross the space of 100 meters between WHAT WE SHOULDKNOW ABOUT THE YUGOSLAV
the opposing trenches. The battalion not armed with anti- ARMY. By Lieutenant Colonel Delmas.
tank guns might succeed in putting out of action some of After acquainting the reader with the historic, ethno-
the tanks while they cross No-Man's land where it is graphic, geographic, economic and political background,
widest, but on the whole, their efforts would prove in- the author renders a concise account of the strength,
effective. composition and equipment of the army of Yugoslavia.
The author observes that we might select our defensive He states that with a population of 13 million, the annual
positions so that they would be protected by natural ob- contingent of recruits amounts to about 133,000 men of
stacles in path of hostile tanks, such as dense woods, vil- whom 80 to 9D thousand are actually enrolled in the army,
lages, bluffs, rivers or lakes. Of these, the author states, while the remainder are allotted to certain schools, the
woods are the best, but he warns that care must be ex- gendarmerie and certain permanent cadres. Service is
ercised to prevent the infiltration of enemy infantry. He universal and compulsory. The maximum man power
cites the role of the woods near Cambrai in the battle of available in case of war is estimated at three milliop..
November, 1917' as a classic example. Villages and bluffs In time of peace the Yugoslav Army consists of five
must likewise be defended against the ubiquitous Infan- armies of 3-4 divisions, one regiment of heavy artillery
tryman. Water courses are serious obstacles to tanks. Al- and one maintenance company each. There are at present
though amphibian tanks might negotiate such obstacles, 16 divisions, each consisting of one infantry brigade of
their armor plate is generally so light as to render them three to four regiments, one artillery brigade of two regi-
quite vulnerable to infantry fire. Again, he warns, the ments and one train squadron. It has neither cavalry nor
doughboy must be watched, for he alone is capable of engineer tr09ps. The Guard Division consists of one
overcoming any obstacle. regiment of infantry, two regiments of cavalry, one regi-
Artificial obstacles, such as mines, the author states, ment of artillery of two battalions and one company of
might serve a useful purpose in connection with per- engineers. Two cavalry divisions consists of two brigades
manent and semi-permanent fortifications. However, un- of two regiments each, one battalion of artillery of three
less such mines are buried at some depth, the risk will batteries, one cyclist battalion, one platoon pioneers,
exist that thel might explode prematurely, perhaps as the mounted, and one mounted signal troop.
result of the action of hostile artillery. On the other hand, By arms, the Yugoslav army consists of 58 regiments
a mine field adequately protected against premature ex- of infantry and 67 frontier guard companies. The in-
plosion, yet provided with a system of effective control, . fantry regiments consist variously of 2, 3 or 4 battalions,
would necessitate measures sufficiently elaborate to be in- one machine gun company and one howitzer platoon
compatible with the normalRux of battle. armed with two 37 mm. guns. The battalion consists of
In the author's opinion, natural obstacles as a means of four riRe companies and one machine gun company.
anti-tank defence are at best an expedient, while anti-tank The company consists of four platoons.
weapons will render the main line of resistance indepen- There are eight regiments of cavalry (8 divisional and
ent of obstacles. In order to stop an assault wave of infan- 2 Guard). The regiment consists of four troops (escad-
trymen, the author believes, the defence would require ron) and one machine-gun troop.
20 automatic weapons to each 1,000 meters front. If we The artillery comprises eight regiments of field artillery
assume that if in the short space of time required by the of two battalions of two batteries each, except the ?at-
tank to cross No-Man's land the anti-tank gun can put talions of the Guard division; 8 separate EA. battallOllS
out of action two tanks, then it will be necessary, the of 2 to 4 batteries; 16 mixed regiments with one bat-
author states, to provide at least ten anti-tank guns for talion of two batteries armed with howitzers.
every 100 meters front, in order to combat effectively a The horse artillery consists of two mixed battalions of
line of tanks attacking at intervals of 50 meters. How- two field gun batteries and one mountain battery. !he
ever, the author adds, units protected by natural obstacles heavy artillery comprises five regiments of two battahollS
need not be equipped with such weapons, hence he con- of three batteries each armed with 105, IS0 and I55's;
1934 THE FOREIGN MILITARY PRESS 381
one fortress artillery regiment of three battalions and one Japan, China and Yellow seas by means of mines and
artillery park company; 3 separate battalions of G.H.Q. sub~arines. The preat. ~ifficulty in the problem of sup-
reserve artillery, two batteries each, armed with guns of ply, ~n the autho~ s opmlOn, precludes the possibility of
heavier caliber than 155. ~ussI~n s~lCces~m a prolonged campaign. With this
The Air Force consists of six regiments organized in SItuatiOn m mmd, the author seeks to determine the
twO ai~ ~rigade.s. The organization of an additional regi- probable effect of air power upon the outcome of a
ment IS m proJect. theoretical conflict. He believes that the cruising radius
The Military Academy at Belgrade consists of two of bom~ers, though ample for. the European field, is
schools. The lower provides a three-year course for cadets totally madequate for the reqUlrements of the Pacific
who, upon graduation, enter the commissioned ranks as the~tre of ope~ati?ns: .He does not believe that peace time
lieutenants. The advanced course provides two years' aC~levements m mdlvldual and mass flights indicate what
training for selected officers aspiring to general staff as- mIght be expected under conditions of war. In his
signment. Special schools of the sc:veralar~~ and services opi?~on, geo.graphical J>.ositionplaces Japan beyond the
offervarious courses for the professlOnaltrammg of officers cru.lSl?g ra~lUs of hostlle bombers operating from the
and N.C.O's. ASIatIc mamland, for Japan's first concern in case of hos-
The infantry is armed with the Mauser rifle, the tilities :with Russia would be either to destroy or to take
Czechoslovak light machine gun, Model 1926, cal. 7,92 possesslOnof Vladivostock and thus eliminate any possi-
mm. and French heavy machine guns. Artillery materiel ble threat from that direction. Although Soviet Russia is
is of variegated type and caliber. Military aviation, al- supposed t~ have an air force of about 1,000 planes in the
readv of importance, is growing in numbers and im- Far East WIth about 200 of them near Vladivostock and
pro;ing i? quality from year .to year. ~lthough do~estic Nikolsk with considerable cruising radius, the author is
industry IScapable of producmg a consIderable portlOn of of the opinion that the great difficulty in the way of re-
the needed military equipment, a great deal is still being plac;ements and supply would preclude decisive air action
procured abroad. ag~m:t Ja1?anese ground troops concentrating on the
Having won three wars in succession, the Serb soldier ASIatiC mamland. On the contrary, he believes, Russia
has the victor complex. The Yugoslav race is excellent in would be compelled to resort to exceptional measures to
body and soul. The army is rustic, animated by a live, safeguard her single line of communications with the-
patriotic faith, and it is being trained by enthusiastic homeland against serious damage by Japanese aviation.
leaders. It represents a powerful instrument of war, and Geographical factors thus confer upon Japan an advantage
it is being improved day by day. over Russia in the air. Russia is making a great effort, the
author states, to increase her air arm to overcome the
GERMANY-Lt4twehr-1 February, 1934- existing disadvantages, but that, in his opinion, cannot
THE AIR PROBLEMOF THE PACIFIC. By Major be done unless Russia succeeds in defeating the Japanese
Baron von Bulow. land army, and opens the way for e3iablishing her own
With the focal point of world affairs in the Pacific, air bases in Korea or nearer to the coast of the YeHow
the author looks to Japan as the probable source of the Sea. This is unlikely, the author states.
next armed conflict. He ascribes Japan's recent aggres- China, the other serious opponent of Japan, has practi-
sivepolicy of conquest to a rapidly increasing population cally no aviation. The author notes, however, that ac-
and a serious shortage of raw materials. In the author's cording to Japanese reports, the United States entered
opinion, success in Manchuria and Jehol represents the into an agreement with China to supply the latter 800
first though minor step in the realization of Japanese pursuit planes and bombers by 1936. Moreover, he
hegemony over the. Pacifi~. ~urt~er effor~ in that di.rec- states, the United States will supply trained personnel to
tion, the author wntes, WIll mevltably bnng Japan mto organize four schools for the training of Chinese aviation
conflictwith all powers bordering on the Pacific. China, personnel. The author apparently failed to investigate
torn by civil war, is unable to offer resistance. J~panese the veracity of these reports, but assuming their accuracy,
activities seriously menace the eastern possesslOns of expresses the opinion that China equipped with American
Soviet Russia. The United States, the author states, aviation materiel and provided with American-trained
views with alarm Japanese expansion towards the south, personnel would materially impair Japan's position.
and it is equally concerned about its Far Eastern markets. The air policy of the United States, Japan's principal
Japan and Great Britain are right now in the throes of an rival in the Pacific, the author writes, not only seeks to
economic war, while the Netherlands feel deep concern turn China into a formidable air power, but it is equally
regarding the safety of their valuable possessions in ::he desirous of eXploiting China for the benefit of American
East Indies. Only France appears to be neutral, notwIth- commercial aviation. He notes, that the "China National
standing her colonial interests in the Far East. Aviation Company," which operates between Shanghai,
The great distance which separates Japan. from her Tientsin and Pekin, is American controlled. The author
chief opponents confers upon the Island EmpIre a .great believes that this concern possesses far-reaching military
strategic advantage. A naval attack, the author beheves, importance. He states, that American control of China's
would present serious difficulties. Japan can close the military and civil aviation discloses a well-planned, syste-
382 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL September-October
matic effort to bring about Japan's strategic encirclement allied to France, the author apparently discerns potent
from the West. By means of a well-developed syst~ of reasonswhy the Reich should team up with Japan for the
airports, he writes, the United States hopes to obtam a show-down.
chain of "points d'appui" in the interior of China which
would materially enhance America's influence in the INDIA-The Journal of the United Service Institution
military-political affairs of China. of India-April, 1934.
The author discerns other important plans still up CHINA'SCASE.By Captain A. E. Swann, LA.S.C.
Uncle Sam's proverbial sleeves. Colonel Lindbergh's ex- The author undertakes to present the Chinese point of
tensive air voyage last year evoked further speculation as view in the controvers;y with Japan. He regards the
to the real purpose of the United States. He states that Japanese action and the inability or unwillingness of the
Colonel Lindbergh held important conferences with the Powers to stop it a serious menace to world peace.
Soviet authorities with a view of extending American air Japanese aggression in China, he states, is. creating a
lines into Siberia, which, if, when and as accomplished situation pregnant with the danger of war on such a
would result in Japan's encirclement from the north. On colossal scale that it is difficult to visualize what might
the other hand, the author believes, the America's strate- be the end of it. China is arming, he writes, and is grow-
gical position to the east and south of Japan is not as ing slowly and steadily more united. All she needs is
favorable. Although the powerful American navy pos- unification and able leadership. Hatred of the Japanese
sessesor has under construction gigantic airplane carriers, is materially aiding the cause of unification.
and possesses refuelling bases in Hawaii, Guam, the Chang Kai Shek, aided by some fifty odd German
Philippines and "other islands of the Pacific," it is hardly officers,has laid the foundation of a new nationalist army,
to be expected, he writes, that all of these carriers, whose organized and armed on the Czechoslovak pattern. The
complement of bombers could drop 100 tons of bombs, training of the Chinese navy has been placed into British
would actually attempt to close in on Japan for an attack. hands. Given funds and a certain amount of time, the
Japanese aviation and coastal defense, he believes, are author believes, the Chinese will drive the aggressorfrom
adequate to prevent such contingency. The author states their territory. With Russia as a possible ally, the storm
that American engineers are now preparing plans to in- may break much sooner than it would otherwise.
crease materially the cruising radius of airplanes, and that The author charges that most of the press comments
a number of the latest models capable of long sustained and articles dealing with Manchuria have been tinged
flights are already stationed in the Canal Zone and the with a Japanese flavor. The Chinese point of view can
insular possessionsof the United States. hardly be heard. He takes issue with the various asser-
Japan's military aviation, according to the author, con- tions of apologists for Japan and arguments advanced by
sists of eleven air regiments with 2,°50 airplanes and the Japanese themselves on the subject. Contradicting
22,000 officersand men. Japan considers this force inade- the claim that Japan had saved Manchuria from Russian
quate for her needs and is planning material increases. aggression and communism, the author points out that
Upon completion of her program, the author believes, under Marshal Chang T so Lin Manchuria was the only
Japan will equal if not exceed America's strength in the part of China which enjoyed a comparatively stable ad-
air-at least numerically. Technically, however, he ministration, and was more or less immune from civil
states, Japan will remain considerably inferior to the war and disorder. Japan was not so much afraid of
United States. The author attributes three important war Russian aggression, he states, as of Chinese progress.
missions to Japanese aviation: 1. protection of the home- Although Chang Tso Lin owed his rise to power to the
land against hostile attack; 2. support of the armies Japanese, his subsequent independent attitude aroused
operating against Russia and China; 3. strategic attacks the Japanese against him. He met his death on Tune3,
and raids beyond the seas. He observes, that Japan re- 1928, as a result of a bomb explosion while traveling on
cently established an air base on the island of Saipan, in the Japanese South Manchurian Railway. His son, though
the Marianas, in closeproximity to Guam. considered a weakling and an opium addict, overcame
In conclusion, the author writes, "if Japan possesses his bad habits, and proved a greater menace to Japanese
a strategic advantage in the air her predomi- hopes than his father.
nance at sea is even greater." Only joint operations of . Unless the Japanese administration in Manchukuo be-
the American, British and Dutch naval and air forces comes benevolent and thereby induces the anti-Japanese
hold out some prospect of success. Notwithstanding the feeling to die down, and unless Japan sees the wisdom
aggressive characrer of American expansion, strangely of cooperating with China rather than fighting her, the
enough, the author does not attribute any bellicose in- author concludes that the situation created by Japanese
tentions to Uncle Sam. He does not believe the United action in Manchuria will continue to menace the peace
States would actually intervene in a conflict in the Pa- of the Far East. "The rising tide of Bolshevismmay be a
cific because nothing would be gained by such an ad- disturbing thought," the author adds, "but a rational-
venture, while it might entail a possible loss of influence ized Communism and Socialism will assuredly seem to
and prestige. In other words, American neutrality is seem- many to be less alarming than economic domination by a
ingly assured in the next conflict, and Russia once more Japan omnipotent in the Far East."
 COAST ARTILLERY BOARD NOTES

Any individual, whether or not he is a member of the service, is invited to submit constructive sugges-
tions relating to problems under study by the Coast Artillery Board, or to present any new problems that
properly may be considered by the Board. Communications should be addressed to the President, Coast
Artillery Board, Fort Monroe, Virginia.
THE COAST ARTILLERY BOARD
CoLONEL A. H. SUNDERLAND,C.A.C., President CAPTAINS. L. MCCROSKEY,CA.C.
MAJOR IRA A. CRUMP, a.D. CAPTAINC S. HARRIS,CA.C
MAJOR A. F. ENGLEHART,CA.C CAPTAINE. T. CONWAY,CA.C
MAJOR C. E. COTTER,CA.C 1st LIEUT. WALTER J. WOLFE, CA.C.

SECTION I PROJECTNo. I,ooo-INSTRUCTIONS FORMARKING AN-

TIAIRCRAFTMACHINE GUN BULLETs.-In the last issue
Projects Completed Since the Last Issue of the JOURNALit was s~ated that this project was about
of the Joumal completed. It was submItted to the Chief of Coast Artil-
It is necessary to state again that the number of projects lery during July and it is ~lllderstood that the pertinent
completed since the last issue of the JOURNALis not very parts thereof are to be pubhshed to the service very soon.
great, but a few were rounded out and submitted to the If any success at all attends the present efforts to improve
Chief of Coast Artillery. Among them were: antiaircraft machine gun fire control, there should be
PROJECTNo. 975' -TEXT ON TRACER CONTROL.-As more hits to count and this method should facilitate al-
stated in several previous issues of the JOURNAL,the prepa- locating those hits.
ration of this paper brought about much argument. The
PROJECT No. I,OOI-SEARCHING AND ILLUMINATING
Board tried to include the recommendations' of any person
SEARCHLIGHTSFOR ANTIAIRCRAFTDEFENSE.-As stated
who had views on the subject other than utterly negative
in the last issue of the JOURNAL,a questionnaire was sent
ones. After all this search, there appeared in the July-
out to several officers in an endeavor to obtain information
August issue of the JOURNALan article by Major J. L.
on which to base recommendations as to the number and
Daneker, C.A.N.G., setting forth some very good ideas.
kinds of searchlights to be supplied to antiaircraft mobile
Had this article been available at the time, these ideas
regiments. The crux of this study was to strike a balance
certainly would have been included in the text as sub-
between:
mitted: It is understood that the Chief of Coast Artillerv
inte?ds to have this text published and distributed to the
. a. ~he desirab~lity o~ havinl? all lights equipped as
pIlot lIghts; that IS, eqUIpped wlth sound locators and all
servIce.
related accessories; and
PROJECTNo. m-TIME INTERVALApPARATUS FOR
b. The difficulty of securing accessories in quantity.
MOBILE COAST ARTILLERy.-An outlined description of
~s. a result of the s~udy. the Coast Artillery Board's
the apparatus tested under this project appears in the July-
prlllcipal recommendatlOns III the project were that, if
August issue of the JOURNAL.An analysis of the reports of
practi~able, all antiaircraft searchlights be pilot lights; and
the tests made with this apparatus causes the Board to feel
that, III any eve~t, not less t~an four lights of as-light
that the development has not progressed to a point where
platoon or three lIghts of a 4-hght platoon be pilot lights.
anv apparatus can be recommended for standardization.
The Board recommended that two instruments, each with PROJECT No. I,004-SWITCHBOARDS, TyPES BD-7I,
several modifications, be made up for mobile artillery use BD-72, BD-76, and BD-82.-These four switchboards
and that the modified apparatuses be submited for another have been r~ceived ~nd tested. They represent two types
test. of constructlon. SWltchboards BD-82 and BD-76 are alike
The desirability of adopting mobile time interval except as to size, and are made up largely from parts more
equipment for use of fixed armament has come up on sev- or less standard Signal Corps equipment. Switchboards
eral occasions. It would appear that any apparatus that BD-71 and BD-72 are alike except as to size, but these
can be made to operate effectively in the field could be two are designed along lines different from BD-76 and
used to even better advantage in the fixed installations, BD-82, and should they be adopted as standard, would
but there are orher considerations entering the problem, require more time for procurement.
and the Board is not as yet prepared to report on this ~ll these boards are so similar to boards already in the
phase of the development. servlCe and already tested that only a short test was carried
384 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL September-October
out. The principal difference is the inclusion of the op- An old German once complained that he didn't care what
erator's telephone as an integral part of the switchboard. made his gas engine run, but he wanted the manufactur_
The Coast Artillery Board found that types BD-]I and ers to tell him what made it stop. The Coast Artillerv
BD-]2 are not superior to types BD-]6 and BD-82, and Board has applied some of these lacquers and varnishes t~
that the latter, with a few minor changes, are satisfactory. bright parts of guns and carriages with more or less sat-
Recommendations in accordance with these conclusions isfactory results, but just now the immediate problem is
were made to the Chief of Coast Artillery. how to remove such substances. If this part of the problem
PROJECTNo. I,006-RAILWAY MOUNT FOR8-INCH is ever solved it is felt that the Board can make a compre-
NAVYGUNs.-The general discussion of this mount ap- hensive report on this subject; but at the present time it
pears under the Coast Artillery Board Notes in the July- is feared that lacquers and varnishes will prove to be of
August issue of the JOURNAL.The Board reported, in ef- limited application as rust preventatives.
fect, that this mount (modified I2-inch howitzer mount) PROJECTNo. 987-LuMINOUS PAINTSFOR GUNS.-
falls considerably short of the ideal 8-inch railway mount. As stated before, this project involves the test of lumi-
The Board's recommendations, in detail, were: nous paint placed at vatious points around the breech of
a. That the MI925E mount, after certain changes, be the gun to guide the gun crew in night firing, when the
adopted as substitute standard. piece is served without the use of exterior lights. Pre-
b. Except in an emergency, no MI925E mounts be liminary tests indicate that some such arrangement may
manufactured pending completion of the construction test be very useful. It is found, however, that grease and
of the new 8-inch mount now in the design stages. cleaning material soon destroys the luminous properties
c. That the design and test of the new 8-inch mount of the paint. The Board is making up some capsules with
referred to in b, above, be given high priority. glass windows. These will be screwed into the breechface
of the gun or attached at other places as required. The
SECTION II luminous paint contained in these capsules will be pro-
Projects Under Consideration tected from grease and dirt and, furthermore, the capsules
PROJECTNo. 929-ExPERIMENTAL FIELD CHRONO- may be removed easily when not actually needed. Au-
GRAPH(JACKSON) .-This project bids fair to be with us thority to make the alterations on the gun under test h:lS
for some time as it appears improbable that the laboratory not yet been received.
tests at Aberdeen Proving Ground can be completed at a
PROJECTNo. 9~-AzIMUTH ANDELEVATION CHECK-
reasonably early date. An old lady once said, concerning
INGDEVICESFOR155 MM GUNs.-As tested, these de-
her sickly husband, that she hoped he would "get well or
vices were not very satisfactory. Some changes have been
do something." Possibly the recommendation will be
made, but no definite report can be made at this time.
~ade sometime soon "to do something" concerning this
mstrument. PROJECTNo. 99o-TEST OF DULUX,NON-aXITE AND
, OTHERPAINTS.-As stated before, these paints have been
PROJECTNo. 953-HIGH SPEEDTARGET.-The Board
applied to guns and carriages at Fort Monroe, Virginia.
is more than ever convinced of the necessity, or at least
To date none is showing any deterioration, but of course
the desirability, of such craft after reading the article ap-
they have only been applied for a few months, and the
pearing in the last issue of the JOURNALby Captain R. E.
test has yet many months to run.
McGarraugh, Coast Artillery Corps, under the tide
"High-Speed Target." Few harbor defense commanders PROJECTNo. 998 - RANGEDISPERSION,SEACOAST
are blessed with the availability of destroyers as was the GUNs.-This is a project undertaken by the Coast Artil-
one whose practices were described by Captain McGar- lery Board on its own initiative. The press of other work
raugh. has prevented much progress being made on the subject.
PROJECTNo. 964-TEST OF RUBBER-JACKETED SUB- At the present time DAPE'S of all practices fired since
MARINEMINE CABLE.-This test cannot be completed the publication of the data on pages 45-48 of Coast Artil-
for almost another year because there is involved a service lery Memorandum No. 10 are being compiled with a
test that was to extend over a total period of two years. view to the evaluation of the part played by gun, carriage
Local tests involving use of the new cable by the mine and projectile in producing dispersion. If any reader of
command at Fort Monroe, Virginia, as well as electrical, this article has any pertinent information on this subject,
abrasion and kinking tests, indicate that it is most satis- such information would be most welcome.
factory. PROJECTNo. I,002-REVISION OF TABLESOF ORGANI-
PROJECTNo. 973-TEST OF LACQUERSANDVAR- ZATION-MINIMUM SPECIFICATIONS ANDINDEXFOR Oc-
NISHESFORUSEASRUSTPREVENTATIVES.-Inspite of ad- CUPATIONAL SPECIALISTS.-Work on this project consists
verse reports of laboratory tests made by Ordnance person- largely in scrutinizing tables of organization and War De-
nel on transparent lacquers and varnishes, the Board partment publications on minimum requirements .for
found two or three commercial products that for a time specialists, in an effort to coordinate the various pubhca-
held out considerable promise of being satisfactory re- tions on the subject, with the ultimate view of getting the
placements for slushing oil on seacoast guns and carriages. right man in the right place in time of war.
1934 COAST ARTILLERY BOARD NOTES 385
PROJECTNo. I,003-DRILL CARTRIDGES FOR 3-INCH sand blasts is being considered. This instant test (1,008)
ANTIAIRCRAFT GUNs.-These drill cartridges have been is as yet rather inconclusive.
tried out in both the fixed and mobile antiaircraft arma- PROJECTNo. I,CJOg--LAYTEX-INSULATED WIRE.-The
ment. In the latter, armament extended drills have been Chief Signal Officer has developed a new field wire which
carried on with the cartridge, but to date the results are is called "Laytex-Insulated Wire" and which seems to be
not very conclusive. The rim of the carr:idge base see~s an impr~vement ?ver the ?ld ~tandard field wire (Type
to be chipped up and deformed to a ser;-0usdegree With W-IIO). Ten miles of this Wire has been received. For
comparatively little use. Of course, were it ~ade of harder the purpose of te~t it has been connected to, and laid
material the extractor would probably suffer mstead of the along with, six miles of tlle standard field wire. The time
rim of the cartridge, and this would be a more serious limit 7et for th.i~test precludes any very conclusive report
defect. Further tests will be made before report is ren- as to its durability, but the electncal features of the wire
dered. are being tested. So far the only improvement over the
PROJECTNo. l,005-IMPROVED HOWLERSFORTIME old appears to be the smaller overall diameter of the new
INTERVAL ApPARATUS.-This project is closely allied to wire, and the resultant reduction in the size and weight
Project No. 999, "Time Interval Appara:us for Mobile of a reel of any given length. '
Coast Artillery." These howlers were received too late to PROJECTNo. I,olo-REPEATERS ANDLOADINGCOILS
be included in the tests with the other time interval appa- FOR FIELDWIRE LINES.-These devices have not yet
ratus. They have every appearance of beinf? satisfactOl)', been received. They will be installed in the sixteen miles
but will be given a service test at the next finng of mobile of wire already laid in connection with Project No. 1,009,
armament to be carried out in this vicinity. Laytex-Insulated Wire. The repeaters are to be used to
PROJECT No. I ,oo7-P AINTFORCAMOUFLAGE OFSEA- enable both telegraph and telephone communication to
COAST EMPLACEMENTS.-This project was instigated by be carried on simultaneously, over the same circuit. The
the Chief of Engineers by letter in which he requested lo~din~ c~ils are in~ended.to increase the length of field
the Chief of Coast Artillery to try out different kinds of WireCircUitover which satisfactory telephone communica-
camouflage paint on seacoast emplacements. Th~ Chi~f tion can be obtained.
of Coast Artillery direct~d the Board t~ pro~ee~ With this
work. Preliminary studies of the subject mdicated that SECTION III
following the matter to a logical conclusion would involve Miscellaneous
the expenditure of considerable m01~eyand labor, ~nd that The following activities outside the scope of routine
the experimentation would be required ~obe ~arned over projects, have commanded the atention of the Board:
at last one year. In view of these cons.lderatlons furth~r ANTIAIRCRAFT MACHINEGUNS.- The policy of the
instructions were requested from the ChIef of Coast Artll- Coast Ar~illery Boar? as to antiaircraft machine guns was
lery. Reply to such request has not been received. recorded 1h the l.ast I~sueof the JOURNAL.With the ap-
PROJECTNo. 1,008 -'- CLEANINGANDPAINT STRIP- proval of the Chief of Coast Artillery, the Board is bend-
PING.DEVICES.-No exact computations have been made ing every effort to prepare sights and other fire control
on the figure below, but the Coast Artillery Corps ~s apparatus to be used this fall at Fort Monroe in connec-
charged with ke:ping in workable a~d .presentable condi- tion with the test of a quite sizeable amount of tracer
tion what is estImated as several milliOn square feet of ammunition made available by the Chief of Ordnance.
metal surfaces on guns, carriages and projectiles. These The Chief of Ordnance has shipped from Frankford
Arsenal several pieces of fire control equipment. This ma-
surfaces are exposed to all the variations of climatic con-
teriel is bein~ fitted to machine guns, and it is hoped to
ditions that obtain on this planet and there is a dearth of
man power. A rusty, greasy gun may shoot as well as a have the eqUipment ready before the ammunition artives
bright, neatly painted gun, but the probabilities are in and by the time harbor defense troops can be made avail-
favor of the clean gun, and, furthermore, due to scarcity able to fire the problems. The development force of the
of personnel and ammunition, little opportunity is ~f- Coast Artillry Board is very limited, and in order to have
forded in many cases to see whether or not the gun will this machine gun materiel ready it has been found neces-
sary within the last few days t? relieve some personnel
fire.
from the development of the high-speed target (Project
Of still more acute importance to the harbor defense
No. 953) and assign such personnel to machine gun work.
commander is the matter of keeping his armament in ;l
It i~ absolute~y necessary ~hat.the machine gun tests be
presentable condition at the numerous and sundry inspec- carned out thISfall, and thISWill cause a delay in the hiO'h
tions to which he and his materiel are subjected. To assist speed target development. :-J

