FIGURE OF SPEECH ANALYSIS ON THREE POEMS OF

JOHN DONNE

(Hymn to God my God, in my Sickness, A Hymn to God the Father and

Death, be not Proud)

UNIVERSITAS ISLAM NEGERI

SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA

DEDI EFENDI
NIM: 205026000537

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ADAB AND HUMANITIES
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH
JAKARTA
2010

1
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FIGURE OF SPEECH ANALYSIS ON THREE POEMS OF

JOHN DONNE
(Hymn to God my God, in my Sickness, A Hymn to God the Father and
Death, be not Proud)

A Thesis
Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty
In Partial Fulfillment of the requirements for
The Strata 1 (S1) Degree

UNIVERSITAS ISLAM NEGERI

SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA

DEDI EFENDI
NIM: 205026000537

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ADAB AND HUMANITIES
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH
JAKARTA
2010
 3

ABSTRACT

Dedi Efendi, Figure of speech analysis on three poem of John Donne (Hymn to
God my God, in my Sickness, A Hymn to God the Father and Death, be not
Proud), Strata 1 Degree, Thesis: English Letters Department, Letters and
Humanities Faculty, State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, 2009.

The aim of this research is to find out the kinds of figure of speech and
their meaning of figure of speech in three metaphysical poems. The writer
analyzes poems entitled Hymn to God my God, in my Sickness, A Hymn to God
the Father and Death, be not Proud by John Donne.
In this research, the writer uses qualitative research with descriptive
analysis as the method of research. He analyzes the poems by reading them
intensively and giving attention to each line. After that, the writer tries to explicate
the poems by examining the figure of speech and the biography of the poet.
From the three poems, the writer has found eight types of figure of speech,
they are personification, metaphor, paradox, synecdoche, hyperbole, symbol,
metonymy and apostrophe. The three poems have different theme, the first poem,
Hymn to God my God in my Sickness is a poem about preparation to face the
death. The second poem, A Hymn to God the Father is a poem discussing about
poets regret in his life. And the last poem Death, be not Proud is the most
religious value. These poems discuss about considerably more positive about
death and dying.
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APPROVEMENT

FIGURE OF SPEECH ANALYSIS ON THREE POEMS OF

JOHN DONNE
(Hymn to God my God, in my Sickness, A Hymn to God the Father and
Death, be not Proud)

A Thesis
Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty
In Partial Fulfillment of the requirements for
The Strata 1 (S1) Degree

DEDI EFENDI
NIM: 205026000537

Approved By:

Moh. Supardi, SS., M. Hum

Advisor

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ADAB AND HUMANITIES
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH
JAKARTA
2010
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LEGALIZATION

A thesis entitled FIGURE OF SPEECH ANALYSIS ON THREE

POEMS OF JOHN DONNE (Hymn to God my God, in my Sickness, A
Hymn to God the Father and Death, be not Proud) has been defended before
the Letters and Humanities Facultys Examination committee on March 4, 2010.
The thesis has already been accepted as a partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the Strata 1 (S1) Degree.

Jakarta, March 4,
2010

Examination Committee

Signature Date

1. Dr. H. M. Farkhan, M.Pd (Chair person)

NIP.1965091920000 1 00

2. Drs. Asep Saefuddin, M.Pd (Secretary )

NIP.150 261 902

3. Moh. Supardi, M.Hum (Advisor)

NIP. -

4. Drs. Asep Saefuddin, M.Pd (Examiner I)

NIP.150 261 902

5. Drs. H. Abd. Hamid, M.Ed (ExaminerII)

NIP.150 181 922
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DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this submission is my original work and that, to the

best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or

written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been

accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other

institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgement has been made in

the text.

Jakarta, March 4, 2010

Dedi Efendi
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the Name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful

First of all the writer would like to thank to Allah SWT, the Lord of the

world, the King of the kings who has authority of all creation in the whole worlds;

blessing and salutation be upon the most honorable prophet and messenger

Muhammad SAW, his relatives and followers.

This thesis is presented to the English Department at Humanities Faculty

of State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta as a partial fulfillment of

the requirements for degree of Strata 1 (S1).

Second, the writer would like to express his gratitude to his beloved mom

and dad; Sutiah and Muhammad for all the contribution that he needs until the end

of his study in this university. The writer would like to thank to his sister and

brothers Sarifah Aini (Aini), Kusnadi (Addie), and Rudy Hario (Rio), for always

motivating and giving moral encouragement to finish his study. And the

unforgettable thanks go to all of his family for giving the inspiration. May Allah

blessing and giving the greatest award for them.

Next, the writer would like to thank to his supervisor Mr. Moh. Supardi,

SS., M. Hum., for his great patient and contributions in finishing this thesis. May

Allah always bless him and his family.

The writer also would like to express his deepest gratitude to the following

persons:
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1. Dr. H. Abd. Chair, MA, the Dean of Letters and Humanities Faculty State

Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.

2. Dr. H. Muhammad Farkhan, M. Pd, the Chief of English Letters

Department.

3. Drs. Asep Saefuddin, M. Pd, the Secretary of English Letters Department.

4. All the lecturers of English Letters Department, for teaching and educating

his precious knowledge and giving wonderful experience.

5. All of the staff of UIN Jakarta Center Library, American Corner UIN

Jakartas Library, FAH UIN Library, FIB UI Library, for helping him to

get many extraordinary references to finish this thesis.

6. All of his friends at the campus especially his classmates of BSI extention

in English Letters Department; Didin, Vie, Andien, Qaid, Daus, Hidayat,

Mella, etc. for always giving the inspiration and motivating the writer to

finish his thesis. May Allah bless them.

Jakarta, March 4 2010

The writer
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TABLE OF CONTENT

ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................... i

APPROVEMENT.............................................................................................. ii

LEGALIZATION .............................................................................................. iii

DECLARATION ............................................................................................... iv

ACKNOWLEDGMENT.................................................................................... v

TABLE OF CONTENTS................................................................................... vi

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION....................................................................... 1

A. Background of the Study ...................................................................... 1

B. Focus of the Study................................................................................ 3

C. Research Questions............................................................................... 3

D. Significances of the Research ............................................................... 3

E. Research Methodology ......................................................................... 4

1. The Objective of the Study .............................................................. 4

2. Research Method............................................................................. 4

3. Technique of Data Analysis ............................................................. 4

4. The Unit of Analysis........................................................................ 4

CHAPTER II. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK............................................... 5

A. Definition of Poem ............................................................................... 5

B. Element of Poem .................................................................................. 7

C. Explication ........................................................................................... 7

D. Definition of Figure of Speech.............................................................. 8

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E. Kinds of Figure of Speech..................................................................... 9

F. Theme................................................................................................... 14

CHAPTER III. RESEARCH FINDINGS ........................................................... 15

A. Data Description................................................................................... 15

B. Explication of Poems............................................................................ 18

C. Figure of Speech Analysis .................................................................... 28

D. Analysis of Theme................................................................................ 41

CHAPTER IV. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION....................................... 46

A. Conclusion ........................................................................................... 46

B. Suggestion............................................................................................ 48

BIBLIOGRAPHY.............................................................................................. 49

APPENDIX ....................................................................................................... 51
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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the study

Poetry is piece of literature written by a poet in meter or verse. A poet

usually uses poetry to expressing various emotions which are expressed by the use

of variety of techniques including metaphors, similes and onomatopoeia. The

emphasis on the aesthetics of language and the use of techniques such as

repetition, meter and rhyme are what are commonly used to distinguish poetry

from prose. Poems often make heavy use of imagery and word association to

quickly convey emotions.

Poetry is written to be enjoyed because in poetry a poet usually uses

supporting elements to enrich the meaning and bring the readers imagination to

his or her minds. The point about poetry and the other form of literature is that

the choice of words and elements inside used by the author.1 To create good of

poetry, a poet usually uses supported elements in poem that is usually called by

intrinsic elements such as figure of speech, rhyme, rhythm, imagery and tone to

enrich the meaning and made the reader feels easy to understand what the poet

means. By using figure of speech, rhyme, rhythm, imagery and tone, a poet feels

that they can express what they have felt into poetry.

Figure of speech has many roles in fiction. It makes the fiction interest in

evoking emotion, making vivid sensory experience, and eliciting image. On man

1
Richard Gill, Mastering English Literature, (New York: Macmillan Press Ltd, 1995), p.
4
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occasion, figurative language enables a writer to communicate experiences which

he would find very difficult or even impossible to do in literal term. It enables the

writer to accomplish in many words. For example, Edwin Arlington Robinson

communicates a psychological condition of somebody through his poem Richard

Corry. The figures of speech of the poem describe that someone who looks very

healthy and rich in his life, but he chooses commits the suicide at the end of his

life. Besides, figure of speech as one of literary element, it creates the sense or

power to describe things in unique ways. The readers or literary lovers can

explore the words in fiction or non fiction which are expressed by the author.

In this research the writer would like to analyze three of John Donnes

poems (Hymn to God my God, in my Sickness, A Hymn to God the Father and

Death, be not Proud). John Donne is known as the founder of the Metaphysical

poet, English essayist and philosopher. Almost all of his poems are talking about

death and love. John Donne was born in 1572 in London, England.

Donne chose poetry as media to write whatever he had felt. All of

experiences in his life were written by him into poetry. He always gets the ideas

from the condition around him such as from his sickness, people around him and

also from his family. Donnes interest in death, become the reason why the writer

chooses Donnes poems to be analyzed.

To understand more about the theme in Donnes poem, the writer chooses

three of John Donnes poems as he mentioned above. The writer wants to analyze

the figure of speech to find the nature theme in his poems.

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B. Focus of the Study

In this paper, the writer focuses on studying three of John Donnes poems

(Hymn to God my God, in my Sickness, A Hymn to God the Father and Death, be

not Proud) by analyzing figures of speech used, dealing with the form or the

intrinsic of the poems.

C. Research Question

Based on the background and the focus of study, the writer would like to

identify these problems:

1. What are the main idea of these three poems(Hymn to God my God, in my

Sickness, A Hymn to God the Father and Death, be not Proud)?

2. What types of figure of speech are used in the these poems (Hymn to God

my God, in my Sickness, A Hymn to God the Father and Death, be not

Proud) and what are the meaning of them?

3. How do the figures of speech in those poems convey or build the theme?

D. Significance of the Research

The writer hopes that this research can help the reader to have good

understanding about the meaning of poems, by analyzing the intrinsic elements,

particularly in John Donnes three poems. The result of this research hopefully

will be useful as input for the Student of English Letter Department. Finally, the

purpose of this paper is to understand more John Donnes poems through figure of

speech definition.
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E. Research Methodology

1. The Objective of the study

The objectives of this study are to find out the main idea of these

poems, to find out the figure of speech used in John Donnes three poems,

to find out the meaning of figure of speech in three poems (Hymn to God

my God, in my Sickness, A Hymn to God the Father and Death, be not

Proud), and to find out the contribution of figure of speech in building

theme.

2. Research Method

The analysis of John Donnes poems applies qualitative analysis.

The writer tries to describe and explain the content of the poems by using

figure of speech definition.

3. Technique of Data Analysis

In this research, the writer uses descriptive analysis technique to

analyze the data. The writer reads the poems line by line, and then he

analyzes the meaning of figure of speech and the theme of the selected

poems.

4. The Unit of Analysis

The units of analysis are three of John Donnes poems, they are

Hymn to God my God, in my Sickness, A Hymn to God the Father and

Death, be not Proud from John Donne selected poems.

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CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

A. Definition of poem

Poem has no simple satisfactory definition. It is one of the literary arts;

because it uses words as its medium of expression art and it is something in which

man tries to give lasting form to an experience which seems to him important.

According to Larry M. Sutton, at al. Poetry is Universal as language and almost

ancient.2 The most primitive peoples have it, and the most civilized have to

cultivate it. Poetry has the meaning; the term for the many literary forms through

which man has given rhythmic expression to his most imaginative and intense

perceptions of himself and his universe.3 Poetry written after selected process by

poet and choosing the supported elements such as figure of speech, rhyme,

rhythm, imagery, alliteration or assonance, association between word and the

meaning to give their experiences. All of them can not be separated because they

have relationships that make one coherent structure. By figure of speech, rhyme,

rhythm, imagery, alliteration or assonance, a poet can convey information and

experiences through medium of poetry. The subject of poem is for form being so

restricted, very often does, deal with beautiful and profound themes: music,

spring, love, courage, religious, faith, but many also deal with squalor, suffering,

2
Perrine Laurence and Thomas R. ARP, Sound and Sense; An Introduction to Poetry, 8th
ed, (Southern Methodist University, 1992) p. 347
3
Danbury Connecticut, Encyclopedia Americana International Edition, (Scholastic
Library Publishing, INC, USA, 1829), vol 22, p.277
 16

injustice, intellectual or spiritual poverty. The language with which a poet handles

this variety of experience may be pleasant dignified, or unusual.

