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FLUKE-8840A Manual 0.005Ω PDF
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FLUKE-8840A Manual 0.005Ω PDF
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8840A8840A DIGITAL MULTIMETER Instruction Manual PN 879304 Dect FLUKE.MULTIMETER SAFETY The Fluke 8840A Digital Multimeter has been designed and tested according to IEC Publication 348. Satety Requirements for Electronic Measuring Apparatus. This manual contains information and warnings which must be followed to ensure safe operation and retain the meter in safe condition. Use of this equipment in a manner not specified here in may impair the protection provided by the equipment. ‘Some common international electrical symbols used in this manual are shown below. OFF (pom) DANGEROUS: SWITCH POSITION VOLTAGE ON (power) |_| Sinfetifosmon |
vaod Digital 2x FS* M 20 Digital 4s 8 FS >10 d F 100 None - 1K FS >604 * Reading rate with internal trigger and 60 Hz power line frequency. See “Reading Rates” for more de 2 Normal Mode Rejection Ratio, at 50 or 60 Hz £0.18. The NMRA for 400 Hz +0.1% is 85 dB in $ rate and inM rate, > Common Mode Rejection Ratio at 0.or 60 Hz 0.1%, with 1 KOin series with either lead. The CMRRis >* atde for all reading rates. «20 volts or 2 times Full Scale whichever is greater, not to exceed 1000V.Introduction and Specifications ‘SPECIFICATIONS Table 1-1. Specifications (cont) TRUE RMS AC VOLTAGE (OPTION -09) Input Characteristics RESOLUTION FULL SCALE INPUT RANGE 5% DIGITS 5% DIGITS, 4% DIGITS* IMPEDANCE 200 mv 199,999 mv Ww 10 ima a ss0088y 10W 100 WV ‘shunted 20 19.9999 100 5 1mv by 200 199.999V 1mv 10 mv <100 pF 00 700.00 10 mv 100 mv “4% digits at the fastest reading rate. ‘Accuracy NORMAL (S) READING RATE .........., 2(% of Reading + Number of Counts). For sinewave inputs 210,000 counts’. FREQUENCY (Hz) il 24 HOURS? 231°C. sopavaesrc | 1 YEAR 235°C 20-45 12 +100 12 +100 12 +100 45-100 03 +100 0.35 + 100 0.4 +100 100-20k 0.07 +100 0.14 + 100 0.16 + 100 20k-50K 0.15 +120 0.19 + 150 0.21 + 200 80K-100%. 0.4 +300 05 +300 as +400 "For sinewave inputs between 1,000 and 10,000 counts, add to Number of Counts 100 counts for frequencies ‘2QHto 20 kHz, 200 counts for 20 kHz to 60 kHz, and 500 counts for 50 kHz to 100 kHz. * Relative to calibration standards. * When in fast reading rate with internal trigger and transmitting data out of the IEEE~488 interface, the BEAA
1000 counts and >100 Hz, NONSINUSOIDAL INPUTS .. . For nonsinusoidai inputs 210,000 counts with frequency components <100 kHz, add the following % of reading to the ‘accuracy specifications. FUNDAMENTAL CREST FACTOR aoe 107015 157020 207030 45 Hz to 20 kHz 0.05 0.16 03 20 Hz to 45 He and 20 KHz to 60 kHz oz o7 1s Operating Characteristics MAXIMUM INPUT. «++ TOQV ems, 1000V peak or 2x 10" Volts-Hertz product (whichever is less) for any range.Introduction and Specifications SPECIFICATIONS, Table 1-1. Specifications (cont) TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT .......-.. (9 of Reading + Number of Counts) per °C, 0°C to 18 28°C to 50°C. FREQUENCY IN HERTZ FOR INPUTS 20-20K 20k-50K ‘5OK-100K 310,000 counts 0019+ 9 0.21 + 9 0.027 + 10 1,000 counts 0.019 + 12 9.02 +45 0097 +21 + >60 dB at 50 or 60 Hz with 1 kA in either lead. [COMMON MODE REJECTION .... CURRENT Input Characteristics euitecntel RESOLUTION RANGE 5% DIGITS 5% DIGITS 44 DIGITS" 2000 ma 1999.99 mA Opa 100A “4¥4 digits at the fastest reading rate. DE Accuracy ++ £(% of Reading + Number of Counts)? NORMAL (S) READING RATE . 1 YEAR 2345°C. 2 DAYS 205°C
1000 counts and frequencies >100 Hz, the accuracy is (0.4% at reading + 30 counts). NONSINUSOIDAL INPUTS « For nonsinusoidal inputs >10,000 counts with frequency ‘components <100 kHz, add the following % of reading to the accuracy specifications. FUNDAMENTAL CREST FACTOR FREQUENCY TOTOTS T5TO 29 207030] 45 Hz to 5 kHz 0.05 0.15 03 20 Hz to 45 Hz az o7 15 Operating Characteristics ‘TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT .. . Less than 0.1 x accuracy specification per °C from 0°C to 18°C. ‘and 28°C to 50°C. MAXIMUM INPUT ..... vssisse 2A.de oF Tms ac. Protected with 2A, 250V fuse accessible at front Panel, and internal 3A, 600V fuse. BURDEN VOLTAGE 1V de or Fms ac typical at full scale. RESISTANCE Input Characteristics RESOLUTION RANGE FULL SCALE ‘CURRENT 5% DIGITS $% DIGITS ‘4% DIGITS" | THROUGH UNKNOWN 2000 199.9980 1m 10 ma 1ma 2kQ 1.99999 ka. 10 ma 100 ma 1mA 20k 19.9899 100 ma 19 100 nA 200 ka. 199.999 ka 2 109 1OpA 2000 kc 1998.99 ka. 100 1002 5 uA 20Mn 19.0088 Ma. 1009 1a 0.5 uA “4% digits at the fastest reading rate. sevarecy NORMAL (S) READING RATE . (% of Reading + Numiver of Counts) RANGE 24 HOUR 231°C? 90 DAY 235°C 1 YEAR 295°C 2008" 0.004 +3* oo +a ors +4 2k 0.0028 +2 oor +3 0013 +3 20K 0.0028 + 2 oor +3 0013 +3 200k 0.0028 +2 001 +3 0013 +3 2000 ka 0.023 +3 0.027 +3 0.028 +3 20Ma 0.023 +3 0.043 + 4 0.044 +4 ‘Within one hout of zero, using offset control. * Relative to calibration standard, ® Applies to 4-wire ohms only. “When in fast reading rate with infernal tigger and transmitting data out of the IEEE-~488 interface, the 8840 display must be blanked (command D1) to ensure stated accuracy: *When offset control is not used, the number ot counts are 5,7, and 8 fot 24 haur, 90 day, and 1 year respectively. 15Introduction and Specifications ‘SPECIFICATIONS Table 1-1. Spetifications (cont) [~ Accuracy, cont MEDIUM AND FAST READING RATES ... inmediumrate,add2.countsto the numberof counts fort tnrough 200 kA ranges and 3 counts for the 2000 k2 and: ranges. In fast reading rate, use3 counts forthe numberof for the 2009 range, and 2 counts forall other ranges. Operating Characteristics ‘TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT Less than 0.1 x accuracy specification per °C from 0°C to and 28°C to 50°C. 2ewire or wire. Less than 6,5V on the 20092 through 200 kA ranges. Lesstt ‘on the 2000 kA and 20 MQ ranges. To 300V rms. MEASUREMENT CONFIGURATION « OPEN CIRCUIT VOLTAGE ....... INPUT PROTECTION READING RATES READING RATES WITH INTERNAL TRIGGER + {readings per second), POWER LINE FREQUENCY" RATE 50 HZ 80 HZ, 400 HZ s 2.08 25 2.38 M 167 20 19.0 F 100 100 100 *Sensed automatically at power-up. AUTOMATIC SETTLING TIME DELAY “Time in milliseconds from single trigger to start of A/D conversion, Autorange off. ] peAciNG RATE NUMBER OF COUNT Sanaee or FROM FINAL VALUE 8 M F voc 200 mv saz | 61 9 8 2v-1000v sa | 7 8 5 vac All set | ssi | set 30 (Note 2) ma 0G 2000 ma we | ov 9 5 mA AC 2000 mA ss1_| ssi | 551 30 (Note 2} ‘onms 20001 aos | 105 | 17 5 2K se} 7 | 5 20K we | ow | 5 200 ka gar | rat | oat 5 2000 ka va | ot | et 10 20Ma 1020 | 64 | 723 30 1. Difference between first reading and final value for an in-range step change coincident with trigger. 2. For slow reading rate. 50 counts for medium rate; 10 counts for fast rate. orIntroduction and Specitications FICATIONS: Table 1-1. Specifications (cont) EXTERNAL TRIGGER TIMING CHARACTERISTICS ‘The following diagram shows the nominal timing for the various processes which take place between an external trigger and data sent out on the IEEE-488 interface. Delays will vary i a second trigger comes before the data handshake is complete. PEAR eNcTRGGER— _L__ ; 2 = J__ AUTOMATIC SETTLING TIME DELAY" ‘A/D CONVERSION? SAMPLE COMPLETE ——11 ms———3 DATA HANDSHAKE* i ms Tam NOTES: 1. Time from single trigger to start of A/D conversion, (See “Automatic Settling Time Delay” on previous page.) If the delay is disabled by using the T3 or T4 command, then the delay is 11 ms 150 us. When the 8840A is triggered with an IEEE~488 command (GET or ?), the automatic settling time delay begins after the trigger command has been processed and recognized. 2. AD conversion time is dependent on the reading rate and power-line frequency: ‘AID CONVERSION TIME (ms) RATE 50 Hz 60 Hz 400 Hz s 472 995 ata M 82 45, a7 F 7 7 z 3. Sample Complete is 22.5 us pulse which indicates that the analog input may be changed forthenext reading. 4, When talking to a fast controller. GENERAL COMMON MODE VOLTAGE ‘TEMPERATURE RANGE . HUMIDITY RANGE WARMUP TIME. POWER . + TO00V de or peak ac, or 700V rms ac from any input to earth. ~ 0 to 50°C operating, -40 to 70°C storage. = 80% RH from 0 to 35°C, 70% to 50°C. + T hour to rated specifications. = 100, 120, 220, of 240V ac +10% (250V ac maximum), switch ‘selectable at rear panel. 50, 60, or 400 Hz, automatically sensed at power-up. 20 VA maximum. - Meets requirements of MIL-T-28800C for Typelll, Class3, Style E equipment. PROTECTION . - ANS) C385 and IEC 348, Class |. VIBRATION . SIZE .. = 8.9 cm high, 21.6 cm wide, 371 cm deep(3.47in nigh, 8.Sin wide, 14.4 in deep). WEIGHT . = Net, 9.4 kg (7.5 lb); shipping, 5.0 kg (11 Ib). INCLUDED . 1@ Cord, test leads, Instruction/Service Manual, IEEE-488 Quick Reference Guide, (Option -05 only), and instrument performance record. IEEE-488 INTERFACE FUNCTION ....... Option allows complete control and data output capability, and ‘Supports the following interface function subsets: SH1, AH1, TS, L4, SRI, RL1, OC1, DT1, E1, PPO, and CO.Introduction and Specifications: [SPECIFICATIONS Figure 1-1. External Dimensions244, INTRODUCTION This section provides instructions for installing and opera- ting the 8840A. Refer to Section 4 for measurement considerations. NOTE Do not allow the meter to be used if it is damaged or its safety is impaired. 2:2, INSTALLATION 2-3. Installing the Power-Line Fuse WARNING FOR POWER-LINE VOLTAGES OF 198V TO 250V, THE POWER-LINE FUSE MUST BE REPLACED WITH A 1/8A, 250V SLO-BLO FUSE FOR FIRE PRO- TECTION. TO AVOID ELECTRIC SHOCK, REMOVE THE POWER CORD BEFORE REPLACING THE EXTERNAL LINE FUSE. ‘The 8840A has a rear-panel power-line fuse in series with the power supply. A 1/44, 250V slow-blow fuse is installed in the factory for operation from 90V to 132V. For operation with power-line voltages of 198V to 250V, the fuse must be replaced with a 1/8A, 2S0V sto-blo fuse. To replace the powerline fuse, first remove the power ‘cord. Then turn the rear-panel fuse cover 1/4-turn counter clockwise with a screwdriver. For power-line voltages of 198V to 250V, use only a 1/4 x 1 V4 63mm x 32mm) fuse with at least a 100A breaking capacity, Section 2 Operating Instructions 24. Connecting to Line Power WARNING TO AVOID SHOCK HAZARD, CONNECT ‘THE INSTRUMENT POWER CORD TO A POWER RECEPTACLE WITH EARTH GROUND. TO AVOID INSTRUMENT DAMAGE, CHECK THAT THE REAR PANEL LINE VOLTAGE SELECTION SWITCHES ARE SET TO THE POWER- LINE VOLTAGE IN YOUR AREA. ‘The 8840A can be configured to accept line power of 100, 120, 220, or 240V ac (#10%, 250V maximum) at 50, 60, or 400 Hz. The voltage must be selected by selting the rear panel LINE SET switches as shown in Figure 2-1. The 840A automatically senses the powerline frequency at ‘power-up, 50 that no adjustment for frequency is neces- sary. 2-5. Adjusting the Handle “The handle provides two viewing angles for bench-top use. To adjust its position, pull the ends out to a hard stop (about 1/4 inch on each side) and rotate it 10 one of the four stop positions shown in Figure 2-2. To remove the Thandie, adjust it to the vertical stop position and pull the ends all the way out. 2-6. Rack Mounting Kits You can moum the 88404 in a standard 19-inch rack panel using the accessory rack mounting kits shown in Figure 2-3. To install the Single Rack Mount Kit, remove the handle and handle mounting plates, and attach the rack ears with the screws provided (Figure 2-4), The Dual Rack Mount Kit is installed similarly. (Both kits include mount= ing instructions.) The rear feet may be rotated 180 degrees to clear a narrow rack space. 24Operating Instructions OPERATING FEATU FOR THIS LINE USE THIS SWITCH VOLTAGE: SETTING gov to 109v LINE set 109V to 132V LINE set FOR THIS LINE USE THIS SWITCH VOLTAGE: SETTING: 198V to 220V LINE SET 229V to 250V LINE seT Figure 2-1. Line Voltage Selection Settings PULL ENDS OUTWARD TO ROTATE 1. Viewing position fT—~ a 2. Alternate viewing posi —_ 4 Removal position (to remove, pull ends i —~, Figure 2-2. Adjusting the Handle 2-7, OPERATING FEATURES 2-8. Power-Up Features, ‘When the 8840A is turned on, all display segments light up for about 2 seconds while the instrument performs. an intemal self-test of its digital circuitry. The 88404 then assumes the following configuration + VDC function + Autorange, starting in the 10Q0V range + Slow reading rate + Continuous, internal trigger + OFESET off + Local (front panel) control While all display segments are lit during the power-up self-test, you can freeze the display by pressing the SRO ‘button. All display segments will then remain lit until you press any button, 2 2-9. Front and Rear Panel Features ‘Front panel features are explained in Figure panel features are explained in Figure 2-6. ‘The alternate functions embossed below the range buttons and the special feature buttons by the CAL ENABLE switch. These function only when calibrating the instrument. See the | section for further explanation. CAUTION To avoid accidentally uncaiibratin 840A, do not press the CAL. EN, switch unless calibrating the it ment. Never cycle power on or off the CAL ENABLE switch is on. Note that the VAC and mA AC functions : only with the True RMS AC option. If thOperating Instructions ‘OPERATING FEATURES ‘Sale Tack ‘Mount Kit (Accessory ¥8834) ‘Center Rack Mount Kit (Accessory ¥8836) iso available. Figure 2-3. Rack-Mount Kits Dual Rack Mount Kit (Accessory 8835) REMOVE HANDLE MOUNTING. PLATES ATTACH Figure 2-4, Installing the Single Rack Mount Kit absent, pressing the VAC and mA. AC function buttons ‘causes the 8840A to briefly display an esror message (ERROR 30). 2-10. Display Features The 8840A features @ vacuum fluorescent display with a tumeric field_and annunciators. The annunciatoss are explained in Figure 2-5, 2-11, Error Messages If the S840A detects an operator error or an internal failure, it displays an error message for about 2-1/2 sec- nds and ther resumes normal operation. During this time, the from! panei buttons are ignored. The ers: message consists of the ERROR annunciator and a two-digit err code. (See Figure 2-7,) Error codes are explained in Table 21. If the FRONT/REAR switch is set to the REAR position while the mA DC or mA AC funetion is selected, ERROR 31 is displayed. In this case the error message is displayed luntil_ you return the Switch to the FRONT position or select another function. 2-12, Overrange Indication ‘An input is overrange if it exceeds the full scale of the selected range. In most ranges, the 8840A. indicates an input js overrange by lighting the OVER annunciator and, showing a “I” on the display. (See Figure 2-8.) The sign, the position of the decimal point, and the other annuncia tors are not affected, As a safely feature, the 840A treats the 1000V de and ‘7OOV ac ranges differently. In these ranges, the 8840A 28Operating Instructions ‘ORERATING FEATURES ET RUIpSET wos Ss buoy & osu e8uaeyny ow 7 0 002 0 noo FE xpenoine: og suopaun4 uoNeIqIeS BE) v02 6 sone UW z ‘98 ADDL ‘9p AOOOL SNOLLN SONY saUuNLvaa Wi03ds (3x81 888 INOLLM¥O) ‘epou! uoneugiie9 siqzus Yowms S7BWNE WO Aeidsia suena ov [vai] wax 90 [ fae Sw @21NA- (passoquio) du 1804 40 140. J0U) s}99/98 YOWIMS Yva/LNOBS (osny ye sosno}) TeuIWeL LNENI ve seunuies ANNI 07 pUE iH Aug suiyo exy-p 304 sree, suyo ame [tr +SUOA OV fovea. SHON 9G Joan, SNOLLNG NOWLONNS "ISN3S 07 DUE HOIH Figure 2-5. Front Panel Features 24Operating instructions ‘OPERATING FEATURES us. we OOO As ee ee et u yo vow WN ML x3. vo yes P—~__ pa ounuuy 298 ).0]U! 8-333] pejqeua 180-1105 13 epoW 2986141 1eueRg, p21966111 5) Bujpees 7 8 uo $0 SHUG Ise4 PUE uo eBueioiny “Whypeyy ‘mols ‘rey Buipeoy Poiqeug epon uoneiqiiea eBuesieno uonipuey 1043 ‘s10119 @)e01p Ul ABUL yOPER UI JO S1Se) -H198 Buzinp pe}2euU0RSIp sindu! ene87 “3LON "189}-JJ98 O1\SOUBEIp save!) OUS ‘spuCIS £40) passeid USM “{AjUO UoHdo a98},01U1 ‘38p-33a1) ¥SEW OS eUN Aq pa/geUe H! sng Boy 333] 4) J0n0 ysanbo. eojn196 B Sajes0Ue OUS ‘ayes Burpee. pes 10) 20313, wnwndo ey: si99)88 yewioyny ‘soyes Buipeos se; UE inIpew “mo|s UsaMIeq $919%0 BLVEL ‘Sepoul 19661 (eU8}x9 PUB reusayu! ueepjeg 69/0601 DIL Lx yesjo Meu B ue se Bulpees pexejssip 94) \# /oose eae e ‘epou! 4986) 1eUseIx9 LU palqeua Bulpeas mau B $1066 OIL Figure 2-5. Front Panel Features (cont) 25Operating Instructions OPERATING FEATURES osu) joUed 2ey Avo SWUO S1IM-P JO} See) 'ASN3S 01 PUP HHOIH sreuiue 1 ALNaNI 07 Pu IH sng BuryaMod Joyeuuog log SUI7-I8MOg yBUUOD se ul 88P-a3a1 ee -SeyDIMS uoHoles SS3UGOY ‘884-3331 DUE AINO WIVL.