him in the care of his Class Band C armament, the Coast

. BLANKFORMS~S=HA~TS ANDSCALES.-A fair propor-
Artillery Board is attempting to coordinate a number of tIOn of the admih1strative work of the Coast Artillery
tests; e.g., Project No. 973-Transparent Lacquers a~d Board, and a large proportion of the drafting work of the
Varnishes; Project No. 99O--Dulux and Non-Oxite master gunners on duty with the Board, are devoted to the
Paints; and this project. In addition, the matter of using filling of requisitions for target practice forms and for
386 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL September-October

charts and scales for fire control of seacoast and antiaircraft To avoid errors that might occur if the safety pointina
armament. There seems to be considerable confusion in observer depends upon mental calculations during th~
the Coast Artillery service at large as to how to make excitement of firing it is advisable to provide him with
requisitions for these items. No attempt will be made in the scale described below. It is essential that the scale be
this article to correct this confusion, but the Board is seri- drawn up for a target moving in one direction only. A
ously contemplating the preparation of instructions to be distinct scale, kept by some other person, will provide
forwarded to the Chief of Coast Artillery with recom- for movement in the opposite direction.
mendation that such be published to the service.
VISITs.-Dr. E. F. W. Alexanderson of the General
Electric Company visited the Board for a short period and
discussed informally some of the ultra-modern develop-
ments in the electrical field.
Mr. M. L. Patterson, of the Sperry Gyroscope Com-
pany, exhibited moving pictures of some of the manu-
facturing activities of that company.
Major C. E. Cotter and First Lieutenant Walter J.
Wolfe, Coast Artillery Corps, members of the Board,
visited the Signal Corps Laboratories at Fort Monmouth,
New Jersey, to assist in tests of Signal Corps equipment
being prepared in those laboratories.
Captain C. S. Harris, Coast Artillery Corps, member
of the Board, was absent from July 5th to August 3rd at
Edgewood Arsenal taking the Field Officers' Course in
Chemical Warfare.
Captain W. C. Ellis, Signal Corps, spent several days
with the Board going over Signal Corps work in which
the Board is interested.
Major 1. A. Crump, Ordnance Department, and Cap-
tain E. T. Conway, Coast Artillery Corps, members of
,s-1p
the Board, and First Lieutenant A. H. Bender, Coast Ar-
e 7'0 PIRE:
tillery Corps, attached, spent several days on the battle-
"'---=40>
ships of the United States Fleet while those vessels were
engaged in short range battle practice off the Virginia
~
Capes . •$0'

The scale shown in the figu;e is for movement of the

target from right to left. A thin strip of metal,' card-
A Note on Safety Pointing Checking board, or wood is cut so that its inner edge conforms to
By Captain James T. Campbell, C.A.C. the gun azimuth circle. It is assumed that the gun azi-
muth circle is stationary and that the vernier moves as the
T HE new Training Regulation on Coast Artillery
Target Practice (TR 435-55, June I, 1934) makes it gun is traversed. On the scale as suggested the angle from
the "Tug" index to the near edge of the "Safe to Fire"
mandatory that safety pointing checkers be used in all
firings, including sub-caliber. (Par. IO c). It also pro- zone is 0.50 degree and the width of the "Safe to Fire"
vides that line of metal observers will be used in all cases zone is five degrees. The scale is held against the azi-
where practicable. For those cases in which line of metal muth circle with the index marked "Tug" set at a point
observers cannot be used, it is provided that: on the azimuth circle corresponding to the azimuth of
"If the gun being fired is equipped with an oriented fixed the tug. If the zero of the vernier falls anywhere within
azimuth circle, or if a suitable accurate temporary azimuth the sector marked "Safe to Fire" the gun will be pointed
circle may be arranged for, the following procedure may be somewhere berween 0.50 and 5,50 degrees to the rear of
used: The safety pointing observer will be stationed so that the towing vessel. For a gun that gives drift to the left
he may read the actual azimuth at which the gun is laid
or a large lateral dispersion, or if there is a strong cross
for firing. He will be connected directly by telephone
(field telephone is suggested) with an assistant who is pro- wind effect to the left, one-half degree might not be a
vided with an oriented azimuth instrument so located that sufficient "safe field" in rear of the rug. In any of these
the towing vessel may be tracked. The assistant will observe cases the distance berween "Tug" and "Safe to F.ire"
and telephone the azimuth of the tug continuously to the would be increased. For targets towed from left to nght
safety pointing observer. The safety pointing observer will and guns with drift to the right it would be wise to increase
obtain before the practice such data as to the effect of
this figure. This scheme was worked out for use on the
wind, drift, and travel for the probable course of the tar-
get as will enable him to determine the safety of the point- 8-inch railway guns, but it will undoubtedly be found
ing of the gun. * * * * useful in other cases ..
 NATIONAL GUARD NOTES

Annual Training Period at Ft. Ontario when analyses are completed. E Battery, the last to fire,
By Major Ben Bowering, C.A .C. practically destroyed the target.
The regiment held a very successful two-day tactical

P ROBABLY two of the most successful training peri-

ods ever held by Coast Artillery units of the New
York National Guard were recently completed by the
e:-ercise. afte.r all firing .was c~mpleted, the entire organiza-
tion gOIng lOW overnight bivouac near Mexico, N. Y.,
about IS miles from Ft. Ontario. Probably the high spot
212th CA. (AA) and the 244th CA., 155 mm. (TO)
of the social activities during the tour of the 244th was the
at Fort Ontario, N. Y. This post, overlooking the beau-
birthday parry given to Lieutenant Colonel Mills Miller,
tiful south shore of Lake Ontario, is the answer to a Coast
regimental executive, at the Pontiac Hotel in Oswecro.
Artilleryman's prayer for training purposes. There is
N. Y. Captain "Judge" Hammond of the 2d Battalion
very little shipping, hardly any fog, while haze over the
was the orator of the evening and many requests have
lake seldom lasts more than a few hours.
been made for copies of his masterful speech. Sad to
The 212th arrived at Fort Ontario and found awaiting
relate however, "The Judge" seems to have misplaced his
it a detachment of the 62nd (AA) from Fort Totten
notes and so far has been unable to locate them.
with the latest type of guns and fire control equipment.
This detachment, under the able command of Captain
H. S. MacKirdy, CA.C, gave valuable advice and as-
sistance to the regiment in preliminary training; and how
well this was absorbed was shown by the fine practices
fired by all the gun batteries. Battery C was not satisfied
with putting 153 shrapnel holes in the towed sleeve, but
put two projectiles through it as well. All courses towed
for the gun batteries were above an altitude of 6,000 feet,
and all work in connection with the firings was accom-
plished by the officers and men of the 212th. Much credit
is due to the excellent work done by the I02nd Obs. Sq.,
N.Y.N.G., commanded by Major Lawrence Brower, who
flew many of the courses himself. The firing of this regi-
ment only goes to show what a well trained organization
of the National Guard can accomplish when furnished
the proper equipment.
The 212th went into overnight bivouac at Fulton,
N. Y., for its tactical exercise, and during the afternoon of
the first day in camp Mayor Smith of Fulton, N. Y., re-
ceived a review given in his honor at the Fulton Airport.
The annual beefsteak dinner given by Colonel William
Ottmann (commanding the 212th), on the last Friday
in camp was a great success and, in addition to all the
officers of the regiment, was attended by many other
invited guests.
The 244th arrived at Fort Ontario the day after the de-
parture of the 212th, and the excellent weather continued
during the training period of the 244th. The tour of duty
of this regiment was marked by the smooth and efficient
manner which it went into position, prepared for and
fired its service practices. The' regiment had completed its
subcaliber practices after the third day in camp, and on
the fourth day all batteries were ready to fire service
practice. Four of the six firing batteries fired the first Officers front and center, 244th C.A., Fort Ontario, N. Y.
~eek in camp and the remaining two fired on the follow- Batter)' D, 212th C.A. (AA), Fort Ontario, N. Y.
Ing Monday. All service practices were at ranges of Left to right: General Cole, USA, General Byrne, NYNG,
12,000 yards or beyond, and several "E's" are expected Col. If/dson, CAC, Col. B. Pendry, 245th C.A., NYNG
388 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL September-October
During the encampment of the two regiments, reviews offer of a barrel of beer to the battery that hit the target.
were held for Major General William N. Haskell, Com- To him this looked like a safe bet, but the last record shot
manding N.Y.N.G., Major General Franklin W. Ward, of Battery L, firing the 6" DC guns, did the trick. The
the Adjutant General State of N. Y., Brigadier General dramatic report from the plane, "Hit, target destroyed,"
William E. Cole, Commanding 2d CA. District, Briga- brought forth a round of cheers from 55 thirsty, husky
dier General Chas. D. Roberts, Commanding 2d Inf. men and a crestfallen look on the face of Lieutenant Col-
Brig. (1st Div.), Fort Ontario, Brigadier General John onel Warner. The dollars in his purse shivered and shook
J. Byrne, Commanding Coast Arrillery Brigade, N.Y. for they were again to see daylight, all because he spoke
N.G., and Lieutenant Colonel Ellery Farmer, Inf., com- too soon.
manding the post of Fort Ontario. All expressed them- The roster of the officers of the regiment includes Col-
selves as well pleased with the high state of training ex- onels Pendry and Orr, Majors Gleim, Humphries, Wil-
hibited by the two regiments. liams and Boyd, Captains Morrison, Alexanderson, Bar-
l' l' l'
ron, Busener, Orthey, Donelan, Zollo, Richards, Wey-
mann, Pabst, Munske, Voorhees, Heesch, Wrigley and
Field Training of the 24Sth C.A., N.Y.N.G. Johnson, First Lieutenants Guhl, Haviland, Rick, Barker,
By Captain C. R. Morrison Murphy, Morgan, Coleman, Derby, Paeper, Suhar, Zito,
Yates, Babers and Dreyfuss.
T HE annual field training period of the 215t~ Coast
Artillery (HD), N.Y.N.G., was the realIzatlon ~f a
Coast Artilleryman's dream. We had perfect shootmg
l' l' l'

Field Training of the 26Sth C.A.

weather for two weeks, with all 12 batteries completing
their service firing in two days. One mortar score was over
100 per cent, which is as perfect a score as you could
THE 265th CA. (HD), Florida National Guard,
under its able commander, Lieutenant Colonel M. R.
Woodward, completed a successful field training camp at
expect from the mortar in zone 7, To those experienc~d Fort Taylor, Key West, during the period August 5-19,
in mortar firing a speed of four hours for four batterIes 1934. The regiment has undergone some transformation
using the same pit can be appreciated. during the past year. With the idea of eventually form-
Brigadier General Byrne and his staff, consisting of ing a three battalion regiment (TD, AA, HD), assign-
Major Rhinelander, Captain Lee and Lieutenant Pogue, ments to materiel had been made so that Batteries A and
had their field training period with the 245th at Ft. B were assigned to two 155 mm. guns, each, Battery C
Wright this year instead of Fort Ontario. The regiment to 3" AA guns, and Batteries D and E to 12" mort~rs.
was also honored with visits from Major General Haskell, Under this assignment, Battery C, attended camp dunn?;
commanding General of the New York National Guard, this period at Fort Barrancas, Fla., where the latest AA
Major General Franklin Ward, The Adjutant General, equipment and a detachment of the 69th CA. (AA),
N. Y. State, Brigadier General Cole, District Commander were available for instructional purposes.
and Colonel Frank Fergusson, the District Executive. The regiment, less Battery C, arrived in Key West at
In addition to the service firing, we had a tactical ex-
noon, August 5th, and paraded through the city headed
ercise of 24 hours duration which gave the field and staffby the local American Legion Drum and Bugle Corps.
officers excellent training in command and intelligence A new camp site had been constructed by the HD Com-
drills. Unusual interest was noticed among the enlisted mander, Major W. W. Rhein, 13th CA., during the
men by the umpire, who used the contr~l of situation past year, comprising battalion latrines, duplex messes,
method. and an officers mess. The troops were under canvas,
Exceptional coordination was obtained in ground and erected by the advance detail.
airplane spotting with the result corrections were speedy Training on the armament was begun at once, ~nd
and accurate. The N.Y.N.G. aviation section was tireless progressed speedily. Batteries A and B from Jacksonvtlle,
and entered into every phase of the practice with the most after a day's work of emplacing the 155 mm. guns, ~d-
perfect cooperation. Lieutenant Roy Youmans was the vanced progressively through drill and subcaliber practice
pilot and Lieutenant George Wenn the observer. on the guns they had never seen before. T~e 1~" mortars
With this camp tour the regiment gives its farewell to were old acquaintances of Battery D of MIamI, and B~t-
the executive officer, Lieutenant Colonel Robert P. Orr, tery E of Key West. One incident in subcaliber pract~ce
who retires for age in 1935. Those experienced in trans- with the mortars stands out in this camp. A defectIve
lating heart throbs could well elaborate on the last activeround was fired; the projectile was followed by all <?yesas
duty tour of this splendid officer who devoted a normal it rose in the air and then dropped apparently m the
lifetime to the service of his state and country. The best middle of the camp. It later developed that it had fallen
tribute that could be paid him would be the simple just short of the first line of tents, where it was fo~nd and
sentence, "He made them think." rerurned to the battery by a sergeant of the MedICal De-
THE INSTRUCTOR SPOKEToo SOON tachment.
And now for the so-called instructor's trophy. In his Service practice for the 155 mm. guns was held on
anxiety to see the batteries make a good score he made an August 14th, and for the mortars on August 15th. AIY
1934 NATIONAL GUARD NOTES 389