There are three major kind of poem; Narrative, Dramatic, and Lyric.

1. Narrative

A narrative poem tells a story, whether it is simple or complex of the many

kinds of narrative poems the most important are ballads, epic, and metrical

romances. A ballad, meant to be sung or recited, presents a single exiting

episode in a single narrative. An epic meant a long narrative poem, in elevated

style that recounts the adventures of a figure of heroic proportions. A metrical

romance is a long romantic tale in verse, in which the chief figures are king,

knights, or distressed maidens, acting under the impulse of love, religious

faith, or a search for adventures.

2. Dramatic

Poetry that employs dramatic form or some elements of dramatic

technique as a means of achieving poetic ends is called dramatic poetry.

3. Lyric

Originally intended to be sung to the accompaniment of a lyric-hence, the

name a lyric poem is a brief, subjective statement, marked by strong

imagination, melody, and feeling, and designed to create in the reader a single,

unified, and intense impression.4

4
Ibid p. 277
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B. Elements of Poems

The intrinsic elements in a poem consist of four important elements:

1. Form

2. Language

3. Theme

4. Tone

In addition of poem language element, it is divided into:

1. Figure of speech

2. Diction

3. Imagery

In this research the writer focuses on elements Language, because one of

discussion in this element is figure of speech. It has been explained before, that

figure of speech is the main of data analysis that is used in this research.

C. Explication

An explication has been defined as an examination of a work literature for

knowledge of each part for the relation of these parts to each other, and for their

relation to the whole.5

To get the content of the poem, explication is the important one. Some

fundamental elements of poetry above help us in understanding what the poem is

talking about. In explication of a poem, the writer explains the poem entirely in

5
Ibid p. 60
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detail to reveal complexities to be found in it. This method is valuable in

approaching a lyric poem, especially if the poem is rich in complexities.

D. Definition of Figure of Speech

According to Perrine, Figure of speech may be defined as any way of

saying something other than the ordinary way.6 Figure of speech is one of the

important intrinsic elements in a poem which is more dominant than other

element. Poets feel, that by the usage of figure of speech in their poetry they can

say more vividly and forcefully than they can say it directly. The definition of

figure of speech itself based on Encyclopedia of literature in page 415:

Figure of speech is a form of expression used to convey meaning or

heighten effect, often by comparing or identifying one thing with another that has

a meaning or connotation familiar to the reader or listener. It effectiveness way

to say what does she/he mean, because (1) figure of speech afford to the reader

imaginative pleasure because the reader can imagine what the poet means; (2)

figure of speech is a way of bringing additional imagery into verse, of making

poetry more sensuous; (3) figure of speech is a way of adding emotional intensity

to otherwise merely information statement and of conveying attitudes with

information.

6
Ibid p. 61
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E. Kinds of Figure of Speech

Generally figure of speech is divided into five categories7

1. Figure of resemblance of relationship, e.g. simile, metaphor, kenning,

conceit, parallelism, personification, metonymy, synecdoche, and
euphemism.
2. Figure of emphasis or understatement, e.g. hyperbole, litotes, rhetorical,
question, antithesis, climax, bathos, paradox, oxymoron, and irony.
3. Figure of sound e.g. alliteration, repetition, anaphora, and onomatopoeia.
4. Verbal games and gymnastics e.g. pun and anagram.
5. Errors e.g. malapropism, periphrases and anagram.

In this research the writer focuses on ten figures of speech:

a. Personification

Personification is the method of handing over human characteristic

to nonhuman objects, abstractions or ideas. Personification may be defined

as A figure of speech is a rhetorical device that achieves a special effect

by using words in distinctive ways. 8 From the definition above, the writer

can get the conclusion that personification is treating something as human

being by giving the attribute of human being to inanimate object, to

animal, concrete or abstract things. A poet usually uses personification to

make great effect and bring the reader imagination to her/his minds.

Canavan said: Personification is a figure of speech endowing animals,

7
Ibid p. 265
8
http://www.learner.org/interactives/literature/read/theme1.html ((Accessed on
September 2nd 2009)
 20

ideas, abstraction and inanimate objects with human characteristics.9 For

example, My computer hates me Its mean that he/she can not doing

his/her job because his/her computer is broken. Shortly, we can say that

personification is the language to express thing or nonhuman to be or have

the human characteristics.

b. Hyperbole

Hyperbole may be defined as simply exaggeration, but

exaggeration in the service truth.10 Hyperbole is a figure of speech that

used by poet in the effect to depict an object, idea and other that may seem

strained and ridiculous. Hyperbole is a rhetorical figure which consists in

an exaggerated statement that is not meant to be taken literally.11 Its

means, the understatement passes beyond realistic and logical thinking,

but actually has logical meaning, it used to emphasize something.

Hyperbole is used with the redundantly pressure to get the intensive effect.

Sometimes poets also overstate the truth as a mean of showing enthusiasm,

but, they of course find fresh and original ways of revitalizing tired

hyperbolic formulas.

In daily words, hyperbole is very often happened in student

expression when they falling in love, for example, I will bring you a moon

tonight. It exaggerates sentence, since it is impossible for person to take

9
P. Joseph Canavan, Paragraph and theme 2nd ed, (New York: D.C. Heath and
Company, 1975) p. 151
10
Laurence Perrine and Thomas R. ARP. (1992), op.cit p.64
11
http//:www.answers.com/topic/understatement (Accessed on September 2nd 2009)
 21

or to bring the moon, the moon is outer space thing that can not be

reached.

c. Simile

Simile is a figure of speech in which two things are compared

using the word "like" or "as" to draw attention to similarities about two things

that are seemingly dissimilar.12 Like a metaphor, simile also compares two

different things, but it uses a connective word. According to Perrine simile

may be defined as figure of speech in which two essential dissimilar object

are expressly compared with an another by used sign-posting such as like, as,

than similar to, resembles, or seem.13

To have more understanding about simile, we can see an example

of the poem The World is Too Much With Us by William Wordsworth that

using simile inside in the first stanza, line seven in that poem And are up-

gathered now like sleeping flower It mean that sleeping flower is similar to

the nature. We can not see how beauty of flower if we never watering the

flower, so it can make the flower wit and finally will die. Similarity to the

nature, if we never give the attention and treat them, the nature can be sick that

usually they expressing by natural disaster.

d. Symbol

Symbol is thing (could be an object, person, situation or action),

which stand for something else more abstract. Symbol is a trope that

combines a literal and sensuous quality with an abstract or suggestive

12
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072405228/student_view0/poetic_glossary.html
(Accessed on September 2nd 2009)
13
Laurence Perrine and Thomas R. ARP, (1992), Op. cit p. 64
 22

aspect. The symbol shares with the image a concrete referent in the

objective world- a referent that it evokes on the primary level14. For

example, in the poetry entitled The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock by

T.S Eliot. The mermaids in line 124 point beyond the literal meaning the

word suggest functioning as a symbol of Profrocks sexuality.

e. Metaphor

Metaphor is an implied comparison between two similar things

an analogy that imaginatively identifies one object with another and either

ascribes to the first with connotation inherent in the other15. For example,

in the poetry entitled For My Lover, Returning to His Wife by Anne

Sexton. It is in line 45-46 I am a watercolor, I wash off

f. Synecdoche

Synecdoche is a figure of speech in which part is used for the

whole (as hands for sailor) the whole for a part (as the law for police officer),

the specific for the general (as cutthroat for assassin), the general for the

specific (as steel for word). For example, in the poetry entitled The Naked and

The Nude by Robert Graves. It is in line 9 the Hippocratic eye will see it refers

to a doctor.

g. Metonymy

Metonymy is figure of speech that uses a concept closely related to

the thing actually meant. In the poetry entitled Spring by William

Shakespeare. It is in line 4 do paint the meadows with delight Shakespeare

14
Ibid
15
Ibid
 23

uses metonymy when he says that the yellow cuckoo-buds paint the meadows

with delight for he means with bright color that produces delight.

h. Paradox

Paradox is a statement that appears to be logically contradictory

and yet may be true. It is widely used in poetry and in epigrammatic writing

prose. For example, in the poetry entitled People by Yevgeny Yevtushenko. It

is in line 25-26 we who knew our fathers, in everything, in nothing suggest our

inability to know or understand fully another human being, even a parent.16

i. Apostrophe

Apostrophe is figure of speech in which the narrator or the speaker

addresses something nonhuman as if it is present or alive. For example, in

John Donne apostrophizing the death in his sonnet death be not proud, though

some have called thee.

j. Litotes

Litotes is an emphatic statement made by saying that the opposite

idea is not true. For example, they were not a little comported, A citizen no

mean of city and when no small tempest lay on us17

16
Sylvan Barnet et, al., An Introduction to Literature, (United State of America, 1961) p.
72
17
Khaterina Barnwell, Introduction to semantic and Translation, (England: summer
Institute of Linguistic, 1980) p. 144
 24

F. Theme

According to James Pickering, theme may be defined as the controlling

idea or meaning of a work of art.18 In literature, theme is the central idea or

statement about life that unifies and contrast the total work. In this definition,

then; the theme is not the issue or problem, or subject with which the work deals.

Theme in literature whether it takes the form of a brief in meaningful insight or a

comprehensive vision of life can be said as the vehicle on author uses to establish

a relationship with the larger world in which he/she lives and works. When we

observed that the preceding discussions on form, Figure of speech or imagery, all

included, the greater or lesser degrees, some comment on the ideas in the poem

and the statement the poem makes in other words, on its theme19.

18
James Pickering H. and Jeffrey D. Hooper, Concise Companion to Literature, (New
York: Macmillan., 1981) p. 61
19
Alton C. Morris, The American Experience: Poetry, (New York; Mac Milan, 1829). p.
3
 25

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH FINDINGS

A. Data Description

To support the analysis in this research the writer uses the following data

description containing the kinds of figures of speech that are found in three poems

Hymn to God my God, in my sickness, A hymn to God the Father and Death, be

not Proud by John Donne. The writer will have three tables as the data

description and each table contains of figures of speech of one poem.

TABLE I

Hymn to god my god, in my sickness

No. Figures of speeches Line Meaning

1 Personification (13) What shall my west hurt The speakers condition in his
me? As west and east dying

(15) So death doth touch the There is eternal life after died
resurrection

2 Symbol (1) Since I am coming to that The best place from God
holy room,
(Heaven)

(7)Cosmographers, and I their The physicians of the speaker

map, who lie

(8) Flat on this bed, that by The place that human being live
them may be shown
World
(10) Per fretum febris, by these One of the way to direction of
straits to die, death

(11) I joy, that in these straits, I The place of dying

 26

see my west;

(13) What shall my west hurt The place of resurrection for a

me? As west and east new life

(16) Is the Pacific sea my The peaceful place

home? Or are

(17) The eastern riches? Is The Garden of Eden.

Jerusalem?
The located of Adams tree

(20) Whether where Japhet The ancestors of some of the

dwelt, or Cham, or Shem. main racial groups of the earth.

(22) Christs Cross, and Christ's clothes and crown of

Adams tree, stood in one thorns.
place;

(25) May the last Adams blood Jesus

my soul embrace.
The son of God

3 Metonymy (26) So, in his purple wrappd Christ's salvation obtained

receive me Lord, through his death

4 Metaphor (14) In all flat maps (and I am The processes and direction to
one) are one, facing the death seem totally
different, but in fact is same.

TABLE II

A Hymn to God the Father

No. Figures of Speeches Line Meaning

1 Metonymy (13) I have a sin of fear, that The speakers feeling to face his
when I have won death, but he has the original sin.

2 Hyperbole (10) A year, or two: but The speaker feels that he has a
wallowed in, a score? lot of sins like wallowed in his
body.
 27

(16) Shall shine as he shines The speakers hope to God the

now, and here heretofore; Father should swear by himself
to allow his son Jesus to shine
like the sun.

TABLE III

Death, be not Proud

No. Figures of Speeches Line Meaning

1 Personification (1) Death, be not proud, Death is given negative human

though some have called thee traits: pride mainly, but also
pretence and inferiority and
Death is likened to sleep, a
commonplace image.

2 Paradox (14) And Death shall be no Stop fearing the death and accept
more ; Death, thou shalt die. it as a rest of our bones.

3 Metaphor (5) From rest and sleep, which Death must be even more
but thy pictures be, pleasurable, death is simply a
deeper form of sleep.

