Specifications For Ladle Hooks AISE Technical Report No. 7 May 1991 Published by ASSOCIATION OF IRON AND STEEL ENGINEERS Three Gateway Center, Suite 2350, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15222-1097 U.S.A.DISCLAIMER ‘This report has boon prepared by a committce of steel company representatives and the Association of Iron and Steel Engineers, and others, who considered the technology available at the time of preparation. This report docs not represent either minimum acceptable standards or mandatory specifications. In addition, this report is subject to compatibility with all governmental requirements. ‘The Association of Iron and Steel Engineers in no way mandates or is responsible for use of this report, whether voluntary or pursuant to a mandate of others. The Association of Iron and Steel ‘Engineers and the committee assume and strongly recommend that parties who intend to use this report will examine it thoroughly and will uilize appropriate professional guidance in adapting this report to cach particular project. ‘The use of language in this report that might be construed as mandatory is intended only to preserve the integrity of the report as the committee views it. Itis not intended to require strict compliance where not necessitated by safety or operational needs. FOREWORD Increasingly sophisticated analytical tools have become readily accessible to the designer since the 1976 revision of this Report. To prevent the loss of potentially superior design through over-regulation, the intent of the Report thas changed. For example, a reliable empirical method of calculating stresses at various sections Of the hook is still specified. However, the design engineer is now given the option of substituting ‘other appropriate techniques. Similarly, the selection of materials is now left to the designer, although the Report does note some restictions and gives examples of materials commonly used for cach component to provide guidance. COPYRIGHT 1991 Association of Iron and Steel Engineers Pitusburgh, Pennsylvania 15222 Printed in United States of America All rights reserved. This book, or any part thereof, may not be reproduced in any form ‘without permission of the publishers.1 SCOPE. 11.1 Intended Coverage. ‘This Technical Report covers new laminated ladle hooks which are rectangular in cross-section, and are used primarily for lifting hot metal ladles. Hooks rigidly at- tached to a spreader beam are not discussed in this ‘Technical Report (see the Commentary), 1.2 Goneral. ‘The primary concern in the design ofa ladle hook is that a sudden, complete failure should not occur. ‘Use of laminated construction, where the hook is made up of a number of separate stel plates, is the most impor- tant factor in insuring that such a mode of failure does not occur. 2 MATERIALS. 2.1 Hook Lamination Plates, Various materials have been used for hook lamination plates, ranging from plain carbon stecl to high-strength, ‘quenched and tempered steel. Any of these materials may bbe used successfully, provided that the required design parameters are given proper consideration. Listed below ‘are examples of typical stee] with their minimum ulimate tensile strengths at room temperature. ASTUASI6Gr.55 —55,000psi ASTMASI6Gr.60 60,000psi ASTUASIGGr.65 65,0001 ASTMASI6Gr.70 _70,000psi ASTMASI4GL.F —110,000psi For hooks that are to be used under very low temperature conditions (below 0°F), avoid using plates such as ASTM ‘AIS, which are crack-sensitive at these temperatures. 2.2 Rivets, ‘Typical grades are: ASTMA31, Grade A ASTM A 502 2.3 Eye Bushing. ‘The most common practice is o use steel (ether hardened or not hardened) forthe eye bushing. 2.4 Trunnion Seat Wear Plate. Material for the trunnion wear plate shall be selected ac- cording to the design and the desired life of the trunnion and/or trunnion wear sleeve. Typical materials are: Cast Bronze (Cu 88%; Sn 10%; Pb 2% Steet AISI 1045 — Flame hardened ‘ASTM A514 — Quenched and tempered ‘ASTM A668 K and 1. — Quenched and tempered 25 Wear Plates (Bumper Plates). ‘Wear plate material shall be selected on the basis of impact resistance, to withstand service impacts between the hook ‘and the trunnion, 3 FABRICATION. 