parently all the vicissitudes of target practice were con- Notes on 249th C.A. (Org. N.C.) Camp
centratedat this camp, suc4 as overturned targets, erratic Activities
courses,rain, low visibility, slow radio communication, By Captain Louis D. Farnsworth, C.A .C.
lostshots, misfires and interferting commercial shipping. ONE of the hardest things to do in the military service
Asif to refute the fine scoresof last year, this year's scores in time of peace is to keep from getting into a rut
wereunworthy of the organizations. However, as one bat- and doing the same thing in a perfunctory manner.
terycommander said, more artillery was learned through Though the civilian soldieris not so prone to become fed
adversitythis year than ever before. up with his military duties, his enthusiasm can lose its
Following service practice, the troops were engaged in edge by repetition. Something new and different each
thefield inspection, a dose order drill competition, a field year makes camp more interesting. New problems and
roeet,muster and pay. A feature of the camp was a fire difficulties to overcome add to the experience of a regi-
drillheld one night about 9:30, the fire being simulated ment and keep up its enthusiasm. The annual shooting
by red flares,and each unit assignedto some duty, such as of a target practice for a score under prescribed rules and
thechemical engine, the bucket company, the hook and regulations, and with very limited time, tends to put a
laddercompany and salvage. regiment in a rut. If we could shunt our desire to make
The people of Key West welcomed the regiment whole excellent artillery scores, we could become better all
heartedlyand provided entertainment in abundance. The around artillerymen by following a policy somewhat as
city,now being operated by the FERA, was in the midst follows:
of a rejuvenation. The camp profited by the loan of After a National Guard regiment has demonstrated
FERA trucks. to haul baggage and equipment, and the that it can consistently shoot well under favorable condi-
workerswere available to assist in preparing camp, cut- tions, send it into a harbor defense to shoot under the
tinggrass and policing the Fort Taylor reservation. most adverse conditions that can be devised. Jim up the
The camp was honored for two days by Governor material, communications, fire control equipment and
David Sholtz of Florida, Brigadier General Vivian Col- make the regiment dig itself out of the difficulties. Make
lins, State Adjutant General, Secretary of State Gray, it shoot under gas, smoke and confusion. Spring firing
United States Congressman Mark Wilcox, and other dis- problems in the middle of a practice. Substitute' inter-
tinguishedpersons. A combined parade and review was mediate or minor caliber ammunition in quantity to the
heldfor the Governor on Saturday afternoon, followed by value of the major caliber ammunition allowance and let
areception,a camp dinner, and a dance at the Key West the regiment do a lot of shooting. Make the personnel
CountryClub. Governor Sholtz was especiallyinterested think along new lines. The best way to stimulate a
inthe splendid band of this regiment, and personally led soldier's mental activity is to put him up against a new
it in severalof his favprite numbers. problem and leave him to his own resources.
The camp was blessed with cool weather and little rain This year the 249th Coast Artillery of Oregon wanted
duringworking hours. It developed that Key West, the to do something different, but it had to tread lightly so as
southernmostciry of the United States, was the coolest not to jeopardize its target practice scores and its reputa-
localityin Florida, if not in the entire South. The new tion as an excellent shooting regiment. Overlapping one
campsite was found to be located on a coral rock forma- day of its servicepractice period it weht into a simulated
cion. A compressed air drill was put in service to make 24 hour war condition period. A general and specialsitua-
holes for tent pegs, furnishing an innovation in tent tion was drawn up to lend atmosphere to the occasion. It
pitching. had been planned that the 82nd Infantry Brigade with
Battery B, Captain E. V. Garcia, was high scorerin the the 218th Field Artillery (155 mm. Howitzers) attached
firing, and winner of the dose order drill competition. would maneuver from Camp Clatsop and work a problem
BatteryE, Captain L. E. Russell won the cup for high in attack and defense of Fort Stevens during this 24 hour
scorewith J,2" mortars. Battery A, Captain P. F. Mc- period. It became necessaryto cancel this part of the pro-
Call,won the cup for camp sanitation, and Battery D, gram but the personnel of the 249th did not know this so
CaptainRoger Carter, won the athletic meet. Cups and the effect was partly there. The idea got across that in
medalswere presented at the last parade held in camp. actual service conditions they would become part of an
On Saturday evening, August 18th, the camp ended, Infantry-Artillery team. The troops rolled their packs,
andthe units departed by special train for points north. left their comfortablebarracks and marched to their battle
The camp was short of instructional personnel, Major stations on the afternoon of June 18th and made bivouac
R. 1. Gibson, c.A.c., and Sergeant Henry Bergfeld, camp. Field kitchens were set up, latrines dug, and all
D.E.M.L., stationed at Miami, were the only National the necessary details attended to for living in the field.
Guardinstructors present. Much assistancewas received During the afternoon and evening of the 18th the tactical
&omthe HD Maintenance Detachment at Key West, problems involved in the general and special situations
notablyFirst Lieutenant R. H. Krueger, 13th C.A., on were solvedby the officersconcerned. Minature ships and
the 155 mm. guns. Lieutenant Colonel P. S. Gage, a large scalebattle map were used for the purpose. Proh-
C.A..c., from the District Headquarters, paid us a visit lem time was condensed to the afternoon and evening of
for severaldays. June 18th so as not to interfere with the target practice
390 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL September-October
on the 19th. Early in the evening a searchlight demon- battery commanders of the two six inch batteries of the
stration was staged by the regular garrison. The major 249th think of the bracket or fork of the six inch guns in
caliber batteries had orders to be prepared to fire any time terms of percentage. It is always 2 % when firing the
after daylight on June 19th. The tug and targets moved 9D pound projectile, whether the target is at a range of
out during the night and reported in the field of fire be- 6,000 or 12,000 yards. This is slightly in error theoretically
fore daylight. In this manner the target prac~ce was tied but is practical, easy to handle, eliminates minutia and
in slightly with service conditions. It was hoped that brings results. They also eliminate the use of the wind
firing could commence at 5:30 a. m. The batteries were component indicator, deflection board, and Pratt range
ready, but on this particular morning a light fog prevailed board after initial firing data is secured. This makes for
until 9:30 a. m., limiting the range, and the scoring less confusion, fewer errors, and more speed in the plot-
formula: had command of the situation. From this point ting room. Where they have a good height of site, as at
on normal target practice conditions followed. The of- Fort Canby, they want to eliminate the plotting board
ficers including the regimental commander as well as the and use the D.P.F. and range percentage corrector only.
men had slept at their battle stations and were up at the Why not? A six inch gun can be used like a fire hose;
alert signals at 3:30 a. m. The expectancy of the situation, if you hit over, depress the nozzle a little. For deliberate
discomforts of bivouac camp and partly broken rest dur- long range fire with major caliber, of course it is another
ing the night did not effect the shooting but on the con- story; yet our plotting room methods must be simplified
trary put a punch into it. The scores are a cause for for effectiveness, against high speed targets and in con-
justifiable pride. The day following the war condition fusion of battle conditions.
period and the firing of the major caliber batteries, the
-f -f -f
two six inch batteries ("B" and "E"), were formed into
the Canby Expeditionary Force. They were routed out of National Guard Publicity
their bunks at 3: 15 a. m., and cleared Fort Stevens at 4:00
a. m., en route to Fort Canby. This force traveled fifty
miles by truck, six miles by ferry and two miles by
C IRCULAR No. 5, February 21, 1934, Headquarters
1st Maryland Infantry, Colonel D. John Markey
commanding, contains excellent advice to a National
marching, fired two six inch service practices using bat- Guard unit in its relations with the public. An abstract of
teries other than those on which they drilled, and were this circular is given below.
back at Fort Stevens the same day. Both batteries did Publicity for a National Guard unit must of necessity
excellent shooting. To show how they clicked, both bat- center around two aims: (I) The education of the public
teries kept two shots in the air during the fire for effect as to the true nature and function of the Guard, and (2)
except during one firing interval. They fired at 12,000 the heightening of the morale of the unit.
yards and the average time was between 17 and 18 sec- A casual survey will show that people are ignorant of
onds each, this on a disappearing gun. Both scores are the true nature of the National Guard. Brief, interesting
well over 100. news articles, appearing regularly in the local papers a~d
Lieutenant Colonel Clifton M. Irwin, commanding the reporting the weekly drills of a company along with ~ts
249th Coast Artillery; has established a doctrine within other special activities, will serve to educate the pubhc.
his units of-"Do it yourself." While the ordnance ma- Care should be taken to emphasize such facts as the
chinist closely observes and instructs when necessary, bat- financial contribution which the Guard makes to a com-
tery officers are required to do their own boresighting, munity, that the armory is a public building, that the
clinometering, orienting and final conditioning of ma- public is welcome to observe the unit's weekly drills,.and
teriel before firing, testing of primers, primer circuits, that the National Guard is a vital unit of the national
etc. They have learned to use expedients. Last year in defense.
checking a newly installed plotting board they discovered Recognition should be given any outstanding work
that it needed regraduation. A strip of adhesive tape and a done by noncommissioned officers or privates. When the
bottle of ink did the trick. men learn that effort on their parts is thus recognized and
This article is advocating a change in the train of rewarded, they will not fail to put more interest .a?d
thought of many of our artillerymen; for years thought personal pride into their work. Well directed publt?o/
has concentrated on ideal scoring conditions during target will serve to cons~lidate company pride and loyalty mto
practice and much calculation of minutia. As a method a more potent UOlty..
of training and providing practical experience for a N a- Persistent publicity will serve to encourage enhstments
tional Guard regiment, it advocates making shooting dif- and enable a unit commander to select the personnel of
ficult by supplying obstacles such as might happen in his group and thus to build prestige and the reputation of
battle. This is consistent with a policy of simplifying having a "hand-picked" unit.
Coast Artillery technique for National Guard units. By When a unit is called upon to perform disagreeable
simplifying the technique is meant eliminating minutia service in the community in which it is stationed, .~
(the things that consume firing time and cause errors) educated and interested public will be less prone to cntl-
and concentrating more on things that will count in the cize the Guard, even though passions may be inflamed
stress of battle. As an example of what is meant, the and reasons paralyzed.
 RESERVE NOTES

c. & G.S. Course Opened to Reserve

Officers
By STAFF SGT. A. S. DEAGRO allawance, disability camp?nsatian, ar retired pay fram
the Gavernment of the Umted States; and (8) Natianal
STmanth the War Department called an all Carps Guard Status, if any. If nane that shauld be stated.