-333} Sununow yoes 40} nt yBiy AiteWON oreLLL andino 3137dWOO 37aWVS Figure 28. Rear Panel Features windu OIL x8Operating Instructions (OPERATING FEATURES a7 u Figure 2-7. Typical Error Message Indicates when the input exceeds the input overload limit of 1000V de or 700V ac, respectively, by lighting the OVER snnunciator and flashing the display. Readings are still displayed. 2-13. Diagnostic Self-Tests ‘The 8840A features diagnostic self-tests which check both the digital and analog circuitry in the instrument. The self-tests consist of 21 analog tests followed by the in- guard program memory, calibration memory, and display self-tests. To initiate the self-tests, press the SRQ button for 3 seconds. The instrument can be stopped in any of the test configurations by pressing the SRO button while the test number is displayed. Press any button to continue the tests, During the test, the TEST annunciator lights, and the numeric field displays the number of each analog test as it is performed. Then all display segments light up while the instrument performs the in-guard program memory, cali bration memory, and display self-tests. The 8840A then retums to the power-up configuration. The selftests are described in greater detail in the Maintenance section. NOTE The inputs must be left disconnected while the sélftests are performed or the 8840A may indicate that errors are present. If the 840A detects an error, it displays an error message for about 2-1/2 seconds. (Error codes 01 through 29 correspond to the self-tests) If self-test errors are dis- played even when the input terminals are disconnected, there may be a hardware problem in your 840A. In that event, fefer to the Maintenance section or contact your local Fluke representative. 2-14, Ranging ‘Measurement ranges can be selected using either autorange (by pressing the AUTO button) or manual range (by pressing another range button). The 8840A displays explicit units in every range, so that the display may be read directly. 245. AUTORANGE In autorange, the 8840. goes to a higher range when the input exceeds full scale (199999 counts), and goes to a lower range when the input falls below 9% of full scale (28000 counts). While the instrument changes range, the numeric field on the display is blanked until a new reading is completed. However, the decimal point and units annus ciators always indicate what range the instrument is in, Pressing the AUTO button when the instrument is already in autorange toggles the 8840A from autorange to manual range. This causes the instrument to remain locked in the present range 2-16. MANUAL RANGE In manual range, the 840A remains fixed in the selected range until you select another range or press AUTO. If you select a range which is not valid for the present function, or select a function which is not valid for the present range, the 8840A selects the nearest valid range. For example, i€ the 8840A is in the VDC function and you press the 20 MQ button, the 840A selects the 1000V range. ‘The range buttons have no effect in the mA DC and mA ‘AG functions, since all measurements in these functions are made in the 2000 mA range. 2417. Triggering “Triggering causes the 8840A to execute a measurement cycle and display the result. During each measurement cycle, the instrument samples the input a number of times and then averages the samples to compute a reading. The umber of samples averaged for each reading depends ‘upon the reading rate. Each time a reading is triggered, the rate annunciator (S, M, or F) blinks off. Inthe fast reading rate, the F anmunci- ator flashes so rapidly it appears to be almost constant, How the $840A is triggered depends on whether the continuous trigger mode or external trigger mode is selected. Pressing the EX TRIG (external trigges) button togeles the 8840A between the two modes. 2-18. CONTINUOUS TRIGGER MODE In the continuous trigger mode, readings are triggered by a continuous, intersal trigger. The Fate of the tigger is set by the RATE button 2-19. EXTERNAL TRIGGER MODE In the external ssigget mode, seadings are triggered by pressing the TRIG button. If the IEEE-488 imerface option is installed, readings can also be triggered by remote ‘commands or by using the rear panel external trigger (EXT TRIG) connector. (See the Options and Accessories sec- tion) 27Operating Instructions (OPERATING FEATURES. Table 2-1, Error Codes ERROR ERROR COUE MEANING eooe MEANING ANALOG SELF-TEST ERRORS 1 200 VAG, Zero 40 | Computed calibration constant 2 700 VAG, Zera (Previous cal may be wrong or 3 mA AG, Zero a hardware problem.) 4 mA DG, Zero 5 200 VDC, Zero 41 | Calibration input out of accor 8 4000 VDC, Zero Check that input is correct. ( z 41900 VOC's 20 Ma may be wiong or there may be 8 20 VG + 20 Mo problem.) 8 20 VDC + 2000 ka 40 | 2 voc + 2000 Ka 42 | Calibration memory write error 14 | 2008, Overrange ‘rardware problem. 12 | 2k Overrange 13 | 20 k@, Overrange 50 | Guard crossing error detected 14 |) 200k, Overrange we. 18 | 1000 VDC + x10 T/H + 20 Ma 5t | Calibration command not valid 18 | 200 VDC + 200 ka bration made is enabled, 17 | 200 VDC + 20 ka 18 | 20 voc + 2 ko 52 | Command not valid at this tin 19 | 200 VOC, Filter On 20 | 200 VDC + 2 k2, Fiter Off 53 | nwalid caliration valve in Pi 21 | 200 VOC, Fiter Orr (Example: Sending a negative ac calibration) DIGITAL SELF-TEST ERRORS 25 | In-Guard uC intemal RAM 26 | Display RAM 84 | Command not valid in caltrato 27 | IGuard uC intemal Program Memory 28) Extemal Program Memory 56 | Variable inputs not allowed du 28 | Calibration Memory bration. Use prompted value. OPERATION ERRORS 30 | AC functions available only with True RMS 60 | Device- dependent commands ‘AC option. ing setrtests. a ‘mA AC or mA DC funetion selected while uw ‘Syria error in davice-depenck REAR inputs selected string, 72 | Guard crossing error detected | aC. 82 | OFFSET selectes with reading unavailable 73 | Guard crossing error detected oF overrange. or CAL ENABLE switch on at 77__| 1EE-498 Intertace sett-test © NOTE: See the Maintenance section for @ detailed description of selfests. 28Operating instructions ‘OPERATING FEATURES OVER: input 22V de in 2V range. Figure 2-8. Overrange Indication In the external trigger mode, pressing any front pane! button blanks the numeric field on the display until a new measurement is triggered. This ensures that all readings correspond to the instrument configuration indicated by the display annunciators. The blanking also occurs in the continuous trigger mode, but usually isn’t noticed because new measurements are triggered automatically. ‘The TRIG button does not trigger readings in the continu- ous trigger mode. However, it does blank the last reading 1 acknowledge » button was pressed. 2:20. Reading Rates and Noise Rejection ‘The RATE button allows you 10 optimize either measure- ‘ment speed or noise rejection. The 8840A uses both analog and digital fitering to allow measurements in the presence of unwanted environmental noise (especially line-related noise). However, since filtering introduces a delay in response to a change in the input signal, there is an inherent trade-off between noise rejection and measure ment speed. ‘The instrument has three reading rates: slow (S) and ‘medium (M), with a 5-1/2 digit display, and fast (F), with 4412 digit display. To provide optimum combinations of ‘measurement speed and noise rejection, the RATE button allows control of both the internal trigger rate and the degree of filtering. The same degree of filtering is used in both the continuous and external trigger modes. In the continuous trigger mode, the actual number of readings displayed per second for each reading rate is determined by the line-power frequency. At power-up, the 840A senses the line-power frequency and adjusts the analog-to-digital converter timing characteristics for opti- ‘mum normal-mode noise rejection. The resulting reading rates are shown in the specifications in Section 1. 221. Automatic Settling Time Delay When the extemal wigget mode is selected, the 840A automatically inserts a delay after receiving a trigger sig- nal, but before starting the first input sample. The delay is just long enough so that the reading will be correct (within 4a specified number of counts of the final value) even if the trigger signal occurs as the input makes a step change between zero and full scale (10,000 counts and full scale in the ac functions). For resistance measurements, the delay also allows for setling when the step change is, made from an open circuit to an in-range value. ‘The length of the delay depends on the range, function, and reading rate, as shown in the specifications in Section 1. The delay is enabled only in the external trigger mode. It can be tumed off with a remote command over the TEEE-488 interface bus to accommodate special timing considerations. 2:22, External Trigger input (Option -05 Only) ‘The rear panel EXT TRIG input is a TTL-level input which can be used to trigger measurements when the 88404 is in the external trigger mode. A measurement is triggered on the falling edge of the input. Since the EXT ‘TRIG input is pulled high internaliy, it can also be con- tolled by @ normally open switch. A measurement is triggered when the switch is closed. For special applications using the IEEE-488 Interface, the automatic setting time delay can be disabled using remote commands. (See Section 3.) Refer to Section 1 for timing details. ‘The polatity of the EXT TRIG input can be reversed by changing internal jumpers. Refer to the Maintenance sec- tion for instructions. 2:23, Sample Complete Output (Option -05 Only) ‘The SAMPLE COMPLETE output indicates wien analog input sampling for a reading is completed. The output is a TTL-level signal which is pulsed low for approximately 2.5 us when the input-sampling portion of the A/D conver- sion is completed. The signal is useful for interfacing with other equipment when the 88404 is used in extemal trigger mode in an instrumentation system, For example, the SAMPLE COMPLETE output could be used to ‘advance a scanner to the next channel, 2-24. MAKING MEASUREMENTS: 2-25. Input Overload Protection Limits WARNING TO AVOID SHOCK HAZARD ANDIOR INSTRUMENT DAMAGE, DO NOT APPLY INPUT POTENTIALS THAT EXCEED THE INPUT OVERLOAD LIMITS SHOWN IN TABLE 2-2. ‘The 8840A is protected against input overloads up to the limits shown. in Table 2-2. Exceeding these limits may damage the instrument angiot pose shock hazard. 28Operating Instructions MAKING MEASUREMENTS, 2-26. Measuring Voltage and Resistance To measure voltage or resistance, select the desired func- tion and connect the test leads as shown in Figure 2-9. Resistance can be measured in either the 2-Wire or 4-wire configuration. 227. Measuring Current To measure current, select the desired function and con- nect the test leads as follows: 1. Tum off power in the circuit 10 be measured (see Figure 2-10). 2. ‘Break the circuit (preferably on the ground side to minimize the common mode voltage), and place the 8840A in series at that point, 3. Tum on power in the circuit, and read the display. 4, Tum off power in the circuit, and disconnect the 840A. 2:28. Current Fuse Protection ‘The 2A input terminal is protected from overloads by a 2A, 250V fuse which is accessible from the front panel, and by an internal 3A, 600V fuse. If either fuse blows, the 8840A will respond as though the input were zero. WARNING TO AVOID ELECTRIC SHOCK, REMOVE THE TEST LEADS BEFORE REPLACING THE FRONT PANEL FUSE. To replace the front panel fuse, first remove the test leads. ‘Then press in the lip of the 2A input terminal slightly and rotate it 1/4-turn counterclockwise. Spring tension will force the fuse and fuse holder out of the front panel. The intemal 3A. fuse should be replaced only by qualified service personnel. 2-29. Offset Measurements WARNING. WHEN THE OFFSET FEATURE IS IN USE, DISPLAYED READINGS ARE RELATIVE AND MAY NOT INDICATE THE PRESENCE OF DANGEROUS POTENTIALS AT THE INPUT CONNEC- TORS OR TEST LEADS. USE CAUTION TO AVOID ELECTRIC SHOCK OR INSTRUMENT DAMAGE. ‘The OFFSET feature allows you to store a reading as a Telative reference value. When the OFFSET button is pressed, the 88404 stores the present reading and displays subsequent measurements as the difference between the measured value and the stored reading. The OFFSET annunciator is lit whenever an offset is in use. ‘The OFFSET feature may be used in all functions. Since the display represents a numeric difference, it always has 2 sign, even in the resistance and ac functions. The offset can be cancelled by pressing the OFFSET button again, in which case the OFFSET anmunciator disappears from the display. The offset can also be can- ‘celled by storing an offset in another function. If a reading is overrange ot unavailable when the OFFSET button is pressed, the 840A indicates ERROR 32 and does not store the offset. If you change functions while an offset is stored, the OFFSET annunciator disappears and the offset temporarily disappears. However, when you retum to the original function, the offset is restored (and the OFFSET annunci tor seappears) unless @ new offset was established another function. Note that the input overload limits are not changed by the use of the offset feature. However, the display Nashes if the 8840A is in the 1000V de or 700V ac ranges and the input exceeds 1000V de or 700V ac, respectively. Table 2-2. Input Overload Limits FUNCTION CONNECTORS MAXIMUM INPUT voc INPUT HI and LO: 1000V de ma 0G 2A INPUT and INPUT LO: 2000 mA. 2 WIRE/4 WIRE kK INPUT HI and LO: 300V rms SENSE HI and LO: 300V rms, vac INPUT HI and LO: mA AC 2A INPUT and INPUT LO: AN) Functions Any terminal 10 earth: TOV rms, 1000V peak, or 2 x 107 \V-Hz (whichever is less) 2000 mA ms 1000V ce or peak ac 240Operating instructions MAKING MEASUREMENTS CIRCUIT SENSE terminals for 4-wire resistance measurement only. Figure 2-9. Measuring Voltage and Resistance Figure 2-10. Measuring Current While an offset is enabled, the 8840A indicates an over range condition if either of the following conditions occur: ‘The input signal is overrange + The calculated reading is overrange For example, suppose the instrument is in the 20V range of the VDC function and you store an offset of +15V. The maximum positive voltage reading that can be displayed without overranging is +4:9999V, which is actually a +19.9999V input signal. The maximum negative voliage reading that can be displayed without overranging is 19.9999, which is actually a -4.9999V input signal. You can measure 2 greater range of voltages by selecting a higher range. ‘When in autorange, the 840A selects the range appro- priate for the input signal, regardless of any stored offset. If, for example, a +10V offset is stored, and a +1V input is applied, the 8840A will autorange to the 2V range and display an overtange condition since it cannot display -9V oon the 2V range. Manual range control could be used to lock the $840A into the 20V range in this case. Applications of the offset feature include correcting for test lead resistance in 2-wire resistance measurements, nulling offset currents or voltages, measuring voltage devi- ations, and matching resistors. 2-30. EXTERNAL CLEANING WARNING TO AVOID ELECTRIC SHOCK OR INSTRUMENT DAMAGE, NEVER GET WATER INSIDE THE CASE. TO AVOID INSTRUMENT DAMAGE, NEVER APPLY SOLVENTS TO THE INSTRUMENT. Should the 8840A case require cleaning, wipe the instru- ‘ment with a cloth that is lightly dampened with water or a mild detergent solution, antNOTE This section contains programming instruc- tions for use with the IEEE-#88 Interface (Op- tion -05). For installation instructions, refer to the Options and Accessories section 341. INTRODUCTION ‘The JEEE-488 Interface tums the $840A into a fully programmable instrument for use with the IEEE Standard 488-1978 interface bus (IEEE-488 bus). With the IEEE-488 Interface, the 8840A can become pat of an automated instrumentation system. The 8840A can be ‘under complete, interactive control from a remote bus controller; or it can be set to the talk-only mode, connected to a data logger or printer, and dedicated to a single task. This manual assumes you know the basics of the IEEE-488 interface bus. For an introduction to the bus, request Fluke Application Bulletin AB-36, “IEEE Standard 488-1978 Digital Inerface for Programmable instrumenta- tion.” 3-2. CAPABILITIES ‘The IEEE-488 Interface provides remote control of all front panel controls except for the POWER, CAL ENABLE, and FRONT/REAR switches. Other features include! + A simple and predictable command set Fast measurement throughput + Full talk/listen capability, including talk-only opera- tion + Full serial poll capability, with bit-maskable SRO + Full remote/local capability, including local lockout Section 3 Remote Programming + EXTERNAL TRIGGER and SAMPLE COMPLETE. connectors. + Remote calibration + Programmable trigger sources, including two bus trig gers ‘+ Informative output suffix (suppressible) + Selectable output terminators ‘The 8840A supports the following interface function sub- seis: SHI, AHI, TS, L4, SR1, RL1, DCI, DTI, El, PPO, and 0. 9-3. BUS SET-UP PROCEDURE To set up the 8840A on the IEEE-488 bus, proceed as follows: 1, Tum the 8840A POWER switch OFF and set the 8840A IEEE-488 address using the rear panel IEEE-488 address switches shown in Figure 3-1. 2. With the 8840A POWER switch OFF, plug the TEEE-488 cable into the 8840A rear panel IEEE-488 ‘connector. 3. Switch on the 88404. Whenever the 8840A is in the local state, the IEEE-488, ‘address can be displayed on the front panel by pressing the LOCAL button. 3-4, AN OVERVIEW OF REMOTE OPERATION ‘An overview of remote operation is presented in the block diagram in Figure 3-2. Each block represents a register, buffer, etc., contained in the 840A. The status registers in the center column indicate the instrument's status, includ- ing its function, range, reading rate, etc. The input buffer receives data from the IEEE-488 bus. The output buffer receives data from the blocks to its left, and sends data on to the IEEE-488 bus. atRemote Programming ‘AN OVERVIEW OF REMOTE OPERATION ADoRESS 1 Bo 30 TTT Alaa TALK ony IADDRESS|TALK AS Ad AS A2 A1 |ADDAESS| TALK AS Ad A3 A2 A1|[ADDRESS|TALK AS A4 AS A Al L ONLY OnLy ONLY o | oo 0 oo 007 04 ai 2 oT oT TO o | 00000 001100] 2 010414 oe | 00004 00714 0%7|/ 2 011000 3 | 00001 oo 117 of ® eo. t00% o& | 00010 oo1rrral w 011010 we |oa010 010000] 2 or 1014 wo | 00014 0100 0rl 2 011100 o | ooo14 0100710] 2 o1 td 07 ow | 00100 010077] a o114 40 oe | oor0d 010100] 3 Not allowed w | oo10s 0101 07}} tax | 4x xx xX x ONLY [X= setting does riot matter Figure 3-1. 1EEE-488 Address Selection Information is transferred between blocks by device- dependent commands. Each command is shown next to 20 arrowhead which indicates the resulting information trans- fer. For example, Put command PO takes @ number from the input buffer and stores it in the primary status registers. Likewise, Get command GO gets the cortent of the pri- mary status registers and copies it into the output buffer. 3-5. A NOTE ABOUT EXAMPLES In the examples in this manual, device-dependent com- ‘wands are shown enclosed within quotation marks, as they would be entered in Fluke BASIC. For clarity, the com- ‘mands are also separated by spaces. However, the spaces are are not necessary and may be omitted. Example “+ FS RI SI TO Explanation This example is equivalent to “*PORISIT2” ot “*FSRLS1T2”. Using the Fluke 1722A Instrument Controller, these com- ‘mands might be written into a BASIC program as shown in Figure 3-3. Examples using other controllers se given at the end of this section. Examples of 8840A output data show the terminators CR and LF. The terminator EO} is not shown because it is a uniline message. However, the terminators CR, LF, and EO! are all selectable using the Write commands, For reference, the ASCII and IEEE Std 488-1978 bus codes are shown at the back of this section. 32 3-6. DEVICE-DEPENDENT COMMAND SET Device-dependent commands are the heart of 88404 remote control. They tell the $840A how and when t ‘make measurements, when to put data on the bus, when make service requests, etc. Commands which correspon directty 10 the front panel controls or display ase shown i Figure 3-4. The complete set of device-dependent com ‘mands is listed in Figure 3-5. The commands may b entered using either upper- or lower-case letters. See tab 6-15 for conditions under which certain commands are nt valid. Device-dependent commands are device-dependent mes sages. For the §840A to Feceive them, they must be st over the IEEE-488 bus when the 88404 is in remote a has been addressed as a listener. The following paragraphs describe the device-depende ‘commands in alphabetical order. Special characters (* an 2) are described last. 3-7. Bn (Offset Commands) ‘The Offset commands duplicate the function of the fro pane! OFFSET button. When the $840A receives the B command, the 840A stores the present reading 35 2 offset for the present function. The BO command cance the offset. As with front panel operation, only one offset allowed at a time “The offset status (not the offset value) can be read the GS command. The 8840A defaults 10 BO on power-up and on any device-clear command (*, SDO).Remote Programming DEVICE-DEPENDENT COMMAND SE | av -—8 nance be Poo INSTRUMENT aS CONFIGURATION | [FERN Ls RATE [_Taiccea |x a P MODE FASTAYW FRONTEAR Tp) | op3C.20o] INPUT - [4 X0.P3.0r.*D, BUFFER nol \ ixs srarus < [ AUTORANGE 1,71 SD ON/OFF 8. (VALUE) OFFSET womenc ] | 2 ON/OFF | eopies | NUMERI g acasen | | ‘SUFFIX aa 2 ENABLE/DISABLE cel & yw status >) 5 oureuT [wd : TERMINATORS. s [so-G7OATA,-—— | DISPLAY # WEASUREMENT DisFLAy MEASURE- CIRCUITRY went oata,| oureut aaa ee FSET TO BUFFER ERAOR MESSAGES ERROR ———+L_] STATUS xo i, Sx USER Po 09, SERIAL wessace [S| POLL REGISTER | sRQ P1 GI, | [Sy MASK NN VARIABLE | 4gP2 CAL VALUE CALIBRATION GaunaTion |__G2 STATUS promer [| CALIBRATION [4 | FUNCTION Figure 3-2. Remote Operation Block Diagram 38Remote Programming DEVICE-DEPENDENT COMMAND SET Here is a typical command string as it might be sent from a Fluke 1722 Instrument Controller. The string configures the 8840A and triggersa reading. The PRINT command automatically sends terminators (CR, LF, and/or EO!) to the 8840 at the end of the command string. PRINT @3, 3 RI si T2 7 IEEE-488 bus address, Resets the 8840A to the power-up configuration . Selects the 2 WIRE kf function... Selects the 2000 range . Selects the medium reading rate. ‘Selects the external trigger mode (Rear panel trigger disabled) .. Triggers a reading... Figute 23, Typical Command String 38, Cn (Cafibration Commands) CAUTION The command string “C3 Co” erases ‘the entire calibration memory. A com- plete calibration must then be per- formed, ‘The Calibration commands altow the 88404 to be cali- brated under remote control. Commands C0, Cl, and C2 duplicate the front panel calibration functions STORE, AIO, and HF AC, respectively. For a complete description of remote calibration, sce the Maintenance section of this ‘manual ‘For the 88404 to accept these commands, the 8840A must be in the calibration mode (enabled by pressing the frout panel CAL ENABLE switch). Otherwise, the commands Benerate an error message. 3-8. Dn (Display Commands) ‘The Display commands allow the user to blank the mumeric field in the 8840A front panel display. The DO command causes the display to operate normally, and is the default on power-up and upon any device-clear com- mand (*, DCL, or SDC) ‘The D1 command bianks the numeric field in the display. ‘The annunciators remain active, and all of the annunciators sill flash ifthe input exceeds 1000V de or 700V ac in the respective ranges. The D1 command is used for best performance when high TEEE-488 Interface Data rates are required, a4 #10. Fn (Function Commands) ‘The function commands duplicate the frost ‘buttons. The 88408 defaults to F1 on any device-clear command (*, DCL, or SDC). to the 8840A, itis imtemally converted to FI. setting can be read using the GO command. AAs with the front panel commands, selecting automatically selects the 2000 mA range (RS). instrument is in a resistance function (F3 ot F4) selecting any othe: function automatically Example Explanation “ee” Selects 2 WIRE kQ functi not affect any other - PE Selects mA DC function A range, Resets all other default 911. Get Commands “Toe Get commands “get” information from the the controller. Each Get command loads the o with an output string in the format shown in Stamus data (the output from Get commands G G4, G5, G6, G7, and GB) is interpreted as sho 3-1. The Get commands should not be confus interface message GET (Group Execute Trig ‘The output data from some Get commands s Jeading 1 or 10. This prevents the controller ‘pressing leading zeroes and gives a uniform fo length to all instrument configuration data (th Get commants G0, G4, G5, G6, and G7).Remote Programming OBNCE-CEPENDENT COMMAND Se ‘TRIGGER MODE COMMANDS TO Continuous Trigger Ti-Ta External Trigger DISPLAY COMMANDS TRIGGER COMMANDS 00 Normal Display 2 Trigger Measurement D1 Blank Display GET Trigger and Execute READING RATE COMMaNDs. SUFFIXCOMMANDS | SO Slow YO. Disable Suffix St) Medium Yt Enable Suffix 2 Fast | Roos reread Pn Sensod’by G5 RANGE COMMANDS ana RO. Autorange On COMMAND Ri 200 mv, 2000 Zo Beans ng’ aie wa Selt-Tests FUNCTION COMMANDS RB 20V, 20 kN F1 vc ke BO0V oN GTL GoTo Lozal F2 VAC 5 ¥000V de, 700V ac, F3 2WIRE KA 2MO, 2000 mA DEVICE-CLEAR COMMAND F4 4WIREKO Re 20Ma * Rlosot 8840A to power-up state F5 mADC R7_ Autorange Off FB mAAC ‘OFFSET COMMANDS BO Offset Off Bt Offset On Figure 3-4. Commands Which Correspond fo the Front PanelRemote Programming DEVICE: DEPENDENT COMMAND SE FUNCTION COMMANDS F1 VDC (Detaulty 2 VAC. F3. 