(5) From rest and sleep, which The pictures being sleep, which
but thy pictures be, tells the readers that sleep during
life is simply a short experience
of death.

(13-14) One short sleep past, A break between one life and the
we wake eternally, / And death next.
shall be no more

4 Synecdoche (8) Rest of their bones, and Their bones getting to their rest
soul's delivery (in the grave).

(11) And poppy, or charms can The use of opium and magic to
make us sleep as well, produce sleep or ambiguously to
produce a gentle death.
 28

B. Explication of Poems

Explication is a detail explanation of the entire poem, unraveling many

a complexities that can be found. According to Barnet and Stubbs Explication

(literally, unfolding or spreading out) is commentary, usually line by line, on

what is going on in a poem or in a short passage of prose20. To support the

description of the poem, the writer presented some opinions about the poems

according to literary critics. This explication consists of three of John Donnes

poems from book of John Donne Selected Poems and they are explained

respectively.

1. Hymn to God my God, in my Sickness

Since I am coming to that holy room,

Where, with thy choir of saints for evermore,
I shall be made thy music, as I come
I tune the instrument here at the door,
And what I must do then, think now before.
Whilst my physicians by their love are grown
Cosmographers, and I their map, who lie
Flat on this bed, that by them may be shown
That this is my south-west discovery
Per fretum febris, by these straits to die,

I joy, that in these straits, I see my west;

For, though their currents yield return to none,
What shall my west hurt me? As west and east
In all flat maps (and I am one) are one,
So death doth touch the Resurrection.

20
Barnet, Silvan, A Short Guide to Writing About Literature, (Boston: Little, Brown and
Comapany, 1968), p. 161
 29

Is the Pacific sea my home? Or are

The eastern riches? Is Jerusalem?
Anyan, and Magellan, and Gibraltar,
All straits, and none but straits, are ways to them,
Whether where Japhet dwelt, or Cham, or Shem.

We think that Paradise and Calvary,

Christs Cross, and Adams tree, stood in one place;
Look Lord, and find both Adams met in me;
As the first Adams sweat surrounds my face,
May the last Adams blood my soul embrace.

So, in his purple wrappd receive me Lord,

By these his thorns give me his other crown;
And as to others souls I preachd thy word,
Be this my text, my sermon to mine own,
Therefore that he may raise the Lord throws down.

Hymn to God in my God, in my Sickness is one of Donne's last poems.

The poem was written just eight days before his death. This poem tells about the

speakers preparation for his death in his illness. In his illness Donne is not asking

for healing but to be prepared for death. Like many of Donnes religious poems,

the Hymn to God my God, in my Sickness is formally somewhat simpler than

many of his metaphysical secular poems. Each of the six five-line stanzas follows

an ABABB rhyme scheme, and the poem is metered throughout in iambic

pentameter.

Even though the poem is in 6 distinct paragraphs, it can be separated into

three central parts. Part one are the first and second stanza stand on their own. In
 30

this part the speaker tells to the readers about to die. In line 1 Since I am coming to

that holy room. The speaker says since he will soon die and come to that holy

room (heaven), he needs to prepare himself before he finally enters thy Quire of

Saints, that is to say heaven. Where in line 2 until line 4, he will be made into the

music of God as sung by a choir of saints, he tunes the instrument and in line 5

And what I must do then, think now before. The speaker says that now he

should prepared for himself and thinks what he will do when the final moment

comes.

The second stanza 2 in line 6 until line 9, he likes his doctors to

cosmographers and himself as a map or it is meant that his body is a world, and

his physicians are mapping it to lying flat on the bed to be shown that this is my

south-west discovery Per fretum febris, by these straits to die. In line 10 Per

fretum febris is Latin for through the straights of fever.

The next two stanzas (stanza four and stanza five) make up another part of

the poem. In line 11 to 12, I joy, that in these straits, I see my west; For, though

their currents yield return to none. The speaker rejoices, for in those straits he

sees his west, his death, whose currents yield return to none, yet which will not

harm him. In line 13 to 14, the speaker (Donne) makes himself a conceit of a map

of the world. He tells the readers that he sees his west. As the sun rises from the

east and falls on the west, the west signifies death. Even though everyone must be

die, on these straights that only go towards the west, that death shall do not

damage to him. He uses rhetorical questioning to carry across the point that he is

not scared of death. Donne also suggests that east and west are the same anyway,
 31

alluding to the cycle of life to death then resurrection. Line 15 is the only line

which differs from the iambic pentameter with one less syllable than 10. This cuts

the consistency at the word resurrection, perhaps signifying that resurrection

does not end, but starts to life again.

The last part of the poem is identified by the remaining 3 stanzas. In line

16 to 17, Is the pacific sea is my home? Or are, The eastern riches? Is

Jerusalem?. The speaker asks whether his home is the Pacific Sea, or the eastern

riches, or Jerusalem. The speaker (Donne) makes many biblical references such as

Jerusalem, Japhet, Christ, Adam and Adams tree, creating a lexical string of

religion. In line 18 until 20 he lists the straights of Anyan, Magellan, and

Gibraltar, and says that only straits can offer access to paradise, whether it lies

where Japhet dwelt, or Cham, or Shem.

The speaker says that in line 21 to 22, We think that Paradise and Calvary,

Christs Cross, and Adams tree, stood in one place. Paradise and Calvary, /

Christs Cross, and Adams tree stood in the same place. He asks God to look and

to note that both Adams (Christ being the second Adam) are unified in him, as the

first Adams sweat surrounds his face, he says may the second Adams blood

embrace his soul. He asks God to receive him wrapped in the purple of Christ,

and, by these his thorns, to give him Christs other crown. As he preached the

word of God to others souls, he says let this be his sermon to his own soul

Therefore that he may raise the Lord throws down.

 32

2. A Hymn to God the Father

Wilt thou forgive what sin where I begun,

Which is my sin, though it were done before?
Wilt thou forgive that sin, through which I run,
And do run still: though still I do deplore?
When thou hast done, thou hast not done,
For, I have more.

Wilt thou forgive that sin by which I have won

Others to sin? And made my sin their door?
Wilt thou forgive that sin which I did shun
A year or two: but wallowed in, a score?
When thou hast done, thou hast not done,
For, I have more

I have a sin of fear, that when I have won

My last thread, I shall perish on the shore;
Swear by thyself, that at my death thy son
Shall shine as he shines now and here heretofore;
And, having done that, thou hast done,
I fear no more.
A Hymn to God the Father is a poem which is tells about the speakers

supplicating to penance for his sins. The poem itself divided into three stanzas,

each stanza divided into six lines. The entire rime scheme of the poem rests on

two rimes; each stanzas scheme is ABABAB.

The first stanza in the first line, Wilt Thou forgive that sin where I begun

means that the speaker begins his prayer asking for forgiveness for his sin to his

God, the sin since he ever begun in his life. In line 2, Which is my sin, though it
 33

were done before?. He says that he has the original sin of being born of man and

woman, the sin since he was born. Although he knows he does not remember

choosing to be born, he knows that the fact that he is incarnated indicates that he

is not soul perfected, he has karma to burn, and he must reap what he has sown.

The speakers sin consciousness demonstrates that he has made significant

progress as a devotee from the days when he was using his wit and charm to

seduce a virgin.

But in addition to the original sin, he is aware that he has been locked in

the physical body with animal lusts that he has difficulty controlling. In line 3 to

line 6, Wilt Thou forgives that sin, through which I run, And do run still, though

still I do deplore? When thou hast done. When his God has forgive the sins that he

has made before thou hast not done, For, I have more. The speaker also hopes

that his God will forgive his sin which is still he does in his life continuously. He

is ashamed of that sin and hates it, but he needs divine aid in overcoming it.

Second stanza in line 1, Wilt Thou forgive that sin which I have won.

The speaker repeat again his prayer to his God to forgive his second sin that he

has encouraged others in the same sin, that is the engagement with lust. He is

also afraid that his sins become the door for the other people. In line 10, he has

been able to control that lust, A year or two, but he wallowed in it for about

twenty years. After the Great Soul has unburdened him from that sin, the speaker

has still more to ask to his God.

Third Stanza in the first line: I have a sin of fear, that when I've spun.

The speaker then names his final sin, and that is the a sin of fear. He fears that
 34

when he dies he shall simply disappear. He believes in his immortal, eternal soul,

but he confesses to doubts, he knows he has not yet achieved union with the

divine.

He then aver that he strongly believes in Christ, and with God the Fathers

help, he will become aware of Christs shining presence. In line 4 of last stanza,

he knows that his Christ-consciousness shines now and heretofore. With that

strong faith and complete reliance of God the Father, the speaker then can

finally say, I fear no more. He does not afraid anymore to face die.

3. Death, be not Proud

Death, be not proud, though some have called thee

Mighty and dreadful, for thou art not so;
For those, whom thou think'st thou dost overthrow,
Die not, poor Death, nor yet canst thou kill me.
From rest and sleep, which but thy pictures be,
Much pleasure, then from thee much more must flow,
And soonest our best men with thee do go,
Rest of their bones, and soul's delivery.
Thou'rt slave to Fate, chance, kings, and desperate men,
And dost with poison, war, and sickness dwell,
And poppy, or charms can make us sleep as well,
And better than thy stroke ; why swell'st thou then ?
One short sleep past, we wake eternally,
And Death shall be no more ; Death, thou shalt die.

Death, be not Proud is one of Donne's Holy Sonnets or Divine

Poems. In the poem the speaker tells about the reasons why human beings should
 35

not be afraid of death. Clearly the theme of Death, be not Proud is death, but the

poem is considerably more positive about death and dying. The scheme of the

poem is abba abba.

The first and the second line of the poem the speaker said that Death likes

to think of himself as powerful, terrifying and indeed some people have called

him that, but it is not so in truth. In the next lines or line 3 to 4, Donne explains

why Death thinks that he is "overthrowing" men when he takes them, which are

conquering, vanquishing, defeating, ruining, and causing to fall. Instead, and this

is the "Holy" conceit of the sonnet, a very Christian concept. He does not cause

them to fall, but helps them to raise death is the means by which man finds

Resurrection, eternal life and immortality through Christ in heaven. Donne is

patronizing and sarcastic with "poor Death", who is so deluded as to think himself

a bane on man's existence. And again, "nor yet canst thou kill me", hearkens back

to the same idea that Death does not kill, but is instead the enabler of new,

immortal life.

In line 5 to line 8, the speaker said that here we have the Renaissance idea

of sleep as death's image that is, death's likeness, semblance a sleeping man looks

much like a dead man, and vice versa. Thus, if man gets much pleasure out of rest

and sleep, which are but copies of death, how much more pleasure then must be

gotten from death, the original? This is why, Donne posits, the best men of the

era go unhesitatingly to their deaths they have wisely realized this to be the case.

They go with Death, their bones get to their rest (in the grave), and their souls get

"delivered", containing the meanings at the same time of being freed from the
 36

human body, freed from the fear of death, delivered into heaven, and delivered in

the sense of being born, or reborn.

In line 9 to line 10, the speaker said that here, he furthers the idea that

Death is not mighty, but indeed is a slave, with "Fate, chance, kings, and

desperate men" as his masters. The personified Death does not always have the

power to choose who is to die Fate and chance may suddenly take someone, kings

on a whim may doom people to their deaths, and desperate men, who see no way

out, may take their own lives, thus cheating Death of his control and mastery.

Next, Donne likes Death to a scavenger who cleans up where poison, war,

and sickness have raged. How proud is his position now. The next lines (line 11 to

line 12) going back to the sleep/Death image, Donne notes that drugs alike have

the power of producing sleep, and in fact, create a truer sleep than Death (since

Death, as Donne already pointed out, but a fleeting moment's sleep before

resurrection). Thus, Death's omnipotent self-image is again belittled and shown as

false hubris, and the insult is delivered home with why swell'st thou then? i.e.,

'since this is the case, what reason have you, Death, to be Proud? the image used

is that of a chest swelling with pride.

The last lines are line 13 to line 14 thus, one short sleep past, that is after

we are dead a fleeting moment, we wake eternally, that is we will wake up

resurrected, to eternal life, never to sleep or die again. Then, death will cease to

exist altogether, will die. Here now the personified Death has been shown to be

not mighty and dreadful but a mere mortal, or rather less than we mortals, since

he will die an eternal death at the resurrection, whereas we mortals will enjoy
 37

eternal life. The final pronouncement, Death, thou shalt die completes the idea

that Death is the one who should be afraid, not the one to be feared.

C. Figure of Speech Analysis

This section discusses what kinds of figure of speech used in the three of

John Donnes analysis poems. The writer does not only analyze kinds of figure of

speech in each line but also the meaning and the application of each figure of

speech in three of John Donnes poems. By analyzing every figure of speech used

by the poet, the writer can conclude the real meaning of the poems.