C Area Cammanders to. designate three reserve affi-

cers as principals and faur as alternates to take the
:ourse at the Cammand and General Staff Schaal. The
Final selectian af thase to. attend will be made by the
War Department, and no. afficerwill.be sent to.the caurse
whase recard and qualificatians do. nat indicate that he is
:ourse, generally knawn as the Special Caurse far Na- well suited far training far high cammand and General
ional Guard and Officers af the Officers' Reserve Carps, Staff and far eventual duty in such pasitians.
willbe far a periad af three manths and will cammence f f f
about March 15, 1935. According to. instructians pub- New Extension School Regulations Issued
lished by the Adjutant General's affice, the names af the
officersrecammended to. take the caurse, designated in
order af preference, must be submitted to. that affice nat
E FFECTIVE up an the apening af the 1934-35 school
year and until further natice, appraved salutians to.
examinatians and students' answer papers thereto. will be
later than December 1, 1934. In the past several years withheld from the students. In ather wards the appraved
Corps Area Commanders were permitted to. designate salutians to. examinatian are far use af instructors only.
only ane principal and two.alternates far the caurse. Extensian caurse texts furnished to.afficer students and to.
Officers eligible to. take the caurse are thase who. have civilians, e.M.T.e. trainees and ather persans regularly
completed satisfactarily the entire Cammand and General enralled in the caurses with a view to. qualifying far com-
Staff Schaal Extensian Caurse. In the event that there missian in the Officers' Reserve Carps will became the
are nat a sufficient number af candidates af field grade to. praperty af such students upan satisfactary campletian
meet this requirement, cansideratian will be given to. af the subcaurses, The "gift" af texts is to. be cansidered
Captains who. have creditably campleted the Cammand as a reward far wark completed. In the event that the
and General Staff Extensian wark. Other cansideratians student fails to. camplete a subcaurse, every reasanable
are that the affices recammended must be less than 48 effart will be made by the appr~priate agencies to. secure
yearsaf age, and must be qualified to.undergo. the mental the return af the texts pertaining thereto..
and physical requirements af the cau~s~. Mounted wark The extensian caurses have many advantages. Chief
plays a large part in the caurse af trammg. amang these, at least fram the Reserve afficer's point af
Each applicatian far detail is to. be accampanied by a view, is the fact that it keeps him in tauch with the mili-
report af physical examinatian an A.G.G. Farm 63, pre- tary prafessian, and in fact is the ane link which halds
fe~ablyby a medical afficer af. the Re~lar Army, can- him to. a full appreciatian af what his cammissian in the
taming a statement by the medical exammer that the ap- reserve means, bath to. himself and to. the Government.
plicant is cansidered physically qualified to. meet th~ .re- Every effart has been put farth by the War Department
quirements af the maunted and field wark. In additiOn to. make the extensian caurses bath interesting and in-
each applicatian will be accampanied by a signed state- structive and taday they are an a high plane.
ment from the afficer shawing: ( 1) That he will accept Extensian schaals will apen Octaber 1, 1934. Students
the assignment if ardered to. active duty far the purpase; are urged to.camplete their subcaurses as saan as passible
(2) Number af dependents and the age af dependent after receiving them fram subardinate extensian schaals.
children; (3) Amaunts and kinds af priar service claimed The annauncement for the Army Extension Courses
which can be credited in camputing langevity pay; (4) far the year 1934-35 has been issued by the War Depart-
Date af Birth; (5) Pragress in campletian af the Cam- ment and it is understood that they are naw being distri-
mand and General Staff Extensian Caurse; (6) State- buted to. the Reserve afficers. The annauncement will be
ment as to. whether .ar nat special advanced caurse far accampanied by list af subcourses pertaining to. the branch
Natianal Guard and Reserve Officers at schaal af arm ar af the individual afficer cancerned tagether with applica-
Service has been campleted and if so., the date; (7) tian far enrallment. The new annauncement cantains a
Whether ar nat he is an the Emergency Officers' Retired camplete list af camman subcaurses cavering subjects
List ar whether ar nat he is drawing a pensian, disability which are camman to. two.ar mare Arms ar Service. There
392 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL September-October
are 23 such subcourses as follows: Administration; Ad- School with a view to qualifying in the military written
vanced Military Cryptography; Care of Animals and examinations for appointment in the Officers' ReselVe
Stable Management; Combat Orders and Solution of Corps will be accompanied by application for commission.
Problems; Commercial Law Contracts; Commercial Law, The War Department pointed out that in certain in-
Property and Miscellaneous; Defense Against Chemical stances applications for appointment in the corps or cor-
Warfare; Elementary Military Cryptography; Industrial respondence regarding such appointments have indicated
Mobilization; Intetior Guard Duty; Map and Aerial Army extension course study with a view to qualifying
Photograph Reading; Military Discipline, Courtesies and for commission has been conducted in many cases where
Customs of the Service; Military Law, Courts-Martial; the individuals were, because of age or other reasons, in-
Military Law, the Law of Military Offenses; Military eligible for appointment desired. Rejection in such cases
Sanitation and First Aid; Mobilization; Organization of has resulted in embarrassment to the War Department
the Army; Organization of the Infantry Division; Prop- and to individuals.
erty, Emergency Procurement and Funds; Signal Com- In the cases of Candidates desiring courses with a view
munication for all Arms and Services; Staff and Logistics to qualifying for appointment in the Infantry, Cavalry,
for the Division; Supply and Mess Management; and, Field Artillery, Coast Artillery and Signal Corps, careful
Tactics and Technique of Separate Arms. consideration will be given to prior military training. This
.., .., .., for the reason that if the applicant has not had military
training approximately equivalent to that acquired by a
e.M.T.e. Blue Course Graduates
graduate of the Blue Course of the Citizens' Military

M UCH misunderstanding and confusion has resulted

because of lack of knowledge concerning the re-
quirements which must be met by C.M.T:C. trainees
Training Camps, he can not be expected to meet the
ability qualification requirements prescribed for appoint-
ment.
who have successfully completed the Blue Course, for ap- Exception as regards to practical military training for
pointment as officersin the Organized Reserves. Many of extension course enrollment may be made for applicants
the trainees are under the impression that graduation from who in their collegiate or business training have demon-
the e.M.T.e. Camps constitutes the sole requirement strated outstanding qualities of leadership and abiliry to
for eligibility for appointment as Second Lieutenant. handle men. This class of candidates, after reasonable
Army Regulations 350-2200, as amended by Changes preparation, may be expected to pass a satisfactory practi-
of April 20, 1932, contain many new provisions concern- cal test to determine ability qualification.
ing the eligibility of e.M.T.e. graduates for commis- e.M.T.e. Blue Course graduates and students who
sions. It provides that graduation will be considered as have completed the White Course, may be enrolled in the
evidence of satisfactory completi6n of instruction in the Army Extension Courses without being required to sub-
following subjects of the Army Extension Courses, and mit applications for appointment.
candidates will be exempt from examination in those sub- .., .., ..,
jects: Military Discipline, Courtesies and Customs of the
Service, Interior Guard. Duty, and Military Sanitation Los Angeles Field Exercises
and First Aid. In addition to these subjects, Coast Artil- 1[OS ANGELES and vicinity has been the scene of
lery Blue Course Graduates will be exempt from examin- Lthree combined arms field exercises for Reserve units
ation in Coast Artillery Ammunition and Weapons and on an inactive status during the past year, with approxi-
Material. mately 500 officersparticipating in each.
Examinations for appointment in the Officers' Reserve The purpose of these exercises has been to encourage
Corps are governed by Reserve Corps Regulations. They individual unit training activity, and the problems as
are based upon the minimum qualification for appoint- drawn have been constructed with the idea of providing
ment in the selected Arm or Service and proficiency is a logical. background for field training of individual Re-
determined by examination or by presentation of evidence serve UUltS.
that the candidate has satisfactorily completed a course of Allocated to Los Angeles and vicinity are more than 50
instruction or is otherwise qualified in the subjects pre- Reserve units of the magnitude of regiments, separate
scribed for appointment in the particular Reserve Corps battalions, and special groups of equivalent size or impor-
Army Regulations for his arm. tance, representing almost every arm and service. Every
It is of special importance to all candidates who hope to one of the units is interested in field training, but v,ery
qualify for commission in the Organized Reserves to start naturally they prefer training in their own particular hne.
work on the subjects prescribed in the examinations by To construct an exercise that will provide a logical use
enrolling in the Army Extension Courses. If they defer for practically all arms and selVices calls for a problem
enrollment in the courses until after completion of the involving at least a reinforced division..
final camp their appointment in the Reserve Corps will The first exercise visualized a reinforced division 1ll at-
be delayed by the length of time they spend in the ex- tack against an invading overseas enemy. Particip~?ng
tension school work. units located and occupied assembly and attack pOSltlons
Applications for enrollment in the Army Extension on the actual terrain, reconnoitered and traversed routes
1934 RESERVE NOTES 393

thereto, spotted and occupied command posts and posi- "Military Field Days," since the various units have enact-
tions of supporting troops, all with combat distances, ed only selected incidents of their theoretical parts in the
frontages and intervals. The exercise terminated with :J divis~onattack, and have put these on as isolated demon-
one and three-quarter hour command post exercise simu- stratIons.
lating the attack of the division. Participating units had. The third exercise was particularly of the "Military
their officer personnel, Boy Scout, R.O.T.c. and C.M. Field Day" type. Certain Engineer and Coast Artillery
T.C. volupteers sufficient only for use as messengers, and units conducted their exercises entirely separate from the
a very limited number of enlisted Reservists. A front of remainder of the reserve units, having arranged materially
about three miles was employed. in advance for certain problems peculiar to their own serv-
Limitations imposed by shortage of personnel and ices. Remaining units, with the other arms and services,
communications materiel, and by the assumption of joined in putting on a series of "Demonstrations" mod-
actUalcombat locations, crippled the exercise materially, eled after the method employed by the Infantry School.
but brought to many officers their first real conception The background for these demonstrations was a prob-
of combat conditions and positions, and the influence lem of a reinforced division in meeting engagement. A
thereon of the factors of time, space, materiel and person- reinforced Infantry battalion, comprising the advance
nel, together with actual troop-leading experience. There guard of the right column of the Blue reinforced division,
was no cost to the government for one and a half days afforded the basis for most of the demonstrations.
fieldtraining of 50 different Reserve organizations.
QUESTIONNAIRE PROVES INTERESTING
The second exercise was primarily a repetition of the
first, on the same terrain, but with increased emphasi... To arrive at a concensus of opinion as to the actual
laid upon troop leading, combat positions, frontages, training value of the "demonstration" type of field train-
distances and intervals. In this, Infantry assault units, ing, a questionnaire was mailed to 100 officers of all
thinly skeletonized, crossed the line of departure at zero grades. Every one of 60 officers replying expressed ap-
hour and advanced 500 yards on a three-mile front, main- proval of the general idea of actual field or terrain exer-
taining direction and contact to right and left. Field cises, in the vicinity of the home station, for Reserve per-
messagesreporting the' actual minute the leading element sonnel during the inactive training season.
of assault units crossed the line of departure were relayed As to the best type of exercise, 50 of the 60 favored
back by runners and motorcycle from assault infantry demonstrations as the best method short of actual use of
companies through intermediate command posts to Di- troops. Most responses stated that these demonstrations
vision. Artillery units took up firing and command post teach more to the actual participants than to observers;
positions, and from H hour observed from their OP's. In but that for best training results for all concerned, demon-
this exercise the CPX was conducted with CP's at sharply strations must be carefully rehearsed in advance, technical
reduceddistances and intervals (50 to 100 yards) , runners inaccuracies ironed out, actors made letter-perfect, each
operating from Infantry assault platoons on back to bat- performance dramatized to as great an extent as possible,
talion, and telephone from Infantry battalion CP's on and then put on briefly.
back fo Regiment, Brigade and Division. Due to lack Discussion of the scope recommended for exercises
of telephone materiel, artillery CP's used the telephones upon the actual terrain disclosed that practically all Re-
entering the CP's of the units their commands were sup- serve officersfavored the so-called Combined Arms Exer-
porting. Due to lack of Artillery personnel, Artillery cise, and indicated the reinforced division set-up as best
brigade, regiment and battalion CP's were only repre- calculated to interest all arms, services and installations,
sented, .and these were skeletonized. For the second exer- and afford training for the greatest variety of assignments
cise Coast Artillery units conducted a separate problem and grades within these.
on the same dates. A few Reserve officersand a large proportion of Regular
From this exercise considerable troop-leading experi- officers expressed the belief that the scope of such an ex-
ence was gained, and also command post functioning ercise is too great and the exercise itself too complicated
technique; but the short distance between CP's for the to produce satisfactory training results. One Reserve of-
CPX proved too strong a temptation to the use of tunners ficer gualified this by saying, "Too large for the time
for message transmission back to battalion when tele- available." Three Regular and two Reserve officers stated
phone lines became overloaded, and improper ideas of that they believe more is to be gained from a training
time and space were drawn by participants. An excellent standpoi.nt from regimental field problems than from
workout of the telephone net was obtained however. combined arms exercises.
These exercises have been termed "Combined Arms Two Regular officersfavored tactical walks. Out of 50
Field Exercises" more for the reason that numerous dif- Reserve officers, six favored "Demonstrations" alone, four
ferent arms and services have participated in the field on preferred command post exercises alone, and eight spoke
the same dates, than that the situations which comprise for a problem of supply of a reinforced division. The
:he background of the exercise call for the use of the com- remaining 32 recommended a combination demonstta-
bll1edarms. They might with more accuracy be termed tion and command post exercise.
394 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL September-October

c.M.T.e. Activities at Fort Barrancas ~nlisted man in the Unit~d States Army and culmi.n.ating
By Lieutenant Colonel Clifford Jones, C.A.C. 111a successful pastorate 111several of the largest Cltlesin
Florida, his wealth of human understanding enables him
A N ideal spot for a training center, Fort Barrancas has to apr:eal in the stron.gest mar:ner ~o young men seeking
ftagain produced an ideal e.M.T.e. camp. With its a mllttary career. HIS effort 111this camp has been un-
military history extending back to the building in 16g8 ceasing and as if to prove his versatility has not confined
by a Spanish expedition of the first Fort San Carlos, and itself to spiritua~ gu.ida?ce alone More tharw>n~ Y:lUng
including the prolonged defense of Fort Pickens, which man has found 111splrattonfor the fish story of hiS !tfe in
during the war between the States had the distinction of the deep-sea fishing trips, initiated, organized and con-
being the only fort south of Virginia over which the Stars ducted by the Chaplain.
and Stripes flew continuously, casting a romantic glamour And so the camp closes, with a feeling of accomplish-
over all military undertakings here, and the ever present ment, an increase of good fellowship and mutual under-
hum of the training aircraft from the Naval Base nearby standing and a renewed faith in the future of a country
as a constant reminder that though war is one of the oldest which can in trying times, such as these, draw together
arts it is also one of the most changing, this post is pe- a group of young men so anxious to inform themselves as
culiarly fitted to inspire the best efforts of young men to the real problems facing us and to prepare themselves
starting upon their military careers. for any eventualities which may arise.
We should like to refer to this camp as to all others
f f f
with which we have been associated as the biggest and
best ever. Appropriations, however, effectually prevented Doings of the 621st C.A. (HD)
the first of these claims and an intimate knowledge as to
the excellence of the training at this post in previous
years forbids our entering into unfair comparisons simply
D URING the past two months twenty-four Reserve
officersof this regiment received active duty training
at Fort Totten, N. Y., and Fort Hancock, N. J., Seven-
because we happen to be on the ground at this time. This teen of them were graduates of the University of Dela-
has, however, been the biggest camp we could make it ware R.OT.e. class of 1934 and commissioned in May
and if not the best we certainly know of none better. of this year. A large number of officersapplied for active
Under the direction of Colonel Arthur Fuller, the Harbor duty training this summer, but shortage of funds for this
Defense Commander, and the leadership of Major Eugene purpose prevented this training.
Villaret, e.M.T. Camp Commander, the men were Major W. M. Cravens, Unit Instructor of this regi-
given a schedule which, in addition to the basic subjects, ment, was in charge of Organized Reserve Camp instruc-
covered drill and ex-caliber practice at both a 155 mm. tion at Fort Totten, N. Y., from June 17th to 30th, and
battery and a 12 inch battery, AA machine gun practice at Fort Hancock, N. J., from July 1Stto 14th. The Major
and the observation of a 3 inch AA battery in action. This was granted one month leave of absence from August
schedule required hours which seemed long in this cli- 20th to September 20th.
mate but none complained as the enthusiasm in the work This regiment is proud to report that 46 of its officers
was such that tasks which might have seemed hardships completed all requirements for promotion to the next
under other conditions were only regarded as opportuni- higher grade, and are eligible for promotion as soon as
ties for accomplishment. they have time in grade.
The routine was not all work, however. Athletic con-
tests offered opportunities for all to display their skill.
Many boys will return to their homes with an added 519th C.A. (AA) Brings Down Target
knowledge as to swimming and life saving which may
stand them in good stead in the future. The weekly hops
in the delightful setting of Gorgas Hall afforded oppor-
A REPORT has reached the JOURNALindicating that
the officers of the 519th e.A. (AA) under com-
mand of Lieutenant Colonel Frank J. Baum, covered
tuniry for forming social contacts with the young people themselves with glory during the 14 day training period
of Pensacola which will doubtless have life long effects at Ft. MacArthur, California, by shooting down the tar-
in strengthening the interest of this section of the country get with the 37th round (one gun only) firing at a sla~t
in this lovely little city. range of approximately 6,000 yards. This performance. 15
This article would not be complete without a special worthy of special notice because of the fact that the entire
reference to Chaplain G. J. Rousseau, Captain, Chaplains' range secrion and gun crew were composed of reserve o~-
Reserve Corps. He has been associated with camps at this ficers of the regiment. Our correspondent states that It
station for several years and has so impressed his per- was one of the finest exhibitions of antiaircraft gun fire
sonality upon both the camps and reserve officers with ever witnessed at Ft. MacArthur. The plan of having
whom he has come in contact that he seems to almost be reserve officers function as range section and gun crew
a permanent part of an otherwise changing organization. greatly stimulated interest in the training and was of great
With his varied career embracing in its early phases serv- benefit from an instructional point of view. One alw~ys
ice for his native country in the South African Boer War, learns more by the applicatory method than by observtng
extending through prison camps, including service as an others.
 COAST ARTILLERY ORDERS