2WIRE ka Fa a WIRE KO 5 mADG FE MAA RANGE COMMANDS RO Autorange On (Default) AY 200 mv, 2000 AZ 2V,2kN AB 20V, 20 ka 4 200V, 200 ka AAS 1000V de, 700V ac, 2 Mn, 2000 mA RE 20MA AT Autorange Off READING RATE COMMANDS $0 Slow (Default) $1 Medium $2 Fast TRIGGER MODE COMMANDS: ‘COMMAND | TRIGGER | REAR PANEL| SETTLING. Move | TRIGGER | DELAY a To (Default) | Internal | Disabled ~ 1" External | Enabled On i External | Disabled On 3 External | Enabled off 14 External } Disabled ott Note: Delay is enables by entering EX TRIG mode while in local. OFFSET COMMANDS 80 Offset Off (Default) 1 Offset On DISPLAY COMMANDS. D0 Normal Display (Default) D1 Blank Display SUFFIX COMMANDS: YO Disable Output Suffix (Default if talker/listener) Y1 Enable Output Suffix (Default in talk-only mode) ‘TERMINATOR COMMANDS WO Enable CR LF EO! (Default) W1_ Enable CR LF Only W2 Enable CR EOI Only W3_ Enable CR Only W4 Enable LF EO! Only WS Enable LF Only W6 Enable EO! Only W7 Disable All Output Terminators (CLEAR COMMANDS * Device Clear (Resets 88404 to default XO Clear Etror Register SINGLE-TRIGGER COMMAND 7 Trigger Measurement GET COMMANDS GO Get Instrument Configuration (F.R.S, Gi Get SRO Mask G2 Get Calibration Input Prompt G3 Get User-Defined Message G4 Get Calibration Status G5 Got IAB Status (Input F/R, Autorangec Offset Orvort) G8 Get YW Status (Suffix Enabled Terminator Selection) G7 Get Error Status G8 Get instrument Identification Note: G2 valid only in calibration mode. PUT COMMANDS PO Put Instrument Configuration (F,F.S, P1 Put SRO Mask P2 Put Variable Calibration Value P3 Put User-Defined Message Note: P2 and P3 valid only in calibration m PUT COMMAND FORMAT N (value) PO N (value) Pt N (value) P2 P3 (16 ASCII characters) Figure 9-5. Device-Dependent Command SetRemote Programming DEVICE-DEPENDENT COMMAND ‘SRQ MASK VALUES 00 for SRQ Disabled (Default) 01 for SRQ On Overrange 04 for SRO On Front Panel SRO 08 for SRO On Cal Step Complete 16 for SRO On Data Available 32 for SRG On Any Error Note: Add SRQ mask values for combinations. Example: 33 for SRQ on overrange or any error. SELF-TEST COMMAND 20 Begin Selt-Tests CALIBRATION COMMANDS, CO Store Present Input as Calibration Value C1 Begin A/D Calibration C2 Begin HF AC Calibration C3. Enter Erase Mode (CAUTION! The command string “C3 CO" erases the entire calibration memory. A complete calibration must then be performed. Note: CO through C3 are valid only in calibration mode ‘TERMINATORS CR (Carriage Return) Execute LF (Line Feed) Execute EOI (End Or Identity) Execute GET (Group Execute Trigger) Trigger and execute Note: GET is an interface message. Figure 35. Device-Dependent Command Set (cont) ‘The Get commands are described further in the following paragraphs. For more information about output data, see paragraph 3-40. 3-12. GO (Get Instrument Configuration) ‘The GO command copies the 8840A function, range, read- ing rate, and trigger mode into the output buffer in the format shown in Figure 3-6. The four digits retuned represent the arguments for the equivalent F, R, S, and T ‘commands, as shown in Table 3-1. An example’ output string follows. Example 3410 CR LF Meaning 3: F3 (2 WIRE k@ function) 4: R4 (200 kQ range) 1: S1 (Medium reading rate) 0: TO (Continuous trigger) The second digit, which can vary from 1 to 6, indicates what measurement range the S840A is in segandless of whether the 840A is in autorange or manual range. ‘The output string from a GO command is acceptable as an argument for an “N” command. This allows you to con- figute the 840A from the front panel and then record the configuration over the bus for future use with a PO com- mand, However, mmm (meaning self-test) can not be used with the PO command, 3-13. G1 (Get SRQ Mask) ‘The 1 command copies the present SRQ mask into the ‘output buffer in the format shown in Figure 3-6. The SRQ mask values are explained in Table 3-1. An example ‘output string follows. For more about the SRQ mask, see paragraph 3-51. Example Meaning 33 CR LF Enable SRQ on any error or over- range 3-14. G2 (Get Calibration Prompt) ‘The G2 command is used when calibrating the 8840A under remote control. The command loads the output butter with a calibration prompt that represents the input expected at the analog inputs. The calibration prompt is formatted as a signed decimal with exponent, as shown in Figure 3-6. The suffix may be enabled with the Y1 com- mand. Example output strings follow. Examples +1.00000E40 CR LF +190.000E-3 CR LF +1.90000E+0, VDC CR LF Meaning Calibration prompt Calibration prompt Calibration prompt (Guffix enabled) If an error has occurred, the G2 command loads the output buffer with an error message instead of the prompt.(See Paragraph 3-40.) ‘The G2 command is valid only when the calibration mode is enabled by pressing the front panel CAL ENABLE ‘switch. If the 840A is not in the calibration mode, the G2 command generates an error message. 37Remote Programming DEVICE-DEPENDENT COMMANO SET QUTPUT DATA TYPE FORMAT NUMERIC DATA n.nnnnné-tnnjsuffix}[CR}(LA][EO!] (trom trigger or G2) EXAMPLES: A2.2458E+6 Measured value +12.3456E+6, OHM Measured value -9.99999E +9 Overrange (= 200,000 counts) ++9.999996+8.>v0C Overrange (2 200,000 counts) +1.0032E+21 Error message INSTRUMENT rannn {OR} (LF (EO!) CONFIGURATION DATA (From GO, G4, G5, EXAMPLE: G6, and G7) 1100 Default GO value ‘SRQ MASK DATA ‘nn [CR] [LF] [EON] (From G1) EXAMPLE: 32 SRQ on any error USER-DEFINED MESSAGE aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa [CR] [LF] [EO!] (From G3) EXAMPLE: FLBB40A.01-25-04 It no messages have ever been stored, a string of 16 nulls (Hex 00) will be returned. INSTRUMENT — FLUKE, mmmmm, 0, Va (CR] [LF] [EON] FLUKE 8840A with IEEE-488 IDENTIFICATION intertace software version (From G8) EXAMPLE: FLUKE, 88404, 0, V4.0 © Numeric data is always in volts, amps, or ohms. ‘© The terminators CR, LF, and EO! are selected with the Terminator Commands (Wn), © The suttix, defined below, is enabled with the Y1 command and disabled witn the YO command. (Detautt ‘SUFFIX FORMAT ji >| ve vac ‘OHM ioc lac. Function indicator > Reading is overrange (> 200,000 counts)
Reading is not overrange but can be over voltage (© 1000 Vde or 700 Leading Comma (Aiways present in suffix). Most versions of BASIC expect multiple input values to be separated by commas. ie., input @ I, N. S$ to acquire the numeric portion and suffix string, Figure 3-6. Output Data FormatRemote Programming DEVICE-DEPENDENT COMMAND SET 9-15, G3 (Get User-Defined Message) The G3 command loads the output buffer with the user- defined message stored in calibration memory during the calibration procedure, The message consists of 16 ASCII characters, as shown in Figure 3-6. ‘The message is stored in calibration memory during cali- bration using the P3 command, If fewer than 16 characters have been stored, the remaining characters returned are spaces. If no message has ever been stored, a string of 16 null characters (hex 00) will be returned. Some example output strings follow. Example FL8840A.12-17-83 CR LF Meaning Identifies instrument and gives cal date. 01-25-84 © CR LF Gives cal date. The last eight characters are blank. 3-16. G4 (Get Calibration Status) ‘The G4 command is used when calibrating the 8840A under remote contol. The command loads the output buffer with the instrument's calibration status in the format shown in Figure 3-6. The status is represented by a four-digit imeger which is interpreted in Table 3-1. The first two digits are always 1 and 0, The thitd digit indicates whether or not the calibration verification mode is enabled. (This mode is enabled only when the calibra- tion mode is enabled.) The fourth digit indicates whether (or not the calibration mode is enabled, and if so, which pan of the calibration procedure the 8840A is in. Example output strings follow. Example Meaning 1000 CR LF 1: Leading 1 0: Leading 0 0: Not in cal verification 0: Cal mode disabled 1 0: ©: i. 1001 CR LF : Leading 1 : Leading 0 : Not in cal verification Cal mode enabled; A/D cal selected 3-17. GS (Get IAB Status) ‘The G5 command loads the output buffer with the IAB status in the format shown in Figure 3-6. As Table 3-1 explains, the IAB status is a four-character string which indicates the status of the FRONT/REAR switch (front or rear analog inputs selected), the autorange feature (au- ‘orange on or off), and the OFFSET feature (OFFSET on or off). The first digit is always 1. An example output string follows. Example Meaning, 1011 CRLF 1: Leading 1 0: FRONT inputs 1: Autorange off 1: OFFSET feature on Itis useful to know whether autorange is on or off because this information is not available from the GO command. For example, the GO command could indicate that the 88404 was in the 200 mV range, but it would not indicate whether the 8840A was in autorange or manual range. 3-18. G6 (Get YW Status) ‘The G6 command loads the output buffer with the YW status in the format shown in Figure 3-6. The YW status is a four-character string which indicates which terminators are selected and whether the output suffx is enabled or disabled, as shown in Table 3-1. The first two digits are always 1 and 0. An example output string follows. Example Meaning 1015 LF CR 1: Leading 1 0: Leading 0 1: YI (enable output suffix) 5: WS (enable LF only) 9-19, G7 (Get Error Status) ‘The G7 command copies the error status register into the output buffer in the format shown in Figure 3-6. The first two digits are always 1 and 0. The second two digits represent the appropriate error code, if an error has ‘occurred. (Error codes are listed in Table 2-1, Section 2). If an error has not occurred, the second two digits are 00. ‘An example output string follows. Example Meaning 1071 CR LF 1: Leading 1 0: Leading 0 TT: Syntax error in device-dependent command string ‘The G7 command gives the error status as it exists when ‘the command is executed at its position in the input string. ‘The G7 command does not clear the error status register. For more information about error messages, see paragraph 3-40. 9-20. Ge (Get Instrument Identification) ‘The G8 command copies the 840A instrument identifica- tion into the output buffer in the format shown in Figure 3-6 The identification is represented by four comma- separated fields that are interpreted in Table 3-1. ‘The first field indicates the manufacturer, the second indi- cates the instrument model number, the third is always 39ORES OEM ee neneeor DEVICE-DEPENDENT COMMAND SET zero, and the fourth indicates the version number of the TEEE-488 interface software, Example FLUKE$840A,0,V4.0 CF This instrument is a Fluke LF 3840A with IEEE-488 inter- face software version 4.0 Explanation 3-21. N (Numeric Entry Command) Format Explanation Nenumeric entry> Where
is one of the following:
Example Explanation “N12001" Enters the five-digit integer 12001 “N-1.23E2” Enters -1.23 x 10? “N+15433E-1" Enters 1.5433 x 10! ‘The N command enters numeric values for use with subse- quent Put commands. The interpretation of the numeric value depends on which Put command it is used ith, ‘The E can be used within an N command for entering an exponent of 10. The N can be used without an E, but an E requires a prior N. The exponent can be any integes from 910 9, ‘The mantissa may exceed 5-1/2 digits. The 8840A accurately calculates the appropriate exponest and then disregards all but the first 5-1/2 digits of the mantissa. However, a syntax error will occur if the numeric entry overflows the imput buffer. Explanation Enters +1.23456 x 10° 3-22, Put Commands ‘The Put commands PO through P3 set up the 8840A’s configuration and operating modes by entering (“putting”) information in the appropriate registers. The put com- ‘mands are described further in the following paragraphs. Example 123456789" 3-23. PO (Put Instrument Configuration) Format Explanation Nefrst>P0 ‘Where
is a four-digit integer interpreted as arguments for the F, R, S, and T commands. Example Explanation 3-10 “N3120 PO” Identical to F3 R1 $2 TW ‘WIRE kQ function, 2002 sample rate, continuous ti ‘The PO command allows broadside loading of tion, Range, Reading Rate, and Trigger Mode S, and T), The codes for these comm: in Figure 3-5 ‘A numeric entry for PO must be within +1000 Each of the four digits must not exceed its allowed value (6, 7, 2, and 4, respectively) message will occur and the instrament remain unchanged. The entry may be expre integer, real number, or real number with described under the 'N command. Any fr ignored. Example Explanation “N3112 PO” Sets the 8840A to F3, Ri, SI 3-24. Pt (Put SRQ Mask) Explanation ‘Where SRQ mask is af integer from 00 to 63, Format N
P1 ‘The P1 command is used to program the service requests on user-specified. conditions digit code for the SRQ mask is interpreted in under the G1 command. For more about the ‘see paragraph 3-47. Numeric entries for the P1 command must be and +63 (inclusive), or an error will occur and ‘mask will remain unchanged. The entry may bet ‘as an integer, real number, or real number with as described under the N command. Any fracto ignored. Example Explanation “NO.TE#2 PI” Sets SRQ mask to 17. Ex on data available or over “NI PI” ‘Sets SRQ mask to O1. (A Ie is assumed) Enables SRQ range. 9-25. P2 (Put Calibration Value) Format Explanation Nevalue>P2 ‘Where
can be an in umber, or real number rent, 26 described under th mand, Example Explanation “N12” If the 8840A is in VDC calibration input exp 1,00000V de. ‘The P2 command is used to enter variable inout ‘values just like the front panel VAR IN bationDEVICE-DEPENDENT COMMAND SET Table 3-1, Status Data ‘OUTPUT MAND cone ‘STRING MEANING Go frst t 1 = 6 as in Function commands (Erb 8 for Selt-Test 1 = 6 as in Range commands (Rn) 0 - 2 as in Reading Rate commands (Sn) 0 - 4 as in Trigger Mode commands (Tn) Gt nn Note: SRO mask values may be added for combinations. Example: $3 for SRQ on overrange or any error 00 for SRQ disabled (default) 01 for SRQ on overrange 04 for SRQ on front panel SRQ 08 for SRQ on cal step complete 16 for SRQ on data available 92 for SRQ on any enor Gs ‘gaaeaaaaaaaaaaa 16 user-defined ASCII characters Ga ‘10vm v © Not in cal verification 1 Cal verification © Not in calibration mode 1. ND calibration 2 Offset and gain calibration 4 HE AC calibration @s ‘iab i ‘© FRONT inputs selected 1 REAR inputs selected © Autorange on 1 Autorange off (Manual range) 0 OFFSET off 1 OFFSET on cs 1Oyw y= © output suffix disabled 1 output suffix enabled 0 = 7.5 in Terminator commands (Wn) 10nn ‘nn represents error code (See Table 2-1) g/g FLUKE, mmmmm, ONan mmmmm Van 88408 IEEE-488 Interface software version number the P2 command, the 8840A must be in the calibration mode (enabled by pressing the front panel CAL ENABLE, switch). Otherwise, the P2 command will generate an error message. ‘The variable input is a measurement value that is to be used as the calibration value for the next calibration step. Its format is the same s a measurement value. But since it is coming from the controller, the value can be specified using any valid format (signed integer, real number, or real number with exponent). For example, if the 8840A ‘prompts for an input value of 100 for the next calibration step, but the available source is 98.972, the variable input can be specified as “N+9.897E+1", “NO.9897E2”, “NOB9TE-2”, etc. All of these strings result in the same oatRemote Programming DEVICE:DEPENDENT COMMAND SET value being used for the next calibration step. For com- plete information about remote calibration, refer to the ‘Maintenance section, Numeric values exceeding full scale and negative values for ohms and AC generate error messages. 3-26, P3 (Put User-Defined Message) Format Explanation ‘P3
Example Explanation “P3FL.8840,12-17-83” ‘bration memory. “P3HIMOM" are assumed t0 be blank. ‘The P3 command stores @ user-defined message in the intemal calibration memory during remote calibration. The message may be read with a subsequent G3 command. ‘The message may consist of up to 16 ASCII characters, and typically represents the instrument's identification, calibration date, calibration facility, ete. If fewer than 16 characters are specified, spaces are appended to fill the message to 16 characters. Spaces and commas in the ‘V6-charactes inpot string are suppressed. Lower-cast letters, are converted to upper-case. NOTE If fewer than 16 characters are specified, the P3 command must not be followed by otker commands in the same input command string. Otherwise, the subsequent commands will be misinterpreied as part of the I6-character string, To accept the P3 command, the S840 must be in the calibration mode (enabled by pressing the fron: panel CAL ENABLE switch). Otherwise, the P3 command will gener- ate an erfor message. 3-27. Rn (Range Commands) ‘The Range commands duplicate the front panel range battons. For example, RO selects autorange, and R4 selects, the 200V/200 k@ range. ‘The R7 command tums autorange off, just as the AUTO ‘batton does when it is toggled. Cominand R7 puts the 8840A into manual range, selecting whatever range the instrument is in when the command is received. ‘The 8840A defaults to RO on power-up and any device- ear command (*, DCL, or SDC). The range seting can be read using the GO command. 312 ‘Where
is a string of up to 16 ASCII characters, Loads the message “FL8840.12-17-83" into cali- ‘Loads the message “HIMOM” into calibration memary. The. remaining eleven characters 3-28. Sn (Reading Rate Commands) ‘The Reading Rate commands duplicate the RATE button. Like the RATE button, the command also selects the number of digits the filter setting. (Filter settings are si specifications in Section 1). ‘The 8840A defaults to SO on power-up and clear command (*, DCL, or SDC). The reading read using the GO command. 3-29. Tn (Trigger Mode Commands) “The Trigger Mode commands duplicate the fox TRIG button. In addition, the commands can disable the tear panel trigger and the time delay. Figure 3-7 illustrates how to select among the triggers: continuous trigger, front panel trigger, trigger, and two bus triggers. Note that the TRIG button is enabled only while the instrume local control. ‘In the continuous trigger mode (TU), triggers a at the selected reading rate. Each new reading into the output buffer as it becomes available, instrument is busy sending previous output de ‘The trigger mode can be read using the GO com ‘88494 defaults to TO on both power-up and a clear command (*, DCL, or SDC). 280. Wn (Terminator Commands) ‘The Terminator commands select what termi 8840A appends to every output string. The avai nators are: Carriage Return (CR), Line Feed (LF Or Identify (EO). CR and LF are ASCH contro} codes, sent ov lines just ike output data, EOI is a uniline mes is sent simultaneously with the last character in string, Normally, each output string is terminate followed by LF and EOL ‘The terminator selection can be read using, the mand. The 8840A defaults to WO on power device-clear command. 3-31. XO (Clear Error Register Comman ‘The XO command clears the 8840A’s error stat After an KO command is executed, a G7 com Error Status) would return 1000 (no errors). Note that the error status register is also cleare device-clear command (*, DCL, or SDC) is However, X0 is useful for clearing the error sta without forcing a complete instrument clear device-clear commands). 3-32, Yn (Suffix Commands) ‘The Suffix commands enable or disable a suffi 8840A can append to all numeric data (1Remote Programming DEVICE DEPENDENT COMMAND SET TRIGGER METHOD. CONTINUOUS TRIGGER BUS TRIGGER (? or GET) REMOTE FRONT PANEL ———y TOGGLED BY MEASUREMENT, EX TRIG CIRCUITRY BUTTON Tr — DEVICE CLEAR, EX TRIG BUTTON TRIGGER SETTLING DELAY REAR PANEL TRIGGER ‘© Switenes represent effect of indicated commands, buttons, and remote/local status. ‘© Instrument shown in power-up state (TO, local, rear panel trigger enabled). ‘TRIGGER METHOD DESCRIPTION Continuous trig 8. GET Command controller, 4, Front Panel Trigger 5. Rear Pane! Trigger jenerated by 88404 in internal trigger mode (70). Single trigger initiated by 7 command trom controller. Single trigger initiated by GET command (an interface message) from Single trigger initiated by front panel TRIG button Single trigger initiated fromrear panel EXTTAIG input. (Disabled by TO, T2, T4.) Figure 3-7. Trigger Selection Logic Diagram response to G2 or trigger commands). The suffix includes @ comma, an overange indicator (>), and a function indicator (VDC, VAC, OHM, IDC, or IAC). The suffix is illustrated in Figure 36. An example of suffixed date is given in paragraph 3-43, To read suffixed data with a contoller usiag BASIC, one can read the whole line into a string variable and’ then convert the numeric part into a numeric variable. However, it is much easier to read the numeric part directly into a ‘numeric variable and the suffix into a string variable. The leading comma of the suffix serves as @ convenient delimiter. For example, a BASIC program statement might be:Remote Frograms ng DEVICE-DEPENDENT COMMAND SET ‘The suffix status can De read using the G6 command. The 840A defaults to YO on power-up and any device-clear commana (*, DCL ot SDC), unless in talk-only mode. 9-99. 20 (Self-Test Command) ‘The ZO command initiates the diagnostic selftests as does pressing the front panel SRQ button for 3 seconds. The 8840A then runs through the tests in sequence. (For a description of the selftests, see the Maintenance section.) TE the 88404 detects an erfor, an ertor message is loaded into the output buffer and displayed on the front panel After the last test, the B840A is reset to the power-up configuration, and’it begins taking readings. It is an error to send the 8840A device-dependent com- ‘mands during the self-tests. However, the controller can still make the 840A a talker to read the output buffer uring the test, and thus record each error that occurs, except that only the last of the digital self-test ercars can be sead. After the tests, only the last error is stored in the output buffer if more than one error occurred. Error messages are indicated by an exponent of +21. For ‘mote about error messages, see pafagraph 3-40. Since the 88404 is reset at the end of the self-tests, the ZO command should be the last command in a given com- mand string. The 8840A will ignore any subsequent com- mands in the same command sting. ‘When the selftests are comy plete and no erors have occurred, the serial poll register will have bit 5 (Data Available) true and bit 6 (Any Error) faise. See paragraph 3-50 for more about the serial poll register. 9:34. * (Device-Clear Command) ‘The asterisk command (*) is a device-dependent message which resets the 88404 fo the power-up default settings and cleats all registers and buffers except for the input buffer. The remote/local status remains unchanged. The asterisk command performs the following: 1 2 3 4 3. 6 implements the detault settings F1, RO, $0, TO, DO, Bo, Yo, Wo. Clears the error status register (equivalent to XO). eros the SRQ mask, prohibiting service requests (equivalent to NO P1). Zeros the mumeric entry register (equivalent 10 NO). ‘Zeros the serial poll register. Sets the SRQ line false. ‘The asterisk command is executed in its proper turn in a string, just like any other command, without affecting the ‘contenis of the inpst buffer. All commands which precede the asterisk command are performed. ‘The asterisk command is useful to ensure that the 8840A {s initialized 10 the same state each time a program is run. By contrast, the similar interface messages DCL (Device Cleat) and SDC (Selected Device Clear) cause the entire input buffer 10 be cleared immediately’ DCL, SDC, and the asterisk command are all considered to be device-clear commands because the results are so o14 similar; however, DCL and SDC are not i asterisk command described hee. DCL and discussed further in the paragraph on interface 3-35. ? (Single-Trigger Command) ‘The Single-Trigger command (?) causes the 2 teading and place the rest into the opt Accept this command, the 8840A must be is ‘tigger mode (Selected by the T1, 72, TS, or mand), ‘The Single-Trigger command is one of five ways a reading. (See Figure 3-7.) Of these, only ‘Trigger command (7) and the Group command (GET) are loaded into the input 3-36, INPUT SYNTAX ‘The following paragraphs describe how to gzoups of commands for the 88404. & few defi presented first, followed by a description of 840A processes input commands. Guidelines summarized in four syntax mules. 3-37. Definitions * Output commands: Commands which load the output buffer. The output commands commands (GO through G8); the Single-T mand (?); the Continuous Trigger command Group Execute Trigger (GET), not to be with the Get commands. + Input terminator: An ASCII control code se controller which tells the 88404 to execute a dependent commands since the previous te Temminators are CR (Carriage Return), 1 Feed), EO! (End Or Identify), and GET (Gi cate Trigger). + Input command string: One or more devices commands followed by 2 terminator. 3-38. Input Processing When the 8840A receives commands from th stores then in a 31-characier input buffer a6 a o string of characters. Commands in the input buff ‘executed of checked for syntax unfl an input ten received of the input buffer becomes full. The o input terminators ate CR, LF, GET (Group Trigger), and/or EOI. ‘When the 840A receives an input terminator, i ‘the previous commands in the order in which received. As input characters are processed and space is made available in the input buffer for ne ters. Ifthe input buffer becomes full, the 8840A stops characters from the bus until all complete strings currently in the input buffer have been ex this way, characters sent (0 the 8&404 age never | buffer overflow.Remote Programming INPUT SYNTAX In some instances, a terminator is automatically transmit- ted at the end of the controller's output string. For exam- ple, in Fluke BASIC, the PRINT statement always finishes with a CR LF pair. If @ controller does not have this feature, the programmer must transmit a terminator explic- itty. ‘The 8840A accepts alphabetic characters in either upper or Jower case, Spaces, commas, and control codes are ignored and are not placed in the input buffer. If the 8840 receives a group of terminators (such as CR LF or CR LF EO)), only a single terminator is loaded into the input buffer. Numeric values used in PUT commands may be in NR1, NR2, or NR3 format as described in the IEEE-488 Codes and Formats Recommended Practice. (These corres- pond to the signed integer, real number, and real-number- ‘with-exponent formats described under the N command.) For reference, Figure 3-8 shows how the 8840A interprets messages, Illegal commands (¢.g., F9) generate an error message, but are otherwise ignored, and do not affect the instrument's configuration. Example Explanation This would load the output. buffer with an error message and select Fl (established by the * command). 