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Transport Phenomena - 7 - Conservation of Momentum3

This document describes flow through an annulus, or the space between two coaxial cylinders. It presents the governing equations of continuity and motion and applies them to analyze flow in this geometry. The analysis yields expressions for the velocity profile, maximum velocity, average velocity, mass flow rate, and force on the cylinder surfaces. It also provides examples of using the equations of change to analyze flow in a Couette viscometer, which measures viscosity by rotating a solid object in a fluid.

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Hareritam
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227 views34 pages

Transport Phenomena - 7 - Conservation of Momentum3

This document describes flow through an annulus, or the space between two coaxial cylinders. It presents the governing equations of continuity and motion and applies them to analyze flow in this geometry. The analysis yields expressions for the velocity profile, maximum velocity, average velocity, mass flow rate, and force on the cylinder surfaces. It also provides examples of using the equations of change to analyze flow in a Couette viscometer, which measures viscosity by rotating a solid object in a fluid.

Uploaded by

Hareritam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EGCH 403

Sira Srinives
FLOW THROUGH A ANNULUS
-The steady state axial flow
Of an incompressible fluid
In an annular region between
Coaxial cylinders of radius
R and R.
-The direction of fluid flow
Is opposed to the gravity.
The postulates are not
much different from the
previous example:
vz = vz(r), v = 0, vr = 0, and
p = p(z).
FLOW THROUGH A ANNULUS
FLOW THROUGH A ANNULUS
-Momentum balance in the same manner as the
previous problem yields

The only different here concerns definition of


combined pressure as here.

Note that the previous


problem defined
FLOW THROUGH A ANNULUS
-Integration of the equation

Yields

, which can be solved using one boundary condition.

However, we currently have no idea about the


momentum fluxes at the fixed surfaces
FLOW THROUGH A ANNULUS
-Then, an point is indicated as the maximum
velocity point that yields a momentum flux of zero.
B.C. , =0

which can be solved for C1, leading to

.
FLOW THROUGH A ANNULUS
-With help from the Newtons law of viscosity,

.
Integration the above equation yields

Requiring 2 Boundary conditions, (C2 and )

NOTE: we know v not


FLOW THROUGH A ANNULUS
We obtain

That yields
.

Then,
FLOW THROUGH A ANNULUS
Then, according to the equation

(i)The maximum velocity is the velocity at r = R.

(ii)The average velocity is given by


FLOW THROUGH A ANNULUS
(iii) The mass flow rate is presented as

(iv) The force exerted by the fluid on the tube surface


is determined as

Note that this equation is only valid in laminar flow


(Re < 2000).
FLOW THROUGH A ANNULUS
(iii) The mass flow rate is presented as

(iv) The force exerted by the fluid on the tube surface


is determined as

Note that this equation is only valid in laminar flow


(Re < 2000).
FLOW THROUGH A ANNULUS
READ

- Example 2.5
CHAPTER 3

The equations of change for


non-isothermal systems.
INTRODUCTION
-In chapter 2, velocity profile is determined and
used for a calculation of average velocity,
maximum velocity of some simple systems.
-The shell balance procedures used in chapter 2
are tedious, and not so easily to follow.
-A general equation is needed.

Equation of Equation of
continuity motion

-For mass transfer - For momentum transfer


THE EQUATION OF CONTINUITY
-This equation was developed by performing a shell
balance over a small differential element (x y z).

-The mass balance,

can be interpreted into mathematic equation.


THE EQUATION OF CONTINUITY

Mathematically, this equation is presented as

, which can be divided with x y z to obtain

,
provided that x, y, and z approaching zero.
THE EQUATION OF CONTINUITY
This equation

can be rewritten in the form of

Divergence

-Physical meaning of v divergence is the net flux


of mass per unit volume.
-For an incompressible fluid,
So convenient!
THE EQUATION OF MOTION
-Performing a momentum balance over a small
differential element (x y z)
to obtain the equation of motion,

Note: the main difference from the method


presented in Chapter 2 regards the momentum
balances in x, y and z directions.

Also, momentum comes in and leaves the


volumetric element via convective momentum and
molecular momentum- combined momentum flux
THE EQUATION OF MOTION
-Performing a momentum balance over a small
differential element (x y z)
for all surfaces of the cube.

-The x-momentum balance in


all surfaces is

, and plus the gravitational force

giving the total equation of motion as


THE EQUATION OF MOTION
-The equation of motion is, then, derived as
.

- Plugging in the combined momentum into the


above equation to gain
THE EQUATIONS OF CHANGE
The most important thing is to know how to apply
the equations of change in solving transport
phenomena problems.

These equations, along


with the necessary
boundary and initial conditions, determine
completely the pressure, density, and velocity
distributions in the fluid.
THE EQUATIONS OF CHANGE
-Assuming a fluid with constant density () and
constant viscosity ().
-The equation of continuity:
Eq. 3.1-4 and Table B.4

-The Navier-Stokes equation:


Eq. 3.5-6 and Tables B.5,6, and 7

Which also are available in cylindrical and


spherical coordinates as shown in Appendix B.
EXAMPLE 3.6-1
-Reworking the problem in
EXAMPLE 2.3: fluid flow through
the annulus tube.
- By postulating that v = vz(r),
vr = v = 0, we can utilize
equations of change as following
EXAMPLE 3.6-1
-Using sets of equation from APPENDIX B
Equation of
continuity.

Equation of
motion.
EXAMPLE 3.6-1
-Defining modified pressure as
where h is the arbitrary height above the plane.
-However, since is a sole function of z and the
rest are consisting of r, must be
a constant.

The only way that this equation is valid is that


both the terms are constant.
EXAMPLE 3.6-1
Then,

which can be integrated to obtain

The boundary conditions are


EXAMPLE 3.6-1
-Four unknowns can be solved using four
boundary conditions

, which leads to final equations of


EXAMPLE 3.6-3: OPERATION OF COUETTE
VISCOMETER
- The viscosity may also be determined by
measuring the torque required to turn a solid object
in contact with a fluid.
EXAMPLE 3.6-3: OPERATION OF COUETTE
VISCOMETER
- Let the outer shell of the cylindrical vessel turns
at an angular velocity of 0. The rotating part at the
center is called bob. The inner diameter and the
outside diameter of the bob are defined as R and
R, respectively.
EXAMPLE 3.6-3: OPERATION OF COUETTE
VISCOMETER
-We, then, postulates that v = v(r), vr = 0, vz = 0,
and pressure = p(r, z)- because of gravitational and
centrifugal forces.
-Then, as for the equation of continuity

all terms go zero


while the equation of motion yields
for 3 different
directions
EXAMPLE 3.6-3: OPERATION OF COUETTE
VISCOMETER
-In this case, we concern only the component

which can be integrated to


EXAMPLE 3.6-3: OPERATION OF COUETTE
VISCOMETER
-Plug in the boundary conditions;

to obtain
.

Referring to Table B.2, the shear stress can be


determined.
EXAMPLE 3.6-3: OPERATION OF COUETTE
VISCOMETER
- The torque acting on the inner cylinder is given by
the product of the inward momentum flux (-r) over
the surface of the cylinder, and the lever arm.
ADVANCE TRANSPORT PHENOMENA

-CHAPTER 3: Dimensional analysis.

-CHAPTER 4: More than one independent variable.

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