(Covering the period July 1 to August 31, 1934).

Colonel W. S. Bowen, from 1st C. A. Major W. E. Duvall, from Hawaii, to Captain J. R. Clark, from the Philippines,
Dist., Boston, to the Philippines, sailing New Org. Res., 8th Corps Area, El Paso. to 62d, Ft. Totten.
York. Dec. 14. Major G. W. Easterday, from 5th, Ft. Captain A. C. Cleveland, report to presi-
wlonel C. G. Bunker, for the convenience Totten, to Panama. sailing New York. Sept. dent. Army retiring board, Boston.
of the Government, to proceed to his home 22. Captain J. M. Cole, from the Philippines,
JPd await retirement. Major W. C. Foote. from C. A. School, to 7th, Ft. Hancock.
Colonel L. R. Burgess, for the con- Ft. Monroe, to Panama, sailing New York, Captain F. W. Cook, "from 7th, Ft. Du-
~ence of the Government, to proceed to Oct. 16. Pont, to the Philippines, sailing New York,
hit; home and await retirement. Major P. S. Gage, promoted Lieutenant Dec. 14.
wlonel H. E. Cloke. from 2d. Ft. Mon- Colonel, July 17. Captain E. G. Cowen. from 69th, Ft. Mc-
roe. to 6th. Ft. Winfield Scott, sailing New Major C. J. Herzer, from Org. Res. Chi- Clellan, to Panama, sailing New York, Dec.
York. Sept. 22. cago, to the Philippines, sailing New York, 15.
Colonel R. W. Collins, from the Philip- Aug. 21. Captain J. L. Craig, from 13th, Ft. Bar-
pinesto 9th, Ft. Banks. Major M. J. Hickok. promoted Lieutenant rancas, to Panama, sailing New York, Dec.
wlonel A. S. Conklin. from 62d. Ft. Tot- Colonel, Aug. 14. 15.
\tlI, to Hq. 3d Corps Area. Baltimore, Aug. Major J. P. Hogan, from 62d, Ft. Totten, Captain L. C. Dennis, from 52d, Ft. Han-
Zl. Previous orders amended. to instructor, C. A. c., N. Y. N. G., New cock, to Panama, sailing New York, Dec.
ColonelF. L. Dengler, retired for physical York. 15.
disability.Aug. 31. Major G. D. Holland. for the convenience Captain R. T. George, to Panama, sailing
Colonel E. D'A. Pearce, from 6th, Ft. of the Government. to proceed to home and New York, Sept. 22. Previous orders
Winfield Scott, to Panama, sailing San await retirement. amended.
Francisco,Nov. 2. Major F. A. Holmer, from the Philip- Captain M. B. Gibson, from 9th, Ft.
Colonel R. P. Reeder, from Panama. to pines. to Org. Res. 2d Corps Area, New Banks, to the Philippines, sailing New
2d.Ft. Monroe. York. York, Dec. 14.
Lieutenant Colonel C. W. Baird, from Major R. M. Levy. from 13th. Ft. Bar- Captain C. A. Gillette, from 62d, Ft. Mac-
62d.Ft. Totten. to the Philippines, sailing rancas. to the Philippines, sailing New Arthur, to the Philippines, sailing San
NewYork, Dec. 14. York, Dec. 14. Francisco, Nov. 7.
Lieutenant Colonel A. G. Campbell, from Major J. T. H. O'Rear, from Panama Captain D. B. Greenwood, from 63d, Ft.
Hawaii,to 9th, C. A. Dist., Presidio of San to San Francisco General Depot, Ft. Ma~ MacArthur, to Hawaii, sailing San Fran-
Francisco. son. cisco, Nov. 6.
Lieutenant Colonel Clifford Jones. from Major Gooding Packard. from Org. Res., Captain V. W. Hall, from Panama, to
13th.Ft. Barrancas, to 4th. C. A. District, 4th Corps Area, to the Philippines, sailing 2d Corps Area. Governor's Island.
Ft. McPherson. Sept. 30. New York, Dec. 14. Captain P. W. Hardie, from Hawaii, to
Lieutenant Colonel W. M. Colvin. from Major W. G. Patterson, to report to 3d, Ft. Rosecrans.
Org. Res. 2d Corps Area. New York, to Army retiring board, Ft. Hayes. Captain B. F. Harmon, from student,
Panama,sailing New York, Sept. 22. Major R. E. Phillips, from Owensboro C. & G. S. School, Ft. Leavenworth, to stu-
Lieutenant Colonel M. A. Cross, from the High School, Owensboro, to Org. Res., 8th dent, Air Corps Tactical School, Maxwell
Philippines, to Org. Res. 5th Corps Area, Corps Area, Houston, Texas. Field, Montgomery, Sept. 1.
Cleveland. Major H. R. Pierce, from 3d. Ft. Mac- Captain J. E. Harrison, report to presi-
Lieutenant Colonel R. P. Glassburn, from Arthur, to Panama, sailing San Francisco, dent, Army retiring board, Ft. McPherson.
51st. Ft. Monroe, to Org. Res., 7th Corps Nov. 2. Captain Milton Heilfron, to Hawaii, sail-
Area, St. Louis. Previous orders amended. Major F. C. Scofield, from the Philip- ing San Francisco, Nov. 6. Previous orders
Lieutenant Colonel Allen Kimberlv from pines. to 2d, Ft. Monroe. amended.
6t~.. Ft. Winfield .Scott, to the Phifippines. Major E. C. Seeds, to Walter Reed Gen- Captain William Hesketh, from 8th, Ft.
satlmgSan FranCISCo,Nov. 7. eral Hospital for observation and treat- Preble. to the Philippines, sailing New
Lieutenant Colonel A. L. Loustalot from ment. York, Dec. 14.
the Philippines, to Org. Res. Ninth' Corps Major Fred Seydel, report to president Captain J. L. Hogan, from Panama, to
Area, San Francisco. Army retiring board, 9th Corps Area. 62d, Ft. Totten.
Lieutenant Colonel P. H. Ottosen from Major E. B. Spiller, retired for physical Captain R. J. Imperatori, from 52d, Ft.
Gloucester High School, Gloucester, to Ha- disability, Aug. 31. Tilden, to recruiting duty, Ft. McDowell,
waii,sailing New York, Sept. 22. Major D. N. Swan, from Panama, to sailing New York, Dec. 14.
Lieutenant Colonel C. W. Waller, upon Org. Res., 2d Corps Area, New York. Captain B. T. Ipock, from Governor's
his own application, retired, Sept. 30. Island, to 62d, Ft. Totten.
Major Charles Thomas-Stahle, from 62d, Captain A. \V. Jones. report to president,
Major G. P. Anderson, retired for physi- Ft. Totten, to the Philippines, sailing New
cal disability, Aug. 31. Army retiring board, Ft. Lewis.
York, Dec. 14. Captain D. D. Lamson, from 62d, Ft. Tot-
.Major B. N. Booth, from the Philip- Maj or Meade Wildrick, from Org. Res., ten, to the Philippines, sailing New York,
pmes,to 3d, Ft. MacArthur. 2d Corps Area, New York, to Panama, Dec. 14.
Major Aaron Bradshaw, Jr., from Pan- sailing N ew York, Sept. 22. Captain P. W. Lewis, from Panama, to
ama,to 62d, Ft. Totten. Captain A. J. Bennett, from the Philip- Org. Res., 5th Corps Area, Cincinnati. Pre-
Major J. D. Brown, from 2d, Ft. Monroe, pines, to 6th, Ft. Winfield Scott. vious orders amended.
to Utah State Agri. College, Logan, Utah. Captain T. J. Betts, from 61st, Ft. Sheri- Captain H. W. Lins, from the Philip-
Major W. P. Cherrington, for the con- dan, to the Philippines, sailing New York, pines, to 8th, Ft. Preble.
venience of the Government, to proceed to Dec. 14. Captain Frederick Lofquist, from 62d, Ft.
homeand await retirement. Captain Napoleon Boudreau, from the Totten, to Hawaii, sailing New York, Dec.
Major H. C. Davis, Jr., from 14th, Ft. Philippines, to Org. Res., 5th Corps Area, 14.
Worden, to Hawaii, sailing San Francisco, Indianapolis. Previous orders amended. Captain W. L. McMorris, from the Philip-
Xov.6. Captain W. J. Burke, for the convenience pines, to 61st, Ft. Sheridan.
Major Octave DeCarre, from 13th, Ft. of the Government, to proceed to his home Captain E. W. Miller, for the convenience
~foultrie, to recruiting duty, Little Rock, and await retirement. of the Government, to proceed to his home
Ark. Captain A. F. Cameron, from the Philip- arid await retirement.
Major W. K Dunn, from 4th, Ft. Mc- pines, to 9th, Ft. Banks. Previous orders Captain Maurice Morgan, from student,
Pherson, to 13th, Ft. Moultrie. amended. C. A. School, Ft. Monroe, to the Philip-
396 J:HE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL September-Octo_
pines, sailing N ew York, Aug. 21. Previous First Lieutenant Leif Neprud. from 10th, Second Lieutenant J.c. East, from Ha.-
orders amended. Ft. Adams, to the Philippines, sailing New waii, to 52d, Ft. Monroe.
Captain C. M. Myers, from Univ. of Dela- York. Dec. 14. Second Lieutenant II. W. Ebel, to 541.
ware, Newark, to the Philippines, sailing First Lieutenant Glenn Newman, from Ft. Monroe.
New York, Oct. 16. Panama, to 7th, Ft. DuPont. Second Lieutenant W. F. Ellis, from ihe
Captain G. M. O'Connell, from Panama, First Lieutenant G. F. Nichols, from the Philippines, to 61st, Ft. Sheridan.
to 6th, Ft. Winfield Scott. Philippines, to 9th, Ft. Banks. Second Lieutenant E. E. Farnsworth, Jr
Captain T. R. Parker, from 61st, Ft. First Lieutenant F. N. Parsous, retired from 62d; Ft. Totten, to Hawaii, ~
Sheridan, to Org. Res., 6th Corps Area, for physical disability, Aug. 31. New York, Dec. 14.
Chicago. First Lieutenant F. F. Scheiffier, from Secoud Lieutenant R. G. Finkenaur, ID
Captain Victor Schmidt, from 7th, Ft. 6th, Ft. Winfield Scott. to Hawaii, sailing 51st, Ft. Monroe.
Hancock, to the Philippines, sailing New San Francisco, Oct. 13. Second Lieutenant R. T. Frederick, pm.
York, Dec. 14. First Lieutenant Grayson Schmidt, from moted First Lieutenant, July 1. '
Captain W. W. Scott, to San Francisco, 2d. Ft. Monroe, to U. S. M. A., West Point, Second Lieutenant H. A. Gerhardt, m.'
sailing New York, Aug. 21. Previous orders Aug. 25. 63d. Ft. MacArthur, to Hawaii, sailing Sen
amended. First Lieutenant W. B. Short, from Ha- Francisco, Nov. 6.
Captain A. B.- SViith, for the convenience waii. to 13th Ft. Barrancas. Second Lieutenant S. 1. Gilman, to RIm-
of the Government, to proceed to his home First Lieutenant D. H. Smith, from 6th, dolph Field, Sept. 12, for duty and fl~
and await retirement. Ft. Winfield Scott, to the Philippines, sail- training.
Captain H. W. Smith, from the Philip- ing San Francisco, Nov. 7. Second Lieutenant A. D. Gough, from the
pines, to 69th, Ft. McClellan. First Lieutenant L. D. Vichules, from Philippines, to 6th, Ft. Winfield Scott.
Captain E. H. Taliaferro, Jr., from stu- 9th, Ft. Banks, to the Philippines, sailing Second Lieutenant E. E. Hackman, fmn
dent, C. & G. S. School, Ft. Leavenworth, New York, Dec. 14. 6th, Ft. Winfield Scott, to Panama, sailing
to duty with the staff and faculty. C. & G. S. First Lieutenant W. H. Webb, from Ha- San Francisco, Nov. 2.
School, Ft. Leavenworth. waii, to 2d Corps Area, Governor's Island, Second Lieutenant W. A. Hampton, from
Captain L. P. Vane, for the convenience for temporary duty. 14th, Ft. Worden, to the Philippines, sail-
of the Government, to proceed home and First Lieutenant W. A. Weddell, from ing San Francisco, Nov. 7.
await retirement. 6th, Ft. Winfield Scott. to Hawaii, sailing Second Lieutenant A. R. Hartman, pro-
Captain A. W. Waldron, from Hawaii, to San Francisco, Nov. 6. moted First Lieutenant, July 25.
8th, Ft. Preble. First Lieutenant D. M. Wilson, from Second Lieutenant T. H. Harvey, from
Captain F. B. Waters, from 2d, Ft. Mon- 62d, Ft. Totten, to the Philippines, sailing Hawaii, to 52d, Ft. Hancock.
roe, to duty with R. O. T. c., Georgia New York, Dec. 14. Second Lieutenant C. W. Hill, to 2d, Ft.
School of Technology, Sept. 1. First Lieutenant C. P. Young, from Ha- Monroe.
Captain L. A. Whittaker, to Hawaii, sail- waii. to 63d, Ft. MacArthur. Second Lieutenant G. E. Hill, from the
ing New York, Sept. 22. Previous orders Second Lieutenant C. L. Andrews, to Ran- Philippines, to 52d, Ft. Monroe.
amended. dolph Field, Sept. 12, for duty and flying Second Lieutenant T. F. Hoffman, to 2d,
First Lieutenant Sylvan Berliner, from training. Ft. Monroe.
Panama, to 5th, Ft. Hamilton. Second Lieutenant E. T. Ashworth, from Second Lieutenant H. J. Jablonsky, to
First Lieutenant A. T. Bowers, from 69th, 6th, Ft. \Vinfield Scott, to Hawaii, sailing 51st, Ft. Monroe, temporary duty, U. S.
Ft. McClellan, to 62d, Ft. Totten. San Francisco, Oct. 13. M. A., West Point.
First Lieutenant H. E. C. Breitung, from Second Lieutenant J. O. Baker, to 14th, Second Lieutenant D. B. Johnson, from
Hawaii, to 63d, Ft. MacArthur. Ft. Worden. 61st, Ft. Sheridan, to the Philippines, sail-
First Lieutenant W. H. Burns, for the Second Lieutenant W, H. Ball, from 61st, ing New York, Dec. 14.
convenience of the Government, retired. Ft. Sheridan. to the Philippines, sailing Second Lieutenant Franklin Kemble, Jr.,
First Lieutenant J. V. deP. Dillon, from New York. Oct. 16. to 51st, Ft. Monroe.
Hawaii, to student, Georgetown Univ. Law Second Lieutenant C. R. Bard, from Ha- Second Lieutenant K. R. Kenerick, Ran-
School, Washington, D. C. waii. to 69th, Ft. McClellan. ' dolph Field, Sept. 12, for duty and flying
First Lieutenant J. J. Earle, Jr., retired Second Lieutenant L. K. Beazley, to Ran- training.
for physical disability, Aug'. 31. dolph Field, Sept. 12, for duty and flying Second Lieutenant G. L. Kushner, to
First Lieutenant J. F. Gamber, to Pan- training. 52d, Ft. Monroe.
ama, sailing New York, Sept. 22. Previous Second Lieutenant F. T. Berg, from the Second Lieutenant J. J. Lane, from S2d,
orders amended. Philippines. to 62d, Ft. Totten. Ft. Hancock, to the Philippines, sailing New
First Lieutenant R. 1. Glasgow, from Pan- Second Lieutenant A. W. Betts, to 62d, York, Dec. 14.
ama, to U. S. M. A., West Point, Aug. 25. Ft. Totten. Second Lieutenant R. J. Lawlor, to Pan-
First Lieutenant F. K. Gurley, from 63d, Second Lieutenant S. R. Beyma, to 2d, ama, sailing New York, Sept. 22. Pre-
Ft. MacArthur, to Panama, sailing San Ft. Monroe .. vious orders amended.
Francisco, Nov. 2. Second Lieutenant Edward Badeau, from Second Lieutenant P. A. Leahy, promoted
First Lieutenant M. A. Hatch, from 2d, 62d, Ft. Totten, to the Philippines, sailing First Lieutenant, Aug. 1.
Ft. Monroe, to 13th, Ft. Barrancas. New York. Oct. 16. Second Lieutenant J. H. Lewis, from 2d,
First Lieutenant W. B. Hawthorne, from Second Lieutenant F. A. Bogart, from the Ft. Monroe, to Hawaii, sailing New York,
52d, Ft. Monroe, to Panama, sailing New Philippines, to 52d, Ft. Haneock. Sept. 22.
York, Dec. 15. Second Lieutenant B. E. Brugge, to Ran- Second Lieutenant F. A. Liwski, from
First Lieutenant David Hottenstein, from dolph Field, Sept. 12, for duty and flying Hawaii, to 13th, Ft. Barrancas.
52d, Ft. Hancock, to student, George Wash- training. Second Lieutenant C. R. Longanecker, to
ington Univ. Law School, Washington, Second Lieutenant W. M. Canterbury, to Panama, sailing San Francisco, Nov. 2.
D. C. Previous orders revoked. Randolph ,Field, Sept. 12, for duty and fly- Previous orders amended.
First Lieutenant W. L. Johnson, from ing training. Second Lieutenant William Massell0, Jr.,
Hawaii, to 13th, Ft. Barrancas. Second Lieutenant E. N. Chace, from from 11th, Ft. II. G. Wright, to the Philip-
First Lieutenant F. R. Keeler, from 13th, 52d, Ft. Monroe, to Hawaii, sailing New pines, sailing New York, Oct. 16.
Ft. Moultrie, to Hawaii, sailing New York, York, Sept. 22. Second Lieutenant C. L. MacLachlan,
Sept. 22. Second Lieutenant F. P. Corbin, Jr., from from the Philippines, to 61st, Ft. Sheridan.
First Lieutenant J. C. Kilbourne, report to the Philippines, to 62d, Ft. Totten. Second Lieutenant F. J. McMorrow, ~r?ID
president, Army retiring board, 9th Corps Second 'Lieutenant D. R. Corum, from 62d, Ft. Totten, to the Philippines, salhng
Area. 62d, Ft. Totten, to Hawaii, sailing New New York, Dec. 14.
First Lieutenant O. J. Levin, from York, Dec. 14. Second Lieutenant J. E. Metzler, to ~an-
Hawaii, to 2d, Ft. Monroe. Second Lieutenant L. N. Cron, from Ha- ama, sailing New York, Sept. 22. PreVI0l15
First Lieutenant W. J. McCarthy, pro- waii, to 62d, Ft. Totten. orders amended.
moted Captain, July 9. Second Lieutenant G. B. Dany, to Ran- Second Lieutenant E. C. Mitchell, from
First Lieutenant W. L. McPherson, from dolph Field, Sept. 12, for duty and flying the Philippines, to 6th, Ft. Winfield Scott.
student, C. A. S., Ft. Monroe, to student, training. Second Lieutenant E. W. Moore, to 6th,
Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Second Lieutenant J. T. Darrah, from the Ft. Winfield Scott.
First Lieutenant A. D. Miller, from 14th, Philippines, to 51st, Ft. Monroe. Second Lieutenant R. R. Moorman, to
Ft. Worden, to Hawaii, sailing San Fran- Second Lieutenant C. B. Duff, from the 52d, Ft. Monroe.
cisco, Oct. 13. Philippines, to 11th, Ft. H. G. Wright. Second Lieutenant L. S. Mosely, Jr., to
 COAST ARTILLERY ORDERS 397
1934
Randolph.~ield, Sept. 12, for duty and 61st, Ft. Sheridan, to the Philippines, sail- Second Lieutenant F. J. Zeller, from 6th,
ft)"ingtrammg. ing New York, Dec. 14. Ft. Winfield Scott, to the Philippines, sail-
Second Lieutenant M. L. Ogden, from Second Lieutenant J. J. Stark, to Ran- ing San Francisco, Nov. 7.
62&, Ft. Totten, to Hawaii, sailing New dolph Field, Sept. 12, for duty and flying Warrant Officer N. W. Raymond, from
York, Sept. 22. training. C. A. School, Ft. Monroe, to the Philip-
Second Lieutenant P. F. Passarella, from Second Lieutenant Preston Steele, from pines, sailing New York. Dec. 14. Previons
the Philippines, to 11th, Ft. H. G. Wright. 6th, Ft. Winfield Scott, to the Philippines, orders amended.
Second Lieutenant P. S. Peca, to 52d, sailing San Francisco, Nov. 7. Master Sergeant A. J. Bergbom, 69th,
Ft. Monroe. Second Lieutenant P. W. Steinback, Jr., Ft. McClellan, retired, Aug. 31.
Second Lieutenant J. S. Piram, to 51st, from 63d, Ft. MacArthur, to the Philip- Master Sergeant J. J. Duffy, 15th, Ft.
Ft. Monroe, temporary duty, Ft. Winfield pines, sailing San Francisco, Nov. 7. Kamehameha, retired, Aug. 31. .
Scott. Second Lieutenant J. D. Stevens, to 2d, Master Sergeant H. A. Fowee, 3d, Ft.
Second Lieutenant G. F. Powell, from Ft. Monroe. Stevens, retired, Aug. 31.
the Philippines, to 6th, Ft. Winfield Scott. Second Lieutenant P. B. Stiness, from Master Sergeant R. E. Hefley, 14th, Ft.
Second Lieutenant L. C. Ratcliffe, from the Philippines, to 10th, Ft. Adams. Worden, retired, Aug. 31.
6th, Ft. Winfield Scott, to the Philippines, Second Lieutenant A. J. Stuart, Jr., to Master Sergeant J. D. Jones, 2d. Ft. Mon-
sailing San Francisco, Nov. 7. 2d, Ft. Monroe. roe. retired, Aug. 31.
Second Lieutenant S. C. Russell, from Second Lieutenant L. K. Tarrant, pro- Master Sergeant Harold Morelock, 14th.
6lst, Ft. Sheridan, to the Philippines, sail- moted First Lieutenant, Aug. 1. Ft. Worden, retired, Aug. 31.
ing New York, Oct. 16. Second Lieutenant E. O. Taylor, from First Sergeant J. C. Drivdahl, 6th, Ft.
Second Lieutenant D. B. Ruth, to 51st, 63d, Ft. MacArthur, to the Philippines, Winfield Scott, retired. July 31.
Ft. Monroe. sailing San Francisco, Nov. 7. First Sergeant J. W. Haney, 4th, Ft.
Second Lieutenant H. W. Schenck, from Second Lieutenant A. R. Thomas, pro- Amador, retired, Aug. 31.
lIth, Ft. H. G. Wright, to Hawaii, sailing moted First Lieutenant, Aug. 1. First Sergeant Herman Kaiser, 55th, Ft.
NewYork, Sept. 22. Second Lieutenant J. F. Thorlin, from Ruger, retired, July 31.
6th, Ft. Winfield Scott, to the Philippines, First Sergeant E. L. Phipps, 61st, Ft.
Second Lieutenant Peter Schmick, from
sailing San Francisco, Nov. 7. Sheridan, retired, July 31.
the Philippines, to 63d, Ft. MacArthur. First Sergeant C. H. Schwab, 6th, Ft.
Second Lieutenant H. F. Turner, to 2d,
Second Lieutenant C. M. Sciple, C. A. c., Ft. Monroe. \Vinfield Scott, retired, July 31.
transferred to Quartermaster Corps, July Second Lieutenant R. A. Turner, from First Sergeant Frank Seeley, 59th, Ft.
19. 63d, Ft. MacArthur, to the Philippines, sail- Mills, retired, July 31.
Second Lieutenant J. E. Shuck, to Ran- ing San Francisco, Nov. 7. First Sergeant W. H. Turner, Ft. Mon-
dolphField, Sept, 12, for duty and flying Second Lieutenant W. E. H. Voehl, to roe, retired, July 29.
training. 62d, Ft. Totten. First Sergeant A. B. Waugh, 8th, Ft.
Second Lieutenant W. M. Skidmore, from Second Lieutenant R. B. Warren, to 6th, Preble, retired, July 31.
Hawaii, to 52d, Ft. Monroe. Ft. Winfield Scott. First Sergeant J. E. Young, 64th, Ft.
Second Lieutenant C. D. Sluman, to Ran- Second Lieutenant G. J. Weitzel, to 52d, Shafter, retired, Aug. 31.
dolph Field, Sept. 12, for duty and flying Ft. Monroe. Sergeant Edward Acker, 6th, Ft. Win-
training. Second Lieutenant R. L. Williams, Jr.; field Scott, retired, Aug. 31.
Second Lieutenant E. C. Somerville, from from 13th, Ft. Barrancas, to the Philippines, Sergeant W. B. Coate, 13th, Ft. Moultrie,
13th,Ft. Barrancas, to Hawaii, sailing New sailing New York, Dec. 14. retired, July 31.
York,Dec. 14. Second Lieutenant Y. H. Wolfe, to 52d, Sergeant P. C. Curtiss, 6th, Ft. Winfield
Second Lieutenant R. S. Spangler, from Ft. Hancock. Scott, retired, Aug. 31.
the Philippines, to 52d, Ft. Hancock. Second Lieutenant R. J. Wood, from the Corporal E. J. Walter, 63d, Ft. Mac-
Second Lieutenant D. S. Spengler, from Philippines, to 2d, Ft. Monroe. Arthur, retired, July 31.