9-39. Syntax Rules Four syntax rules should be followed when constructing input command strings. They are: + RULE 1: Read output data only once. To prevent old (previously read) data from being read a second time by mistake, the output buffer is always cleared after it has been read. If the output buffer is read twice without an intervening output command, the 8840A will not respond to the second attempt 10 read the output buffer. (However, if the 88404 is in 0, no intervening command is necessary.) * RULE 2: Use no more than one output command per input command string. Because the 8840A has only one output buffer, it ‘writes new data over old. If an input command string contains more than one output command, only the data from the last command can be read. Example “PL T3.2F2 Explanation Improper construction. The second trigger writes over the first. To obtain two readings, send two complete command strings (sepa- rated by terminators), Comrect construction. The string contains only one output com- mand, “F2 R3 $0 T3 r “F2 R3 SO” Correct construction. It is permissi- ble for a string not to contain an ‘output command. + RULE 3: Read the output data generated by one input command string before sending the next input com- mand string. ‘Output data remains available in the output buffer nti it is read, or until the next input command string is received. As soon as the controler finishes reading the output buffer, or as soon as the 8840A receives a new input terminator, the Data Available bit in the serial poll register is set false. When this bit is false, data can no longer be ead from the output buffer. ‘Therefore, an output string which is available must be read by the controller before, rather than after, the next input command string is seat. Rule 3 is most evident in the extemal trigger mode, and is best demonstrated by a programming example. ‘The following program is written fist incorreetly, and then correctly, in Fluke BASIC using the 17224 Instrument Controller. Incorrect example: 100 Parwr @3, r1_7" 200 PRINT @3, "Pa" 300 mPUT @3, A In this incorrect example, the INPUT statement is located incorrectly for reading the measurement data from line 100. The new input command string “Fa” disallows the reading of data from the output buffer, correct exanple: 300 pare @3, "mi 2° 200 SNPUr &3, a 300 PAINE @3, “Pa” In this example, the reading taken at line 100 is read at Sime 200. Then the F4 command is sent. Note that in the external trigger mode, the reading from Yine 100 flashes on the 8840A display too briefly to see. This is because the function change at line 300 blanks the Gisplay wat the nett trigger. ‘The previous example could also be correctly pro- grammed as follows: aoe pant @3, “rl 7 Fam 200 INPUT @3, a, + Rule 4: If an input command string contains a trigger, enter the commands in the following order: Commands to configure the instrument (if any). b. The trigger command, Commands to re-configure the instrament (if any). 4. Terminator(s). ‘The principle behind this rule is that the 840A executes all commands in the exact order they are received, from left to right as writen. Example Explanation “F3 F4 ” Improper construction. F3 is effectively discarded. 345Remote Programming INPUT SYNTAX DEVICE-DEPENDENT MESSAGES Single-character Commands 2 ‘Two-character Commands 8n Cn Dn Fn Gn Pr Rn Sn Wn Xn Yn Zn Numeric-entry Characters NE.+~0123456789 Terminators cR LF GeT EOI INTERFACE MESSAGES ‘Address Messages MLA MTA UNL UNT Universal Commands ATN DeL IFC LLo REN SPO SPE Addressed Commands GET GTL soc Ignored Characters comma space All other ASCIt non-printing, characters (except CR and LF) EAROR-PRODUCING CHARACTERS MHS OL <=>; ey tw HIJKLMOQUY These two commands are complete in them- selves (except for string terminator). Each of these commands requires the single ‘numeric digit (n). ‘These characters are used for entering numbe Carriage Return Line Feed Group Execute Trigger End Or Identity (used as END/DAB) My Listen Address. My Talk Address Unlisten Untaik Attention Device Clear Interface Clear Local Lockout Remote Enable Serial Poll Disable Serial Pall Enable Group Execute Trigger Go To Local Selected Device Clear ‘These characters may be inserted anywhere character string without affecting the string, ‘They carry no special meaning and are ignor the 884DA. They are not placed in the input b ‘The error annunciator is displayed on the ‘8840 front panel when one of these Characters is encountered (ERROR 71). Figure 2-8. Interpretation of Messages“F3 7 F4” — Comect construction, The'8840A is con- figured in F3, and the trigger is executed, Then the 8840A is left in F4. 3-40, OUTPUT DATA The following paragraphs describe the data that can be loaded into the 8840 output buffer and sent 10 the TEEE-488 bus. ‘The paragraphs describe how and when data is loaded into the output buffer, the types of output data, and their relative priority. Note that the 8840A can also send data to the IEEE~488 ‘bus from the serial poll register. For a description of this data, see paragraph 3-50. ‘341. Loading Output Data ‘The output buffer is loaded when the 8840A receives an output command, or when an error occurs. com mands are those device-dependent commands which load the output buffer with data: + Get commands (GO through G8) + Single-trigger command (?) + Group execute trigger (GET) + Contimous Trigger (10) Because the 8840A gives priority to input processing, it ‘completely processes all characters in the input buffer before it loads the output buffer. When the output buffer is loaded, the Data Available bit inthe serial poll register is set true, Data from the output buffer is not actually loaded onto the XEEE-488 bus until the controller addresses the 8840A as a talker. This is done by sending the interface message MTA (My Talk Address). ‘3-42, Types of Output Data ‘The types of data that can be loaded into the output buffer are shown in Figure 3-6. Each type has its own format. Error messages, which are loaded into the output buffer if, fan error occurs, are formatted as mumeric data. 3-43. Numeric Data and Error Messages Numeric data is loaded into the output buffer in response to the G2 command or an instrument trigger, and has the Remote Programming INPUT SYNTAR format shown in Table 3-2. The exponent is always a multiple of 3, as in engineering notation. The position of the decimal point matches the front panel display. ‘Numeric data is of constant length, It is 11 characters (plus terminators) when the suffix is disabled, and 16 characters (plus terminators) when the suffix is enabled. “The suffix is enabled by the Y1 command, and consists of five ASCII characters as shown in Figure 3-6. The suffix is appended only to numeric data, never to status data. The terminators are determined by the Terminator commands. ‘The default is CR LF EOL ‘There are three types of numeric data: measurement data, overrange indication, and error messages. 3-44. MEASUREMENT DATA Measurement data has the numeric data format shown in Table 3-2, and is always in the units of volts, amps, or ohms. NOTE In the fast (F) reading rate, the least signifi- cant digit is always zero, and should be dis- regarded when interpreting accuracy specifications. 3-45. OVERRANGE INDICATION If a reading is overrange (2200,000 counts), the measure- ment data has the following format: 29.999995+9
Overvoltage readings ( 1000V de or 700V ac) do not, sesult in this display. 3-46. ERROR MESSAGES If the 840A detects an error, it loads an error message into the oupat buffer in the following numeric format: +1.00m8+21
‘The digits xx represent a two-digit estor code. (Error codes are listed in Table 2-1, Section 2.) The suffix is always suppressed for error messages. Table 3-2. Numeric Output Data Format RANGE MEASUREMENT DATA ‘OVERRANGE ERROR, VDC, VAC | ®, 4WIREKG | mADC,mAAG | INDICATION | MESSAGES a Tiow0eS ~ was | +1 00nE2t R2 21.20000KE+0 29.99999E+9 +1 OOxxE+21 Ra 2113000610 zos90996-9 | +1.00me+21 RA srevenksa | stxconk+3 : 29.990996+9 | +1.00mE121 Rs stone | stoouncss | stonimes | 9.909969 | +1.0006121 re : s1xx00086 E 29.999998+9 | +1.000E+21 317Remote Programming OUTPUT DaTA Example +1,0071E+21 CR LF Explanation ERROR. 71: Syntax error in device-dependent command string. As with local operation, none of the errors are latching except for ERROR 31. If the mA DC or mA AC function is requested while the FRONT/REAR switch is in the REAR position, ERROR 31 will persist until the switch is set 19 FRONT or another function is selected. To check for an error condition, test whether the output buffer data js greater than or equal to +1E421, or test the Any Error bit (bit 6) in the serial poll register. 9-47. Status Data ‘Status data is the output in response to GO, Gi, G3, G4, G5, G6, G7, and G8 commands. The data is formatted as shown in Figure 3-2, and is interpreted in Table 3-1. Examples of status data can be found in the description of the Get commands. ‘The user-defined message loaded by the G3 command consists of 16 characters plus terminators. The SRQ mask loaded by the G1 command consists of two integers plus terminators. All other status data except G8, is always a fourdigit integer plus terminators. The terminators LF (Line Feed) and CR (Carriage Return) each add an extra character when enabled, ‘The 840A begins some status data with a leading ASCII fone (1) or # one and a zero (10). This. prevents the controller from suppressing any leading zeros present in the 8840A’s output string. It also gives a uniform four- character length to all instrument configuration data Status data from the Get commands reflects the status of the 8840A atthe time the command is executed at its place in the input command string. 3-48. Output Priority Since only one output sting is allowed per input command string, the S840A gives priority to some types of data over ‘others. An input command string may call for more than fone output sting. (For example, an input string may contain a Get command but also cause an error message.) However, the output buffer is loaded with only one output string. That string is selected according to the following Priority: 1 2. 3. Status data (from G0, G1, G3, G4, G5, G6, G7, or 68) ‘Enor messages (if an error exists) Numeric data (from G2 or a trigger) 318 This means that an error message always ‘numeric data, but status data is sent even in the of an error. However, the status data does not d error message; the errot message iS sent the 1 rumeric data is requested. 949. SERVICE REQUESTS Service requests let bus instruments get the atten system controller. The requests are sent over the (one of the IEEE-488 bus lines). If more than o ‘ment on the bus is capable of sending service controller can lear which one made the request a serial poll. Each device (including the 88404) to the poll by sending the contents of its register. The serial poll register indicates whet the device requested service, and if so, the resus request. ‘The 840A may be programmed 10 make a service ‘on user-specified conditions. The conditions are by entering a value for the service request mad mask) with the P1 command. The SRO mask monitoring the serial poll register, which in tum various conditions in the $840A, Service requests may also be initiated using the fo 'SRQ button if it has Deen enabled by the SRQ 3-50. The Serial Poll Register ‘The serial poll register is a binary-encoded regis contains eight bits, as illustrated in Figure 3-9, troller can read the 8840A serial poll register at by taking a serial poll. Because serial poll reg loaded directly onto the bus (instead of being lo the output buffer first), reading the serial poll leaves data in the output buffer intact. “The eight bits of the serial pol register are dd Figure 39, Note that the SRO mast uses bis 1 ts to set bit 7 (the ROS bit). When the RQS bit is the 840A Sets the SRO line true, which geu service request. A bit is Considered tne when iis + Bit 1 (the lowest-order bit) is set true on ov When overrange occurs, the output buffer i ++9.99999E49 (and a suffix, if enabled). | + Bit 2 is not used. It is always set to 0. + Bit 3 is set true when the front pane! SRQ b pressed. + Bit 4, Cal Step Complete, is set true when command is completed in the calibration prt + Bit 5, Data Available, is set true every time th buffer is loaded, regardless of the kind of oat (including error messages). This bit is cleae 0) when any new bus input occurs, when th buffer is read, or when an external tigger + Bit 6, Any Error, is set true whenever an er tion occurs. At the same time that bit 6 is se output buffer is loaded with an error messRemote Programming SERVICE REQUESTS ae 7 = z 7 3 z 7 aa o | nos | AW avai sree | pave | | OVERS Re ABLE COMPLETE ‘sro DESIAL wave 8 2 a a ‘ 2 1 er] tome wa Choe 7 [overange | av caravan conan Seer Sovica Srinand eh, Ba Fea Panel Tegge or Ouputbuter a read 2 | vores sow sways 3 | on ane! sao. | rortsane! SRO buton reseed Dewce comma eceed « |carsenconoiee| ovate of soe commana (2 Device command received 5 [oa atone | Ouputevter loaded win any an Dove comand rece, Bu oar (Renings ror Masago at Pesponses) | Pane! Tigger or Oaoutbuer iad 6 [any enor An artorcondtion etre Arie aaa ine he | Devic commandreceved or Ovo: cuouteuerslouasaimanenermestage, The | fread feaees 1 tras oy SRO mash erable bist ‘S80 ras orable bis re lees 2 |horvaee eve swore Figure 2-9, Serial Poll Register + Bit 7, RQS (request service), is set true if any mask- Example Explanation ‘enabled bit is set true, This bit is cleared (set 0.0) ux ” ; i Sisal esr all agate a Na Pl? An SRQ is generated if the front panel SRQ button is pressed. The string sets the SRO mask to 04, which is 000100 in binary. This mask is ANDed with the lower six bits of the serial poll register. The mask thus enables bit 3, the Front Panel SRQ bit * Bit 8 is not used. It is always set to 0. For example, the seria) poll register reads 00010000 (bi- nary) when data is available. This Value is read in binary by the controller, which might numerically reformat the flue to 16 (deci sradecimal). value to 16 (decimal) or 10 (hexadecimal). ‘The SRQ mask codes can be added to select combinations ‘The serial poll register is cleared whenever the 8840a 0 Coudltions. receives a new input command sting. Example Explanation Se “* NS PL?” An SRO is generated if the SRO but- ton is pressed or if the trigger results im an overrange reading. The SRO ‘mask is set to 05, which is 000101 in binary. ‘The SRQ mask is a two-digit integer that specifies which conditions will generate a service request. The SRO mask {is entered using the P1 command and can be read with the G1 command. The conditions corresponding t0 each SRO At power on any device-clear command, the SRQ mask value are listed under Gi in Table 3-1. ot 10 OF 7 ‘mask is set to 00 (decimal). This prevents service requests by holding the ROS bit false under all conditions. For other examples of the SRQ mask, see the description of the P1 command. 3-52. INTERFACE MESSAGES: ‘The interface messages understood by the 8840A can be separated into the three main classes described in the IEEE-488 Standard: address (AD), universal commands (UC), and addressed commands (AC). All ‘The SRO mask can enable any combination of serial poll register bits 1 through 6. lts six-it binary representation is ANDed bit-for-bit with serial poll register bits 1 through 6 ‘whenever the output buffer is loaded. If any mask-enabled bit in the serial poll register comes true, the RQS bit (bit 7) is set true, generating a service request. 319Remote Programmi Seweeneoss interface messages described here originate at the con- iwelles 3-53, Address Messages Address messages are used by the controller to communi- cate talk and listen control to other devices on the bus, Address messages are sent over the eight data lines of the ‘bus while the contoller holds ATN true. Address mes- ‘sages are processed immediately and are n0t placed in the input buffer. The address messages are: + MLA My Listen Address ~ Addresses a device to listen + MTA My Talk Address -- Addresses a device to talk + UNL Unlisten -- Addresses all listeners to unlisten + UNT Untatk ~ Addresses all talkers to untalk (3-54, Universal Commands Universal commants ase accepted and interpreted by all devices on the bus. The commands are of two types, multiline messages and uniline messages. Multiline mes- sages are sem over the eight parallel data lines in the IBEE-488 bus. Uniline messages are sent over one of the individual interface management fines in the IEEE-488 ‘bus. Ail universal commands except DCL are processed immediately by the 8840A, ahead of any device-dependent commands. Only DCL enters the 8840A input buffer. ‘The 8840A responds to the following universal messages: ATN Attention ~ A uniline message which causes the 8840A to interpret multiline messages as interface messages (AD, AC, or UC). When false, multiline messages are interpreted as device-dependent messages. IFC Interface Clear -- A uniline message which ears only the interface (not the 8840A) by placing it in a known quiescent state. REN Remote Enable ~- A uniline message which, when received with MLA, switches the 88404 to remote. When REN is set false, the 8840A. switches to local and removes local lockout. DCL Device Clear ~ A multiline message which is loaded into the input buffer as a special device-ciear command. DCL performs the ssame operation as the device-dependent com- ‘mand *, except that it is read before any other characters that ase already present in the input baffer, and clears the entire input buffer. Pro- ‘essing then continues normally. The action of ‘DCL is not immediate; if the B840A is taking a reading when DCL is received, the DCL. command is executed after the measurement is finished. LLO Local Lockout -- A multiline message which disables the front panel LOCAL button. The result is that the local mode is not accessible by front panel control. SPD Serial Poll Disable — A. multls which removes the serial poll SPE Serial Poll Enable ~ A multils ‘which causes the serial poll data ‘output buffer data) to be transfered ‘once ATN becomes false. 355. Addressed Commands Addressed commands are multiline messages accepted and interpreted by only those devi addressed to listen. The 8840A responds to addressed commands: GET Group Execute Trigger ~ (Not tob with the device-dependent Get GET loads a vigger command i buffer and also terminates the sti point. Only a single character is | the input buffer. The tigger os ‘executed in its proper tum in thei rather than immediately. When exe initiates @ measurement. GTL Go To Local ~- Causes the 8840A local. This commend does not ene buffer. If the display has been bla D1 command), issue a DO comm sending GTL. spc Selected Device Clear -- Identi universal command DCL, but is ao interpreted by curent listeners ony it clears the 8840A only if it is a iste, 9-56. TALK-ONLY MODE ‘The talk-only mode lets you take advantage of capability of the 8840A without having to us ment controller. To put the 8840A in the talk 1, Turn the 8840A POWER switch OFF. 2. Set the rear panel TALK ONLY bit swt up position. 3. Connect the 8840A via the JEEE-488 t printer, data logger, or other device. 4, Configure the other device as a listener 5, Tum the 840A POWER switch ON. 6. Configure the 8840A with the front pan The 8840A reads the TALK ONLY bit power-up and when it receives the interfac IEC. You can therefore set the TALK ONLY after power-up as Yong as you then send the IFC command. 3-87. REMOTE CALIBRATION ‘The 8840A can be calibrated over the IEBE-4E remote commands. Refer to the Maintenance details.Remote Programming Teoeence woe ‘Table 3-3. Immediate-Mode Commands for Various Controllers FUNCTION PERFORMED | FLUKE-BASIC wenpton | HP-BASIC on Hrepie.ro] _TERBASIC on 7aoh orvraza | weoeas cacuator | ane HP-8 Celustor | Grapes eyten Iniiatize Por INIT PoRT 0 cir cueAn7 wt Cuean insrumen | CLEAR @ oir 708 CLEAR 708 PAINT @x"** nevcre commands | REMOTE @& tem 704 EMOTE 704 wavTe @6.17: tocat Contr toca e+ tame tocat 708 WevTE @86 1: exrenwat Triccen | PRINT Qu" we 04°74" cumin aoe | PRINT @er TIGGER instrument | TaIG ee taro TRIGGER 704 PRINT @e"" GET Gute Data INPUT OSA ted 708.8 ENTER TEA Wote2) | INPUT @EA PRINT Dela to Screen} PRINT ® on PRINTANowe2) | PRINTA CONFIGURE forvac | PRINT @orFP" wn 7082" oureut roar | pant @ecre CONFIGURE for zovac | PRINT @4."R4" wn 708 ourpurroane | PRINT @acRa SRIGGER Continuously | PRINT 4-70 wen 7047 ourrtroaro” | PRINT @x-Ta" SUFFHES Enabie | PRINT @4-V1" wn7aav oureur ros PRINT @uvi" Geroataasutix | npuT@s, AAS Tee OAA.S (exe 1} | ENTER TORAAS Note 2)| INPUT Ses AAS Print ata asutix | PRINT AAS pn ABA PRNTAAS oe 2) | PRINT AAS Notes: 1. Betore using A$ on the 9825 s necessary to enter ‘dim AS[6]"toallocateastring variable. This statement sliowssix.characters. 2 inthe P9616 system. variables cannot be created from the keyboard; they must be created by running a program. (See error {910 for that system.) To get around this, type in very short program as follows: SCRATCH (Hit "EXEC" key) 0A=0 (Hit “ENTER” key) 2OAS="" (Hit “ENTER” vevl 90 END (Hit “ENTER” key) (Hit RUN” key) This program creates the variables program is not necessary for the HP-85 Cal ator. 1nd "AS' so that they may be accessed in immediate mode and changed at will. This 3-58, TIMING CONSIDERATIONS To help you take the best advantage of the speed of the 840A, extemal tigger timing for the IEEE-488 Interface is described in the specifications in Section 1. 3-59, IMMEDIATE MODE COMMANDS Many controllers have some amount of “immediate mode” capability. That is, commands may be given interactively to the 8840A via the run-time-system without the need for actually running @ program. The controller accepts and ‘executes these commands one at a time. Some commonly used commands are listed in Table 3-3 for several con- ‘rollers. These are provided for the convenience of instru- ‘ment demonstrations, set-up and check-out, and for those” with limited experience with IEEE-488 bus operations. ‘Asa general note: The entire 8840A command set should work well provided the “port clear” and “device clear” commands are given first. You should then be able £0 send any other commands in the 8840A command set without, repeating the clearing commands. 3-60. EXAMPLE PROGRAMS Several example programs for the 8840A using various controllers are presented in the remaining figures in this section. In all of these examples, the 8840A is set to IEEE-488 adress 4 (rear panel switch setting 000100). OF ‘course, any other adress (00 to 30) could be substituted. In each of these examples, the instrument is cleared prior to configuration set-ups. ‘This ensures thet the 88404 configuration has been completely defined. ‘To run these programs, itis not necessary to type in all the ‘comments (which appear t0 the right of the exclamation marks). Also, spaces are placed between commands for ease of reading; they are not required. NOTE For the examples using the Fluke 17208 or 1722A, the 8840A is plugged into port 0. The ‘Port is initialized by the INIT statement, which ‘sends IFC (interface clear). 321remote Frogramming EXAMPLE PROGRAMS o 100 110 120 130 140 160 170 175 180, 185 190 900 ‘The following program illustrates one possible use of the serial poll register. In this, case it is merely looking for data available. The instrument is addressed on port 0, device #4 under control of a Fluke 1720 or 1722A instrument controller. ‘The function ‘of this program is to display on the controller screen the lowest resistance measured across the input terminals of the 8840A using the 2-wire ohms function in aurorange. ‘The command string sets up the 8840A by using the Put Instrument Configuration cot FLUKE-BASIC on 1720A, 17224 INIT PORT 0 \ CLEAR PORT 0 \ WAIT 500 !Clear port, instrument, delay PRINT @4, "N300iP0 Yi Mnstrument functions and trigger INPUT @4, AAS. Get first reading PRINT" —“A,AS;*S (2-wire) Lowest Reading” TRIG @4 B%=SPL(4) IGet serial poll register IF (B%=0%) THEN 160 aking for data available INPUT @4,R,A$ st next data IE R>=A THEN 140 !Throw away data if not lowest R Wpdate lowest reading GOTO 130 ‘Print new low END gad Figure 3-12. Example Program: Using the Serial Poll RegisterRemote Programming ‘EXAMPLE PROGRAMS 10! This program demonstrates a method of recording any errors produced by the 840A during self test. 201 30! It should be noted that: 40! 1. If more than one digital test error occurs, only the last one will be reported. 50! 2. The response to the Get Instrument Configuration (GO) command during selftest is "x, 60! 3. The response to a Get Error Status (G7) command with no errors present is "1000". 70! so! FLUKE-BASIC on 17204, 1722A 90! 300 DAN = 4% Device address #4 110 TIMEOUT 10000 110 second timeout 120 PRINT 130 PRINT "MONITORING SELFTEST™ 140 INIT PORT 0 150 CLEAR @DA% 160 PRINT @DA%, "20" 170! 