1. Hymn to God my God, in my Sickness

a. Personification

Personification consists in giving the attributes of a human being to

an animal, an object, or a concept21. While according to encyclopedia,

personification is a figure that endows, object, animal, idea or an

abstraction with human form character or sensibility22.

In this poem the writer finds two personifications, first in line 13,

What shall my west hurt me? As west and east. In this line the phrase that

categorized as a personification is my west hurt me. In this line after the

word west there is the word hurt, it makes the word west as a human

character. In this poem west has meaning as a human in dying, even

though hurt according to free dictionary means deranging or embittering23.

21
Perrine Laurence and Thomas R. ARP, Op.cit, p. 64
22
Ibid p. 197
23
Ibid p. 196
 38

And, if it is translated the entirely sentence my west hurt me has meaning

of personification of the speaker in his dying or the moment of dying.

The next or the second personification in this poem is in line 15, So

death doth touch the resurrection. In this line the sentence that categorized

as a personification is death doth touch the resurrection. The word touch

is one of human character which can do or touch something. But, before

the word touch there is word death. This makes emphasizing that eternal

life will comes to everyone after died. In this poem the speaker uses word

touch as a personification.

b. Symbol

Symbol is the dominant figure of speech of Hymn to God my

God, in my Sickness. According to Dictionary by Farlex, symbol may be

roughly defined as something that means more what it is and the symbol is

a thing (could be an object, person, situation, or action) which stand for

something else more abstract. For example rose is a symbol of love or

cross is a symbol of Christian24.

In this poem the most dominating figure of speech is symbol.

There are some symbols that can be founds in this poem. The writer next

will analyze those expressions in this poem. The first symbol in this poem

is in line 1 of the first stanza, Since I am coming to that holy room. In this

line, the phrase that the writer calls as a symbol is holy room. Based on

stanza 1, before the word room there is also a word holy which has the

24
Ibid p. 163
 39

meaning the something about God and room itself according to free

dictionary has meaning a part of a building with its own walls25, so the

writer concludes that the phrase holy room in this line has the meaning

as a symbol.

The second symbol in the first stanza is in line 7, Cosmographers,

and I their map, who lie. The word that categorized as a symbol is map. It

is symbolic geography, because in human being life map is usually used

for guidance to show something like a place or area. Map which is

contains references to fairly recent discoveries, for instance the South-

west discovery, alluding to efforts to sail round the tip of South America.

Cape Horn was a dreadfully stormy place, so the effort had been made to

find a more sheltered route, which finally succeeded in the discovery of

the Strait of Magellan. In this poem map has meaning the physicians of the

speaker.

The third symbol in this poem is in line 8, Flat on this bed, that by

them may be shown. In this line the word that categorized as a symbol is

bed. Bed is usually used for taken a sleep or taken a rest by human being.

In this poem the writer uses himself as a guide for another people life.

After the writer analyzes the whole poem, the writer concludes that bed is

a symbol of the speakers position in this world as a preacher; he can guide

another people to do not afraid about death.

25
Ibid p. 359
 40

The fourth symbol in this poem is in line 10 Per fretum febris, by

these straits to die, the word that categorized as a symbol is straits. The

speaker also plays with the word straights. In geography this can denote

a narrow and often turbulent channel of water (strait) between two land

masses, leading from one sea to another. In general usage it can also mean

a period of difficulty and could certainly symbolize death. Per fretum

febris is Latin for through the straights of fever.

The fifth symbol in this poem is in line 11, I joy, that in these

straits, I see my west;. In this line there is one symbol also, it is the word

west. If it is translated the word west according to Oxford dictionary has

meaning the kind of world side where the sun set26. After the writer

analyzes the whole poem and based on explication point of view, he

concludes that west is a symbol of the speakers moment of dying. In

Christian symbolism the west is the place of dying. In Christian teaching,

however, the moment of dying is also the moment of entering into a new

life27.

The sixth symbol in this poem is in the third stanza or in line 13,

What shall my west hurt me? As west and east. In this line the word that

categorized as a symbol is east. If it is translated the word east according

to Oxford dictionary has meaning the kind of world side where the sun

26
Martin H. Manser, Oxford Learners dictionary, (Mexico city; Oxford University
Press, new edition, 1991), p. 469
27
Thomas Carlyle, Sartor Resartus, (New York: The Odyssey Press, 1937), p. 218
 41

rise28. In Christian symbolism the east is the place of resurrection for new

life29.

The seventh symbol in this poem is in line 16, Is the Pacific sea my

home? Or are. In this line, the writer chooses word pacific as a symbol.

In Christian symbolism, the Pacific sea which is symbolically means

peaceful and therefore heaven, the place of peace30. If it is translated

literally pacific has meaning life with peace or all about war is wrong.

And the eighth symbol in this poem is in line 17, The eastern

riches? Is Jerusalem?. The word in this line which is categorized as a

symbol is Jerusalem. In our daily life Jerusalem known as the name of a

country in the world, but in Christian medieval geographers believed that

Paradise (the Garden of Eden) was located where Jerusalem now

stands31. Thus the tree, from which Adam ate the forbidden fruit and first

sinned, is seen as having occupied the same spot as the cross on which

Christ died so that humankind could be forgiven.

The ninth symbol in this poem is in line 20, Whether where Japhet

dwelt, or Cham, or Shem. In this line there are three words that categorized

as symbols, they are Japhet, Cham, and Shem. According to Encyclopedia

Americana the three of those words are refer to the three sons of Noah

who were symbolically the ancestors of some of the main racial groups of

28
Martin H. Manser, Oxford Learners dictionary, (Mexico city; Oxford University
Press, new edition, 1991), p. 133
29
Op.cit p. 219
30
Ibid p. 223
31
Ibid p. 245
 42

the earth; Japhet of the Indo-European races, Shem of the Arabs and Jews

and Cham of the African groups32.

The tenth symbol in Hymn to God my God in my Sickness poem is

in line 22 Christs Cross, and Adams tree, stood in one place; in this

line, the writer finds one symbol, the famous symbol in Christian people it

is Christs Cross. It is a prove that Jesus against his enemies for his faith.

The speaker will be received by God because symbolically he wears

Christ's clothes and crown of thorns. He believe that this life by God but

will be raised up after death to a new life.

The last symbol in this poem is in line 25 of the 5th stanza, May the

last Adams blood my soul embrace. From this line the symbol lies on the

word last Adam. According to explication point of view, the writer

concludes that the last Adam or second Adam is the symbol to call

Jesus/Christ because the Christian people believe that Jesus/Christ is the

son of God. He shares the nature of Adam (as a human being) and He also

shares the nature of Christ (as someone who has been forgiven and given

new life by God).

c. Metonymy

Metonymy is the substitution of the name of one thing for that of

another with which it is closely associated as crown for king or sweat

32
Danbury Connecticut, Encyclopedia Americana International Edition, (Scholastic
Library Publishing, INC, USA, 1829), P. 165
 43

of the grow for hard labor33. In this poem the writer finds one of

metonymy based on explication point of view.

The metonymy in this poem is in line 26, So, in his purple wrappd

receive me Lord. In this line, there is one word that categorized as a

metonymy is purple. If it is translated literally has meaning as the name of

color. But, after the writer analyzes the whole of this poem, the writer

concludes that purple is metonymy for Christ's salvation obtained through

his death, because at Christ crucifixion, a purple robe put on him, a symbol

of royalty. The speaker hopes to be received by God wrapped in the purple

garment of Christ purple with blood and with triumph and to obtain his

crown.

d. Metaphor

According to Canavan metaphor is an implied comparison without

the introductory word like or as34. While according to Barnet, metaphor

asserts the identity, without a connective such as like or a verb such as

appear of term those are literally incompatible35.

In this poem the writer finds only one metaphor, it is in line 14, In

all flat maps (and I am one) are one. In this line, the metaphor is flat map.

Based on the writer analysis about meaning of stanza 3 talking about the

speakers point of view about death, the way of our life in this world is

same like in flat map. So, the writer concludes that flat map is the

33
Encyclopedia Americana, Op. cit, p. 197
34
P. Joseph Canavan, Paragraph and theme 2nd ed, (New York: D.C. Heath and
Company, 1975), P. 150
35
Sylvan Barnet , An Introduction to Literature, (United State of America, 1961). p. 104
 44

processes and directions to facing the death seem totally different, but the

fact is same.

2. A Hymn to God the Father

a. Metonymy

Metonymy is a figure of speech that uses a concept closely related

to the thing actually meant. The substitution makes the analogy more, and

meaningful36. Different with symbol, which almost always appear in

every line of this poem. The metonymy in this poem can be finds in line

13, I have a sin of fear, that when I have won. In this line we can find one

word that categorized as a metonymy, it is fear. As it has been explain

before that metonymy is the use of something closely related for the thing

actually meant.

After the writer analyzes and finds the meaning the whole line of

the poem, the word fear has meaning a feeling condition. Donne uses word

fear to describe his afraid about his sins. Fear is a word that related with

anxiety feeling, bad experience and frightened condition. Based on that

analysis the writer concludes that fear is a metonymy of the speakers

feeling to face his death.

36
Perrine Laurence and Thomas R. ARP, Sound and Sense; An Introduction to Poetry, 8th
ed, (Southern Methodist University, 1992), p.65
 45

b. Hyperbole

Hyperbole or overstatement is simply exaggeration, but

exaggeration in the service of truth. Like all figure of speech,

overstatement may be used with a variety of effects. It may be humorous

or grave, fanciful or restrained, convicting or unconvincing and according

to encyclopedia hyperbole is a conscious exaggeration used without intent

of literal persuasion37.

In this poem there are two hyperboles. The first hyperbole is in line

16 Shall shine as he shines now and here heretofore. The word that

categorized as a hyperbole in this line is Shall shine as he shines now. This

line has exaggeration implication, because after the writer analyzes the real

meaning of this line is condition of the speakers hope to God the Father

should swear by Himself to allow His son Jesus to shine like the sun. The

poet describe this condition with shall shine as he shines now.

The next hyperbole in this poem can be founds in line 10 A year

or two: but wallowed in, a score? the word that writer calls as a

hyperbole is wallowed. If it is translated according to Oxford dictionary

the word wallowed has meaning roll about in mud38. Based on explication

point of view the speaker feels that he has a lot of sins like in wallowed in

his body. The poet chooses to describe this condition with wallowed in a

score.

37
Perrine Laurence and Thomas R. ARP, Op. cit. P. 415
38
Oxford dictionary, (1991) Ibid. p. 464
 46

3. Death, be not Proud

a. Personification

Personification consists in giving the attributes of a human being to

an animal, an object, or a concept39. While according to encyclopedia,

personification is a figure that endows, object, animal, idea or an

abstraction with human form character or sensibility40.

The main figure of speech in Death be not Proud is the

personification. The first personification in this poem is from line 1 until

line 4; here the speaker said that Death is not powerful or mighty

because he does not kill, but simply a peaceful escape from life. Death

gives negative human traits, pride mainly and Death is like a sleep, a

commonplace image. The speaker suggesting that death is just a short

sleep.

The final reference to sleep is in the couplet: One short sleep past.

Death really is no more than a short sleep. It has been reduced step by step

in this extended metaphor. The personification of death is evident from the

initial line of the sonnet "Death, be not proud, though some have called

thee". This first personification shows the attitude of the poet towards

death throughout the poem by making the audience immediately aware

that death is not above being addressed by a mortal. Using "thee" John

Donne puts death on the same level as himself, and demonstrates his lack

of fear and awe for death.

39
Perrine Laurence and Thomas R. ARP, Ibid, p. 64
40
Ibid p. 197
 47

b. Paradox

Paradox is a statement that appears to be logically contradictory

and yet may be true. It is widely used in poetry and in epigrammatic prose

writing41. While according to Perrine, Paradox is an apparent contradiction

that is nevertheless, somehow true, it may be either a situation or

statement42.

In this poem the writer finds only one paradox, it is in line 14 And

Death shall be no more ; Death, thou shalt die. Paradox in this line is

Death, thou shalt die the final statement of the poem, displays Donne's

stands against death, and his wish for societies to stop fearing death and

accept it as a "Rest of their bones, and their soul delivery" as they depart

from one life into another. The writer concludes this line uses paradox.

c. Metaphor

According to Canavan metaphor is an implied comparison without

the introductory word like or as43. While according to Barnet, metaphor

asserts the identity, without a connective such as like or a verb such as

appears of terms those are literally incompatible44.