*
EUROPE IS CLOSER to war than at any time since 19 13-with armed troops patroling
unfriendly borders and looking jealously at alien lands. An increasing spirit of na-
tionalism prevails in many major powers, of which Germany under Hitler is the
classic example. In the Far East we see a growing spirit of Imperialism on the part
of the Japanese, which must inevitably cause the Chinese to develop a still greater
enmity for al foreigners.-"EcoNoMIC HIGHLIGHTS."
 BOOK REVIEWS

THE WAR IN THE AIR. Vol. IV. By. H. A. Jones. There are eleven maps inserted in the text, nineteen
488 pp. (Humphrey Milford - Oxford University appendices containing very useful and interesting sta-
Press.) $7.00. tistical data, and a separate index for the volume.
By Lieutenant ColonelR. R. Welshmer, C.A.C. Army and Navy officers will discover much to com-
plete their knowledge of the operations covered in this
This is the fourth volume of the official history of the
volume, and their perusal of it will surely increase their
war in the air from the British viewpoint. Source material
undertsanding of our Air Services.
and presentation thereof may be accepted as accurate.
The book covers the British operations on the Western
WITH MY OWN EYES. A Personal Story of Battle
Front from the Battle of J\1essines (June, 1917) to the
Years. By Frederick Palmer. The Bobbs-Merrill Com-
close of the German offensive of March-April, 1918; also,
the Naval operations in British home waters during the pany. New York. 400 pp. $3'50'
entire year of 1917, and the first three months of 1918. By Major General H. D. Todd, Jr., Retired
A feature of the period dealt with was the development The eyes of few people in this world have seen what
of air attacks against troops, transport, and other targets Mr. Palmer's eyes have seen and of such people but a
on the ground. These attacks reached the peak of in- small number could so interestingly describe what they
tensity during the German advance on the Somme. On saw.
the 26th of March, 1918, when the situation on the Third The book, in addition to being a valuable history, is
Army front was most critical, the British had sixty also to some extent an autobiography. At the age of fif-
squadrons working with their armies in France. Of these teen Frederick Palmer climbed the stairs to the editorial
sixty squadrons, thirty-seven operated over the Third rooms of the struggling young Morning Post, located in
Army front, and twenty-seven of them were specificially an old building down by the railroad station in J ames-
engaged in low-flying attacks, with bombs and machine town, New York, and asked the Editor, Ben Dean --,
guns, against ground targets. (How about the future?) "if he could write something for the paper."
On the 21st of March, 1918, the fog on the Third The countless readers of Mr. Palmer's writings owe
Army front was not so dense as along that of the Fifth thanks to Mr. Dean. The kindness and consideration
Army front on the right of the Third Army. While hap- with which he acted toward a poor young boy were un-
penings on the Fifth Army front were almost entirely doubtedly important factors in shaping Mr. Palmer's
obscured from the air during the morning, some of the career and they also expressed an attitude toward life
observers flying over the Third Army saw and reported a which if it were more general would make this a far hap-
fair amount of the events. This means that ground visi- pier world. Next, we find Charles A. Dana of the New
bility, on which the defense plans so largely depended, York Sun and also Curtis Brown of the New York Press
varied, and indicates that such conditions must be taken helping Mr. Palmer on his way. In fact, throughout the
into account in considering the success or failure of the book, the author tells of the great assistance and many
troops. courtesies extended to him often by men in high position,
One of the most interesting sections in this book deals and he continually expresses his appreciation of the treat-
with the development of the carrying, launching, and ment accorded him.
recovery of aircraft at sea. It also sets forth the develop- Much of this treatment was undoubtedly due to his
ment of the flying boat for reconnaissance "due in great ability, his personality, and to the evident possession of
measure to the faith and persistence of one flying officer," a great amount of tact. His first war was the Greco-T urk-
and, it should be added, to the devoted bravery of many. ish war of 1897. As was his custom, he endeavored to
This is a story of a fight for recognition by those who make personal contact with all ranks. This enabled him
foresaw against those blinded by tradition or lack of imagi- to produce a story with a personal touch often lacking in
nation. It records the patient and persistent organization, reports of military operations. Moreover, in this £ar-
the gradual triumph of new ideas over old, and of sublime ticular war, he fortunately was able, before actual fighting
courage and endless adaptability to ever-changing con- began, to visit both of the hostile camps and thus make
ditions. "an estimate of the situation" beyond the power of any
The author has presented the record in a way to make one not so fortunate.
every situation interesting, whether it is the trial of a new We next learn of Mr. Palmer having to decide between
machine or device, or the account of a battle. It is the following the fortunes of Gomez and his Cuban insurg-
story of a great service worthily told, against, of course, ents or accompanying the Klondike relief eXpedition. He
the background of military and naval operations. chose the latter, but the doctors nearly stopped him. They
1934 BOOK REVIEWS 399
franklyinformed him that he not only had a heart lesion _.r====================31.
but an aneurism of a carotid artery. This fact is noted
because,if true, and the diagnosis was confirmed by sev-
An Ideal
eralphysicians, Mr. Palmer's subsequent career appears
miraculous. After successfully enduring hardships that Christmas
wouldhave worn out, if not killed, many' men with nor- Present for
malhearts, he goes to the other extreme in climate and
the Boy
joins our forces in the Philippines. Here he becomes a
great friend and admirer of Admiral Dewey. He knew
him "on and off duty and in all his moods" and Mr.
Palmer looks back with a singular affection for him HERE'S REAL FUN
among the many eminent men of the author's acquaint-
ance.
Plus Actual Pistol Training
The personal touch so evident through the book gives a By special arrangement with the manufacturer we
offer you the famous bull's-eye pistol, the most
mostintimate description of the lot of our soldiers while accurate and inexpensive training pistol ever manu-
they "beat up the jungle." The Army owes a great deal factured.
Through the simple medium of a No. 33 heavy
to Mr. Palmer for his accurate, intimate and sympathetic
rubber band, the bull's-eye pistol drives a No.6
account of what our soldiers encountered and endured chilled shot with uncanny accuracy and speed. It's
an easy matter to "kill" the celluloid birds (see
throughout the Philippine Insurrection. Having from cut) at twenty to twenty-five feet. Especially effec-
sheerluck lived through countless engagements in Luzon, tive on flies or other small insects at slightly closer
Mr. Palmer accompanies the relief expedition to Peking. ranges.
Use this inexpensive bull's-eye pistol to keep your
Itis doubtful if anyone 'not in that advance to the Chinese trigger finger in trim. You will get real fun plus
Capital could do justice to the efforts and suffering of actual pistol training. Order a bull's-eye pistol set
today. The box contains three toy birds, extra No.
the officers and men of the allied forces, and of those 33 rubber bands, a supply of shot, and small die for
who made that march through the heat and dust from stamping bull's-eye targets. And the cost is only
$2.50 postpaid.
Tientsin to rescue the Legations, there are few indeed
whocould write about it as does Mr. Palmer. The Coast Artillery Journal
After the relief this restless energetic person crosses 111517th Street, N. W. Washington, D. C.
Siberiaby rail, walks across the Isthmus of Panama in •
whathe calls the "see for myself" spirit and then goes to ~===================~
theBalkans where in 1903 serious trouble was in the air.
Hischapter on "Kings and Atrocities," giving as it does
theinside news from that region, is both interesting and
illuminating.
42
YEARS
Most men would now have called it a day, particularly
IN THE
ifthey had started years before with a "heart lesion and
ananeurism of a carotid artery," but not Mr. Palmer. WHITE HOUSE
Early in the winter of 1904-05, as he read the despatches
fromthe Far East he "could hear the faint rustle of silk IRWIN H. (IKE) HOOVER, Chief Usher
asthe Japanese Samurai tied up the sleeves of their ki- of the White House, knew the intimate lives
of ten Presidents and their wives - from
monosbefore taking the ancestral swords from the racks Benjamin Harrison to Franklin D. Roosevelt.
for a desperate duel," and he immediately made plans Here is an amazing human document. All
for joining the Japanese forces in what was considered that took place in the White House Ike
"the first great test of modern arms and tactics." Again, Hoover saw, and recorded in private note-
Wehave the close up of a campaign and in addition an books. Had Samuel Pepys been Chief Usher
accountof very frankly conducted conversations with the he might have written such a book. Readers
Japaneseleaders. of today will revel in it; future historians
will find it a gold mine.
Believing that there was little more to see after the de-
The book version of Ike Hoover's Joumal
featof the Russian fleet, Mr. Palmer returns to the United is entirely distinct from the selections that
Statesand from 1905 until 1914 lived what he considers have been serialized. The material here is
presented in its original form, with noth-
atranquil life. ing of importance deleted.
This among other adventures includes a voyage as far
Illustrated. Price, $3.50, postpaid,
as San Francisco on the flagship of the United States less special discount of 10%.
Reetthat went around the world. It also included ac-
ORDER FROM
companying the Bulgarian Army in 1912 during its at-
~k with Serbia and Greece against Turkey. Still lead- THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL
~ his "tranquil" life, conversing one day with the 1115 Seventeenth St., N. W. Washington, D. C.
Mexican Villa and another day with Carranza, Mr. Pal-
THESE ARE NOT PAID ADVERTISEMENTS
400 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL September- Octoher
mer on July 30, 1914, received a telegram from the editor
of Everybodys' stating that war in Europe seemed in-
JUST OUT evitable. While he could not believe such a thing possihle
he immedi~tely started for ,Europe wher~ he eventually
The Soldier's Handbook became an Important factor m a war descnbed by Villa as
being very uncivilized! Until the United States entered
An illustrated book that tells the soldier in a the war Mr. Palmer was with the British troops. Then to
simple and interesting way what he needs to his great surprise and with many misgivings, the man
know. Written in language he can understand. who had spent his life being censored became the Chief
Censor of the A.E.F.
The new SOLDIER'S HANDBOOK is com-
plete, its 166 pages and 50 illustrations giving SPIES AND THE NEXT WAR. By Richard W.
the individual soldier a convenient and compact Rowan. New York. Robert M. McBride & Co., 1934.
source of basic military information, thus aiding 3II pages, illustrated. $2.50.
him to perform his duties more efficiently and Mr. Rowan tells us that over 600 persons have been
to prepare himself for promotion. tried for espionage in the last two years, and there are
ConvenientPocket-Size- 6" x 4" x V2". many more spies at work today than there were during
the greater part of the World War. The secret agent of
Produced with the iaea of giving to the soldier a
the next war is being taught not only to purloin secret
book he needs at a price he can pay.
documents, spy on enemy activities and forward informa-
Single Copies, 50c, Postpaid. tion back home. The deeds of spies in the next war will
make those of their predecessors seem like child's play.
In lots of 10 or more a discount of 20% will be
allowed, f.o.b. Washington.
The espion of the next war will be a merciless saboteur.
He is being taught how to delay, if not destroy, supplies,
Order from wreck railroads, ships, factories and public buildings by
THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL the use of incendiary or explosive bombs that have the
1115 Seventeenth St., N. W. Washington, D. C. appearance of coal or harmless looking pencils. His mis-
sion will be to destroy whole cities by starting epidemics.
Wholesale death will be distributed by bacteria cultures
.===================~. carried in innocent looking fountain pens; cartridges will
carry epidemic germs in glass tubes that break upon im-
Coast Artillery Field pact. The epidemic war will be picked up from where it
was dropped in the "last" war. The author states that the
Manuals Central Powers contemplated spreading an epidemic
The following Coast Artillery, Staff Officers' and through France and Italy, and only their collapse pre-
Basic Field Manuals are now available: vented agents from carrying o~t the plan.
1. C.A.F.M. Vol. I, SeacoastArty. Part 1- Not all of the book deals with spies of the future. The
Tactics $ .15 author has included a study of the method of disseminat-
2. C.A.F.M. Vol. I, SeacoastArty. Parts 2 and 3 ing propaganda, and also an excellent review of the deeds
-Technique and Reference Data 25 _of spies of the past. Their methods are described and il-
3. C.A.F.M. Vol. II, Antiaircraft Arty. Part 1- lustrated. Spies.had many ways to convey their informa-
Tactics 20 tion. Botanical and entomological sketches hid drawings
4. C.A.F.M. Vol. II, Antiaircraft Arty. Part II of fortifications; what appeared to be a child's drawing of
-Technique and ReferenceData 50
a doll concealed a written, uncoded message; messages in
5. Staff OfficersF.M. Part 1. Staff Data 20
code were represented by the stitches in a' glove, by
6. StaffOfficersF.M. Part 3. Organization, Road
Spacesand Camping 10
scratches on the inside of the lids of food tins, by the ar-
7. Basic F.M. Volume III. Basic Weapons,
rangement of stamps in a collector's album, by musical
Part I, Chapter 1. Rifle Marksmanship.... 10 notes, by the contents of bottles on a shelf, and by the all
8. Basic EM. Volume IV. (Signal Communica- but unbeatable "stencil" code. One industrious spy en-
tions) 30 coded a message of 1,600 words underneath a pos~ge
9. Basic F.M. Volume V (Transport) 60 stamp. Another clever gentleman invented a pipe WIth
The above prices are F.O.B. Washington. a turning bowl. He carried his message in the bowl of
his pipe, and, i£ cornered, had simply to turn the bo~l
The JOURNAL is prepared to supply your needs on
these or any other officialGovernment publications. and light his pipe. Spies soaked articles of clothing. In
secret ink, hid containers of it in candles. They camed
The Coast Artillery Journal small cameras in the false bottoms of buckets. Many
1115 17th Street,N. W. Washington,D. C. other methods are described. The author has also inserted
brief character sketches of celebrated espions.
THESE ARE NOT PAID ADVERTISEMENTS