180 PRINT @DA%, "G7" \ INPUT @DA%, ES 190 IF (ES = *1000") THEN 220 200 PRINT @DA%, "XO" 230 PRINT "ERROR ";RIGHT(ES,3);" OCCURRED" 220 PRINT @DA%, "GO" \ INPUT @DA%, STS. 230 IF (STS >= "9000") GOTO 180 240 PRINT @DA%, "G7" \ INPUT @DAN%, ES 250 IF (ES = "1000") THEN 270 260 PRINT "ERROR ";RIGHT(ES,3);" OCCURRED" 270 PRINT "SELFTEST COMPLETE” 280 END "nitialize port !Clear device ‘Start selfest {Print analog errors {Print last digital error Figure 213. Example Program: Record Errors During Selftest 325Remote Programmi Sine: proses 10 REM The following application program is written in BASICA for the IBM PC, PC-XT or 20 REM PC-AT. The National Instruments Model GPIB-PCIIA board provides the interface 30 REM between the PC and the Fluke 8840A DMM. The program assumes that the configura! 40 REM program IBCONF has been run to initialize the interface board with the device 50 REM name 18840A assigned to the GPIBO board. 60 REM 70 REM The first 6 lines of code are required to properly link the Ni drivers to BASICA. 80 REM OREM 100 REM This program selects VDC (F1), Autorange (RO), Slow rate (S0), Continuous trigger (T 140 REM and suffixes enabled (¥1). The program takes 10 readings, displays them on the scree 13120 REM and then stops. 130 REM 140 REM 150 CLEAR ,59736! 160 IBINIT1 = $9736! 170 IBINIT2 = IBINIT1 + 3 180 BLOAD "bib.m" JBINIT1 190 CALL IBINIT: (BFIND JBTRG {BCLR JBPCT, IBSIC,IBLOC IBPPC IBBNAIBONL,IBRSC,IBSRE, IBRSV,IBPAD, [BSAD, IBIST, [BDMA,IBEOS,IBTMO, [BEOT,IBRDF,IBWRTF) 200 CALL IBINIT2(IBGTS,IBCAC IBWAIT IBPOKE, [BWRT, IBWRTA,IBCMD,IBCMDA IBRD, IBRDA\I JBRPP,IBRSP JBDIAG IBXTRCIBRDI,IBWRTIIBRDIAIBWRTIA,IBSTA%JBERR%,BCNT%) 210 REM 220 REM IBM BASICA on IBM PC, PCXT or PC-AT 230 REM 240 DEVNAMES="I8840A" ‘Device name is 188404 250 CALL IBFIND(DEVNAMES,DVM%) ‘initialize the DMM 260 CALL IBCLR(DYM96) “Clear the device 270 FOR W=1 TO 500 : NEXT W ‘Wait 1 second before sending command 280 WRTS="FIROSOTOY1" 290 CALL IBWRT(DVM% WRTS) "Write functions to instrument 300 FORI = 11010 310 RDS=SPACES(18) 11 characters for the reading, 5 for the 320 “suffix and 2 for the terminators 330 CALL IBRD(@DVM% RDS) "Get data from 8840A 340 PRINT I, LEFTS(RDS,16) Print to display 350 NEXT 360 END 1OM®, IBM PC, POAT and PC-AT are registered trademarks of International Business Machine Corporation National Instruments® is a registered trademark of National Instruments Corporation Figure 2-14, Example Programs: Using the IBM PC® 3-26Remote Programming EXAMPLE PROGRANS 10 REM The following application program is wriften in BASICA for the IBM PC, PC-XT or 20 REM PC-AT. The National Instruments Model GPIB-PCIIA board provides the interface 30 REM between the PC and the Fluke 8840A DMM. The program assumes that the configuration 40 REM program IBCONF has been run to initialize the interface board with the device 50 REM name I8840A assigned to the GPIBO board. 60 REM 70 REM The first 6 lines of code are required to properly link the NI drivers to BASICA. 80 REM 90 REM This program illustrates one possible use of the serial poll register. In this 100 REM case it is merely looking for data available. The function of the program is to 120 REM display on the screen the lowest resistance value measured on the input terminals 120 REM of the 8840A using the 2-wire ohms function in autorange. The range and function 130 REM commands are programmed using the Put Instrument Configuration (PO) command. 140 REM 150 CLEAR ,59736! 160 IBINIT1 = 59736! 170 IBINIT2 = IBINIT1 + 3 180 BLOAD "bib." IBINIT1 190 CALL IBINIT1 (BFIND,IBTRG,IBCLR,IBPCT,IBSIC,IBLOC,[BPPC,IBBNA,IBONL,IBRSC,IBSRE, IBRSV,IBPAD,IBSAD,IBIST,IBDMAIBEOS,IBTMO IBEOT, [BRDF,IBWRTF) 200 CALL IBINIT2(IBGTS, IBCACIBWAIT,IBPOKE IBWRT IBWRTA,IBCMD IBCMDA,IBRD,IBRDAIBSTOP, IBRPP,BRSP,IBDIAG [BXTRC [BRDI,|BWRTI,IBRDIA BWRTIAIBSTA% IBERR% IBCNT%) 210 REM 220 REM IBM BASICA on IBM PC, PC-XT or PC-AT 230 REM 240 DEVNAME="I8840A" ‘Device name is 188404, 250 CALL IBEIND (DEVNAMES,DVM%) ‘initialize the DMM 260 CALL IBCLR (DVM%) "Clear device 270 FOR W = 1 TO 500: NEXT W ‘Wait 1 second before sending commands 280 WRT$ = "N3001P0 Y1 7" 290 CALL IBWRT (DVM%,WRTS) ‘Write functions to instrument 300 RDS = SPACES(18) "11 characters for the reading, 5 for the 310 ‘suffix and 2 for the terminators 320 CALL IBRD (DVM%,RD$) °Ger first seading from 8840A 330 R = VAL(RDS) 340 PRINT LEFTS (RDS,16);"S (2: WIRE) LOWEST READING" Display readings 350 WRTS = "2" 360 CALL IBWRT (DVM%,WRTS) "Trigger the 840A 370 CALL IBRSP (DVM%,SPR%) “Get serial poll byte 380 IF SPR% AND &140 <> &H40 THEN 370 ‘Check for data available 390 RDS = SPACES(18) 400 CALL IBRD (DVM%,RDS) "Get next data 410S = VAL (RDS) 420 IF S >= R THEN 350 "Throw away data if not lowest 430R=s "Update lowest reading 440 GOTO 340 ‘Print new low 450 END Figure 3-14, Example Programs: Using the IBM PC® (cont) 327Remote Programming EXAMPLE PROGRAMS, 10 REM The following application program is written in BASICA for the IBM PC, PC-XT or 20REM PC-AT. The National Instruments Model GPIB-PCIIA board provides the interface 30 REM between the PC and the Fluke 8840A DMM. The program assumes that the 40 REM ptogram IBCONF has been run to initialize the interface board with the device SO REM name I8840A assigned to the GPIBO board. 60 REM 70 REM The first 6 lines of code are required to properiy link the Nt drivers to BASICA. 80 REM 90 REM This program selects VDC (F1), Autorange (RO), Siow rate (SO), Continuous trigger 100 REM and suffixes enabled (Y1). All readings appear simultaneously on the instrument 110 REM display and the PC screen with suffixes enabled for function readout. Full local 120 REM control is given to the 8840A. Note the local control must be given to the board 130 REM and not the device. Press
BREAK to terminate this program. 140 REM 150 CLEAR 59736! 160 IBINIT1 = 59736 170 (BINIT2 = IBINIT1 + 3 180 BLOAD "bib.m"BINIT1 1190 CALL IBINIT1 (BFIND,IBTRG,IBCLR,IBPCT, IBSIC,IBLOC,IBPPC, IBBNA,IBONL,IBRSC,IBSRE, IBRSV,IBPAD, IBSAD BIST, IBDMA JBEOS, IBTMO, BEOT JBRDF JBWRIF) 200 CALL JBINIT2(IBGTS IBCAC IBWAIT, IBPOKE, IBWRT, IBWRTA IBCMD, IBCMDA IBRD BI IBRPP,IBRSP,.BDIAG,IBXTRC,IBRDI,IBWRT},IBRDIA, BWR TIA, IBSTA% IBERR%,BCNT%) 210 REM 220 REM TBM BASICA on IBM PC, PC-XT ot PC-AT 230 REM 240 BDNAMES ="GPIBO" 250 CALL IBFIND (BDNAMES,BD%) 260 DEVNAME="188404" 270 CALL IBFIND (DEVNAMES,DVM%) ‘280 CALL IBCLR. (DVM%) 290 FOR W = 1 TO 500: NEXT W *Wait 1 second before sending commands 300 WRTS = "FIROSOTOYI" "F1=VDC, RO=autorange, SO=slow rate 310 "To=continuous tig, Yisenable sufix "Board name is GPIBO “Initialize the interface board ‘Device name is 188404. “Initialize the DMM "Clear device 320 CALL IBWRT (DVM%,WRTS) 330 CALL IBLOC (DVM%) 340 V% = 0: X% = 0 ‘350 CALL IBSRE (BD%,V98) 360 370 380 RDS = SPACES(18) 390 400 CALL IBRD (DVM%,RDS) 410 X96 = X% +1 420 PRINT X%, LEFTS (RDS,16) 430 GOTO 380 440 END "Write functions to instrument *Give local control to instrument "Deassert the remote enable (REN) ‘so the 8840A stays in local when a call to IBRD is made 11 characters for the reading, 5 for the ‘suffix and 2 for the terminators "Ger data from 8840A ‘Display readings Figure 3-14. Example Programs: Using the IBM PC® (cont)Remote Programming EXAMPLE PROGRAMS OREM The following application program is written in BASICA for the IBM PC, PC-XT or 20REM PC-AT. The National Instruments Model GPIB-PCILA board provides the interface 30 REM between the PC and the Fluke 8840A DMM. The program assumes that the configuration 40 REM program IBCONF has been run to initialize the interface board with the device 50 REM name 18840A assigned to the GPIBD board. 60 REM 70 REM The first 6 lines of code are required to properly link tie NI drivers to BASICA. 80 REM 90 REM This program illustrates a method of recording any errors produced by the 8840A 100 REM selftest function. It should be noted that: 110 REM 1. If more than one digital error occurs, only the last one will be reported. 120 REM 2. The response to a Get Instrument Config. (GO) command during selftest is "aa". 130 REM 3. The response to a Get Error Status (G7) command with no errors present is "1000". 140 REM 150 CLEAR ,59736! 160 IBINIT1 = 59736! 170 IBINIT2 = IBINIT1 + 3 180 BLOAD "bib." JBINIT1 190 CALL IBINIT1 (BFIND, IBTRG IBCLR,IBPCT, IBSIC,IBLOC,IBPPC, IBBNA,IBONLIBRSCJBSRE, IBRSV,IBPAD,IBSAD, BIST, IBDMA,IBEOS,IBTMO JBEOT|BRDE IBWRTF) 200 CALL IBINIT2(BGTS,IBCAC,IBWAIT |BPOKE,IBWRT,IBWRTAIBCMD,IBCMDA IBRD,IBRDAIBSTOP, IBRPP,IBRSP IBDIAG, IBXTRC,[BRDI, IBWRTI,IBRDIA,BWRTIA,IBSTA%,IBERR% IBCNT%) 210 REM 220 REM IBM BASICA on IBM PC, PC-XT or PC-AT 230 REM 240 DEVNAME="I18840A" 20 CALL IBFIND (DEVNAMES,DVM%) 260 CALL IBCLR (DVM%) 270 FOR W = 1 TO $00: NEXT W 280 PRINT "MONITORING SELFTEST" 290 WRTS = *Z0" : CALL IBWRT (DVM%,WRTS) 300 WRTS = "G7" : CALL IBWRT (DVM%,WRTS), 310 ES = SPACES(6) 320 CALL IBRD (DVM%,E$) 330 IF (LEFTS(ES,4) = "1000") THEN GOTO 360 340 WRTS = "XO" : CALL IBWRT (DVM%,WRTS) 350 PRINT "ERROR “;RIGHTS(ES,3);" OCCURRED" 360 WRTS = "GO" : CALL IBWRT (DVM%,WRTS) 370 STS=SPACES(6) 380 CALL IBRD (DVM%,STS) 390 IF LEFTS(STS,4) >= "9000" THEN GOTO 300 400 WRTS = "G7" : CALL IBWRT (DVM%,WRTS) 410 ES = SPACES(6) 420 CALL IBRD (DVM% ES) 430 IF (LEFTS(E$,4) = "1000") THEN GOTO 450 440 PRINT "ERROR ";RIGHTS(ES,3);" OCCURRED" 450 PRINT 460 PRINT "SELFTEST COMPLETE" 470 END "Device name is 18840 “Initialize the DMM "Clear device ‘Wait 1 second before sending commands ‘Start selftest "Read error status "Check for errors ‘Clear error register ‘Print analog error "Ger instrument configuration “Check for selftest still active "Read error status °Check for errors ‘Print digital error Figure 3-14. Example Programs: Using the IBM Pc? (cont) 3-29Remote Programmir Baume pros ‘The following application program is written in QBASIC for the IBM PC, PCXT or PC-AT. The National Instruments Model GPIB-PCIIA board provides the interface between the PC and the Fluke 88404 DMM. The program assumes that the configuration program IBCONF has been run to initialize the interface board with the device name 18840A assigned to the GPIBO board. ‘This program selects VDC (F1), Autorange (RO), Slow rate (S0), Continuous trigger (TO) and suffixes enabled (V1). The program takes 10 readings, displays them on the screen, and then stops. Microsoft QuickBasic V 4.5 on IBM PC, PC-XT or PC-AT *SINCLUDE: ‘qbib45.dcr" devname$ = "18840A" ‘Device name is 18840A CALL IBFIND(devnames, dvm%) “Initialize the DMM CALL IBCLR (avm%) “Clear device WRTS = "FIROSOTOY" °Set up contmand string CALL IBWRT(avm%, WRTS) "Write functions to instrument FOR i = 170 10 RDS = SPACES(18) °11 characters for the reading, 5 for ‘the suffix, and 2 for terminators CALL IBRD(dvm%, RDS) Get data PRINT i, LEFTS(RDS, 16) ‘Print to display NEXT i END Microsoft® is @ registered trademark of Microso® Corporation ‘QuickBASIC™ is a trademark of Microsoft Corporation 330 Figure 3-14. Example Programs: Using the IBM PC® (cont)Remote Programming [EXAMPLE PROGRAMS again: ‘The following application program is written in QBASIC for the IBM PC, PC-XT or PC-AT. The National Instruments Model GPIB-PCIIA board provides the interface between the PC and the Fluke 8840A DMM. The program assures that the configuration program IBCONF has been run to initialize the interface board with the device name I8840A assigned to the GPIBO board. This program selects VOC (F1), Autorange (RO), Slow rate (S0), Continuous trigger (TO) and suffixes enabled (¥1). All readings appear simultaneously on the instrument display and the PC screen with suffixes enabled for function readout. Full local control js given to the 8840A. Note the local control must be given to the board and not the device. Press
BREAK to terminate this program. ‘Microsoft QuickBasic V 4.5 on IBM PC, PC-XT or PC-AT "SINCLUDE: ‘qbib45.del’ BDNAMES = "GPIBO" ‘Board name is GPIBO CALL IBFIND(BDNAMES, BD%) “Initialize IEEE Interface Board devnameS = "188404" ‘Device name is 18840A CALL IBFIND(devnameS, dvmn%) “Initialize the device CALL IBCLR (dvm%) “Clear the device WRTS = "FIROSOTOYI" 'F1 = Volts DC, RO = Autorange, Slow reading rate, TO = Internal “Trigger, Y1 = Enable suffix CALL IBWRT(dvm%, WRTS) write functions to the instrument CALL IBLOC(dvm%) °Give local control to the instrument V9 = 0: x% = 0 CALL IBSRE(BD%, V%4) ‘De-assert the remote enable (REN) signal so “the 8840A stays in local when an IBRD call is made RDS = SPACES(18) "11 characters for the reading, 5 for the ‘suffix and 2 for the terminators CALL IBRD(dvim%, RDS) Get data x% = x% +1 “increment reading count PRINT x%, LEFTS(RDS, 16) ‘Display reading GOTO again END Figure 3-14, Example Programs: Using the IBM PC (cont) 331Remote Pr i Bonne cos label: ‘The following application program is written in QBASIC for the IBM PC, PC-XT or PC-AT. The National Instruments Model GPIB-PCIIA board provides the interface between the PC and the Fluke 8840A DMM. The program assumes that the co program IBCONF has been rus to initialize the interface board with the device name 18840A assigned to the GPIBO board. This program Dlustrates one possible use of the serial poll register. In this case it is merely looking for data available. The function of the program is to display on the screen the lowest resistance value measured on the input terminals of the 88408 using the 2-wire ohms function in autorange. The range and function commands are programmed using the Put instrument Configuration (PO) command. Microsoft QuickBasic V 4.5 on IBM PC, PC-XT or PC-AT 'SINCLUDE: ‘qbib4s.del” bdname$ = "GPIBO" "Board name is GPIBO CALL IBFIND (bénameS, BD%) “Initialize the Interface Board devname$ = "18840A" "Device name is 18840A CALL IBFIND(devnameS, dvm%) “Initialize the device CALL IBCLR(dvm%) "Clear the device 'WRTS = "N3001P0 Y1 ?" ‘CALL IBWRT(dvm%, WRTS) “Write functions to the instrument RDS = SPACES(18) CALL IBRD (dvm%, RDS) °Get first reading = VALIRDS) PRINT LEFTS{(RDS, 16); "S (2-WIRE) LOWEST READING" Do "Execute the statements up to the Loop "statement until new low is found WRTS = "7" CALL IBWRT(dvm%, WRTS) "Trigger the device SPR% = 0 DO UNTIL SPR9% AND 84340 = &H40 CALL IBRSP(dvm%, SPR%) “Serial poll the device until data at LOOP RDS = SPACES(38) CALL IBRD (dvm%, RDS) °Get next data s = VAL(RDS) LOOP WHILE s > "Throw away data if nor lowest res "Update lowest reading GOTO label ‘Print new low END 3x82 Figure 3-14. Example Programs: Using the [BM Pc? cont)Pr it Rom ena ‘The following application program is written in QBASIC for the IBM PC, PC-XT or PC-AT. The National Instruments Model GPIB-PCIIA board provides the interface between the PC and the Fluke 8840A DMM. The program assumes that the configuration program IBCONF has been run to initialize the interface board with the device name 18840A assigned to the GPIBO board. This program illustrates a method of recording any errors produced by the 8840A selftest function. It should be noted thet: 1. if more than one digital error occurs, only the last one will be reported. 2. The response to a Get Instrument Config. (G0) command during selftest is "Sx". 3. The response to a Get Error Status (G7) command with no errors present is "1000". ‘Microsoft QuickBasic V 4.5 on IBM PC, PC-XT or PC-AT 'SINCLUDE: ‘qbib45.del" BDNAMES = "GPIBO" ‘Board name is GPIBO CALL IBFIND(BDNAMES, BD%) “Initialize the interface board devnameS = "18840A" ‘Device name is 18840A CALL IBFIND(devnameS, dvm%) “Initialize the device PRINT "MONITORING SELFTEST” WRIS = "20" CALL IBWRT(dvn%, WRTS) ‘Start selftest DO WRIS = "G7" CALL IBWRT(dvm%, WRTS) RDS = SPACES(18) CALL IBRD(dvm%, RDS) "Get error status exrcode$ = LEFTS(RDS, 4) IF (erreode$ <> *1000") THEN "Check for errors ‘WRIS = "KO" “Clear error register CALL IBWRT(dvm%, WRTS) PRINT "Exror "; RIGHTS(errcode$, 3); * occurred” END IF CALL IBWRT(dvm%, *GO") st$ = SPACES(16) CALL IBRD(dvm%, st$) °Get instrument configuration stat$ = LEFTS(stS, 1) LOOP WHILE stat$ = "9" ‘Loop while selftest stil active WRTS = "G7" CALL IBWRT(dvm%, WRTS) RDS = SPACES(18) ‘CALL IBRD (dvm%, RDS) Get error status exrcodeS = LEFTS(RDS, 4) IF (errcode$ <> *1000") THEN "Check for errors PRINT "Error’; RIGHTS (errcodeS, 3); * occurred" END IF PRINT PRINT "Selftest Complete" END Figure 3-14. Example Programs: Using the IBM PC” cont) 333ce e 304 a The following application program is written in C for the [BM PC-AT. The National last ‘Model AT-GPIB board provides the interface berween the PC and the Fluke 8840A DMM program assumes that the configuration program IBCONF has been run to initialize the i board with the device name 18840A assigned to the GPIBO board. ‘This program selects VDC (F1), Autorange (RO), Slow rate (S0), Continuous trigger (TO) and: enabled (Y1). The program takes 10 readings, displays them on the screen, and then stop Microsoft C Version 6.0 on IBM PC-AT Link this program with appropriate mcib*.obj. #include
H#include "decl.h’ char rd[51: int dmm; int i; main() { dmm = ibfind(18840A°); iber(@mm); ibwrt(dmm,*FIRGSOTOY1",10); for(i=0;i<10;i++) {ibrddamsd); prinfC%d — %s",ird); > Figure 3-14. Example Programs: Using the IBM PC? (cont) 7* read data buffer /* device number /* device name is 18840 7* clear device /* write functions to instrument J get data /* print to displayRemote Programmin Sawer Procrane rp , The following application program is written in C for the IBM PC-AT. The Nationsl instruments Model AT-GPIB board provides the interface between the PC and the Fluke 8840A DMM. The Program assumes that the configuration program IBCONF has been run to initialize the interface board with the device name I8840A assigned to the GPIBO board. ‘This program selects VDC (F1), Autorange (RO), Slow rate (SO), Continuous trigger (TO) and suffixes enabled (Y1). All readings appear simultaneously on the instrument display and the PC screen with suffixes enabled for function readout. Full local ‘contral is given to the 840A. Note the local control must be given to the board and not the device. Press
C to terminate this program. Microsoft C Version 6.0 on IBM PC-AT ” Link this program with appropriate meib*.obj. ” Hinclude
#include "dec." char rdl512); /* read data buffer ” int brd0; 7* interface board number ” int dmm; 7* device number ” int x; maint ) brd0 = ibfind (GPIBO"); /* initialize board ” dmm = ibfind("18840A"); /* initialize device v Sbelr(@snm); /* clear device 7 ibwrt(dmm,"F1ROSOTOY1",10); 7* write functions to instrument v ‘ibloc(dmm); 7* local the device 7 ibsce(brd0,0); /* de-assert the remote enable (REN) signal so the */ 0; ibrd(dmm,rd); x=xtl; printh(%d = %s",x,rd); goto in; } 7* 8840A stays in local when an ibrd call is made */ 7* get data f* increment reading count + 7* display readings ” Figure 3-14. Example Programs: Using the [BM PC®{cont) 335Remote Programming EXAMPLE PROGRAMS. /* The following application program is written in C for the IBM PC-AT. The National Model AT-GPIB board provides the interface between the PC and the Fluke 8840A program assumes that the configuration programa [BCONF has been run to initialize the board with the device name 188404 assigned to the GPIBO board. This program illustrates one possible use of the serial poll register. In this case itis merely looking for data available. ‘The function of the program is to display on the screen the lowest resistance value measured of the input terminals of the 8840A using the 2-wire ohms function in autorange. The range and function commands are programmed using the Put Inscrument Configuration (PO) command. Microsoft € Version 6.0 on IBM PC-AT /* Link this program with appropriate meib*.ob. #indude
#include “deci? #include
#indude
char rd(S12}; /* read data buffer int brd0; 7 interface board number int émm; /* device number char spr; 7+ serial poll response byte 4 fost 5s; char rd_string(11].ss(11]; main() { brdo = ibfind( *GPIBO"); /* initialize interface board p dmm ~ ibfind( "188404" ); 7* initialize 840A 4 ibetr( dmm ¥, /* dear device y ibwrt( dmm, "N3001POY1?", 10); /*-wrie funetions to instrument ibra(émm,rd,16); 7 get data 4 stmepy(rd string rd,10); atof(rd string); /* convert from string to floating point label1: printf(96sS (2-wire) LOWEST READING\\n'xé); do bwre(émm,1); /* wigger the device : ao ibrsp(dmmspr); __/ serial poll the device : while (spr & Ox40 I= 0x40); /* until data available : ibrd(@mm.r4,16) 7* get next data : s=atof(ed); 7* convert to floating point : prin) > while (s>=); /* throw away data ifnot lowest rs; goto label; /* print new low . } 336 Figure 3-14. Example Programs: Using the IBM PC°(cont)Remote Programming EXAMPLE PROGRAMS , , “The following application program is vnitten in C for the [BM PC-AT. The National Instruments Model AT-GPIB board provides the interface between the PC and the Fluke 8840A DMM. The rogram assumes that the configuration program IBCONF has been run to initialize the interface board with the device name 18840A assigned to the GPIBO board. This program illustrates a method of recording any ettors produced by the 8840A selftest function. It should be noted thar: 1, If more than one digital error oceurs, only the last one will be reported. 2. The response to a Get instrament Config. (GO) command during selftest is “Doc’ 3. The response to a Get Error Status (G7) command with no errors present is "1000". Microsoft C Version 6.0 on IBM PC-AT Link this program with appropriate meib*.obj. #include
#indlude "decl:b* #include
char ré{512); /* read data buffer int brdo; 7* imerface board number int dmm; 7* device number char selftest_active(1}; 7* selftest active flag char erreodel4]; /* error code buffer main() { brd0 = ibfind((GPIBOD; /* initialize interface board dm = ibfind(18840A"); 7* initialize 88408, fbelr(dmun); 7° clear device ‘ibwrt(dmm,"20",2); 7? start BB40A self test dof 7* do while self test active ibwrt(dmm/G7"2); 7* get error status ibrd(dmmm,rd,16); stmnepy(errcode,rd,4); if (stremp(ertcode,"1000")!=0) /* test for error {ibwrr(dinm,"K0",2); PrintfCError %s occurred\r\n',ertcode); } ibwre(dmm,*G0",2); /* get instrument configuration. ibrd(dmm,rd,16); strnepy(selftest_active,rd,2); } while (stremp(selftest_active,"9")==0); _ /* check for self test active ibwrt(dmm,"G7",2); 7" get error status ibrd(émm,rd,16); stmnepy(ertcode,rd,4); if (srremp(errcode,"1000")!=0) /* test for last digital error rint{(‘Error %s occurred\r\n",erreode); prindi(\r\nSelftest complete\r\n"); } Figure 3-14. Example Programs: Using the IBM PC°(cont) ” ” 7 7 7 ” ” ” " 7 77 ” " 7 ” v ” ” 337Remote Programming EXAMPLE PROG! to MESSAGE TF AWeTRUE est 2 3 106 ono \ & a oo 8 10 core el e topo 3 7 mid s E 100 101 Z| F 9500 015, 3 6 190 114 2 HP BPs] a8] O00 100) 8 1 | 8 [oun La | oro 2 a | i} ne | aa | ov toro 5 [is [ng | | ot [6 [ie [ac | ov vi \ & | > [os | 35 | Oi nor f | fe [ng [a | ow ino | Sf RLS |e | oan | | a | 0 | $0 | ows om a at | 121 | $1 | oxa1 ont R | @ | i | & | ow oon oe s | e318 | amon z T 4 | 24 [54 | O10 0100 z vy) | % ror oxo 3 Vv | a | 326 | 3 | oon 3 Ww B27 101 111, Z| x | st | wo | se | O01 m0 é ¥ | @ | iar | 59 | ovr oor Neel 7 | a | se | Sa) om esc_| | om | 3a | cor on z i_| a} a3 | $8 | oor sone y | # anor 100 tect 1101 1 | 8 30 | ows riot rel oorim) | ior 1110 ie | ooo ae = 6 | 3 a | a | aa } 81 | ono o00r 3 & | w | 1 | & | ooo 3% 0010 0011, e % | 1% | 63} on0 0001 | 36 | os | 2¢ [ oow 0100 | « @ fy | ee pe | ono oie | z Gab om | § e [ar | us | 6 | ono x oro or | 6 ‘ 46 | | ono 2 toon} > | ms |e | er | ooo © ‘oN0 woe > 750 | 66 | 0110 1000 at | 051 | 2 | ooo oor 2 [aos | 31 | 69 | outa voor 42 | ose | 28 | 010 wid 1 ros | 152 | 6a} or10 1000 | & | 0 | 33] own [sor | 188 | ee | oro 001 4) we | 2c o010 1100 | 12 [Mia 1 woe | 154 | 6 [0110 1100 ~ | | 055 | 20 | omar | oo laced og m | 305 | 335 } 60 | ono si01 4%} 058 | 2¢ | cows | ie ma] & P [18 | ae |e fora ine | & [or | 2 Loman |e fwal S of mt | is? | 6 | ones ¢ 1s [wm | fons |e [ma] 2 >| 1% | 190 | 70 | om como + | | | a | ooo | 7 Ima) & 2 fn | er] [ono 2 | a | ae | 2) conto | ie mal ff ie} tse | 22 | orn oro 3] 51 | oes | a [oncom | oo |e, 2 srs (i [2 [oma STS) wee] | coir o1a0 | a TMA oP ae | ee Terai 5 | 53 | 065 | 35 | ootearae | a lacs uJ MF} Bs 4} 25 ) on on 6 | Se | 6 | 36 | cororn | 2 |wca + [ane | 8 | 26 [ or orta P| 8 [or | | owe | lia we | oa er | 7 | oar | © TT of [Se Toor 1000 | Be Tak Papo 8 om a0 >) a ETE BHR St ti lela lag z 1 ie | ors | 38 J oonson | 2 twee La fi | is | eft @ | oe | 3 | won nw | w YMA 1 Pie | re] 20] ont ni00 a ERIE EE) |) Rags : a ma tL 76 | 2 | ov 3] ] or LaF oon | Jone | (Lae Lat Lie fons4-1, INTRODUCTION This section discusses considerations and techniques to hnelp you use the 8840A effectively. Among other things, this section discusses sources of error which are an inher- ‘ent part of the measurement process and which occur for all multimeters. By understanding why and when these errors occur, and by knowing how and when to correct for them, you can make accurate measurements with confi- dence. This also discusses the relative benefits of 2-wire and 4-wire ohms, describes special considerations for mak- ing ac measurements, and presents some unusual ‘applicationsfor example, using the test current in the 2-wire ohms function as a troubleshooting tool in itself. 4-2. DC VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT ‘When measuring dc voltages in high-impedance circuits, there are two possible sources of error to consider: circuit Teading and input bias current. 4-3. Circuit Loading Error Whenever a voltmeter is connected to a circuit, the volt- rmeter’s internal resistance changes the voltage of the circuit under test. The resulting error is called circuit loading ertor. The eror is negligible as long as the resis- tance of the circuit under test (the source impedance) is small compared to the input impedance of the meter. As the source impedance approaches the input impedance of the voltmeter, the error can be considerable. The percent- age of error can be calculated using the formula in Figure #1. ‘The input impedance of the 8840A is 10 MQ in the 200V and 1000V ranges, and is greater than 10,000 MQ in the 200 mV, 2V, and 20V ranges. Therefore, for the 8840A, circuit loading exror is less than 0.01% as long as the source impedance is less than 1 MQ in the 200 mV, 2V, and 20V ranges, and less than 1 k@ in the 200V and 1000V ranges. The exceptionally high input impedance on the 20V dc range allows high-accuracy seadings in CMOS and high-impedance analog. circuitry. Section 4 Measurement Tutorial NOTE Input protection circuitry can reduce the input impedance to as low as 100 k when the input is overrange. This may also occur momentarity when the instrument aucoranges to a higher range. 