Scribd
Upload
40 views16 pages

Epidemiology Sesi 1

This document provides an overview of epidemiology. It defines epidemiology as the study of disease occurrence and distribution in populations as well as determinants that influence health. The document outlines the basic approaches in epidemiology including surveillance, risk identification, intervention evaluation, and public health implementation. It discusses classic and modern applications of epidemiology and provides examples of influential epidemiological studies such as John Snow's cholera study and studies on smoking and lung cancer.

Uploaded by

PututWisnuNugroho
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
40 views16 pages

Epidemiology Sesi 1

This document provides an overview of epidemiology. It defines epidemiology as the study of disease occurrence and distribution in populations as well as determinants that influence health. The document outlines the basic approaches in epidemiology including surveillance, risk identification, intervention evaluation, and public health implementation. It discusses classic and modern applications of epidemiology and provides examples of influential epidemiological studies such as John Snow's cholera study and studies on smoking and lung cancer.

Uploaded by

PututWisnuNugroho
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 16

9/5/16

Epidemiology overview
Riris Andono Ahmad

1
9/5/16

Public Health Approach Implementation:


How do you
do it?
Intervention
Evaluation:
What
works?
Risk Factor
Identification:
What is the
cause?
Surveillance:
What
is the
problem?
Problem Response

2
9/5/16

Ebola

Classically speaking
Epi = upon
Demos = people
Ology = science
Epidemiology = the science which deals with what falls upon
people..
Bridge between biomedical, social and behavioral sciences

3
9/5/16

Simple Old Definitions


Oxford English Dictionary
THE BRANCH OF MEDICAL SCIENCE WHICH TREATS EPIDEMICS

Kuller LH: American J of Epidemiology 1991;134:1051


EPIDEMIOLOGY IS THE STUDY OF "EPIDEMICS" AND THEIR PREVENTION

Anderson G. In: Rothman KJ: Modern Epidemiology


THE STUDY OF THE OCCURRENCE OF ILLNESS

A Modern Definition
Study of the occurrence and distribution of health-related diseases or
events in specified populations, including the study of the
determinants influencing such states, and the application of this
knowledge to control the health problem
(Porta M, Last J, Greenland S. A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2008)

4
9/5/16

Epidemiological question

Why some individuals have diseases while others not?

Basic assumptions in epidemiology


Diseases are not randomly distributed in population

Every individual has certain characteristics which increase or reduce


the risk of getting diseases

5
9/5/16

Purpose of epidemiology
Identify causes and risk factors of diseases
Identify burden of diseases in given population
Study the natural history of diseases and its prognosis
Evaluate program intervention
Provide evidence for public health policies

Classical versus Modern Applications

Classical: descriptive, observational, field, analytical, experimental,


applied, healthcare, primary care, hospital, CD, NCD, environmental,
occupational, psycho-social, etc
Modern: risk-factor, molecular, genetic, life-course, CVD, nutritional,
cancer, disaster, etc

6
9/5/16

Broad Types of Epidemiology

DESCRIPTIVE EPI ANALYTIC EPI

Examining the distribution of a Testing a specific hypothesis


disease in a population, and about the relationship of a
observing the basic features of its disease to a specific cause, by
distribution in terms of time, conducting an epidemiologic
place, and person. We try to study that relates the exposure
formulate hypothesis, look into of interest to the outcome of
associations ? interest (? Cause-effect
relationship)
Typical study designs: cohort,
Typical study design: case-control, experimental
community health survey design
(synonyms: cross-sectional
study, descriptive study)

Descriptive Epidemiology Is A Necessary


Antecedent of Analytic Epidemiology

To undertake an analytic epidemiologic


study you must first:
Know where to look
Know what to control for
Be able to formulate / test hypotheses
compatible with a-priori lab / field
evidence

7
9/5/16

Basic Triad of Descriptive


Epidemiology

THE THREE ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF


DISEASE WE LOOK FOR IN DESCRIPTIVE
EPIDEMIOLOGY ARE:

PERSON
PLACE
TIME

Personal Characteristics (whom)

Age
Gender
Socio-economic status (education,
occupation, income)
Marital status
Ethnicity/race/genetic profile
Behavior / habits

8
9/5/16

Place (where ?)
Geographically restricted or
widespread (outbreak, epidemic,
pandemic)? Off-shore (tsunami)
Climate effects (temperature,
humidity, combined effects..)
Urban / sub-urban-squatter / rural
Relation to environmental exposure
(water, food supply, etc)
Multiple clusters or one?

Time (when ?)

Changing or stable?

Clustered (epidemic) or evenly


distributed (endemic)?

Time-trends: Point source,


propagated, seasonal, secular,
combinations

9
9/5/16

History of epidemiology

10
9/5/16

11
9/5/16

12
9/5/16

13
9/5/16

John Snow Cholera study

14
9/5/16

Modern Epidemiological study


DOLL & HILL (1950): Used a case-control design to describe and test the
association between smoking and lung cancer.

FRANCES at al. (1950): Huge formal field trial of the Poliomyelitis


vaccine in school children.

DAWBER et al. (1955): Used the cohort design to study risk factors for
cardiovascular disease in the Framingham Heart Study.

15
9/5/16

Topics in epidemiology course


Measuring diseases burden
Asociation and causality
Epidemiological study designs
Bias and confounding
Validity
Epidemiology and disease control

16

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy