JURUTERA PERUNDING BERSAMA SDN BHD

FREE STANDING RC RETAINING WALL

Project = Chong Hwa Independent (16/14)

Date = 10/12/2017
Designed by = Liew KK

ASSUMPTIONS / PREAMBLES
1) Assumed soil bearing to be 50 kN/m2. The actual soil pressure is to be confirmed by soil investigation.
2) Assumed water table is much lower than the wall base and negligible.
3) Rankine theory is adopted to determine the coefficients of earth pressure.

DESIGN PARAMETERS
Soil Proporties
Soil bearing capacity = 100 kN/m2 (Assumed)
Assumed soil type = Gravel
_
Dry unit weight, = 18 kN/m3 (Assumed gravel)
_
Saturated unit weight, = 21 kN/m3 (Assumed gravel)
Soil friction angle, = 32.5
Coef. of active earth pressure, Ka = 0.301
Coef. of passive earth pressure, Kp = 3.322
_
Unit weight of water, = 9.81 kN/m3
Coefficient of friction, P = 0.40

Design Loading
Surcharge, q = 2.00 kN/m2
Lateral load on wall, h = 2.00 kN/m2 (This shall include both live & wind loads)
Concrete density = 24 kN/m3

WALL DETAILS & DIMENSION (Refer to Figure 1)

H1 = 5000 mm (Height of wall from slab top)
H2 = 1000 mm (Depth of backfill from slab top)
Wall height from FFL = 4000 mm
Wall thickness, ta = 250 mm
Wall thickness, tb = 250 mm
Base thickness, tc = 800 mm
Leg width, b1 = 100 mm
Leg width, b2 = 2750 mm
Leg width, b3 = 0 mm (Insert 0 if no shear key)
Total base width, B = 3100 mm
Key depth, a = 0 mm (Insert 0 if no shear key)
 Figure 1: Illustration of the Proposed Wall
LOADING & FORCES ANALYSIS

A) Analysis by taking centroid at C:-

I. Moment due to weight component (per metre run)

Component Wgt W(kN) L.Arm (m) Resistance M (kNm)
Wall = 30.00 0.23 6.75
Base = 59.52 1.55 92.26
Shear key / leg = 0.00 3.10 0.00
Soil (Portion A) = 2.10 0.05 0.11
Soil (Portion B) = 57.75 1.73 99.62
Water (Portion A) = 0.98 0.05 0.05
Water (Portion B) = 26.98 1.73 46.54
Total = 177.33 245.31

II. Moment due to vertical surcharge (per metre run)

Component q(kN) L.Arm (m) Resistance M (kNm)
Surcharge (Portion A) = 0.20 0.05 0.01 (No surcharge)
Surcharge (Portion B) = 5.50 1.73 9.49
Total = 5.70 9.50

III. Moment due to lateral force (per metre run) - Active side
Component Hf (kN) L.Arm (m) Resistance M (kNm)
Soil (Portion B) = 10.24 0.60 6.14
Live load UDL (Portion B) = 8.00 3.80 30.40
Surchage, q = 1.08 0.90 0.98
Soil (Portion B) = 15.89 0.60 9.54
Total = 35.22 47.05

B) Analysis by taking centroid at X:-

I. Moment due to weight component (per metre run)

Component Wgt W(kN) L.Arm (m) Resistance M (kNm)
Wall = 30.00 2.88 86.25
Base = 59.52 1.55 92.26
Shear key / leg = 0.00 0.00 0.00
Soil (Portion A) = 2.10 3.05 6.41
Soil (Portion B) = 57.75 1.38 79.41
Water (Portion A) = 0.98 3.05 2.99
Water (Portion B) = 26.98 1.38 37.09
Total = 177.33 304.40

II. Moment due to vertical surcharge (per metre run)

Component q(kN) L.Arm (m) Resistance M (kNm)
Surcharge (Portion A) = 0.00 3.05 0.00
Surcharge (Portion B) = 5.50 1.38 7.56
Total = 5.50 7.56

III. Moment due to lateral force (per metre run) - Active side
Component Hf (kN) L.Arm (m) Resistance M (kNm)
Soil (Portion A) = 10.24 0.60 6.14
Live load UDL (Portion A) = 8.00 3.80 30.40
Surchage, q = 1.08 1.30 1.41
Pore water pressure = 15.89 0.60 9.54
Total = 35.22 47.49

WALL STABILITY CHECKING

A) Sliding Check

I. Checking at centroid C
Condition: Assume no soil passive force & no surcharge and LL on wall at Portion A to resist the active force
Total vertical load = 177.33 kN (Checking w/o considering surcharge vertical)
Friction at the base = 70.45 kN
Sliding force, Fs = 35.22 kN
Resisting force, Fr = 70.45 kN
FOS = Fr/Fs
FOS = 2.00 Check: OK!

II. Checking at centroid X

Condition: Assume no soil passive force & no surcharge and LL on wall at Portion B to resist the active force
Total weight = 177.33 kN (Checking w/o considering surcharge vertical)
Friction at the base = 70.45 kN
Sliding force, Fs = 35.22 kN
Resisting force, Fr = 70.45 kN
FOS = Fr/Fs
FOS = 2.00 Check: OK!