44. Input Bias Current Error Input bias current error occurs because a voltmeter’s input bias current always changes the voltage of the circuit under test. However, the error is significant only when measuring voltages ‘in circuits with very high source impedance. The error can be measured as shown in Figure 42, ‘With the 8840A, it is easy to correct for this error using the OFFSET button: 1. Select the VDC function and the desired range. Connect the 88404 INPUT terminals to a resistor which matches the source impedance of the circuit to be tested. 3. Allow the displayed reading to settle. 4. Press the OFFSET button. 5. Remove the resistor. 6. Proceed with the desired measurement. Example: Measure a 1.5V source with 1 MQ source impedance, correcting for input bias current 1. Connect a 1 MQ resistor between the INPUT HI and INPUT LO terminals. 2 Select the VDC function and the 2V range. 3. Allow the display to settle. 4. Press OFESET. (This zeroes the input bias current enror)) atMeasuremere | utortal DC VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT CIRCUIT LOADING ERROR IN % = 120 BS where Rs ‘Source impedance Rs + Ri Ri = BBADA input impedance (Ri =>10,000 MA in 200 mV, 2V, and 20V ranges) (Ri-= 10 MQ in 200V and 1000V ranges) EXAMPLE ‘When measuring the voltage across the 10401 leg of a90 KA over 10kA voltage divider, the circuit than 0.1% in the upper ranges, and less thar: 0.0001% in the lower ranges: (90 kA) x (10 ka) 30K + 10 KA oka Error in the 200 mV, 2V and 20V ranges = 100 x sya Rae = gko Error in the 200 and S000V ranges = 100% syreKO—. = oat 319 OKI + 10, eee Figure 5. Remove the 1 M@ resistor. 6. Measure the voltage of the circuit under test Note that this procedure does not correct for citcuit foad- Jing error. Also note that if input bias current error is not corrected for, it may be added to the citcuit loading error. 45, RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT The S840A allows you to measure resistance in both 2-wire and 4-wite configurations. Each has its benefits. 4-6. 2.Wire Ohms ‘Two-Wire ohms measurements are simple tc set up and yield good results for most measurement conditions. Mea- surements are made a8 shown in Figure, 4-3. An intemaal current source (the “ohms current source”) passes a known test current (Itest) through the resistance being tested (unknown). The 8840A measures the voltage drop across Runknown, calculates Runknown using Ohm’s law (Runknown = Viesi/test), and displays the result. 42 Cireuit Loading Error Calculation ‘The test cursent and full-scale voltage for « sange ase shown in Table 4-1. Since the H lead is positive with respect 10 the LO INPL test leads are not interchangeable when 8 s device is being measured. 4-7, Correcting for Test Lead Resista 2-Wire Ohms in 2wire ohms, the resistance of the t introduce error when measuring low resist test leads may add as much as 0.52 to readings. With the 8840A, it is easy to correct for th the OFFSET bunon: 1, Select the 2-wire ohms function, 2. Touch the test leads together. The | Indicate the resisunce of the test leadMeasurement Tutorial RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT Rsounce | ro meAsune INPUT Bias CURRENT ERROR i | a the Hi INPUT and LO INPUT terminals. 4, Allow the circuit to settle. Select the VDC function and the desired range. 2. Eliminate any offset voltages by shorting the HI INPUT and LO INPUT terminals and then pressing | 28408, 3. Select a resistor which matches the source impedance (source) of the circuit to be tested, and connectit to 5. Record the displayed voltage. This is the input bias current error (Vernon). | the nut es cure! rar me econ as pretap o | ERROR (IN %) = | Vomnon ‘VOUTAGE MEASUREMENT * 10% | The input bias current itself (Ins) may be calculated as follows: Figure 4-2. Measuring Input Bigs Current Error 3. With the test leads still touching, press the OFFSET button. The 840A should read 00. 4-8, 4-Wire Ohms. Four-Wire ohms measurements provide the highest accuracy for low resistance measurements. The 4-wite configuration automatically corrects for both test lead resistance and contact resistance. Contact resistance (the resistance between the test probe tips and the circuit being, tested) is unpredictable, and therefote cannot be reliebly corrected with a fixed offset. Four-Wire ohms measurements are especially important when using long test Jeads. In a typical automated test system, for example, the test leads could be connected through four or five switching relays, cach with 22 of resistance! The 8840A makes 4-wire ohms measurements as shown in Figure 4-4. The Hi and LO INPUT leads apply 3 known, internal current source to the unknown resistance, just as in 2.wire ohms. (See Table 4-1) However, the voltage. drop across the unknown resistance is measured with the SENSE leads rather than the INPUT leads. Since the ‘current flow in the SENSE leads is negligible, the error caused by the voltage drop across the leads is also negligi- ble. NOTE In the 2 MO and 20 M2 ranges of 4-wire ‘ohms, the voltage across the uiknown resis: tance is sensed between the HI SENSE and LO INPUT terminals. Accuracy is not affected as long as the resistance of the LO INPUT lead is less than 108 in the 2 MQ range, and less than 100 in the 20 MO range. 49, Applications of the Ohms Functions ‘The 2-wire and 4-wire ohms functions can be used for a ‘variety of purposes in addition to measuring resistance, as the following. applications show. 43Measurement Tutorial RESISTANCE MERSUREMENT HUINPUT Table 4-1. Ohms Test Current FULL SCALE VOLTAGE RANGE 20 Me 500 nA 10.0V 410. TESTING DIODES ‘The 2-wire ohms function can also be used ta test diodes. 1. Select the 2-wive obuns function and the 2 KS? range. 2. Measure the resistance of the diode. If the diode is ‘g00d, when forward-biased it will measure about 0.6 KQ t0 0.7 kQ for silicon (0.25 kQ to 03 kQ for germanium), and when reverse-biased it will cause the SB40A 10 indicate overrange, (The forward-biased reading depends upon the range used.) The 2 k@ range is used because its 1 mA test current provides a typical operating point, and its 2V full-scale voltage is sufficient to turn on most diodes (even two diodes in series), 4-11. TESTING ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITORS “The 2-wire ohms function can also give a rough test of an electrolytic capacitor’s leakage and dielectric absorption. This test works well for capacitors 0.5 uF and larger. a8 ‘OHMS CURRENT SOURCE VOLTAGE SENSE Figure 4-3. 2-Wire Ohms Measurement L TO INPUT ‘Select the 2-wire ohms function, the 2 the medium reading rate. Connect the test leads to the INPUT HI lead to the + lead and the INP to the - lead). The $840A will try 10 ‘open-circuit voltage of the 2 KO range Disconnect the + test lead. ‘To test for leakage, select the VDC fur 20V range eave the SE40A in the Tate), and measure the voltage that was capacitor during step 2. a. If the capacitor is good, the volag capacitor will be about 6V, and will sable. b. If the capacitor is leaky, the voltage capacitor will be much less than 6 voltage will be decreasing. The rae Gepends on how leaky the capacitor © With some electrolytic capacitors, ‘will increase, This usually indicates t is defective. ‘To west the capacitor's dielectric absorp short the capacitor's leads together and th the voltage across the capacitor. If the dielectric is good (ie. has 10 absorption), the voltage across the ct bbe nearly zero volts.Measurement Tutorial RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT HI INPUT ‘OHMS CURRENT SOURCE LO INPUT 840A ‘OHMS CURRENT SOURCE HI SENSE DC VOLTAGE SENSING. CIRCUITRY LO SENSE TO INPUT =F e45 (Four places) Figure 4-4. 4-Wire Ohms Measurement D. If the dielectric is poor (ie, has high dielectric absorption), the voltage across the capacivot will be significantly above zero. 4-12, A PRECISION CURRENT SOURCE ‘The ohms current source (ihe internal current source used in the ohms functions) makes a useful troubleshooting tool in itself. It has excellent linearity and temperature stability Its compliance voltage is typically SV in the lower four ‘ohms ranges, and 12V in the upper two ohms ranges. The inputs are protected against accidental applications of volt- age up to 300V mms. To use the ohms currert source, conmect the test leads to the Hi and LO INPUTS, and select either the 2-wire or 4-wire ohms function. Press the range buttons to select any cf the current levels shown in Table 4-1. ‘The ohms current source can be used 10 troubleshoot circuits by injecting current into selected nodes, forcing the circuits 10 be in a specific test state. For example, the ‘ohms current source can be used to set or modify the bias of amplifier circuits. The currem level can be changed simply by changing range. The ohms current source can also be used to test mA or HA pane| meters. The accuracy of the current source is more than enough to verify panel meters, whose accuracy is typically 1% to 5%, To test an analog panel meter, simply connect the current source actoss the meter mover 4sment (4s though measuring its resistance). A 1 mA meter should show full scale when the okms function is set om the 2 kQ range. The same technique also works with digital pane! meters. 4-13, DC CURRENT MEASUREMENT To get the best accuracy using the mA DC function, it is important to understand the concept of burden voltage error. When a meter is placed in series with a cicuit 10 measure current, error can be caused by the small voltage drop act0sS the meter (in this case, across the protective fuses and cuent shust). This voltage drop is called the burden voltage, and it is highest for full-scale measurements. The fullscale burden voltage for the 88404 is typically tess than IV, “The burden voltage can present a significant ettor if the coment source being measured is unregulated (i.., not a true current souice) and if the resistance of the fuse and shunt is a significant part of the source resistance. If ‘burden voltage does present a significant error, the per- centage of exsor can be calculated and corrected for using the formulas in Figure 4-5. 4-44, REDUCING THERMAL VOLTAGES ‘When making very low-level de measurements, thermal voltages can present an additional source of error. Thermal voltages afe the thermovaltaic patentials generated at the junction between dissimilar metals. Thermal voltages typi- cally occur at binding posts and can be greater than 10 AV. ‘Thermal voltages can also cause problems in the low ohms ranges. Some low-value resistors are constructed with dissimilar metals. Just handling such resistors can cause ‘thermal voltages large enough to introduce measurement errors. "The effec of thermal voltages can be reduced by using the Sollowing techniques: 1. Use tight connections. 2. Use clean connections (especially free of grease and din, 3. Use similar metals for connections wherever possible (eg, copper-to-copper, gold-to-gold, etc.) Use caution when handling the circuit under test 5. Wait for the circuit ta reach thermal equilibrium, (Thermal voltages are generated only where there is a temperature gradient.) 415, AC VOLTAGE AND CURRENT MEASUREMENT When making precise measurements of ac voltage afd ccurent, there afe several considerations in addition to 46 those discussed under de voltage and cur ‘These include the concepts of rms conv bandwidth, and. zeto-input error. 416. True RMS Measurement The True RMS AC Option measures the ac voltages and currents. In physical mean-square) value of a waveform is t value that causes the same amount of heat in a resistor. True rms measurement analysis of complex ac signals. Since the 4 equivalent of the original waveform, reliable tasis for comparing dissimilar By contrast, many meters in use today responding ac converters rather than true ‘The scale factor in these meters is adj display the rms value for harmonic-free er, if a signal is not sinusoidal, avesage- do not display correct rms readings. The B840A actually derives the rms vahe] compuiation. This means that the £8408 sent true rms values not only for harmonics but also for mixed frequencies, modulated waves, sawtooths, random noise, rectangu 10% duty cycle, ete, 4-17. Waveform Comparison Figure 4-6 illustrates the relationship ‘components for common waveforms, and ngs for trve rms meters and average For example, consider the first wavefom, (Zero-to-peak) sine wave. Both the & ‘alibrated average-responding meters di ims reading of 1.00000V (the de compon However, consider the 2V_ (peak-to-peak) Both types of meter correctly measure the (OV), but only the 8840A correctly measures ponent (1.00000V). The average-tesponding ures 1.110V, which amounts to an 11% Since average-responding meters have been Jong, you may have accumulated test ot 1 ‘based on them, The conversion factors in shoulé help you conver Detween the two methods, 4-18. Crest Factor Crest factors are useful for expressing the a instrament to measute 2 variety of waveforms The crest factor of » waveform is the ratio voltage to its rms voltage. (For waveforms positive and negative half-cycles have differe tages, the more extreme peak is used in co crest factor) Crest factors stat at 1.0 for squar which the peak voltage equals the Ts wMeasurement Tutorial [AG VOLTAGE AND CURRENT MEASUREMENT EXAMPLE: g & Error in percent Correct current = 1460 mA +40 mA = 1600 ma NOTE: MEASURING BURDEN VOLTAGE measure voltage at the 2A terminal. Ee ERROR IN mA = (Displayed current) X —"—~ Ee ERROR IN PERCENT = = X 100 Displayed current = 1480 mA. 18V (measured with 8840A in VOC function) 0.4V (measured with 8840A as described below) Error in mA = (1460 mA) X ——— 1BV-04 To get the correct current, add the error in mA to the displayed current: ‘The 8840A allows you to measure burden voltage (Es) directly. Leaving the 2A and LO INPUT leads in place for current measurement, select the VDC function. Then, connect a third lead to the HI INPUT terminal and with it ‘Source voltage (measured) Burden voltage (measured) Fu= Load + source resistance ‘88404 internal resistance Eee iv Figure 4-5. Burden Voltage Error Calculation increase for mote “pointed” waveforms as shown in Figure 47. ‘The 840A has a full-scale crest factor limit of 3.0 for the 20V and 700V ranges, andi 6.0 for the other ranges. For full-scale input signals with a crest factor above these limits, dynamic range limitations can begin to cause large ‘rors. However, as Figure 4-7 shows, signals with a crest factor above 3.0 are unusual If you don’t know the crest factor of a particular waveform ‘but wish 10 know if it falls within the crest factor limit of the 88404, measure the signal with both the 840A and an ‘ac-coupled oscilloscope. If the ms reading on the 8840A is 13 or mote of the waveform’s zero-to-peak voltage, the crest factor is 3.0 or less 419. AC-Coupled AC Measurements Input signals are ac-coupled in the ac functions. One of the advantages of ac coupling is that ac measurements can be ‘made on power supply outputs,:phone lines, etc. Ripple measurements, for instance, cannct be made with de coup ling. Remember, however, that when the 8840A measures signals with the ac functions, the reading on the display a748 GE AND CURRENT MEASUREMENT PEAK VOLTAGES METERED VOLTAGES AC-COUPLED INPUT. WAVEFORM PPK ork ‘AG GOMPONENT ONLY De. TOTAL FMS CAL* 88408 oe COMPONENT ONLY TALE Varn SRE me Ue 2.828 1414 4.000 1.000 0.000 RECTIFIED SINE {FULLWAVE} rn ah ° =” 1414 tata 0.421 0.435 o.900 RECTIFIED SINE (HALF WAVE) "« = of lie 2.000 2.000 0.764 ozrt 0.636 1.0 ‘SQUARE PK, 2.000 4.000 4.110 1.000 ‘9.000 1.00 RECTIFIED SQUARE oe Tun sa14 1414 0.785 0707 0.707 RECTANGULAR PULSE PK PLS Les aye E Dexv o-0 \. z 2.000 2000 222k 2k 2D TRIANGLE SAWTOOTH, PK of\ | PKPK a 9.464 1792 0.960 1,000 ‘.000 19 + RMS CAL IS THE DISPLAYED VALUE FOR AVERAGE RESPONDING METERS THAT ARE CALIBRA 70 DISPLAY AMS FOR SINE WAVES Figure 4-3. Waveform Comparison Chartre ‘AG VOLTAGE AND CURRENT MEASUREMENT does not include the dc component (if one exists). For example, consider Figure 4-8, which shows a simple ac signal riding on a de level. The VAC function would ‘measure the ac component only. 4-20. Combined AC and DC Measurements The 8840A can be used to evaluate the true mms value of waveforms such a§ the one shown in Figure 4-8, which inchudes both ac and de components. First, measure the rms value of the ac component using the VAC function ‘Next, measure the dc component using the VDC function. Finally, calculate the total rms value as follows: 4-21. Bandwidth Bandwidth defines the range of frequencies to which an instrument can respond accurately. The accuracy of the ‘8840A is specified for sinusoidal waveforms up 10 100 KHz, or for nonsinusoidal waveforms with frequency com- {ponents up t0 100 kHz. The small-signal bandwidth (the frequency at which the response is 3 4B down) is typically ‘round 300 kHz. For signals with components grestes that 100 kHz, the measurement accuracy is reduced because of frequency bandwidth and slew-rate limitations. Because of this, accuracy may be Teduced when measuring signals with fast rise times, such as high-frequency square waves or switch- ing supply waveforms. As a rule of thumb, an ac voltage input signal is within the bandwidth limitations if the rise time is longer than 2 us, and within the slew-rate limita- tions if the input slew fate is slower than (1V/us)x(full seale of range), 4-22. Zero-Input VAC Error Wf the €840A input terminals are shorted while the VAC function is selected, the 8840A displays a non-zero reading (typically less than 80 digits in the highest four ranges, and tess than 300 digits in the 200 mV range). Such readings are due to random noise combined with the inherent nonlinear response of computing-type mms con- verters to very small input signals. ‘The zero-input error is quickly reduced when the input is increased. The rms converter error (a dc error) and the internally generated noise (a random ac error) are both uncortelated with the input signal. Therefore, when a signal is applied, the resulting reading is not the simple addition of the signal and the zero-input error, but the ‘square root of the sum of theit squares. This reduces the ‘effect of the error, as shown in the example in Figure 4-9. WAVEFORM CREST FACTOR SQUARE WAVE 10 TRIANGLE SAWTOOTH \) ae NUXED M\WW\p FREQUENCIES uO) scr oureur ° sen ouTPUT | Np 1414 t030 wmorenose AWM! 29:80 sccouren [1__T] ao POLSETRAIN i © +l tgs W10T SPIKE Figure 4-7. Typical Crest Factors for Various Wave- forms "AC COMPONENT, RMS Total = “V[ae fins component’ + (ae component | Figure 4-8. Combined AC and DC Measurement ‘As long as the 8840A reading is 1,000 counts or more, readings will still be within specified accuracy. 49EXAMPLE Given a zero-input reading of 300 counts (0.300 mVin the200 mV range) and an input signal of 10 mV, the read: f+ 02002 = = Sf 100+ 0090 == 10.004 mv ‘The effect of the zero-input error is reduced from 0,200 mV 16 0.004 mV, Figure 4-9, Reduction of Zero-Input Error 4105-1. INTRODUCTION This section presents an overall functional description of the 8840A, followed by a detailed circuit description. The descriptions are supported by simplified schematics in text and by the complete schematics in Section 10. 5-2, OVERALL FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION ‘A functional block diagram of the 8840A is shown in Figure 5-1. The basic signal path flows from left to right across the center of the page. The input is sensed at the input terminals, scaled, directed through the Track/Hold circuit, converted into digital representation by the Analog-to-Digital (A/D) Converter, processed by the Dig ital Controller, and sent to the display. ‘The DC Scaling circuit, which constitutes the “front end” of the instrument, has two major functions. First, it senses the input and produces an equivalent de voltage for all functions except VAC and mA AC. (AC inputs are con- verted to a de voltage by the True RMS AC Option.) Resistances are sensed as a dc voltage using a known test ‘current from the Ohms Current Source. A dc current input is converted to a de voltage by a precision current shunt. Second, the DC Scaling circuit scales the equivalent de voltages (for in-range inputs) to within the input range of the A/D Converter (#2V). In addition, the DC Scaling circuit provides input protection and provides analog Slter- ing for certain ranges and reading rates. (AC inputs are scaled by the True RMS AC Option.) ‘The Track/Hold (T/H) circuit samples the scaled de volt- age and presents the A/D Converter with a voltage that is constant for the input portion of each A/D conversion cycle, The T/H circuit also provides additional scaling for certain ranges. ‘The Digital Controller controls the operation of virtually every part of the 8840. It reads the front panel keyboard, configures the instrument for each function and range, tuiggers the A/D Converter, calculates the result of each AD conversion cycle, averages A/D samples, controls the Section 5 Theory of Operation display, and communicates with the IEEE-488 Interface Option via the Guard Crossing circuit. The heart of the Digital Controller is the In-Guard Microcomputer (iC). ‘The Guard Crossing circuit permits serial asynchronous ‘communication between the Digital Controller and the IEEE-488 Interface Option, while isolating the two circuits electrically. Whereas the in-guard power supply floats with the voltage at the INPUT LO terminal, the IEEE-488 Interface Option operates with reference to earth ground. ‘The “guard” is the isolation between the in-guard and ‘out-guard circuits. ‘The Power Supply provides supply voltages to all parts of the instrument. The Precision Voltage Reference provides precise reference voltages for the A/D Converter and the ‘Ohms Current Souree. 5-3. DETAILED CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION ‘The following paragraphs give a detailed circuit descrip- tion of each of the functional blocks in Figure 5-1. For Clarity, measurement ranges are referred to 5 11, 12, 13, fc., where TI is the lowest possible range, 12 the next higher range, and so on. Pins are designated by the respec- tive integrated circuit (eg. U101-7 for U101 pin 7). 5-4. DC SCALING ‘The DC Scaling circu scales all in-range de inputs so that the output of the Track/Hold (T/H) amplifier (U307) is within 22V. In addition, the DC Scaling circuit provides input protection and analog filtering. Additional scaling is provided by the the T/H Amplifier. “The following paragraphs describe the configuration of the DC Scaling circuit in the DCV and mA DC functions and also describe the analog filter. The ohms functions are described under a later heading because the T/H Amplifier ‘provides additional input switching for these functions. &5. VDC Sealing Scaling is performed in the VDC function by two preci sion resistors networks (2301 and 2302). These compo- B41ee 0G SCALING NoILdO s3dans sne sr-aaa1 \ 30VSUaLNI | nan 990-3331 { ! pies 4 | 1 | angnt | 30VLI0N00_} noudo ov |, _O¥ aaqvos[ "| swuanas f SEVEN _-- ! | auvne-Ni Lbepoeoeapes SRE auvoasay luaniownool, | uatusanoo |, | sinowio Linowig Witold aN nounawll* 3oysr0n 9 | ONTOS Da aviasia aavos SWNINUSL ANawuNO Asal SN@ TYNUBINI NE a0HNOS ANaHUNO SWHO Ne 3OvLION Noisioaue Figure 5-1. Overall Functional Block Diagram 52Ton ot Cpt nents are configured by relay K301, switching transistor QSiL, and quad analog switches U302A and U301B 10 provide the correct scaling for each range. Voltage fol- Jower U306 provides high input impedance for the 20V de range. A simplified schematic and a switch state table for the VDC function are shown in Figure 5-2. In the 200 mV and and 2V ranges, the input voltage is applied directly to the T/H Amplifier via Q310, Q311, and U3O1B, In the 200 mV range, the T/H Amplifier has 2 gain of 10; in all other de voltage ranges, the T/H Ampli- fier has a gain of 1 In the 20V range, the inpxs valtage is buffered by unity- gain amplifier 1'306, and divided by 10 by Z301. To allow 'U306 to handle =20V inputs, its power supplies are “boot- strapped” by 305 and Q306, so that the output voltage of, 'U306 determines the midpoint of its supply voltages. The Lo 2302 100K G01 SHOWN ENERGIZED. ‘SWITCH STATES FOR VDC. To 2301 TRACK/HOLD ——— SENSE PATH FOR VOC, 200 mV RANGE T 302A | Us020 RANGE | Q310 © K301 | Q311& | U301B 200 mv . . . NOTE | av . . . 20v . . . ‘TABLES SHOW CONFIGURATION 200v . . DURING TRACK PERIOD OF ‘yo00V . . ‘TRACK/HOLD CYCLE. | SWITCH STATES FOR mA DC FILTER SWITCH Q304 1S ON FOR THE S READING aan a! RANGE | asto | K301 | Vaore u3028 | U3020 RATE IN VDC. 200 mA . ‘© = Switch closed (or relay energized) Figure 5-2, DC Scaling (VDC and mA DC) 53Theory of Operation desedne, OPO positive supply is approximately 6.2V above the input and the negative supply is approximately 62V below. In the 200V and 1000V ranges, K301 is de-energized and the input voltage is divided by 100 by 2302. in the 200V range, the teduced input voltage is then applied directly to the T/H Amplifier as in the 2V range. In the 1000V range, the reduced input voltage is buffered by U306 and divided by 10 as in the 20V range. 