3.1 Lamination Plates. Hooks conforming wo this specification will normally have four or more laminations. The recommended thickness of laminated plates is % in. to 1¥4 in, Plates used for making. the hook laminations shall be rolled within the thickness, flatness, size and surface finish specified in ASTM A 6, “General Requirements for Rolled Steel Plates, Shapes, Shect Piling and Bars for Stractural Use." If straightening is necessary, itcan be done by mechani cal means oF by the application of a limited amount of localized heat. The temperature of the heated area, as ‘measured by approved methods, shall not exceed the lesser of 30° Felow the tempering wemperature, oF 1100? F 3.2 Cutting to Size, Within the limitations listed below, lamination plates shall becut tothe design contonr using a machine guided cutting device. Finishing of plates will not be required unless specifically called for on the drawing or included in a stipulated edge preparation for welding. ‘The underside ofthe cut plate shall bo free of slag and the cut surface shall be smooth and square with the plate surface, Comer imperfections can be removed by grinding, provided the ground comers are smooth and free from stress raisers and do not create more than a sin, bevel or comer radius. Burt surface imperfection, if they occur, shall be immediately corected. Imperfectcutsurfaces shall. be conditioned by grinding to render the surface free from injurious gouges or serrations. Decp gouges (deeper than Yéin,) or blow holes shall be corrected as follows: (1) Remove all slag, oxide, dist and impurities to form a prequalified joint configuration. (2) Check arca of repair by magnetic particle inspection to insure freedom from cracks or other defects (3) Preheat the repair area according to the proper temperature dictated by the material and the thickness ofthe repaired lamination plac. (4) Fill the repair area with a low hydrogen filler metal, compatible with and no less in strength than the hook lamination plete material. The welding process shall result in a fine-grain deposited weld metal. (5) Grind the weld flush to the surface, (©) Check weld with magnetic particle inspection 10 insure freedom from cracks.2.3 Riveting. ‘The purpose of riveting is: hold the laminations together, to distribute the load to all laminations so that exch of the cross-sections of the hook and the shank work as an in- tegrated section, and to insure the resistance to longitudinal shear between the laminations. 3.3.1 General. The most common practice is to use hotrivetsas follows: Holes for rivets shall be Min, greater jn diameter than the nominal diameter of the rivet. [Laminations shall be clamped rigidly and then stack- rifled to simplify alignment of the rivet holes. Care shall ‘be taken to clamp the laminations so that the two outside surfaces of the stack are flat. ‘All parts of riveted members shall be aligned and rigidly hheld together while riveting. ‘The rivet length shall be properly selected to ay over-forming or under-forming ofthe rivet head. Hot-driven rivets shall be heated uniformly to atempera- ture not exceeding 1950° F; they shall not be driven after their emperature has fallen below 1000 F. Altemate methods of holding the laminations together are acceptable provided that: + The hook cross-section will stil function as an integral unit. ‘+ The design does not provide a path for a crack to ‘propagate from one plate (lamination) to another. + Stitch welds and tack welds not incorporated into final weld are not allowed 33.2 Gaps Between Laminations. The gaps be- ‘ween laminations shall be minimal for proper riveting. It Js good practice to clamp the laminations in locations adjacent to the hole in which a rivet is to be driven. The ‘gaps between laminations of a new hook in the vicinity of rivet shall notexceed 0.002 in. nor shal the gaps between Taminations ofa new hook atthe pitch center between two rivets excoed 0.020 in. 33.3 Types of Rivets Used. Wherever possible, ‘countersunk rivets shall be used. The head of the driven rivet shal fill the countersunk hole and shall be Dush with, (or no higher than V& in. above, the surface of the outer amination, Buttonhead rivets are not normally used be- cause of the possiblity of shearing the rivet heads on the ladle, 3.3.4 Rivet Spacing. For design purposes, the total ‘cross-sectional area ofthe rivets shall be sufficient to take the full rated hook load in shear, Shear sess is not 10 ‘exceed 12,000 psi. No rivets shall be closer than one-third Of the width of the plate (or 6 in, if the width exceeds 18 in) to the inside surface of the wear plate at the point of maximum stress, as shown in Fig. 1, Area b. The edge distance for rivets, other than those at the critical sections in the bight, shall be not less than 2¥2 in. from the center ofthe rivet hole to the edge of the hook. Inthe eye section 2 of the hook, itis preferred not to locate rivets above a horizontal line whose distance below the centerline of the supporting pin is 112 times the diameter of the machined support-pin hole in the hook, as shown in Fig. 1. NOTE: ‘Any welding on the hook laminations above this line shall bbe made using low hydrogen electrodes. Transverse welds shall not be used. Riveting shall normally be completed prior to any welding of the hook laminations. 