B) Overturning Check

I. Checking at centroid C
Overturning moment, Mo = 47.05 kNm
Resisting moment, Mr = 245.31 kNm (Only consider self-weight of the wall and soil)
FOS = Mr/Mo
FOS = 5.21 Check: OK!

II. Checking at centroid X

Overturning moment, Mo = 47.49 kNm
Resisting moment, Mr = 304.40 kNm (Only consider self-weight of the wall and soil)
FOS = Mr/Mo
FOS = 6.41 Check: OK!

C) Bearing Capacity Check (At adverse condition)

Baseline from C or X = 1.55 m

M @ base center line, M = 29.54 kNm (due to self-weight)
= -0.66 kNm (due to surcharge)
= -47.49 kNm (due to lateral load)
Net M = 77.69 kNm (net)
Total vertical load, N = 182.83 kN Check:
Max bearing pressure = 107.49 kN/m2 Bearing pressure exceeds, use larger base.
Min bearing pressure = 10.47 kN/m2
Eccentricity, e = 0.42 m Check:
B/6 = 0.52 m e < B/6, OK!
Additional lateral loading due to climbing activity

Assumed weight of student, w = 90.00 kg

Weight of student, F = 0.88 kN
Angle of inclination, = 75.00 degree
Fy = F cos kN
= 0.23 kN
Fx = F sin kN
= 0.85 kN
Additional moment :-
Moment @ baseline (additional) = 5.25 kNm (due to additional lateral loading)
Moment @ C = 5.00 kNm (due to additional lateral loading)
Moment @ X = 5.60 kNm (due to additional lateral loading)
MAX moment = 5.60 kNm

Rechecking of overturning moment

Condition: Assume no passive soil & no surcharge and LL on wall at Portion A to resist the overturning
Overturning moment, Mo = 52.05 kNm
Resisting moment, Mr = 245.31 kNm
FOS = Mr/Mo
FOS = 4.71 Check: OK!

Rechecking of sliding
Condition: Assume no soil passive force & no surcharge and LL on wall at Portion A to resist the active force
Total vertical load = 183.26 kN
Friction at the base = 70.45 kN
Sliding force, Fs = 36.07 kN
Resisting force, Fr = 70.45 kN
FOS = Fr/Fs
FOS = 1.95 Check: OK!

Rechecking of bearing capacity

Baseline from C or X = 1.55 m
M @ base center line, M = 29.54 kNm (due to self-weight)
= -0.66 kNm (due to surcharge)
= -47.49 kNm (due to lateral load)
= 5.25 kNm (due to additional lateral loading)
Net M = 82.94 kNm (net)
Total vertical load, N = 183.06 kN Check:
Max bearing pressure = 110.84 kN/m2 Bearing pressure OK!
Min bearing pressure = 7.26 kN/m2
Eccentricity, e = 0.45 m Check:
B/6 = 0.52 m e < B/6, OK!

STRUCTURAL DESIGN

I) Wall Design
Safety factor - lateral earth force = 1.5 (Safety factor for lateral force not lesser than 1.40)
Safety factor - Live load = 1.6
Ultimate moment = 72.38 kNm (= 1.5 or1.4 x Lateral earth moment + 1.6 LL Moment)
Concrete grade, fcu = 30 N/mm2
Steel charac. Strength, fy = 460 N/mm2
Assumed main bar size = 16 mm DIA
Concrete cover = 50 mm THK (Assumed severe exposure condition)
Effective depth, d = 192 mm
K = M/bd^2fcu
= 0.06545139 Use z=d(0.5+sqrt(0.25-K/0.9))
z = 176.84
0.95d = 182.40
Design z = 176.84
As = M/0.95fyz
= 936.66 mm2
MIN As = 325.00 mm2
MAX As = 10000.00 mm2

Tension Reinforcement:
Provide : T12-200 (566mm2)

Compression Reinforcement:
Provide : T12-200 (566mm2)

Distribution Reinforcement:
Provide : T12-200 (566mm2)

II) Base Design

Safety factor - lateral earth force = 1.5 (Safety factor for lateral force not lesser than 1.40)
Safety factor - DL & LL = 1.0 (Serviceability limit state)

Baseline from C or X = 1.55 m

M @ base center line, M = 32.79 kNm (due to self-weight)
= -0.96 kNm (due to surcharge)
= 30.40 kNm (due to LL)
= #REF! kNm (due to earth pressure)
= 5.25 kNm (due to additional lateral loading)
Net M = #REF! kNm (net)
Total vertical load, N = 183.06 kN Check:
Max bearing pressure = #REF! kN/m2 #REF!
Min bearing pressure = #REF! kN/m2
Eccentricity, e = #REF! m Check:
B/6 = 0.52 m #REF!