5-6, VDC Protection Input protection for the VDC function is provided by a 1K, fusible resistor (R309), four metal-oxide varistors (MOVs) (RV301, RV402, RV403, and RV404), and additional protection resistors and clamp ciscuits. WARNING TO AVOID INJURY OR EQUIPMENT DAMAGE, USE EXACT REPLACEMENT PARTS FOR ALL PROTECTION COM- PONENTS. In all de voltage ranges, voltage transients greater than 1560V are clamped by the MOVs. Extreme overvoltage conditions cause R309 to fail open-circuit. R309 is followed either by a 99 kO, 10W resistor network (2304) in the 200 mv, 2V, and 20¥ ranges, ot by 10 MO (7302) to ground in the 200V and 1000V ranges. 2304 provides current limiting in extreme overvoltage condi- tions in the 200 mV, 2V, and 20V ranges. The non- inverting input of U306 is clamped to 225 by Q307 and 308. 5-7. mA DC Scaling In the mA DC function, the unknown current causes a voltage drop across current shunt R319. This voltage drop is then measured &8 in the VDC function. The DC Sealing ircuit is configured 5 shown by the simplified switch lable in Figare 5-2. SB. Analog Filter ‘The three-pole, low-pass analog filter (U304) has a Butter- worth response with comer frequency et 7 Hz, giving approximately 50 4B of rejection at SO Hz. The filter is used only for the slow reading rate and is used only in the VDC ranges and lowest three ohms ranges. The filter is switched into the input signal path by Q304 (Fignre 5-2). Jn some ranges and functions, additional filtering is pro- vided by U302B and C314, 5&9. TRACK/HOLD CIRCUIT ‘The Track/Hold (T/H) circuit presents a stable voltage to the A/D Converter during the input pesiod of the A/D. os conversion cycle. The circuit also pr the 200 mV de, 2002, and 2000 mA ‘The T/H circuit consists of the T/H Ampi ‘TIM capacitor C308, quad analog s and U303, and associated components. As 5-3, the T/H Amplifier functions as an op supplying additional gain. In subsequent Amplifier is represented as a single op ‘The circuit operates by cycling between hold, and precharge configurations shown ‘The In-Guard uC selects a particular configuration for each function and range, the precharge configuration for certain is achieved by latching fonction and range 301, U302, and U303. Basic timing for the T/H circuit is provi Converter over clock lines PC, HD1, TRI, the timing diagram in Figure $-5, top) initiated when the In-Guard uC pulls line 5-10. Track Configuration In the track configuration (Figure 5-44), functions as a non-inverting buffer. The v tracks the scaled de input voltage. 5-11. Settling Configuration ‘The circuit assumes a settling configur track and hold configurations. The circu ‘configuration in'Figure 5-4B for unity gain uration in Figure $-4C for gain of 10 During this time the DC Scaling circuit is to the TH amp. However, changes in the| affect the value to be measured, which is st 5-12. Hold Configuration ‘The X1 hold configuration (Figure $-4D) i VDC ranges except r1 and for all ohms ray ‘The output of U307 is the negative of the ‘The X10 hold configuration (Figure $-4E) i mA DC function, the 200 mV de range, range, and provides a gain of 10. 5-13, Pre-Charge Configuration ‘The pre-charge configuration (Figure 5-4F ‘the hold configuration in VDC tanges rl, ¢ ‘ohms ranges fl, 12, 13, and r4. U306 is « ‘puffer to charge stray capacitance at the input of the T/H Amplifier. The pre-charge ‘is not used it any other ranges. 5-14, PRECISION VOLTAGE REFERE ‘The Precision Voltage Reference (Figure precise reference voltages of ~7.00000 and .Theory of Operation PRECISION VOLTAGE REFERENCE Figure 5-3. Track/Hold Ampliner reference element is a reference amplifier (ref amp). ‘The nominal ref amp voltage is 6.5V. Resistor R701, precision resistor network 2701, and tran- sistor/zener diode combination U701 are produced as matched set_so that the output of U7O2A is precisely ~7.00000V. This output is remotely sensed at the pins of the custom A/D {C (Ui01). Diode CR701 prevents the output from going positive at power-up. U702B functions as an inverter to provide the +7.00000V. ‘output and to supply the reference amplifier. The gain of UTO2B is set by the two 20 KO resistors im the resistor network 2702. 5-15, OHMS CURRENT SOURCE, ‘The Olums Cusrent Source (Figure 5-7) provides a precise test current for the ohms functions. The first stage (Uid01, R401, and Q401) produces a precise reference current, using precision resistor R401 and a -7.0000V reference voltage from the Precision Voltage Reference. ‘The second stage (U404, precision resistor network 2401, and analog switches U402 and U403) is a current amplifier whose gain is controlled by the In-Guard uC. ‘The In- Guard UC sets the output current for each range by con- trolling S402 and U403. (See switch state table in Figure 5-1) 5-16. OHMS PROTECTION “The Ohms Protection circuit (402, 0403, Q404, O405, 0406, and Q407) clamps the open cixcuit voltage of the Ohms Current Source and provides protection for the Obms Current Source “The circuit protects the Ohms Current Source from up to £300V across the INPUT terminals. The ciseuit also clamps voltage transients larger than 1560V with four MOVs (RV401, RV402, RV403, and RV404). In addition, 21 KQ, 2W fusible wire-wound resistor (R410) in series with the output current path fails open-ciscuit under extreme overveltage conditions. 55TRACK CONFIGURATION ‘SETTLING CONFIGURATIONS \ay B) GAIN OF t ©) GAIN OF 10 —— vs T ie vs0r04 AMP, ware, 103A cot 18k 2k 3038 HOLD CONFIGURATIONS, D) GAIN OF 1 NOTE: IN 4-WIRE OH RANGES 1 THROM + INPUT OF THE 7/4 IS SWITCHED AS SH Ls uso rot v 3 sense Lo CHARGE CONFIGURATION TERMINAL /) uses = veoie) stayV V CAPACITANCE TWs03A ower U3080 “Ser 18K DEF ye ONF S030 Uae! x Ls U3038 Figure 5-4, Track/Hold Circuit ConfigurationsTheory of Operation ‘Sums PROTECTION x & = £ TRACK/HOLD CONTROL SIGNALS [ HOLD —! SETTLING 11011. a = eas |.__-2018. TRO TRACK Ro | owazoiny {| | auvanioo sevanao come ‘A/D CONTROL, SIGNALS 12.5 ms| (NOT TO SCALE TR NOTE 67 FIVE MEASUREMENT INTERVALS Figure 5-5, Timing Diagram for One A/D Cycle 2. HD2 = TRE 2.5 ms period as shown above. 4+. All times in ws unless otherwise indicated, $y 8. For 60 Hz line frequency, line TR hasTheory of Operation OHMS PROTECTION z7O1 we Figure 5-6. Precision Voltage Reference Large positive input voltages are blocked by CR402. Large negative input voltages are dropped equally across three high-voltage transistors (0402, 0403, and 404), If -300V is present at the collector of Q404, the voltage drops equally across Z402 so that large negative voltages never reack the current Source. The citcuitry associated with Q408 (R406, R407, R408, R409, 0406, QeO3, and CRAO3) clamps the oper-cireuit voitage of the Ohms Current Source below +6.5V in the lower four ranges and below +13V de in the higher two ranges. The in-guard uC turns Q408 on of off depending oon range. In the lower four ohms ranges, Q408 is on, effectively shorting R409; R406 and R409 then form a voltage divider which clamps the output of the obms current source below +6.5V, In the higher two ohms ranges, Q408 is off, including R409 in the voltage divider ‘and clamping the output below +33V, 5-17. OHMS FUNCTIONS 5-18. 2-Wire Ohms In the 2-wire ohms function, the Ohms Current Source is connected to the INPUT HI terminal by ohms relay K401 (Figure 5-8). The Ohnts Current Source applies a known current 10 the resistance under test, and the resulting 58 REF AMP SUPPLY -7V SENSE 2702 20.0% TP701 voltage drop across the resistor is measured in the VDC function, ‘The voltage sensed at the INPUT terminal & shown by the simplified switch table in Figu to the track period of the track/hold cycle, the scaled input voltage is sampled) In the lower four ranges, the full scale input AID Converter is 2V. However, in the 2000 MO ranges, the fullscale input voltage 10 th verter is +1V; me inguard uC completes ti multiplying the A/D result by 2. 5-19. 4-Wire Ohms In the 4-wire obms function, the Ohms Cur ‘connected to the INPUT HI terminal by ohms as in 2-wire ohms (Figure 5-8). The Ohms applies a known cutfent 10 the resistance through the INPUT HI and INPUT LO leads. voltage dfop across the resistor is measured by HI and SENSE LO leads, Tae voltage at the SENSE HI terminal is co DC Scaling circuit by Q303 (Figure 5-8). Th then scaled exactly as in the 2-wire ohms to the tack period in the switeh table in FigurTheory of Operation ‘OWS FUNCTIONS | REFERENCE CURRENT \ aot R416 548K 100, Ww FROM PRECISION VOLTAGE REFERENCE seed cow) Z401 Za01 TO OHMS: PROTECTION | SWITCH STATE TABLE RANGE | Ud0zA/ U4028 | U4020. 4020 U403A | U403B | U403C 2000 \ 2Ka 20 Ka. 200k 2000 ki 20Ma | © = Switch closed Figure 5-7, Ohms Current Source is tumed off to isolate the SENSE HI terminal from the INPUT HE terminal, Additional input switching occurs during the hold period Of the track/Mold cycle. (Refer to the hold period in the switch table in Figure 5-8.) In ranges rl through 14, the SENSE LO terminal is switched into the de input path by U3O1D, and the INPUT LO terminal is switched out of the de input path by U301C. This has the effect of measuring the SENSE HI terminal with respect to the SENSE LO terminal, In ranges 15 and 16, the SENSE LO and INPUT LO terminals are both switched into the de input path by U3OIC and U301D during the hold period. This has the effect of measuring the SENSE #1 terminal with respect to INPUT LO terminal rather than SENSE LO. Although the resistance of the INPUT LO lead is in series with the unknown resistance, accuracy is not affected as long as the resistance of the lead is Jess than 100 in the 2000 kQ range and less than 100 in the 20 M& range 5-20, A/0 CONVERTER, The Analog-to-Digital (A/D) Converter (Figure Fluke’s patented recirculating remainder technique. An input voltage (Vin) is compared to the output of the precision Digital-to-Analog, Converter (DAC). The output Of the AID Amplifier, connected as a comparator, is 58‘Theory of Operation AD CONVERTER SENSE 088 SENSE PATH nt 2 WIRE OHMS RANGE, OURI PERIOD. 208 zoce wnpuT i oem 310 HI P 2301 7 308 2304 L 20 usgea +10 Aor zon a) 3018 ouMS 2302 ean us CURRENT 100K 0304, SOURCE ANALOG FILTER INPUT SENSE user Lo i) Rare CLAMP 309 K301 AND K401 worl | SHOWN ENERGIZED | v | Penioo|Rance | Kaor | aa10 | as0a | Ksot | cart | us018 | ua02a | Us0i6 rack | 2000 2) «| ef ele 2 ko es 2) ape fe 8 20K © 2) 4]e)]e ce 200K © 2) a |e] ee porwr | « 2 4 |e . 20M 2 ae : Hoo | 2000 ~~) 2\a]fe]e 2 2Ka | 2] 4)e foe 2 20 k0 7 2) 4 |e fe 2 200 Ka soe | a oe] 8 2 zor | «| 2) 4 # . zMa eee : = Swish cased or ay eves) , ee Oe eee NOTE Filter switch Q30d is forthe 4 = Switch closed only in 4 WIRE ohms. S reading rate, ranges 11.1 Figure 5-8. Ohms ScalingTheory of Operation ‘AD CONVERTER monitored to indicate when the DAC output is larger than the input voltage. ‘The conversion process is broken up into an autozero period followed by five measurement intervals, (A timing diagram is shown in Figure 5-5.) Six bits of the final A/D sample are obtained during each interval During the first compare period (shown in Figure 5-9), the AID Converter determines the value of the scaled input voltage (Vin) by comparing Vin to the output of the DAC. Each of the DAC bit-switches is tried in sequence and kept for ‘ejected (left closed or reopened) depending on the ‘output polarity of the A/D Amplifier, which is configured as 2 comparator. This process produces a string of six bits which is stored in the Timing/Data Control circuit (the igital portion of U101). ‘During the following remainder-store period (Figure 5-10), the difference between the Vin and the DAC output is multiplied by 16 by the A/D Amplifier and stored on capacitor C102. During subsequent compare and remainder-store periods, the remainder voltage is con- nected to the input of U108 and is resolved to six bits; the remainder voltage (multiplied by 16) is stored alternately ‘on capacitor C102 and C103. Each of the five compare periods thus produces a six-bit nibble which is stored in the Timing/Data Control circuit. ‘This five-interval process thus generates five nibbles Which are processed by the In-Guard uC to produce one AID sample. After the fifth nibble is generated, U101 interrupts the In-Guard uC over line INT. The In-Guard UC then pulls ine CS7 low five times, causing U101 0 send the WC the five (six-bit) nibbles one-at-a-time over Tines ADO-ADS. The In-Guard uC then weights each nibble 1/16 of the value of the previous number and calculates the input voltage. ‘The hardware for the A/D Converter has four major sec- tions: Timing/Data Control, Precision DAC, A/D Ampli fier, and bootstrap supplies. 521. Data Control ‘The Timing/Data Control circuit (the digital portion of Ut101) times and controls the A/D Converter by maripulat- ing the switches in the A/D Araplifier and the bt-switches in the Precision DAC. An A/D conversion cycle is trig gered by the falling edge of line 7R from the In-Guard uC. Once triggered, the A/D Converter (under control by Ulo1) generates the five 6-bit nibbles. without further interaction with the In-Guard uC. ‘The Timing/Data Control circuit also provides a watch dog timer (Jine RES) which resets the In-Guard uC in case normal program execution is interrupted. If the timer [ BINARY LADDER NETWORK DAC AMPLIFIER ‘A/D AMPLIFIER, | | NOTE: A/D CONVERTER SHOWN DURING FIRST COMPARE PERIOD. Figure 5-9, Analog-to-Digital Converter SatTheory of Operation ND CONVERTER DAC AID AMP (x16) Cc Cc + Z101 z101 R105 15,238K 159.97K z101 350k 100k S200K BIT SWITCHES SET DURING PREVIOUS COMPARE PERIOD STORAGE CAPACITOF Figure 5-10. First Remainder-Store Period senses inactivity on line CS7 for longer than 1.5 seconds, it resets the In-Guard uC by pulling RES low, The Timing/Data Control circuit is supplied with a fixed- rate 8 MHz clock and proviges 2 1 MHz output clock for the Keyboard/Display Interface (U2i2). In addition, four output lines (PC, HDI, TR1, and TR2) provide control signals for the Track/tiold circuit 5-22, Precision DAC ‘The Precision Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC) is cont posed of DAC Amplifier U102B and a binary ladder network, which consists of resistors in Z101 and digitally controlied. analog bit-switches contained in U101 The bit-switches determine the output voltage of U102B by controlling the binary ladder network. The gain of ULO2B jis set by the ratio of a precision feedback resistor (Z101-7,8) and the equivalent output resistance of the ladder network 5-23. A/D Amplifier ‘The A/D Amplifier is composed of a comparator/amplifier (U103), two cemainder-storage capacitors (C103 and C102), an autozero storage capacitor (C101), and several digitally controlled analog switches contained in UI91. 512 ‘The A/D Amplifier has three modes of oper ‘mode, where any offsets in the A/D input C101 s0 as to be cancelled Ister, compare m A/D input is compared to the DAC output; store mode, where U103 amplifies and sto ence between the A/D input and the DAC o: the two semainder-storage capacitors (C102 autazero mode is shown in Figure 5-11. Th are shown in Figures 5-9 and 5-10. 5-24, Bootstrap Supplies ‘The dovistrap supplies are composed of Q102, CR103, CR104, and associated co bootstrap supplies enhance the gain accu During compare periods, the bootstrap sur output of U103 to minimize the time it t from being driven to a supply rail. Bott achieved by manipulating tne supplies of ( BS?) 5-25. DISPLAY ‘The vacuum Quosescent display is simila tube, containing eight control gsids and coated plates which form the display segme ciators. (See Figure 5-12.) The filament vol with a +5V de bias. Each plate is controllPRECISION DAC. Theory of Operatian DISPLRY A/D AMPLIFIER 2101 30K 15,298K Z101 AZ, | 10.667K C101 | Ur03) Figure 5-11. Autozero Period and 2 P line. The G lines go to the control grids, and the P lines go to the plates. ‘The Digital Controller sequentially enables the G lines by applying +30V de (nominal). When a G line is enabled, electrons flow from the filament to the enabled grid. If a P line is enabled (ie, raised to a nominal +30V dc by the Digital Controller), the electrons continue past the grid and sitike the respective plate, causing it to glow. 5-26. KEYBOARD The keyboind consists of a silicone-rubber switch matrix located over metalized epoxy contwets on the printed wire Figure 5-12, Vacuum Fluorescent Display ‘board. Each button contains a conductive pad that shorts two contacts when pressed 527. DIGITAL CONTROLLER ‘The Digital Controller (Figure 5-13) consists of the Ine Guard uC (U202), External Program Memery (U222), Calibration Memory (U220), Keyboard/Display Interface, ‘and associated components 5:28. In-Guard Microcomputer The In-Guard Microcomputer (uC) is a single-chip 28 microcomputer containing 4K bytes of ROM, 144 bytes of RAM, a UART, and four S-bit I/O ports. It communicates ‘with the rest of the instrument via the internal bus and dedicated 1/0 lines. The In-Guard wC is reset when pin 6 is pulled low cither by C204 at power-up or by the wwatch-dog timer in the custom A/D IC (UIO1). Pin 6 is tied to +5V through @ 100 KQ resistor inside the uC. All internal bus communication is memory-mapped. Each component that sends or receives data on the bus has 2 unique address or range of addresses. The imernal bus consists of lines ADO-AD7 and A8-A11. Lines ADO-AD7 ae time-multiplexed t0 carry both the least-significant address byte and the data. Lines AS-AL1 carry the most significant bits of the address. The juC writes 10 and seads fiom the intemal bus according 10 the read and write cycles shown in Figute 5-14. During either cycle, the address strobe (AS) changes from low to high when an 513Theory of Operation ‘DRITAL CONTROLLER address is valid, and the data strobe (DS) changes from Jow to high when the data is valid. ‘The address strobe latches the address on ADO-AD7 into U219 which then provides static address inputs for those devices that need it while data is on the bus. The data memory line (DM) divides the address space between program memory (U222) and data memory (all other devices on the bus). The data memory address space is further divided between the calibration memory (U220) and the remaining devices by All. The addresses of the remaining devices are decoded from A8-A10 by U208, ‘which combines the address with the data strobe (DS) to Provide a chip select (CS0, CS2, CS3, CS4, or CS7) for each device. ‘The In-Guard WC performs the following functions: range and function control; A/D control and computation; cali- bration conections; keyboard/display control; serial com- munication with the TEEE-488 Interface; and diagnostic self-testing and troubleshooting. 5-29. Function and Range Control ‘The In-Guard wC configures the DC Scaling circuit, the Track/Hold circuit, and the Ohms Current Source to pro vvide the proper input switching, scaling, and filtering for each function, range, and reading rate. It does this by controlling dedicated output lines which control relays and, FET switches, and by sending configuration codes out on the bus. The quad analog switches (U301, U302, U303, 'U402, and U403) latch the configuration codes and pet- form any level-shifting needed to control their internal MOSFET switches. Some of the switches require dynamic timing signals from the custom A/D IC (U101); these signals are combined appropriately in the quad analog switches with the configuration codes. 5-30. A/D Control and Computation The In-Guard uC initiates each A/D sample by pulling line TR low. When the uC is reset, it senses the power line frequency on line FREQ REF. The uC then sels its intemal timer so that the A/D sample rate is as shown in Table 5-1. ‘The momber of readings per second for the slow and medium sates are chosen to provide rejection of input signals that are at the line frequencies. ‘The custom A/D IC (U101) generates five 6-bit numbers afier each trigger from the 4C and then pulls INT low, telling the uC that dati ready. The uC reads the five numbers over the bus (CS7 pulses low five times for fe read cytes) ard Computes the value of the A/D sample using calibration constants. The C averages the appropriate number of samples for one seading, which is, then sent to the keyboard/display interface for display. Fos example, with a 60-Hz power-line frequency, an exter- nally triggered reading in the slow reading rate would cause the WC to send 52 pulses on TR at an 80 Hz rate. ‘The 32 A/D samples would be calibrated and averaged by the uC and sent for display. With internal triggering, the AID runs continuously at 80 samples per second with a reading being sent to the display every 32 samples. 5-31. Calibration Correction ‘The calibration constants used by the In-Guard uC in ‘computing each reading are stored in the EEROM (lec- tronically erasable read-only memory) Calibration Memory (0220). The front panel CAL ENABLE switch protects the EEROM from accidental writes. 5-32. Keyboard/Display Control Keyboard/Display Controller U212 communicates with the In-Guard uC over the internal bus. During a uC write cycle, address line AO telis U212 whether to consider data being sent by the uC as configuration commands or as ‘display data. Display data is stored in the KeyboardiDis- play Controller, which automatically scans the display. ‘The Keyboard/Display Controller selects one of eight grids using decoder U213 and buffer U215. The numeric display ‘data is decoded from BCD to 7-segment by decoder U216 and buffered by U217. Additional annunciator data is buffered by U218. ‘The Keyboard/Display Contsollr is reset by the uC when- ever the 1C is reset. It receives a 1 MHz clock signal from the custom A/D IC (U101), which uses the uC 8 MHz crystal for its clock input ‘The Keyboard/Display Controller scans the keyboard, sensing pressed buttons on lines RLO-RL7. It sends an interrupt to the uC via line KEYINT whenever 2 front ppanel button is pressed. The uC then reads the keycode from the Keyboard/Display Controller. (The status of the FRONT/REAR switch is sensed separately by line F/R SENSE.) 5-33. Troubleshooting Modes In addition to running the diagnostic self-test, the In- Guard uC has a troubleshooting mode which aids in finding digital hardware problems. After the uC is reset, it senses the relay control lines (U202-35 through U202-38) as inputs. If line U202-38 (TP205) is shorted to ground, ‘the UC goes into the troubleshooting mode. (U201 pro- vides internal pull-up.) The troubleshooting mode is described in detail in the Maintenance section. 5-34. Guard-Crossing Communication ‘The In-Guard uC contains a UART (universal asynchro- nous receiver transmitter) which it uses to communicate across the guard to the IEEE-488 Interface. The transmis sion speed is 62,500 bits per second. 5-35. GUARD CROSSING ‘The Guard Crossing consists of two identical circuits, each of which transmits data in one direction across the guard isolation between the Main Printed Circuit Assembly and the IEEE-488 Interface. One circuit is shown in Figure 5-15; the other circuit works identically. A portion of each Circuit is contained in the IEEE-488 Interface 515Theory of Operation Guano GrossiNG External 1/0 ‘ox Memory Read and Write Timing aos /82 ‘SMEs No, Symbol Parameter Min Max Noteett 1 TeAAS) Address Valid to AS 1 Delay 0 1.23 2 TdAS(A) KS 1 to Address Float Delay bo 423 3 TAAS(DR) AS 1 to Read Data Required Valid 360 1.2.3.4 4 TwAS FS Low Width a 123 5 TdAz(DS) Address Float to BS 1 0 1 6—TwDSAR———D5 (Read) Low Width 280 7 TwoSw DS (Write) Low Width 160 8 TaDSR(DR) DS t to Read Data Required Valid © TRDR(DS) Read Date to DS 1 Hold Tisne 0 10 TADS(A) DS 1 to Address Active Delay p 11 TADS(AS) DS 1 to AS | Delay n 32—T4R/W(AS)—-RW Valid to AS 1 Delay: 50 13 TaDS(RW) DB 1 to AW Net Valid o 14 TADW(DSW) —Wnte Data Valid 10 BS (Write) ! Delay 2 1S TdDS(DW) —_—_DS 1 to Write Data Not Valid Delay n 16 TAA(DR) Addrese Valid to Read Data Required Valid 410 12.3.4 17 TAAS(DS) FS 10 0S | Delay 0 Notes: 2. Timing numbers given are lor fnimum TaC. 5 Rlowine clock eye tne dependent chaste ble, 4. When using ended mesary timing dd ToC: Zilog and 28° aro trademarks of Zilog, Inc. with wham Jon" Fluke Mg. Co, ne nt associate, Reproduced by parmizcio® ®1989 Zilog, Ine. This materi sll not be rapracucee without the wlten consent ot Zilag, nc. Figure 5-14. ReadAvrite Timing Diagrams for Intemal BusTheory of Operation ‘GUARD CROSSING ‘Table 5-1. Sample Rates and Reading Rates | POWER SLOW MEDIUM FAST UNE Samples | Samples | Samples | Samples Samples ‘Samples | FREQUENCY, per Sec per Reading per Sec per Reading per sec per Reading [50 He 66.67 2 6667 4 00 1 60 He 80 32 80 4 100 1 400 He 76.19 32 76.19 4 100 1 The circuit in Figure 5-15 has two stable states, come sponding to output high (+5V) and output low (OV), Ifthe ‘output is high, the voltage present at the non-inverting input of op amp A is approximately +140 mV. Since the inputs to op amps A and B are inverted, their outputs are always in opposite states. Ifthe output of A is hiigh, the output of B is low, forcing the inverting input of A (and the non-inverting input of B) 10 ground, hence. reinforcing the existing state, The situation is analogous if the output of A is low. A positive-going transition at the input causes @ positive pulse at the non-inverting input of A, and a corresponding negative pulse at the inverting input of A. If the output is high to start with (with the non-inverting input of A raised 140 m¥ above its inverting input), these pulses reinforce the existing state (raismg the non-inverting input and lowering the inverting input). If, however, the output is low ta start with, the positive pulse (which is greater than 140 mV) raises the non-inverting input of A above its inverting input, switching the output to the high state, The situation is analogous for a negative-going input transition 5-36. POWER SUPPLY ‘The Power Supply provides the following in-guard out- puts: #30V, #15V, -62V, +75V, +5V, SV, and -8.2V de; and 4.5V ac. The Power Supply also provides a 16V ac ceatertapped ovt-guard output Input line voltage is directed to the primary transformer winding through fuse F601, the front panel POWER switch, and the rear panel LINE SET switches. Metal oxide varistor RV601 clamps line transients 2 about 390V. The LINE SET switches configure the Power Sup- ply to accept line power of 100, 120, 220, or 240V ac (£10% with a maximum of 250V) at 50, 60, or 400 Hz AC voltage for the +5V supply is rectified by CROL and (CR602 and regulated by VR6O1. The +5V output supplies mostly logic circuits. The ac input to the +5V supply is sensed by the In-Guard uC (via R604, CROIS, and ‘U21-12, 13) to measure the line frequency AC voltage for the +30V and -30V supplies is rectified by bridge network CR6OS, CR6O4, CR6OS, and CR6O and regulated by VR602 and VR60S. The +30V and -30V ‘outputs supply front-end buffer amp U306. In addition, the +30V output supplies the anodes of the vacuum fluores- cent display. Zener diode CR612 supplies -6,2V to the AD Converter clamps. ‘AC voltage for the +15V and -15V supplies is rectified by bridge network CREB, CRSO9, CRGIO, and CR611 and regulated by VR603 and VR604. The’ +15V_and -1SV supply analog circuitfy throughout the 8840A. Zener diodes CR613 and CR614 supply +7.5V and -8.2¥ to the AD Converter, analog filter, and DC Scaling circuit. MAIN PRINTED CIRCUIT ASSEMBLY 221 INPUT’ C203 R208 IEEE-488 INTERFACE | av 15K output “sy 1.5K Figure 5-15. Guard Crossing Circuit 57Theory of Operation FOWER SUPPLY ‘Secondary 1601-14,5,16 supplies the vacuum fluorescent display filament with 45V ac. The centes tap is connected to the in-guard +SV supply in order to correctly bias the display. An isolated secondary supplies 16V ac to the power supply on the IEEE~488 Interface, Zener diode CR615 and SCR Q601 comprise a protective ‘crowbar circuit. If the line voltage exceeds the nominal value by approximately 30 percent or more, CR61S con- ducts, turning on Q601, shorting out the power transformer secondary and blowing the line fuse. In normal operation, these components have no effect. 