3.4Welding. ‘The workmanship and quality of welds shall be in accord- ance with AWS D1.1 Section 9.25. rt ct manta? re fee # 7 Tyre no mers kena encore" rt Fig. 1 — Nomenclature for Stress Formulae and Limiting Dimensions for Ladle Hooks ‘4 WEARING PLATES. “The inner surface ofthe hook that comes in contact with the ladle trunnion and outside tip of the hook may be protected by a tec wearing plate not loss than Yin thick ‘The trunnion seat wearing plates shall be made of material syecified in Section 24, machined to fit the laminations and secured in place by bolting, riveting or welding. The edges of the tunnion seat wear plate and bumper platesshall, inthe ease of welded design, be joined to the outer hook plates by continuous welds. Wearing plates atached by welds inthe bight area shall be continuous through the high stress area of the bight of the hook. No transverse welds shall be used on the laminations. If so specified by the purchaser, the wearing plates may be omitted. In this case, the designer will clearly define for the owner the limits of wear and damage that are acceptable in these areas before the hook has to be replaced, The ‘designer will insure that these hooks comply with the rivet spacing limitations specified in Section 3.3.4 and the design stresses in Sections 6 and 7 until the agreed wear allowances are exceeded. 5 SUPPORT BUSHINGS. 5.1 Fitting. ‘The eye end of laminated hooks shall be provided with a ‘steel bushing, A press fit shall be used to insert the bushing. {nto the eye ofthe hook. Ifthe bushing is welded, the welds shall be Continuous to the outer laminations. 5.2 Minimum Thickness. ‘The bushing thickness shall be one-eighth of the pin diameter, but must not be less than Ys in. and need not cexceed 1 in, in thickness. 6 DESIGN STRESSES. 6.1 Load Combinations. Hooks shall be designed for the sum of the stresses due to the loads as discussed in Sections 6.1.1, 6.1.2 and 6.133. ‘Areas, moments of inertia and other applicable values will Cconrespond to the section for which the stress is being computed. 6.1.1 Direct Load (Vertical). PB (a1) sf Where: A\ = Net cross-sectional area at section being considered (square inches). The net cross-sectional area at each section is the ‘gross area minus the area ofthe rivet holes. P= Vertical load on hook, Ib Sq = Direct stress on the hook in the bight area, psi 6.1.2 Maximum Stress Due to Bending in the Plane of the Hook About the Major Axis. This will occuratthe inside fiber of the bight section. It will be computed from te Winkler-Bach theory for curved beams. Kae (2) =H Where: Values for Ks fora rectangular section are given in Table 1. 2a (Re~1 49) = 3 (R ale ~ 2) (Rie ~ 1) Where: a tog, (E44 % (Rie 1) R= Distance of eentroidal axis of section to line of application of load, in. (See Fig. 1) € = Distance from centoidal axis to extreme fiber ofthe surface of the beam at the inside of the hook, in. 1 = Static moment of inertia of the cross-sectional area about the centroid ‘M_— = Applied bonding moment about centroidal axis, inelb 5p = Bending stress due to moment about short ccentroidal axis, psi Tablet Curved Beam Correction Factor For Rectangular Sections. Rie & Rei 12 289 18163 13238 19187 14210 20 182 15 182 21 148 18178 220 145 17 170 23 142 6.13 Maximum Stress Due to Lateral or Sideways Bending About the Long Axis of the Hook. This will be ‘computed from the simple beam formula, with the rated load applied 1 in. from the outside edge of the hook (see the Commentary). u (&94)Where: h Mhe lateral moment of inertia of the cross sectional area about the long centroidal 1 ‘Thickness of hook, in. 3; = Bending stress about the long centroidal axis, psi 6.2 Bight. ‘The stresses in the bight willbe the sum ofthe three stresses from Eqs 1 through 4 or: a) 2-')a Pog (Me s sea Me }* 6.3 Shanks. “The shank shall be designed for the sum of the stresses: + (E98) PMc some 6.4 Hook Eye Section. ‘The stress atthe section through the eye shall be computed as follows: 1 y)s p(t-a)f 3p (: }: a 7 (a7) In the vertical plane, the section will have a minimum Iheight which is equal to one-half of the net section width ‘across the eye plus one-fourth of the hole diameter. 6.5 Hook Configuration. ‘To allow for clearance, the thickness ofthe hook shall be 1¥2 in. less than the length ofthe trunnion pin bearing on the ladies between the flange and shoulder. See the Com- ‘mentary for discussion on design stresses. 7 ALLOWABLE STRESSES. 7A General. ‘The allowable stresses in various categories discussed in Sections 7.2 through 7.4 shall not be exceeded inthe design by the method of elastic analysis of the hook. These stresses are based on the use of materials that meet the requirements of this Technical Report. Also see the Commentary. 7.2 Bight. ‘The allowable stress in the bight shall not be exceeded by the sum of the primary general membrane (direct stress), bending stress in the plane of the hook, and the lateral bending stress, The allowable stress shall be determined by By 8 or Eq 9, whichever is lower. Su (eae) © a9) Soe = Allowable stress, based on minimum ulimate strength, ps = Allowable stress, based on minimum yield strength, psi 6, = Minimum ultimate strength at room temperature, ps = Minimum yield strength at room temperature, psi F, = Impact factor (SF), = Safety factor against ultimate strength (SF), = Safety factor against yielding In this Technical Report, the following values shall be used: + Impact factor F;= 1.2 + Safety factor agains ultimate strength (SP), = 315 + Safety factor against yielding (SF), = 1.75 7.3 Shank. ‘The allowable siress in the shank shall not be exceeded by the sum of the primary general membrane (direct stress), bending stress in the plane of the hook, and the lateral bending stress; and shall be determined by Eq 8. 7.4 Bye. ‘The allowable stress inthe eye shall not be exceeded by the sum of peak membrane and the lateral bending stress; and shall be determined by Bq 8,COMMENTARY ‘The purpose ofthis Commentary is to provide additional information about topics addressed in the Technical Report. Section 11: If the hooks are rigidly attached to a spreader beam, consideration must be given to all ofthe additonal loadings that can be introduced into the hook at that connection, Sources of these additional loadings in- cle + Deflection ofthe spreader beam due to the center lines of the ladle hooks and the lower sheave assemblies being offset + When the assembly is subjected to sideoads, twill tend to lozenge; there willbe amoment atthe rigid connection between the spreader beam and the hook resisting this. Section 2.2: Riveted connections are used less fre- quently than in the past. Consequently, some ofthe rivet materials specified in previous editions ofthis Techical Repor are no longer generally available. The materials in this edition ae examples of acceptable materials. Substitu- tions may be made provided that they offer at least equal physical properties. Section 4: The design of the wear plates, and their attchmentto the hook, should recognize the owner's need to beable to inspect the individual laminations as par of a ‘preventative maintenance program, Section 6.1.2: The Report calls for the use of the ‘Winkler-Bach method of analysis for stresses inthe curved section of the hook. This was considered to be the most appropriate of the empirically derived methods based on Analytical methods, suchas finite element, may be sub- stituted at the design engineers discretion, Section 6.1.3: The analysis assumes thatthe plates sare held firmly together and may be considered asa single body for lateral bending Section 6: The design of the lale hook shoald conser the hook and trunnion with with respect to true sion and bearing surface wear. A thin’ hook may be ‘subject to premature wear of the bearing surfaces, even though tis otherwis a successful design. ‘The tend to thinner hooks has become more obvious with the adoption of higher strength materials. Section 7.2: ‘The previous revision to this Technical Report included a temperature derating factor to decrease the allowable stress. Based on current information and steelmaking practices, it was concluded that this factor is. no longer needed, Ithas been found that hook temperatures seldom exceed 200° F. Noloss of strength will occur a this temperature, Higher surface temperatures can he reached ‘onthe ladle side ofthe shank, but these do not significantly affect the strength or stresses in the section, ‘Where hooks ae to be used in an application that will lead to greater heating of th hooks, temperature dorting factors appropriate for the hook material shouldbe applied tothe design. ‘The application of heat shields has been deleted from this edition. If the owner or designe should opt to fit heat shields, care must be taken to insure that the attachment 10 the hook body does not compromise the design by itro- accuracy and ease of use. ducing uncompensated stress risers. APPENDIX A RECOMMENDED HOOK MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTION PROCEDURES, AND HOOK REPLACEMENT CRITERIA supplier or other qualified person, ‘Laminated ladle hooks shouldbe visually inspected weekly fr any indication of cracked plates and ‘welds, for lose rivets, and for wearin wearing plates or bushings. Wear plates and bushings shall be replaced before wear occurs on the laminated plates ofthe hook body. For hooks not ited with wear plates, itis the owners responsibility o insure that wear and damage dono exceed the limits specified by the designer. Alteration o reratng of a ladle hook stall not be made without consulting either the