After the writer analyses the contain of the whole stanza of this

poem, the writer finds two metaphors, the first metaphor is in line 5, From

rest and sleep, which but thy pictures be. The metaphor explains that a

41
Encyclopedia Americana, Ibid, p. 197
42
Ibid, p. 100
43
P. Joseph Canavan, Op. cit. P. 150
44
Sylvan Barnet, Op. cit. P. 104
 48

sleep is such a pleasurable activity, death must be even more pleasurable,

since Donne believes that death is simply a deeper form of sleep.

The same metaphor also refers to the "pictures" of death, the

pictures being sleep, which tells the readers that sleep during life is simply

a short experience of death, in which case, death is obviously not as

terrible as is generally believed. This metaphor very effectively expresses

the theme because it entirely removes the mystery from death, and makes

it seems simple and understandable. The metaphor Donne uses refers to

the sleep induced by the opium from a poppy or from charms. The

metaphor suggests that while death uses terrible methods to achieve its

purpose, while other simple and inoffensive causes can induce sleep more

effectively and more peacefully.

The next metaphor in this poem is in line 13 to 14 Donne alludes to

an afterlife by using the metaphor "One short sleep past, we wake

eternally, / And death shall be no more" (13-14). The metaphor in this line

is we wake eternally. Donne compares the relationship of death to the

afterlife to that of sleep to waking up. This metaphor encompasses the

religious aspect of the theme by showing that death is not everlasting, but

is merely a break between one life and the next.

Another comparison that illustrates the shortness of time spent in

death is evident when Donne tells death that "soonest our best men with

thee do go, Rest their bones and soul's delivery". This metaphor implies

that death is sort-lived or a "Rest", and not an everlasting state

 49

d. Synecdoche

There are many definitions of synecdoche, but in this research the

writer prefers to write definition of synecdoche from The Free Dictionary

by Farlex. Synecdoche is A figure of speech in which a part is used for the

whole (as hands for sailor) the whole for a part (as the law for police

officer), the specific for the general (as cutthroat for assassin) the general

for the specific (as the thief for pickpocket), or the material for the thing

made from it (as steel for sword)45.

In this poem the writer finds two synecdoches, the first synecdoche

is in line 8 Rest of their bones, and soul's delivery. The word that writer

categorizes as a synecdoche is rest. According to the meaning of

synecdoche from encyclopedia, it means of a part to mean the whole and

rest itself meant stop doing some activities46. Based on the writer analysis

from explication point of view, this poetry talking about death, so the

writer analyzes that Rest of their bones is their bones getting to their rest

(in the grave). The human body does not do anything anymore but it must

be put in the grave forever.

The next synecdoche is in line 11, And poppy, or charms can

make us sleep as well,. The synecdoches in this line are poppy and

charms. It refers to the use of opium and magic to produce sleep, or,

ambiguously, to produce a gentle death. Technically poppy is a

synecdoche rather than a metaphor: it is what is derived from the poppy

45
The Free Dictionary by Farlex, Op,cit, p. 197
46
Ibid
 50

that is the opiate, not literally the flower itself. But then death is like a

slave as well, and this is the startling conceit. It has no choice where it is to

fall. Fate, Chance, king are all examples of metonymy, suggesting

certain reasons why death occurs, Chance we can understand as accidents,

Kings as the whole judicial or the military system and Fate must suggest a

wider concept, that our length of life is decreed elsewhere, and death is

therefore no more than an executioner. Although Fate is not in itself a

Christian concept, the Bible does suggest a sense of destiny in the matter

Just as man is destined to die once.

C. Analysis of the Theme

Discussing theme is important to get central idea or statement about life

that unifies and controls the total work. It is the main point an author wishes to

make about his subject. To identify a poem theme involves two steps; finding the

poem subject and formulating the poet main statement about that subject. It is

easy to determine the subject of most poems; often it is named or suggested by the

title, and of course it is the focus of the whole poems. Analyzing figure of speech

definition above produces the theme of each poem and all of the poems have

nature theme. To get the theme of the poem, explication and figures of speech

analysis are very valuable.

 51

a. The Theme of Hymn to God my God, in my Sickness

John Donnes Hymn to God my God, in my Sickness poem is

representing about Death as Friend; we should know that Death is a

transition from one place to another or an entry into a sacred space. The

geographical images bring this out strongly. Here, Donne said that

sickness is likely to lead to death focuses attention on the afterlife and

gives a map or direction finder to find it. Life is a journey for a moment,

and the process of dying seen as the final passage through to the ultimate

destination.

In this poem, Donne present figure of the sickness as the mediator

to die. But, before the death comes or the final moment comes, Donne

tried to invites the readers to give the information that we should make

some preparation to face it, because death will comes to everyone, in every

times and everywhere.

The using of figures of speech in this poem like personification,

metonymy and hyperbole explains that all of them give a significant

contribution in conveying the theme.

The use of the word hurt in line What shall my west hurt me?

As west and east for example, the poet in this poem absolutely describes

about his feeling toward his sickness. Hurt in this poem is a

personification of death time. Another example is the word map in line

Cosmographer, and I their map, who lie the poet describes about his
 52

feeling toward his sickness also. He belief that before the final moment

(die) is comes we need to make some preparation for it.

Both and all other figures of speech of the poem above help the

poet build the theme and deliver it to the readers to make them understand

about the poem intention. Finally, based on figure of speech analysis of the

poem the writer concludes that the theme of Hymn to God my God, in my

Sickness is preparation of ourselves to face the death.

b. The Theme of A Hymn to God the Father

Donnes A Hymn to God the Father is a poem tells us about

Donnes asking to his Gods forgiveness for different types of sins, but

feeling as if he will never finish confessing them all. This gives him a fear

that when he dies, he will not have received God's forgiveness and will

perish on the shore. In this poem Death is something which is full of

mystery; in real life all of people are afraid of death. Like the poet in this

poem, he is very scares to face the death because he has a lot of sins in his

life, the original sin and the sins that he has done by himself.

The theme conveyed within the poem is supported by many kinds

of figure of speech in it. The using of figures of speech in this poem, as

analyzed above gives a significant contribution in theme building. The

poet exploits them well and they even proven able to produce a sense that

cannot be seen or explained just from the title. In the second stanza he

says; A year, or two: but wallowed in, a score?.

 53

The use of the word wallowed for instance, the poet in this poem

perfectly describes his feeling toward his life who has a lot of sins. He has

wallowed in it for twenty years and it makes him so scare. Another

supported word of figure of speech which conveyed the theme is proven

by the word fear in the first line of the third stanza I have a sin of fear,

that when I have spun. He fears that when he dies he shall simply

disappear. It will not be easily performed by any visual act. Yet, the figure

of speech has delivered it well. This and all other figures of speech of the

poem said so much in so little word. They are there to help the poet build

the theme of the poem and deliver it to the readers to make them

understand it well along with all the senses they carried. So, from figure of

speech analysis of the poem the writer concludes that the theme of A Hymn

to God the Father is Asking for forgiveness to God is important before we

die.

c. The Theme of Death, be not Proud

John Donnes Death, be not Proud poem is one of Donne's Holy

Sonnets or Divine Poems. Clearly the theme is about death, but the poem

is considerably more positive about death and dying. In the poem the

speaker tells about the reasons why human beings should not be afraid of

death. We should belief that the death is not the "Mighty and dreadful"

entity that people fear. Death that it is not powerful as it believes, but
 54

simply a peaceful escape from life, and an entity dependant on others to

accomplish his wishes.

Based on figure of speech analysis in previous section, the writer

finds out some sentences that are supported the theme of this poem. For

example, Donne uses some metaphor in this poem. In line 5 From rest

and sleep, which but thy pictures be, Donne believes that death is such a

pleasurable activity and death is simply a deeper form of sleep. The other

metaphor is in line One short sleep past, we wake eternally, And death

shall be no more; death, thou shalt die. Donne compares the relationship

of death to the afterlife to that of sleep to waking up. Death is not

everlasting, but a break between one life and the next.

The writer presents those examples to reveal the theme of the poem

based on figure of speech analysis above. Finally, the he concludes that the

theme of Death, be not Proud is death is not the mighty and dreadful.
 55

CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion

After analyzing the three poems of John Donne in the previous chapter, the

writer concludes that Hymn to God my God, in my sickness, A hymn to God the

Father and Death, be not Proud poems by John Donne use the same theme. The

writer analyzes the figure of speech in those poems using a major of theme about

death with different concepts and point of view. The poet who is known as the

founder of the Metaphysical Poet is has his own opinion about death.

In his Hymn to God my God, in my sickness poem the poet has opinion

about death from his sickness point of view. In this poem the poet writes about his

preparation to face the death, the day where is the final moment comes. The

figures of speech in this poem are personification, symbol, metonymy and

metaphor. From those four figures of speeches the writer concludes that the theme

Hymn to God my God, in my sickness is we should make preparation of

ourselves to face the death.

In the Hymn to God my God, in my sickness poem, the death must

become to everyone that is always being afraid by of him/her, but at last, everyone

has to face it sincerely. It is because it is the law of nature that everyone must die,

so before we face it we should prepare it. In the Hymn to God my God, in my

Sickness poem the sickness becomes the mediator.

 56

In the A Hymn to God the Father poem, John Donne wrote about death

with different way. Death is something which is full of mystery; in real life all of

people are afraid of death. Like the poet in this poem, he is very scared to face the

death because he has a lot of sins in his life, the original sin and the sins that he

has done by himself. So, before he faces the death he needs his sins apologized by

his God. He hopes to his God to apologize his fear sin, the sin that he has done

and the sins that he still do in his life. The figures of speeches that used in this

poem are metonymy and hyperbole. From those three figures of speeches the

writer concludes that A Hymn to God the Father is a poem with theme Asking

for forgiveness to God is important before we die.

Another major theme of death by John Donne is in Death, be not Proud

poem. In the poem the speaker tells about the reasons why human beings should

not fear death. We should belief that the death is not the "Mighty and dreadful"

entity that people fear. Death that it is not powerful as it believes, but simply a

peaceful escape from life, and an entity dependant on others to accomplish his

wishes. The figures of speeches in this poem are personification, paradox,

metaphor and synecdoche. Clearly the theme of Death, be not Proud is death is

not the mighty and dreadful, but the poem is considerably more positive about

death and dying.

The three poems that are analyzed by the writer have different

characteristics and point of views in seeing death. But the point is, death still

becomes something mystery in everyones level of live. The writer concludes that
 57

three poems have been analyzed based on the figures of speeches and their

explication of each poem, has helped the writer in his research.

B. Suggestion

From the result of this research, there are three poems with the theme of

death and from the three poems the writer found seven kinds of figure of speech.

Each poem has a different way to explore and point of view about death. The

following are the writer suggestions for the readers who are interested in

analyzing about death poems and figure of speech from the same poet;

1. To read a poem repeatedly because the language of the poem is usually

different from the daily language.

2. To use the explication method.

3. To explore the authors life and focus the study on poets bibliography. It

is because the writer ensures that there is significant relation between the

poets poems.
 58

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Aristotle, On Poetry and Style, Bobbs-Merril Educational Publishing Indianapolis,

Toronto: 1982
Barnet, Silvan, A Short Guide to Writing About Literature, Little, Brown and
Comapany, Boston: 1968
Barnet, Sylvan et, al., An Introduction to Literature, United State of America,
1961
Barnwell, Khaterina, Introduction to semantic and Translation, (England: summer
Institute of Linguistic), 1980
Canavan, P. Joseph, Paragraph and theme 2nd ed, New York: D.C. Heath and
Company, 1975
Carlyle, Thomas, Sartor Resartus, The Odyssey Press, New York: 1937
Chatman, Seymour, The Language of Poetry, Houghton Mifflin Company,
Boston: 1968
Connecticut, Danbury, Encyclopedia Americana International Edition,
(Scholastic Library Publishing, INC, USA: 1829), vol 22
Gill, Richard, Mastering English Literature, New York: Macmillan Press Ltd,
1995
Greenfield, B., Stanley, and Weatherhead, A., Kingsley, The poem: An Anthology,
Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York: 1968
Kennedy, X.J. and Giola, Dana, An Introduction to Poetry, New york: Longman,
2005
Mac Milan, The American Experience: Poetry, New York
Perrine, Laurence, and Thomas R. ARP, Sound and Sense; An Introduction to
Poetry, 8 th edition, Southern Methodist University, 1992.
Pickering, H., James and Jeffrey D. Hooper, Concise Companion to Literature,
New York: Macmillan., 1981
Teeuw, A, Sastra dan Ilmu Sastra, Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya, 2003
 59

http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072405228/student_view0/poeticglossary.h
tml
http://www.learner.org/interactives/literature/read/theme1.html
http//:www.answers.com/topic/understatement
 60

APPENDIX

Biography of John Donne (1573 1631)

John Donne was born in 1572 in London, England. He is known as the

founder of the Metaphysical Poets, a term created by Samuel Johnson, an

eighteenth-century English essayist, poet, and philosopher. The loosely associated

group also includes George Herbert, Richard Crashaw, Andrew Marvell, and John

Cleveland. The Metaphysical Poets are known for their ability to startle the reader

and coax new perspective through paradoxical images, subtle argument, inventive

syntax, and imagery from art, philosophy, and religion using an extended

metaphor known as a conceit. Donne reached beyond the rational and hierarchical

structures of the seventeenth century with his exacting and ingenious conceits,

advancing the exploratory spirit of his time.