5-37. IEEE-488 INTERFACE (OPTION -05) ‘The IEEE-488 Interface has five major parts, as shown in, the block diagram in Figure 5-16. All components are contained in a single printed circuit assembly (PCA). Reference designations are mumibered in the 900 series, 5-38. Out-Guard Microcomputer ‘The Out-Guard Microcomputer (uC) (U901) communi. cates with the IEEE-488 talker/listerner 1C (U911) and the In-Guard uC (U202). ‘The Out-Guard pC is similar to the In-Guard 78 uC ‘except that it contains 8K bytes of ROM and 236 butes of RAM. For further description of the 28 heading “In-Guard Microcomputer” at 5-39. Guard Crossing The guard crossing circuit permis ‘communication between U901 and U200 the two electrically. One-half of the guard is contained on the Main PCA; the othe IEBE-488 Interface PCA. Operation of the; circuit is described in an earlier heading 5-40. Bus Interface Circuitry “The IEEE-488 bus protocol is handled by TEEE-488 talkerfistener IC (U911). It ‘U901 as a memory mapped peripheral data bas. Bus transceivers U912 and U913 buff TEEE-488 bus, They provide the bus output drive capability and receiver im 5-41. Signal Conditioning ‘The SAMPLE COMPLETE and EXT TRI and J904) are conditioned by U909. Di CR904, CR9OS, and CROOG and resistors Provide protection from excessive voltages and E903 allow selection of the polarity of | i} TEEE-488 INTERFACE OPTION Fq | ple ats | IN-GUARD 1 | | uc GUARD I {| veoe 1CROSSING| aT | eee | tees | | | TALKER I USTENER TRANSFORMER —_ Se icumn V | Teo: $—->} AND BUS | | SUPPLY ‘usor TRANS- - | cavers | ©) | sie AND \ ‘SAMPLE 1 usts re | | signa [*7] | EXTERNAL CONDITIONING | | Seer Looe | | | Figure 5-16. IEEE-488 Interface Block Diagram 548Theory of Operation NEEE-488 INTERFACE (OPTION -05 signal. (A polarity selection procedure is given in the Maintenance section.) The 8840A is configured in the factory so that it is triggered on the falling edge of the EXT TRIG signal. 5-42, TEEE-488 Interface Power Supply ‘The IEEE-488 Interface power supply circuit provides the IEEE-488 Interface PCA with +5V. The circuit consists of rectifying diodes CR9O8 and CR909, filter capacitor C910, ‘and voltage regulator VR9O1. Power comes from trans former T60S on the Main PCA. U908 and associated circuitry resets the Out-Guard uC at power-up and follow ing power-line voltage dropouts. 5-43, TRUE RMS AG (OPTION -09) ‘The True RMS AC circuit (Figure 5-17) performs two primary functions. First, it scales ac input voltages and ac current sense voltages to a range of OV to 2V ac rms. ‘Second, it converts the scaled ac voltages to an equivalent dc voltage which is then directed to the A/D Converter via the Track/Hold Amplifier. The True RMS AC circuit is trimmed for flat high-frequency response using a variable filter which is set by the High-Frequency AC Calibration procedure. ‘The following paragraphs describe how these functions are performed. Components are laid out on a single printed Circuit assembly (PCA). Component reference designators are numbered in the 800 series. 5-44, VAC Sealing AC voltage inputs are ditected from the HI INPUT termi- nal to the True RMS AC PCA through protection resistor R309 on the Main PCA. In this way, voltage transients greater than 1S60V are clamped by MOVs (RV30\, Rv402, RV403, and RV404) as in the VDC function. With the VAC function selected, K801 is closed. The input voltage is thus applied to C801, which blocks de inputs. 'U807 and resistor network 2801 provide selectable attenu~ ation and 1 MQ input impedance. In the upper two ranges, K802 is closed and Q806 is off, providing a gain of =1/500. In the lower three ranges, K802 is open and Q806 is on, shorting Z801-4 to ground; this configuration pro- vvides a gain of -1/5. CR801 and CR802 provide protection by clamping the inverting input of U807 to approximately 20.6V. 0805 shifts logic levels to control Q806. U806A, U806B, and a voltage divider (R804 and R805) provide gain which is selected for each range by the analog switches in U804. The configuration for each Tange is shown in Figure 5-17. (In this figure, the CMOS analog switches are represented by mechanical switches.) When ‘USO6A is not used, its non-inverting input is grounded by (804. When UB0GB is not used, its non-inverting input is connected to the CURRENT SENSE line. 5-45. mA AC Scaling ‘The mA AC function uses the same current shunt and protection network which is used for de current. In the mA ‘AC function, Q802 switches the CURRENT SENSE line to the non-inverting input of U806B, which provides a gain of 10. 5-46. Frequency Response Trimming ‘The frequency response is trimmed by sofiware calibration using a digitally controlled one-pole low-pass filter (R832 and a combination of C826, C827, C828, and C829). The analog switches in U808 configure the four capacitors to select one of 16 possible RC constants. The input of the digitally controlled filter is buffered by voltage follower U801A. The individual gain stages are also provided with fixed frequency compensation. 5-47. True RMS AC-to-DC Conversion UBOIB buffers the input to mms converter U8O2. U802 computes the rms value of the scaled input voltage as shown in Figure 5-18. Rather than explicitly squaring and averaging the input, U802 uses an implicit method in Re04, RBOS. uso? ‘AC INPUT, VOLTAGE (+500 FOR CURRENT SENSE VAC Fa, VARIABLE AMS FILTER CONVERTER To TRACK) HOLo circurr >| FILTERS Figure 5-17. True RMS AC Option Block DiagramTheory of Operation TRUE AUS AC (OPTION 0) which feedback is used to perform an equivalent analog ‘computation. ‘The filter averages the divider output signal. This filter consists of UB0SA, CBI3, REIS, and the iniemal 25 KO resistor and op amp between pins 8 and 9 of U802. The | } | | | | | ‘output is fusther filtered by a three-poe prised of US09B and associated resision ‘This output is then switched into the Ts of the de front end via U302 pins Track/Hold Amplifier is set up for uss ranges. FILTER Vogt Figure 5-18, True RMS AC-to-DC Converter 5-20WARNING THESE SERVIGE INSTRUCTIONS ARE. FOR USE BY QUALIFIED PERSONNEL ONLY. TO AVOID ELECTRIC SHOCK, DO NOT PERFORM ANY PROCEDURES IN THIS SECTION UNLESS YOU ARE QUALIFIED TO DO SO. 1. INTRODUCTION ‘This section presents maintenance information for the 8840A. The section includes a performance test, a calibra- tion procedure, troubleshooting information, ‘and other general service information, ‘Test equipment recommended for the performance test and calibration procedure is Yisted in Table 6-1. If the recom- mended equipment is not available, equipment that meets the indicated minimum specifications may be substituted, 6-2, PERFORMANCE TEST This test compares the performance of the 840A with the specifications given in Section’1. The testis recommended as an acceptance test when the instrument is first received, and as a verification test after performing the calibration ‘procedure. If the instrument does not meet the perfor ‘mance test, calibration or repair is needed. To ensure optimum performance, the test must be per- formed at an ambient temperature of 18°C to 28°C, with a relative humidity of less than 75%. Also, the 8840A should be allowed ta warm up for one hour prior to beginning any test other than the self-test. 6-3. Diagnostic Self-Tests ‘The diagnostic self-tests check the analog and digital circuitry in the 88404. There ate 21 analog tests followed by in-guard program memory, calibration memory, and display tests. Out-guard progrim memory is tested when self-test i initiated by a remote command. Microcomputer RAM tests are done only at powerup. Section 6 Maintenance NOTE The inputs must be left open-circuited while the selftests are performed. Otherwise, the 8840A may indicate errors are present. Errors ‘may also be caused by inductive or capacitive Pick-up from long test leads. Uf the FRONTIREAR switch is in the REAR Position, the S840A skips tests 3 and 4. Also, if Option -09 is not insialled, the 8840A. skips tests 1, 2, and 3. ‘To initiate the seltests, press the SRQ button for 3 seconds. The TEST annuncistor will then fight up, and the 8840 will run through the analog tests in Sequence. Each test number is displayed for about 1 second. The instru- ment can be stopped in any of the test configurations by pressing the SRQ button while the test number is dis- played. Pressing any button continues the tests. Afier the last analog test is performed, all display seg- ‘ments light up while the instrument performs the in-guard rogram memory, calibration memory, and display tests. ‘The instrument then assumes the power-up configuration: VDC, autorange, slow reading rate, offset off, local con- trol If the 8840A detects an error during one of the tests, it splays the ERROR annunciator and the test number for about 2-1/2 seconds, and then proceeds to the next test ‘The test mumber thus becomes an error code. (Error codes are listed in Table 2-1, Section 2.) Passing all diagnostic selftests does not necessarily mean the S840A is 100% functional. The test, for example, cannot check the accuracy of the analog circuitry. If one ot more errors are displayed, the 8840A probably requires service. 64, DC Voltage Test The following procedure may be used to verify the accuracy of the VDC function: etMaintenance PERFORMANCE TEST Table 6-1, Recommended Test Equipment Vohage Range: 01000¥ de Vokage Accuracy: 10 ppm Absolute Linearity: 21.0 ppm "ALTERNATIVE: (Mist be used with Kelvin Varley Voltage Divider) Voltage Range: 0-1000V de Vonage Accuraty: 20 ppm + 20 ppm of range Ratio Range: 0-1.0 Absolute Linearty: =1 ppm of input at cial setting Kelvin-Varley Votage Divider: alia MINIMUM SPECIFICATIONS RECOMMENDED DC Calibrator PREFERRED Fake 67008 or Fluke fiesistor Calibrator | Resistance Accuracy: 0.005% BC Current Source | “Accuracy: =0.025% Fluke 57008 or Fluke Fluke ‘S700A of Fluke 61 Osciloscope General purpose, 60 Miz, with 10 M@ probe Digital Multimeter) Voltage Accuracy: 0.01% in V de 1.0% for 1V in V ac @ 100 kHz Input Impedance: 10 ME oF greater in V de; 1.M@ or greater in parallel with <100 pF in V ac. Philips 3055 or 3355 Fluke 88404 {with Option AO Calibrator Flake 6700A and Fike 5725 r Minimum Required Accuracy (Gy Range) as beeen) 4,10, 100 mvt 4,10, 100% +100 Range 20 Hz - 30 He 1 + 008 1+ 005 124 30 Hz - 20 kHz m+ 10 92 + 002 44 20 ke - 50 kHz 05 + 20 05 + .005 08 + | 50 kHz - 100 kHz 05 + 20 05 + .005 4+ 4. =(% of setting + BV) 2. H4(% of setting + % of range) ‘AC Current Source Fluke 5700A or Fluke 5100 _ 62 Frequency ‘Minimum Required Accuracy Range (Al Ranges) 90 Hz - 1 kee (07% + 1 mA) 1 kHz - 5 kHz 207% + 1 mA) X frequency in Kriz ‘Shorting Bar Fesistance: <1.5 ma Pomona MOP-S-0 Construction: Soldered (not rivetted) inch Jumper ~ EZHook 2046W-S or eau Optional Test | 9070A, 9005A or Micro-System Troubleshooter, 9000A-B048 Interface Pod; EquipmentMaintenance PERFORMANCE TEST 1. Ensure the 8840A is on and has warmed up for at least 1 hour. 2. Select the VDC function, 3. Connect the DC Calibrator (see Table 6-1) to provide a voltage input to the HI and LO INPUT terminals. If using the Fluke 343A and the Kelvin-Varley Voltage Divider instead of the Fluke S440, connect the test leads as shown in Figure 6-1. 4. For each step in Table 6-2, select the indicated range, set the DC Calibrator for the specified input, and verify that the displayed reading is within the limits shown for each reading rate. (For step A, connect a short across the HI and LO INPUT terminals and press OFFSET. The measurement in step C should be Telative to this offset.) ‘5. With the unit in the 2V range, check the A/D lineasity by setting the DC Calibrator for each step in Table 6-9, while verifying the display reading is within the limit shown. Set the DC Calibrator for zero volts and disconnect it from the 8840A. 6-5. AC Voltage Test (Option -09 Only) The following procedure may be used to verify the accuracy of the VAC funetion: 1. Ensure the 8840A is on and warned up for at least 1 hour. Select the VAC function and the slow (S) reading rate, Connect the AC Calibrator to provide a voltage input to the HI and LO INPUT terminals. (Low- and Mid-Frequency Test.) For each step in Table 6-3, select the indicated range, set the AC Calibrator for the specified input, and verify that the displayed reading is within the limits shown for each reading. rate NOTE This procedure tests the extremes of each rrange. You may shorten the procedure by tesi- ing only the “quick test points” indicated in Table 6-3 with asterisks. (High-Frequency Test.) For each step in Table 6-4, select the indicated range, set the AC Calibrator for the specified input, and verify that the displayed read- ing is within the limits shown for each reading rate. NOTE This procedure tests the extremes of each range. You may shorten the procedure by test- ing only the “quick test points” indicated in Table 6-4 with asterisks. DC CALIBRATOR (FLUKE 343A) REVERSE THESE LEADS FOR NEGATIVE INPUT VOLTAGE TO 88404 CONNECTIONS ARE SHOWN FOR POSITIVE INPUT VOLTAGES TO 88408 NOTE: THE KELVIN-VARLEY VOLTAGE DIVIDER IS. NOT REQUIRED FOR INPUT VOLTAGES ABOVE 2.0V DC KELVIN-VARLEY VOLTAGE DIVIDER (FLUKE 720A) Figure ¢-1. Connections for Kelvin-Varley Voltage Divider 63Waintenance PERFORMANCE TEST Table 6-2. DC Voltage Test DISPLAYED READING INPUT STEP) RANGE | Oy ge) SLOW MEDIUM A jowinwum [Maxivum | minimum | Maximum: | TaiNIMUN ‘200 mv [ov (enon) -00.003 400.008) -00.008) “$00.05, -00.02 B |2v, 2ov,lov (enor) -8 counts | +3 counts | -S counts | 45 courts | -2 courts 2o0v, so00v C’ |200 mv |100 mv | +99989 | +100011 | +99.987 4100013 | 499.97 oly |v +9083 | +1.00007 | +.99991 +1.00009 | +9997 © |ooy ov sage | +1.00008 | +9:9990 +10.0010 | +9997 F | a00v |10ov | +9992 | +100.008 | +99.990 +100010 | 499.97 | sooov |tooov | +99992 | +1000.08 | +999.90 +1000.10 | +9887 NoTEs: 1. Relative to high-quality short stored using OFFSET feature 2. When in fast reading rate with intemal trigger and transmitting data out of the IEEE-488 interface, the: must be blanked (command D1) to ensure states accuracy. 6 Set the AC calibrator to standby and disconnect it 3. For each step in Table 6-5, select the from the 8840A. set the Resistance Calibrator for the: input, and proceed as follows: 6-6. Resistance Test a, Test the 4-wire ohms function: ‘The following procedure may be used to verify the 1 Select the 4-wire ohms accuracy of the 2-wire and 4-wire ohms functions. 2. Verify that the displayed 1, Ensure the 8840A is on and has warmed up for at the limits shown for exch, least 1 hour. b. Test the 2-wire ofims function: 2. Connect the Resistance Calibrator to the 8840A for 1. Select the 2-wire ohms fu 4-wire ohms. SENSE test leads need not be Table 6-3. Low- and Wic-Frequency AC Voltage Test step INPUT ERROR TEST LIMITS (Wi NUMBER RANGE VOLTAGE FREQUENCY | " MINIMUM M counts 5 a o.07000¥ 100 Fe 201 0.00798 2 Ey 0.10000. 100 Hz 114 0.09886 s a 0.30000V 100 Hz 742 0.29858 { 4 a +.00000v 100 He 240 0.99760 s aN 1.90000 100 Hz (366 1.89634 6 a 0.10000 20 He 220 0.09780 7 nw 1.90000 20 He 2380 1.87620 8 ~ 9.10000¥ 45 He 135 0.09865 8 ~ +.90000v 45 Hz 765 1.89288 10" 200 mv 0.001000V_ 100 Hz 201 0.000788 { 1 | 200 mv 0.190000 20 kHz 365 0.189684 “Quick test 2 64Maintenance PERFORMANCE TEST Table 64. High-Frequency AC Voltage Test INPUT ERROR ‘TEST LIMITS (IN VOLTS) ote RANGE IN NUMBER voutace | FREQUENCY | counts | MINIMUM MaxIMUM |__| 1 200 mv 0.010000 30 KE 169 0.008881 0.010169 2 200 mV 0.010000V 100 KHz. 350 6.000650 0.010350 v a 0.10000V_ 100 kHz, 350 0.09650 0.10350 s 20V 1.0000V 100 kHz 350 0.9650 1.0350 3 | e00v 10.000 400 Kitz 350 9.650 10.950 e ‘700V 100.00 100 kHz 350 96.50 103.50 7 ‘| ev +19.0000V 100 kee 1250 18,8750 19.1250 8 | zm 0.199000 100 kz +250 0.188750 0.181250 “Quick test points. 2. Zero the test lead resistance by pressing the OFFSET switch while shorting the HI and LO INPUT test leads together. 3. Verify that the displayed reading is within the limits shown for each reading rate. 67. DC Current Test ‘The following procedure may be used to test the mA DC Ensure the 8840A is on and has warmed up for at least 1 hows. Select the mA DC function. Connect the Current Source to the 2A and LO INPUT terminals. For each step in Table 6-6, set the Current Source for the indicated input and verify that the displayed read- function: ing is within the limits shown for each reading rate. Table 6-5. Resistance Test ERROR FROM INPUT step RANGE peat (in Countsy* MEDIUM. FASTA 7 zoo? ——~SC*| «SSC Bho) 3 2 2oon 1008 4 3 240 09 (shor) 2 4 2ko 1 Ke 2 5 20 ka 09 (shor) 2 6 2010 1012 3 7 200 kQ- 02 (short) 2 8 200 ka 300 42 3 9 2000 ka 0Q (short) 2 10 2000 ko +Ma 3 1" 20 Ma 02 (short) 2 2 20 Ma 40 Ma 8 NOTES. fers Using Offset Control. 4-1/2 Digit Counts, Applies to 4-Wire Ohms Only. \When in fast reading rate with internal tigger and transmitting data out of the IEEE-488 interface, the 8840A Gispiay must be blarked (gommand D1) to ensure stated accuracy , 6sMaintenance PERFORMANCE TEST S. Set the Current Source for zeto mA and disconnect it from the 8840A. 68. AC Current Test (Option -09 Only) ‘The following procedure may be used to test the mA AC function: 1. Ensure the 8840A is on and warmed up for at least 1 hour. Select the mA AC function. Connect the AC Current Source 10 provide a current sput 10 the 2A and LO INPUT terminals. ¥f an ac current source is not available, the functionality of the ‘8840A can be checked at 10 mA by using a Fluke ‘520A set at 100V and connected to the 8840A 2A, terminal through a 10 kQ, 2W, 1% resistor. For each step in Table 6-7, set the AC Current Source fot the indicated input and verify that the displayed reading is within the limits shown for each reading rate. Set the AC Current Source to Standby and disconnect from the 8840A. 5 69. CALIBRATION CAUTION To avoid uncalibrating the 8840A, never cycle power on or off while the CAL ENABLE switch is on. NOTE 4f U220 is replaced, perform the Erase Cali- bration Memory procedure (located later in this section) before attempting calibration. Failure to do so may result in an ERROR 29 ‘on the 8840A front panel display. ‘The 8840A features closed-case calibration reference sources. The 8840A automatical for the required reference sources, measu lates correction factors, and stores the cox the nonvolatile calibration memory. Closed-case calibration has many a Parts to disassemble, no mechanical adj and if the IEEE-488 Interface is installed, be calibrated by an automated instrume ‘The 8840A should normally be calibrated eycle, typically every 90 days or 1 year. the calibration cycle depends on the ‘you wish to maintain. The 8840A should if it fails the performance test or has ‘meet the specifications in Section 1, the calibrated with equipment meeting % specifications given in Table 6-1. ‘The following paragraphs first present a procedure. This is followed by a descri features and special considerations, and by a remote calibration using the IEEE-488 6-10. Basic Calibration Procedure ‘The basic calibration procedure consists of four parts. These parts must be performed shown, L 2. 3. Initial Procedure. AID Calibration. Offset and Gain Calibration for each range. High-Frequency AC Calibration (Tr option only). Nomnally, it is recommended that the ad procedure be performed. However, under stances the earlier parts may be omitted. F 4. Table 66. DC Current Test ; DISPLAYED READING ‘STEP INPUT ‘SLOW MEDIUM FAS miNIMUM | MAXIMUM | MINIMUM | MAXIMUM | MINIMUM + [om -000.04 | +000.04 -000.06 ++000.06 0002 2 | 1000 ma de 999.56 1000.44 999.54 1000.46 999.4 ‘Table 6-7. AC Current Test INPUT TEST LIMITS ‘STEP NUMBER ‘CURRENT FREQUENCY ‘MINIMUM " 1 2000 mA 1900.00 mA 1 kee 1890.40 2 2000 mA 100.00 mA 1 kHz 97.60 66Maintenance ‘CALIBRATION. installing the True RMS AC option, it may be necessary only to perform Offset and Gain Calibration for the ac functions, followed by High-Frequency AC Calibration. But if the A/D Calibration is performed, it must be fol- lowed by a complete Offset and Gain Calibration for all functions and then by High-Frequency AC Calibration. Some of the calibration calculations are complex and take the 8840A some time to execute. For example, when you store the zero input during the Offset and Gain Calibration for the VDC function, it takes around 22 seconds before the next prompt appears. (The 88404 automatically uses this input to calibrate the offset for all ranges.) While the 8840A is executing a calibration step, it ignores all of the front panel buttons and delays execution of all remote commands. 6-11. INITIAL PROCEDURE Always begin the calibration procedure as follows: Allow the 8840A to stabilize in an environment with ambient temperature of 18°C to 28°C and relative humidity less than 75%. 2, Tum the 8840A on and allow it to warm up for at least 1 hour. 3. Enable the calibration mode by pressing the CAL ENABLE switch with a small screw-driver or other suitable iastrument. (The CAL ENABLE switch is located on the right side ofthe display and is normally covered by a calibration seal.) ‘When the calibration mode is enabled, the CAL annuncia- tor lights up, and the 8840A displays the first prompt for ‘the A/D Calibration procedure (Figure 6-2). To exit the calibration mode, press the CAL ENABLE switch again. In the calibration mode, the front pane! controls assume the functions described in Figure 6-3. Some of these. functions are advanced features and are not required for the basic calibration procedure. The display blanks briefly when a button is pressed ‘The following functions are inappropriate during calibra- tion, and are therefore unavailable: + Offset + Autoranging + External Trigger -L Figure 6-2. First A/D Calibration Prompt + Front Panel Trigger ‘+ Front panel SRQ (Under local control) + Diagnostic self-tests 612. A/D CALIBRATION ‘The A/D Calibration procedure calibrates the analog-to- digital converter for offset, gain and linearity. The 8840A automatically selects the A/D calibration procedure when the CAL ENABLE switch is first pressed. The procedure must be performed in its entirety, and may not be per- formed in part. If the A/D calibration is discontinued prior to completion, the last complete set of A/D calibration constants will be retained unchanged. To perform A/D Calibration, proceed as foifows: 1. Ensure the Initial Procedure as been completed. The 8840A then displays the prompt for the first reference source, zero volts (i., a short). 2. Each time the 8840A prompts you for a reference source, apply the requested source to the HI and LO INPUT terminals, and press the STORE button, When, STORE is pressed, the numeric display field blanks while the 8840A performs the necessary calculations. (Do not change the reference source while the display is blank.) The 8840A then displays the next prompt. For reference, all prompts ate shown in Table 6-8. NOTE The 88404 automatically checks that the refer- ‘ence input is near the value prompted, and displays ERROR 41 if it exceeds a specific tolerance. (See Advanced Features and Special Considerations, later in this section) 3. After the last input is stored, the 8S40A begins taking readings in the 2V range of the VDC function. (The CAL annunciator zemains on} Verify the A/D calibra- tion using the test points in Table 6-9. If you wish to repeat the A/D Calibration procedure, press the A/D button, ‘The A/D Calibration procedure is an iterative process. Each pass through the procedure uses the constants stored Previously and improves them. Normally, one pass is adequate, However, if the calibration memory has been erased oF replaced, of the A/D Converter has undergone repair, the A/D Calibration procedure must be performed twice. Because the A/D Calibration procedure is iterative, the instrument’s performance can be slightly enhanced by going through the procedure more than twice. However, this is not necessary to meet the published specifications. 6-13. OFFSET AND GAIN CALIBRATION ‘This procedure calibrates the instrument's offsets and gains by applying a high and low input for every range of 67
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