Solution for Quantum Computation and Quantum Information

by Nielsen and Chuang

August 5, 2017

Contents
2 Introduction to quantum mechanics 1
2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2 Introduction to quantum mechanics
2.1

[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
1 1 2 0
+ =
1 2 1 0

2.2

A |0 = A11 |0 + A21 |1 = |1 A11 = 0, A21 = 1

A |1 = A12 |0 + A22 |1 = |0 A12 = 1, A22 = 0
[ ]
0 1
A=
1 0

input: {|0 , |1}, output: {|1 , |0}

A |0 = A11 |1 + A21 |0 = |1 A11 = 1, A21 = 0

A |1 = A12 |1 + A22 |0 = |0 A12 = 0, A22 = 1
[ ]
1 0
A=
0 1

2.3

A |vi = Aji |wj
j

B |wj = Bkj |xk
k
Thus


BA |vi = B Aji |wj
j

= Aji B |wj
j

= Aji Bkj |xk
j,k


= Bkj Aji |xk
k j

= (BA)ki |xk
k

(BA)ki = Bkj Aji
j

1
2.4

I |vj = Iij |vi = |vj , j.
i
Iij = ij

2.6

( ) ( )

i |wi , |v = |v , i |wi
i i
[ ]

= i (|v , |wi ) ( linearlity in the 2nd arg.)
i

= i (|v , |wi )
i

= i (|wi , |v)
i

2.7

] [
1 [ ]
w|v = 1 1 =11=0
1
[ ]
|w |w 1 1
= =
|w w|w 2 1
[ ]
|v |v 1 1
= =
|v v|v 2 1

2.8
If k = 1,

|w2 v1 |w2 |v1

|v2 =
|w2 v1 |w2 |v1
( )
|w2 v1 |w2 |v1
v1 |v2 = v1 |
|w2 v1 |w2 |v1
v1 |w2 v1 |w2 v1 |v1
=
|w2 v1 |w2 |v1
= 0.

2
 Suppose {v1 , vn } (n d 1) is a orthonormal basis. Then
( )
|wn+1 ni=1 vi |wn+1 |vi
vj |vn+1 = vj | (j n)
|wn+1 ni=1 vi |wn+1 |vi

vj |wn+1 ni=1 vi |wn+1 vj |vi
=
|wn+1 ni=1 vi |wn+1 |vi

vj |wn+1 ni=1 vi |wn+1 ij
=
|wn+1 ni=1 vi |wn+1 |vi
vj |wn+1 vj |wn+1
=
|wn+1 ni=1 vi |wn+1 |vi
= 0.

Thus Gram-Schmidt procedure produces an orthonormal basis.

2.9

0 = I = |0 0| + |1 1|
1 = X = |0 1| + |1 0|
2 = Y = i |0 1| + i |1 0|
3 = Z = |0 0| |1 1|

2.10

|vj vk | = IV |vj vk | IV
( ) ( )

= |vp vp | |vj vk | |vq vq |
p q

= |vp vp |vj vk |vq vq |
p,q

= pj kq |vp vq |
p,q

Thus

(|vj vk |)pq = pj kq

2.11

[] ([ ])
0 1 1
X= , det(X I) = det =01
1 0 1

3
 If = 1,
[ ][ ] [ ]
1 1 c1 0
=
1 1 c2 0
Thus
[ ] [ ]
c1 1 1
| = 1 = =
c2 2 1
If = 1
[ ]
1 1
| = 1 =
2 1

[ ]
1 0
X= w.r.t. {| = 1 , | = 1}
0 1

2.12

([ ] )
1 0
det I = (1 )2 = 0 = 1
1 1
Therefore the eigenvector associated with eigenvalue = 1 is
[ ]
0
| = 1 =
1
[ ]
0 0
Because | = 1 = 1| = ,
0 1
[ ] [ ]
1 0 0 0
= c | = 1 = 1| =
1 1 0 c

2.13
Suppose | , | are arbitrary vectors in V .
( )
(| , (|w v|) |) = (|w v|) | , |
( )
= | , (|w v|) |

= | (|w v|) | .

On the other hand,

(| , (|w v|) |) = (|w v|)

= |v w| .

Thus

| (|w v|) | = |v w| for arbitrary vectors | , |

(|w v|) = |v w|

4
2.14

((ai Ai ) | , |) = (| , ai Ai |)
= ai (| , Ai |)
= ai (Ai | , |)
= (ai Ai | , |)
(ai Ai ) = ai Ai

2.15

((A ) | , |) = (| , A |)
= (A | , |)
= (| , A |)
= (A | , |)

(A ) = A

2.16

P = |i i| .
i
( )

P2 = |i i| |j j|
i j

= |i i|j j|
i,j

= |i j| ij
i

= |i i|
i
=P

5
2.18
Suppose |v is a eigenvector with corresponding eigenvalue .

U |v = |v .
1 = v|v
= v| I |v
= v| U U |v
= v|v
= 2
= ei

2.19

[ ][ ] [ ]
0 1 0 1 1 0
X2 = = =I
1 0 1 0 0 1

2.20

U |wi vi |
i

Aij = vi |A|vj
= vi |U U AU U |vj

= vi |wp vp |vq wq |A|wr vr |vs ws |vj
p,q,r,s

= vi |wp pq Aqr rs ws |vj
p,q,r,s

= vi |wp wr |vj Apr
p,r

2.26