Donne entered the world during a period of theological and political unrest

for both England and France; a Protestant massacre occurred on Saint

Bartholomew's day in France; while in England, the Catholics were the persecuted

minority. Born into a Roman Catholic family, Donne's personal relationship with

religion was tumultuous and passionate, and at the center of much of his poetry.

He studied at both Oxford and Cambridge Universities in his early teen years. He

did not take a degree at either school, because to do so would have meant

subscribing to the Thirty-nine Articles, the doctrine that defined Anglicanism.

 61

At age twenty he studied law at Lincoln's Inn. Two years later he

succumbed to religious pressure and joined the Anglican Church after his younger

brother, convicted for his Catholic loyalties, died in prison. Donne wrote most of

his love lyrics, erotic verse, and some sacred poems in the 1590's, creating two

major volumes of work: Satires, and Songs and Sonnets47.

47
D. J. Enright, John Donne Selected Poems, Phoenix Poetry, London: 2003), p. i
 62

Three of John Donnes Poems

1. Hymn to God my God, in my sickness

Since I am coming to that holy room,

Where, with thy choir of saints for evermore,
I shall be made thy music, as I come
I tune the instrument here at the door,
And what I must do then, think now before.

Whilst my physicians by their love are grown

Cosmographers, and I their map, who lie
Flat on this bed, that by them may be shown
That this is my south-west discovery
Per fretum febris, by these straits to die,

I joy, that in these straits, I see my west;

For, though their currents yield return to none,
What shall my west hurt me? As west and east
In all flat maps (and I am one) are one,
So death doth touch the Resurrection.

Is the Pacific sea my home? Or are

The eastern riches? Is Jerusalem?
Anyan, and Magellan, and Gibraltar,
All straits, and none but straits, are ways to them,
Whether where Japhet dwelt, or Cham, or Shem.

We think that Paradise and Calvary,

Christs Cross, and Adams tree, stood in one place;
Look Lord, and find both Adams met in me;
As the first Adams sweat surrounds my face,
May the last Adams blood my soul embrace.

So, in his purple wrappd receive me Lord,

By these his thorns give me his other crown;
And as to others souls I preachd thy word,
Be this my text, my sermon to mine own,
Therefore that he may raise the Lord throws down.
 63

2. A Hymn to God the Father

Wilt thou forgive what sin where I begun,

Which is my sin, though it were done before?
Wilt thou forgive that sin, through which I run,
And do run still: though still I do deplore?
When thou hast done, thou hast not done,
For, I have more.

Wilt thou forgive that sin by which I have won

Others to sin? And made my sin their door?
Wilt thou forgive that sin which I did shun
A year, or two: but wallowed in, a score?
When thou hast done, thou hast not done,
For, I have more

I have a sin of fear, that when I have won

My last thread, I shall perish on the shore;
Swear by thyself, that at my death thy son
Shall shine as he shines now, and here heretofore;
And, having done that, thou hast donr,
I fear no more.

3. Death, be not Proud

Death, be not proud, though some have called thee

Mighty and dreadful, for thou art not so;
For those, whom thou think'st thou dost overthrow,
Die not, poor Death, nor yet canst thou kill me.
From rest and sleep, which but thy pictures be,
Much pleasure, then from thee much more must flow,
And soonest our best men with thee do go,
Rest of their bones, and soul's delivery.
Thou'rt slave to Fate, chance, kings, and desperate men,
And dost with poison, war, and sickness dwell,
And poppy, or charms can make us sleep as well,
And better than thy stroke ; why swell'st thou then ?
One short sleep past, we wake eternally,
And Death shall be no more ; Death, thou shalt die.
 64

A. Background of the study

Poetry is piece of literature written by a poet in meter or verse. A poet

usually uses poetry to expressing various emotions which are expressed by the use

of variety of techniques including metaphors, similes and onomatopoeia. The

emphasis on the aesthetics of language and the use of techniques such as

repetition, meter and rhyme are what are commonly used to distinguish poetry

from prose. Poems often make heavy use of imagery and word association to

quickly convey emotions.

Poetry is written to be enjoyed because in poetry a poet usually uses

supporting elements to enrich the meaning and bring the readers imagination to

his or her minds. The point about poetry and the other form of literature is that

the choice of words and elements inside used by the author.48 To create good of

poetry, a poet usually uses supported elements in poem that is usually called by

intrinsic elements such as figure of speech, rhyme, rhythm, imagery and tone to

enrich the meaning and made the reader feels easy to understand what the poet

means. By using figure of speech, rhyme, rhythm, imagery and tone, a poet feels

that they can express what they have felt into poetry.

Figure of speech has many roles in fiction. It makes the fiction interest in

evoking emotion, making vivid sensory experience, and eliciting image. On man

48
Richard Gill, Mastering English Literature, (New York: Macmillan Press Ltd, 1995), p.
4
 65

occasion, figurative language enables a writer to communicate experiences which

he would find very difficult or even impossible to do in literal term. It enables the

writer to accomplish in many words. For example, Edwin Arlington Robinson

communicates a psychological condition of somebody through his poem Richard

Corry. The figures of speech of the poem describe that someone who looks very

healthy and rich in his life, but he chooses commits the suicide at the end of his

life. Besides, figure of speech as one of literary element, it creates the sense or

power to describe things in unique ways. The readers or literary lovers can

explore the words in fiction or non fiction which are expressed by the author.

Donne chose poetry as media to write whatever he had felt. All of

experiences in his life were written by him into poetry. He always gets the ideas

from the condition around him such as from his sickness, people around him and

also from his family. Donnes interest in death, become the reason why the writer

chooses Donnes poems to be analyzed.

B. Research Methodology

The objectives of this study are to find out the main idea of these poems,

to find out the figure of speech used in John Donnes three poems, to find out the

meaning of figure of speech in three poems (Hymn to God my God, in my

Sickness, A Hymn to God the Father and Death, be not Proud), and to find out the

contribution of figure of speech in building theme.

The analysis of John Donnes poems applies qualitative analysis. The

writer tries to describe and explain the content of the poems by using figure of

speech definition.
 66

In this research, the writer uses descriptive analysis technique to analyze

the data. The writer reads the poems line by line, and then he analyzes the

meaning of figure of speech and the theme of the selected poems.

The units of analysis are three of John Donnes poems, they are Hymn to

God my God, in my Sickness, A Hymn to God the Father and Death, be not Proud

from John Donne selected poems.

C. Theoretical Framework

1. Definition of poem

Poem has no simple satisfactory definition. It is one of the literary

arts; because it uses words as its medium of expression art and it is something in

which man tries to give lasting form to an experience which seems to him

important. According to Larry M. Sutton, at al. Poetry is Universal as language

and almost ancient.49 The most primitive peoples have it, and the most civilized

have to cultivate it. Poetry has the meaning; the term for the many literary forms

through which man has given rhythmic expression to his most imaginative and

intense perceptions of himself and his universe.50 Poetry written after selected

process by poet and choosing the supported elements such as figure of speech,

rhyme, rhythm, imagery, alliteration or assonance, association between word and

the meaning to give their experiences. All of them can not be separated because

they have relationships that make one coherent structure. By figure of speech,

rhyme, rhythm, imagery, alliteration or assonance, a poet can convey information

49
Perrine Laurence and Thomas R. ARP, Sound and Sense; An Introduction to Poetry, 8th
ed, (Southern Methodist University, 1992) p. 347
50
Danbury Connecticut, Encyclopedia Americana International Edition, (Scholastic
Library Publishing, INC, USA, 1829), vol 22, p.277
 67

and experiences through medium of poetry. The subject of poem is for form being

so restricted, very often does, deal with beautiful and profound themes: music,

spring, love, courage, religious, faith, but many also deal with squalor, suffering,

injustice, intellectual or spiritual poverty. The language with which a poet handles

this variety of experience may be pleasant dignified, or unusual.

2. Elements of Poems

The intrinsic elements in a poem consist of four important elements:

5. Form

6. Language

7. Theme

8. Tone

In addition of poem language element, it is divided into: Figure of speech,

Diction and Imagery.

3. Explication

An explication has been defined as an examination of a work literature for

knowledge of each part for the relation of these parts to each other, and for their

relation to the whole.51

4. Definition of Figure of Speech

According to Perrine, Figure of speech may be defined as any way of

saying something other than the ordinary way.52 Figure of speech is one of the

important intrinsic elements in a poem which is more dominant than other

51
Ibid p. 60
52
Ibid p. 61
 68

element. Poets feel, that by the usage of figure of speech in their poetry they can

say more vividly and forcefully than they can say it directly. The definition of

figure of speech itself based on Encyclopedia of literature in page 415: Figure of

speech is a form of expression used to convey meaning or heighten effect, often by

comparing or identifying one thing with another that has a meaning or

connotation familiar to the reader or listener.

5. Kinds of Figure of Speech

a. Personification

Personification is the method of handing over human characteristic to

nonhuman objects, abstractions or ideas. Personification may be defined as A

figure of speech is a rhetorical device that achieves a special effect by using words

in distinctive ways.53

b. Hyperbole

Hyperbole may be defined as simply exaggeration, but exaggeration in

the service truth.54 Hyperbole is a figure of speech that used by poet in the effect

to depict an object, idea and other that may seem strained and ridiculous.

Hyperbole is a rhetorical figure which consists in an exaggerated statement that is

not meant to be taken literally.55

c. Simile

Simile is a figure of speech in which two things are compared using the

word "like" or "as" to draw attention to similarities about two things that are

53
http://www.learner.org/interactives/literature/read/theme1.html ((Accessed on
September 2nd 2009)
54
Laurence Perrine and Thomas R. ARP. (1992), op.cit p.64
55
http//:www.answers.com/topic/understatement (Accessed on September 2nd 2009)
 69

seemingly dissimilar.56 Like a metaphor, simile also compares two different

things, but it uses a connective word. According to Perrine simile may be defined

as figure of speech in which two essential dissimilar object are expressly

compared with an another by used sign-posting such as like, as, than similar to,

resembles, or seem.57

d. Symbol

Symbol is thing (could be an object, person, situation or action), which

stand for something else more abstract. Symbol is a trope that combines a literal

and sensuous quality with an abstract or suggestive aspect. The symbol shares

with the image a concrete referent in the objective world- a referent that it evokes

on the primary level. For example, in the poetry entitled The Love Song of J.

Alfred Prufrock by T.S Eliot. The mermaids in line 124 point beyond the literal

meaning the word suggest functioning as a symbol of Profrocks sexuality58.

e. Metaphor

Metaphor is an implied comparison between two similar things an

analogy that imaginatively identifies one object with another and either ascribes to

the first with connotation inherent in the other. For example, in the poetry entitled

For My Lover, Returning to His Wife by Anne Sexton. It is in line 45-46 I am a

watercolor, I wash off.

f. Synecdoche

56
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072405228/student_view0/poetic_glossary.html
(Accessed on September 2nd 2009)
57
Laurence Perrine and Thomas R. ARP, (1992), Op. cit p. 64
58
Ibid
 70

Synecdoche is a figure of speech in which part is used for the

whole (as hands for sailor) the whole for a part (as the law for police officer), the

specific for the general (as cutthroat for assassin), the general for the specific (as

steel for word). For example, in the poetry entitled The Naked and The Nude by

Robert Graves. It is in line 9 the Hippocratic eye will see it refers to a doctor.

g. Metonymy

Metonymy is figure of speech that uses a concept closely related to the

thing actually meant. In the poetry entitled Spring by William Shakespeare. It is in

line 4 do paint the meadows with delight Shakespeare uses metonymy when he

says that the yellow cuckoo-buds paint the meadows with delight for he means

with bright color that produces delight.

h. Paradox

Paradox is a statement that appears to be logically contradictory and yet

may be true. It is widely used in poetry and in epigrammatic writing prose. For

example, in the poetry entitled People by Yevgeny Yevtushenko. It is in line 25-

26 we who knew our fathers, in everything, in nothing suggest our inability to

know or understand fully another human being, even a parent.59

a. Apostrophe

Apostrophe is figure of speech in which the narrator or the speaker

addresses something nonhuman as if it is present or alive. For example, in

John Donne apostrophizing the death in his sonnet death be not proud, though

some have called thee.

59
Sylvan Barnet et, al., An Introduction to Literature, (United State of America, 1961) p.
72
 71

i. Litotes

Litotes is an emphatic statement made by saying that the opposite idea is

not true. For example, they were not a little comported, A citizen no mean of city

and when no small tempest lay on us60

6. Theme

According to James Pickering, theme may be defined as the controlling

idea or meaning of a work of art.61 In literature, theme is the central idea or

statement about life that unifies and contrast the total work. In this definition,

then; the theme is not the issue or problem, or subject with which the work deals.

Theme in literature whether it takes the form of a brief in meaningful insight or a

comprehensive vision of life can be said as the vehicle on author uses to establish

a relationship with the larger world in which he/she lives and works. When we

observed that the preceding discussions on form, Figure of speech or imagery, all

included, the greater or lesser degrees, some comment on the ideas in the poem

and the statement the poem makes in other words, on its theme62.

D. Research Findings

1. Data Description

TABLE I
Hymn to god my god, in my sickness
No. Figures of speeches Line Meaning

60
Khaterina Barnwell, Introduction to semantic and Translation, (England: summer
Institute of Linguistic, 1980) p. 144
61
James Pickering H. and Jeffrey D. Hooper, Concise Companion to Literature, (New
York: Macmillan., 1981) p. 61
62
Alton C. Morris, The American Experience: Poetry, (New York; Mac Milan, 1829). p.
3
 72

1 Personification (13) What shall my west hurt The speakers condition in his
me? As west and east dying

(15) So death doth touch the There is eternal life after died
resurrection
2 Symbol (1) Since I am coming to that The best place from God
holy room,
(Heaven)

(7)Cosmographers, and I their The physicians of the speaker

map, who lie

(8) Flat on this bed, that by The place that human being live
them may be shown
World
(10) Per fretum febris, by these One of the way to direction of
straits to die, death

(11) I joy, that in these straits, I The place of dying

see my west;

(13) What shall my west hurt The place of resurrection for a

me? As west and east new life

(16) Is the Pacific sea my The peaceful place

home? Or are
(17) The eastern riches? Is The Garden of Eden.
Jerusalem?
The located of Adams tree

(20) Whether where Japhet The ancestors of some of the

dwelt, or Cham, or Shem. main racial groups of the earth.

(22) Christs Cross, and Christ's clothes and crown of

Adams tree, stood in one thorns.
place;

(25) May the last Adams blood Jesus

my soul embrace. The son of God
3 Metonymy (26) So, in his purple wrappd Christ's salvation obtained
receive me Lord, through his death

4 Metaphor (14) In all flat maps (and I am The processes and direction to
one) are one, facing the death seem totally
different, but in fact is same.
 73

TABLE II
A Hymn to God the Father
No. Figures of Speeches Line Meaning

1 Metonymy (13) I have a sin of fear, that The speakers feeling to face his
when I have won death, but he has the original sin.
2 Hyperbole (10) A year, or two: but The speaker feels that he has a
wallowed in, a score? lot of sins like wallowed in his
body.

(16) Shall shine as he shines The speakers hope to God the

now, and here heretofore; Father should swear by himself
to allow his son Jesus to shine
like the sun.

TABLE III
Death, be not Proud
No. Figures of Speeches Line Meaning

1 Personification (1) Death, be not proud, though Death is given negative human
some have called thee traits: pride mainly, but also
pretence and inferiority and
Death is likened to sleep, a
commonplace image.
2 Paradox (14) And Death shall be no more Stop fearing the death and accept
; Death, thou shalt die. it as a rest of our bones.
 74

3 Metaphor (5) From rest and sleep, which Death must be even more
but thy pictures be, pleasurable, death is simply a
deeper form of sleep.

(5) From rest and sleep, which The pictures being sleep, which
but thy pictures be, tells the readers that sleep during
life is simply a short experience
of death.

(13-14) One short sleep past, we A break between one life and the
wake eternally, / And death shall next.
be no more
4 Synecdoche (8) Rest of their bones, and Their bones getting to their rest
soul's delivery (in the grave).

(11) And poppy, or charms can The use of opium and magic to
make us sleep as well, produce sleep or ambiguously to
produce a gentle death.

2. Explication of Poems

Hymn to God my God, in my Sickness

Since I am coming to that holy room,

Where, with thy choir of saints for evermore,
I shall be made thy music, as I come
I tune the instrument here at the door,
And what I must do then, think now before.
Whilst my physicians by their love are grown
Cosmographers, and I their map, who lie
Flat on this bed, that by them may be shown
That this is my south-west discovery
Per fretum febris, by these straits to die,

I joy, that in these straits, I see my west;

For, though their currents yield return to none,
What shall my west hurt me? As west and east
In all flat maps (and I am one) are one,
So death doth touch the Resurrection.

Is the Pacific sea my home? Or are

The eastern riches? Is Jerusalem?
Anyan, and Magellan, and Gibraltar,
All straits, and none but straits, are ways to them,
Whether where Japhet dwelt, or Cham, or Shem.
 75

We think that Paradise and Calvary,

Christs Cross, and Adams tree, stood in one place;
Look Lord, and find both Adams met in me;
As the first Adams sweat surrounds my face,
May the last Adams blood my soul embrace.

So, in his purple wrappd receive me Lord,

By these his thorns give me his other crown;
And as to others souls I preachd thy word,
Be this my text, my sermon to mine own,
Therefore that he may raise the Lord throws down.

Hymn to God in my God, in my Sickness is one of Donne's last poems.

The poem was written just eight days before his death. This poem tells about the

speakers preparation for his death in his illness. In his illness Donne is not asking

for healing but to be prepared for death. Like many of Donnes religious poems,

the Hymn to God my God, in my Sickness is formally somewhat simpler than

many of his metaphysical secular poems. Each of the six five-line stanzas follows

an ABABB rhyme scheme, and the poem is metered throughout in iambic

pentameter.

Even though the poem is in 6 distinct paragraphs, it can be separated into

three central parts. Part one are the first and second stanza stand on their own. In

this part the speaker tells to the readers about to die. In line 1 Since I am coming to

that holy room. The speaker says since he will soon die and come to that holy

room (heaven), he needs to prepare himself before he finally enters thy Quire of

Saints, that is to say heaven. Where in line 2 until line 4, he will be made into the

music of God as sung by a choir of saints, he tunes the instrument and in line 5

And what I must do then, think now before. The speaker says that now he
 76

should prepared for himself and thinks what he will do when the final moment

comes.

The second stanza 2 in line 6 until line 9, he likes his doctors to

cosmographers and himself as a map or it is meant that his body is a world, and

his physicians are mapping it to lying flat on the bed to be shown that this is my

south-west discovery Per fretum febris, by these straits to die. In line 10 Per

fretum febris is Latin for through the straights of fever.

The next two stanzas (stanza four and stanza five) make up another part of

the poem. In line 11 to 12, I joy, that in these straits, I see my west; For, though

their currents yield return to none. The speaker rejoices, for in those straits he

sees his west, his death, whose currents yield return to none, yet which will not

harm him. In line 13 to 14, the speaker (Donne) makes himself a conceit of a map

of the world. He tells the readers that he sees his west. As the sun rises from the

east and falls on the west, the west signifies death. Even though everyone must be

die, on these straights that only go towards the west, that death shall do not

damage to him. He uses rhetorical questioning to carry across the point that he is

not scared of death. Donne also suggests that east and west are the same anyway,

alluding to the cycle of life to death then resurrection. Line 15 is the only line

which differs from the iambic pentameter with one less syllable than 10. This cuts

the consistency at the word resurrection, perhaps signifying that resurrection

does not end, but starts to life again.

The last part of the poem is identified by the remaining 3 stanzas. In line

16 to 17, Is the pacific sea is my home? Or are, The eastern riches? Is

 77

Jerusalem?. The speaker asks whether his home is the Pacific Sea, or the eastern

riches, or Jerusalem. The speaker (Donne) makes many biblical references such as

Jerusalem, Japhet, Christ, Adam and Adams tree, creating a lexical string of

religion. In line 18 until 20 he lists the straights of Anyan, Magellan, and

Gibraltar, and says that only straits can offer access to paradise, whether it lies

where Japhet dwelt, or Cham, or Shem.

The speaker says that in line 21 to 22, We think that Paradise and Calvary,

Christs Cross, and Adams tree, stood in one place. Paradise and Calvary, /

Christs Cross, and Adams tree stood in the same place. He asks God to look and

to note that both Adams (Christ being the second Adam) are unified in him, as the

first Adams sweat surrounds his face, he says may the second Adams blood

embrace his soul. He asks God to receive him wrapped in the purple of Christ,

and, by these his thorns, to give him Christs other crown. As he preached the

word of God to others souls, he says let this be his sermon to his own soul

Therefore that he may raise the Lord throws down.

A Hymn to God the Father

Wilt thou forgive what sin where I begun,

Which is my sin, though it were done before?
Wilt thou forgive that sin, through which I run,
And do run still: though still I do deplore?
When thou hast done, thou hast not done,
For, I have more.
Wilt thou forgive that sin by which I have won
Others to sin? And made my sin their door?
Wilt thou forgive that sin which I did shun
A year or two: but wallowed in, a score?
When thou hast done, thou hast not done,
For, I have more
I have a sin of fear, that when I have won
My last thread, I shall perish on the shore;
 78

Swear by thyself, that at my death thy son

Shall shine as he shines now and here heretofore;
And, having done that, thou hast done,
I fear no more.

A Hymn to God the Father is a poem which is tells about the speakers

supplicating to penance for his sins. The poem itself divided into three stanzas,

each stanza divided into six lines. The entire rime scheme of the poem rests on

two rimes; each stanzas scheme is ABABAB.

The first stanza in the first line, Wilt Thou forgive that sin where I begun

means that the speaker begins his prayer asking for forgiveness for his sin to his

God, the sin since he ever begun in his life. In line 2, Which is my sin, though it

were done before?. He says that he has the original sin of being born of man and

woman, the sin since he was born. Although he knows he does not remember

choosing to be born, he knows that the fact that he is incarnated indicates that he

is not soul perfected, he has karma to burn, and he must reap what he has sown.

The speakers sin consciousness demonstrates that he has made significant

progress as a devotee from the days when he was using his wit and charm to

seduce a virgin.

But in addition to the original sin, he is aware that he has been locked in

the physical body with animal lusts that he has difficulty controlling. In line 3 to

line 6, Wilt Thou forgives that sin, through which I run, And do run still, though

still I do deplore? When thou hast done. When his God has forgive the sins that he

has made before thou hast not done, For, I have more. The speaker also hopes

that his God will forgive his sin which is still he does in his life continuously. He

is ashamed of that sin and hates it, but he needs divine aid in overcoming it.
 79

Second stanza in line 1, Wilt Thou forgive that sin which I have won.

The speaker repeat again his prayer to his God to forgive his second sin that he

has encouraged others in the same sin, that is the engagement with lust. He is

also afraid that his sins become the door for the other people. In line 10, he has

been able to control that lust, A year or two, but he wallowed in it for about

twenty years. After the Great Soul has unburdened him from that sin, the speaker

has still more to ask to his God.

Third Stanza in the first line: I have a sin of fear, that when I've spun.

The speaker then names his final sin, and that is the a sin of fear. He fears that

when he dies he shall simply disappear. He believes in his immortal, eternal soul,

but he confesses to doubts, he knows he has not yet achieved union with the

divine.

He then aver that he strongly believes in Christ, and with God the Fathers

help, he will become aware of Christs shining presence. In line 4 of last stanza,

he knows that his Christ-consciousness shines now and heretofore. With that

strong faith and complete reliance of God the Father, the speaker then can

finally say, I fear no more. He does not afraid anymore to face die.

Death, be not Proud

Death, be not proud, though some have called thee

Mighty and dreadful, for thou art not so;
For those, whom thou think'st thou dost overthrow,
Die not, poor Death, nor yet canst thou kill me.
From rest and sleep, which but thy pictures be,
Much pleasure, then from thee much more must flow,
And soonest our best men with thee do go,
Rest of their bones, and soul's delivery.
Thou'rt slave to Fate, chance, kings, and desperate men,
 80

And dost with poison, war, and sickness dwell,

And poppy, or charms can make us sleep as well,
And better than thy stroke ; why swell'st thou then ?
One short sleep past, we wake eternally,
And Death shall be no more ; Death, thou shalt die.

Death, be not Proud is one of Donne's Holy Sonnets or Divine Poems. In

the poem the speaker tells about the reasons why human beings should not be

afraid of death. Clearly the theme of Death, be not Proud is death, but the poem

is considerably more positive about death and dying. The scheme of the poem is

abba abba.

The first and the second line of the poem the speaker said that Death likes

to think of himself as powerful, terrifying and indeed some people have called

him that, but it is not so in truth. In the next lines or line 3 to 4, Donne explains

why Death thinks that he is "overthrowing" men when he takes them, which are

conquering, vanquishing, defeating, ruining, and causing to fall. Instead, and this

is the "Holy" conceit of the sonnet, a very Christian concept. He does not cause

them to fall, but helps them to raise death is the means by which man finds

Resurrection, eternal life and immortality through Christ in heaven. Donne is

patronizing and sarcastic with "poor Death", who is so deluded as to think himself

a bane on man's existence. And again, "nor yet canst thou kill me", hearkens back

to the same idea that Death does not kill, but is instead the enabler of new,

immortal life.

In line 5 to line 8, the speaker said that here we have the Renaissance idea

of sleep as death's image that is, death's likeness, semblance a sleeping man looks

much like a dead man, and vice versa. Thus, if man gets much pleasure out of rest
 81

and sleep, which are but copies of death, how much more pleasure then must be

gotten from death, the original? This is why, Donne posits, the best men of the

era go unhesitatingly to their deaths they have wisely realized this to be the case.

They go with Death, their bones get to their rest (in the grave), and their souls get

"delivered", containing the meanings at the same time of being freed from the

human body, freed from the fear of death, delivered into heaven, and delivered in

the sense of being born, or reborn.

In line 9 to line 10, the speaker said that here, he furthers the idea that

Death is not mighty, but indeed is a slave, with "Fate, chance, kings, and

desperate men" as his masters. The personified Death does not always have the

power to choose who is to die Fate and chance may suddenly take someone, kings

on a whim may doom people to their deaths, and desperate men, who see no way

out, may take their own lives, thus cheating Death of his control and mastery.

Next, Donne likes Death to a scavenger who cleans up where poison, war,

and sickness have raged. How proud is his position now. The next lines (line 11 to

line 12) going back to the sleep/Death image, Donne notes that drugs alike have

the power of producing sleep, and in fact, create a truer sleep than Death (since

Death, as Donne already pointed out, but a fleeting moment's sleep before

resurrection). Thus, Death's omnipotent self-image is again belittled and shown as

false hubris, and the insult is delivered home with why swell'st thou then? i.e.,

'since this is the case, what reason have you, Death, to be Proud? the image used

is that of a chest swelling with pride.

 82

The last lines are line 13 to line 14 thus, one short sleep past, that is after

we are dead a fleeting moment, we wake eternally, that is we will wake up

resurrected, to eternal life, never to sleep or die again. Then, death will cease to

exist altogether, will die. Here now the personified Death has been shown to be

not mighty and dreadful but a mere mortal, or rather less than we mortals, since

he will die an eternal death at the resurrection, whereas we mortals will enjoy

eternal life. The final pronouncement, Death, thou shalt die completes the idea

that Death is the one who should be afraid, not the one to be feared.

3. Analysis of the Theme

d. The Theme of Hymn to God my God, in my Sickness

John Donnes Hymn to God my God, in my Sickness poem is representing

about Death as Friend; we should know that Death is a transition from one place

to another or an entry into a sacred space. The geographical images bring this out

strongly. Here, Donne said that sickness is likely to lead to death focuses attention

on the afterlife and gives a map or direction finder to find it. Life is a journey for a

moment, and the process of dying seen as the final passage through to the ultimate

destination. In this poem, Donne present figure of the sickness as the mediator to

die. But, before the death comes or the final moment comes, Donne tried to invites

the readers to give the information that we should make some preparation to face

it, because death will comes to everyone, in every times and everywhere.

The use of the word hurt in line What shall my west hurt me? As west

and east for example, the poet in this poem absolutely describes about his

feeling toward his sickness. Hurt in this poem is a personification of death time.
 83

Another example is the word map in line Cosmographer, and I their map, who

lie the poet describes about his feeling toward his sickness also. He belief that

before the final moment (die) is comes we need to make some preparation for it.

Both and all other figures of speech of the poem above help the poet build

the theme and deliver it to the readers to make them understand about the poem

intention. Finally, based on figure of speech analysis of the poem the writer

concludes that the theme of Hymn to God my God, in my Sickness is preparation

of ourselves to face the death.

e. The Theme of A Hymn to God the Father

Donnes A Hymn to God the Father is a poem tells us about Donnes

asking to his Gods forgiveness for different types of sins, but feeling as if he will

never finish confessing them all. This gives him a fear that when he dies, he will

not have received God's forgiveness and will perish on the shore. In this poem

Death is something which is full of mystery; in real life all of people are afraid of

death. Like the poet in this poem, he is very scares to face the death because he

has a lot of sins in his life, the original sin and the sins that he has done by

himself.

The theme conveyed within the poem is supported by many kinds of figure

of speech in it. The using of figures of speech in this poem, as analyzed above

gives a significant contribution in theme building. The poet exploits them well

and they even proven able to produce a sense that cannot be seen or explained just

from the title. In the second stanza he says; A year, or two: but wallowed in, a

score?.
 84

The use of the word wallowed for instance, the poet in this poem

perfectly describes his feeling toward his life who has a lot of sins. He has

wallowed in it for twenty years and it makes him so scare. Another supported

word of figure of speech which conveyed the theme is proven by the word fear

in the first line of the third stanza I have a sin of fear, that when I have spun. He

fears that when he dies he shall simply disappear. It will not be easily performed

by any visual act. Yet, the figure of speech has delivered it well. This and all other

figures of speech of the poem said so much in so little word. They are there to

help the poet build the theme of the poem and deliver it to the readers to make

them understand it well along with all the senses they carried. So, from figure of

speech analysis of the poem the writer concludes that the theme of A Hymn to God

the Father is Asking for forgiveness to God is important before we die.

f. The Theme of Death, be not Proud

John Donnes Death, be not Proud poem is one of Donne's Holy Sonnets

or Divine Poems. Clearly the theme is about death, but the poem is considerably

more positive about death and dying. In the poem the speaker tells about the

reasons why human beings should not be afraid of death. We should belief that the

death is not the "Mighty and dreadful" entity that people fear. Death that it is not

powerful as it believes, but simply a peaceful escape from life, and an entity

dependant on others to accomplish his wishes.

Based on figure of speech analysis in previous section, the writer finds out

some sentences that are supported the theme of this poem. For example, Donne

uses some metaphor in this poem. In line 5 From rest and sleep, which but thy
 85

pictures be, Donne believes that death is such a pleasurable activity and death is

simply a deeper form of sleep. The other metaphor is in line One short sleep

past, we wake eternally, And death shall be no more; death, thou shalt die.

Donne compares the relationship of death to the afterlife to that of sleep to waking

up. Death is not everlasting, but a break between one life and the next. The writer

presents those examples to reveal the theme of the poem based on figure of speech

analysis above. Finally, the he concludes that the theme of Death, be not Proud is

death is not the mighty and dreadful.

E. Conclusion and suggestion

1. Conclusion

After analyzing the three poems of John Donne in the previous chapter, the

writer concludes that Hymn to God my God, in my sickness, A hymn to God the

Father and Death, be not Proud poems by John Donne use the same theme. The

writer analyzes the figure of speech in those poems using a major of theme about

death with different concepts and point of view. The poet who is known as the

founder of the Metaphysical Poet is has his own opinion about death.

In his Hymn to God my God, in my sickness poem the poet has opinion

about death from his sickness point of view. In this poem the poet writes about his

preparation to face the death, the day where is the final moment comes. The

figures of speech in this poem are personification, symbol, metonymy and

 86

metaphor. From those four figures of speeches the writer concludes that the theme

Hymn to God my God, in my sickness is we should make preparation of

ourselves to face the death.

In the A Hymn to God the Father poem, John Donne wrote about death

with different way. Death is something which is full of mystery; in real life all of

people are afraid of death. Like the poet in this poem, he is very scared to face the

death because he has a lot of sins in his life, the original sin and the sins that he

has done by himself. So, before he faces the death he needs his sins apologized by

his God. He hopes to his God to apologize his fear sin, the sin that he has done

and the sins that he still do in his life. The figures of speeches that used in this

poem are metonymy and hyperbole. From those three figures of speeches the

writer concludes that A Hymn to God the Father is a poem with theme Asking

for forgiveness to God is important before we die.

Another major theme of death by John Donne is in Death, be not Proud

poem. In the poem the speaker tells about the reasons why human beings should

not fear death. We should belief that the death is not the "Mighty and dreadful"

entity that people fear. Death that it is not powerful as it believes, but simply a

peaceful escape from life, and an entity dependant on others to accomplish his

wishes. The figures of speeches in this poem are personification, paradox,

metaphor and synecdoche. Clearly the theme of Death, be not Proud is death is

not the mighty and dreadful, but the poem is considerably more positive about

death and dying.

 87

The three poems that are analyzed by the writer have different

characteristics and point of views in seeing death. But the point is, death still

becomes something mystery in everyones level of live. The writer concludes that

three poems have been analyzed based on the figures of speeches and their

explication of each poem, has helped the writer in his research.

2. Suggestion

From the result of this research, there are three poems with the theme of

death and from the three poems the writer found seven kinds of figure of speech.

Each poem has a different way to explore and point of view about death. The

following are the writer suggestions for the readers who are interested in

analyzing about death poems and figure of speech from the same poet;

4. To read a poem repeatedly because the language of the poem is usually

different from the daily language.

5. To use the explication method.

6. To explore the authors life and focus the study on poets bibliography. It

is because the writer ensures that there is significant relation between the

poets poems.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Aristotle, On Poetry and Style, Bobbs-Merril Educational Publishing Indianapolis,

Toronto: 1982
Barnet, Silvan, A Short Guide to Writing About Literature, Little, Brown and
Comapany, Boston: 1968
Barnet, Sylvan et, al., An Introduction to Literature, United State of America,
1961
 88

Barnwell, Khaterina, Introduction to semantic and Translation, (England: summer

Institute of Linguistic), 1980
Canavan, P. Joseph, Paragraph and theme 2nd ed, New York: D.C. Heath and
Company, 1975
Carlyle, Thomas, Sartor Resartus, The Odyssey Press, New York: 1937
Chatman, Seymour, The Language of Poetry, Houghton Mifflin Company,
Boston: 1968
Connecticut, Danbury, Encyclopedia Americana International Edition,
(Scholastic Library Publishing, INC, USA: 1829), vol 22
Gill, Richard, Mastering English Literature, New York: Macmillan Press Ltd,
1995
Greenfield, B., Stanley, and Weatherhead, A., Kingsley, The poem: An Anthology,
Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York: 1968
Kennedy, X.J. and Giola, Dana, An Introduction to Poetry, New york: Longman,
2005
Mac Milan, The American Experience: Poetry, New York
Perrine, Laurence, and Thomas R. ARP, Sound and Sense; An Introduction to
Poetry, 8 th edition, Southern Methodist University, 1992.
Pickering, H., James and Jeffrey D. Hooper, Concise Companion to Literature,
New York: Macmillan., 1981
Teeuw, A, Sastra dan Ilmu Sastra, Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya, 2003
http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072405228/student_view0/poeticglossary.h
tml
http://www.learner.org/interactives/literature/read/theme1.html
http//:www.answers.com/topic/understatement
 89

CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL DETAILS

Name : Dedi Efendi

Place and date of birth : Peninjau, Jambi / Oktober 31, 1986
Gender : Male
Religion : Islam
Marital Status : Unmarried
Nationality : Indonesia
Address : Jl. Semanggi II Rt 003/03 no.75 Ciputat Timur
Handphone : 0813-1519-7770
: 08999-13-2228
Email : muarabungo@gmail.com
Id. No : 3219142012.3922891

PARENTS

a. Father : Muhammad
Occupation : Farmer
Last Education : Elementary School

b. Mother : Sutiah
Occupation : Farmer
Last Education : Elementary School

Home address : Jl. Lintas Sumatra, Desa Peninjau, Tanah Tumbuh Mura
Bungo, Jambi
Phone : 0813 8085 2899
 90

FORMAL EDUCATION

University/school Faculty/Majoring Year

Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University English Letters
2005-2010
Jakarta Department
SMUN 10 Jambi Social 2002-2005
SLTPN 2 Tanah Tumbuh - 1999-2002
SDN 256 Tanah Tumbuh - 1993-1999