#REF!
#REF! x
kN/m2
r

3100

Taking stem as the center of the bearing,

Distance, r = 225 mm from Centroid C
Bearing pressure at stem, x = #REF! kN/m2
A. Heel: taking moment @ stem centreline
Moment, M due to vertical load = 162.37 kNm
Counter moment by bearing, Mc = #REF! kNm #REF!
Net moment = #REF! kNm

B. Toe: taking moment @ stem centreline

Moment, M due to vertical load = 0.72 kNm
Counter moment by bearing, Mc = #REF! kNm #REF!
Net moment = #REF! kNm

Ultimate moment = #REF! kNm

Concrete grade, fcu = 30 N/mm2
Steel charac. Strength, fy = 460 N/mm2
Assumed main bar size = 16 mm DIA
Concrete cover = 50 mm THK (Assumed severe exposure condition)
Effective depth, d = 742 mm
K = M/bd^2fcu
= #REF! Use z=d(0.5+sqrt(0.25-K/0.9))
z = #REF!
0.95d = 704.90
Design z = #REF!
As = M/0.95fyz
= #REF! mm2 #REF!
MIN As = 1040.00 mm2
MAX As = 32000.00 mm2

Tension Reinforcement:
Provide : T16-175 (1150mm2)

Compression Reinforcement:
Provide : T16-175 (1150mm2)

Distribution Reinforcement:
Provide : T16-175 (1150mm2)
soil investigation.

& wind loads)

No surcharge)
esist the active force
harge vertical)

esist the active force

harge vertical)

he wall and soil)

he wall and soil)

eds, use larger base.

the overturning

esist the active force

110.84
7.26

sser than 1.40)

oment + 1.6 LL Moment)

re condition)

sser than 1.40)

#REF!
#REF!

kN/m2
re condition)
_
_
Design spacing, s = 1.65 m Use smaller s
Structural Design

Main Reinforcement Design:

Eccentricity of the loading, e = #DIV/0! m (From LHS end)
By bending theory,
Load factor = 1.6 OK
Moment due to F1, M1 = #DIV/0! kNm/m
Moment due to F2, M2 = #DIV/0! kNm/m
Design moment, Md = #DIV/0! kNm/m (Use MAX moment with factor)
Steel charac. Strength, fy = 460 N/mm2
Concrete grade, fcu 30 N/mm2
Assumed main bar size = 16 mm DIA
Assumed distribution bar size = 10 mm DIA
Concrete cover = 50 mm THK (Assumed severe exposure condition)
Embedded length of pile = 75 mm
Effective depth, d = -83 mm
K = M/bd^2fcu
= #DIV/0! Use z=d(0.5+sqrt(0.25-K/0.9))
z = #DIV/0! d #DIV/0!
Design z = #DIV/0! d
= #DIV/0! mm
As = M/0.95fyz
= #DIV/0! mm2/m #DIV/0!
MIN As = 0.00 mm2/m
MAX As = 0.00 mm2/m #DIV/0!

Distribution Reinforcement Design:

As = 0.13bh/100
= 0.00 mm2/m
Summary:
Tension Reinforcement:
Provide : T16-175 As, prov = 1150

Distribution Reinforcement:
Provide : T16-175 As, prov = 1150

Punching Shear Stress Check

Design shear force, Sd = 0.00 kN/m (Vertical load due to wall & hoist)
Punching shear stress around Sd/(Perimeter
=
wall perimeter x d)
= #DIV/0! N/mm2/m
For the provided spacing,s = #DIV/0! N/mm2
0.8sqrt(fcu) = 4.38 N/mm2 Check:
Max shear stress, v = 4.38 N/mm2 #DIV/0!

Check:
#DIV/0!

Critical Shear Stress Check

Design shear force, Sd = 0.00 kN/m (Vertical load due to wall & hoist)
Shear stress at critical section = Sd/bd
= #DIV/0! N/mm2
From BS 8110 Table 3.8, Check:
100As/bd = #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
Design 100As/bd = #DIV/0!
400/d = #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
Design 400/d = #DIV/0!
Concrete shear stress, vc = #DIV/0! N/mm2
Design concrete shear stress, vc = #DIV/0! N/mm2 #DIV/0!

Check:
#DIV/0!

Considering enhanced shear

av = #DIV/0! m
= #DIV/0! mm
From BS 8110 Cl 3.4.5.8,
Enhanced conc. Shear stress = 2dvc/av
= #DIV/0! N/mm2 #DIV/0!

Critical Punching Shear Stress at 1.5d

Not required since the perimeter for punching shear has exceed the pilecap width

Anchorage Checking
Full anchorage = 38d
= 608 mm
Projection of bar beyong = -50 mm
centreline of pile
Bent up = -125.00 mm Check:
Total anchorage = -175.00 mm Anchorage not sufficient
re condition)
JURUTERA PERUNDING BERSAMA SDN BHD
FREE STANDING RC RETAINING WALL

Project = Chong Hwa Independent (16/14)

Date = 10/12/2017
Designed by = Liew KK

ASSUMPTIONS / PREAMBLES
1) Assumed soil bearing to be 50 kN/m2. The actual soil pressure is to be confirmed by soil investigation.
2) Assumed water table is much lower than the wall base and negligible.
3) Rankine theory is adopted to determine the coefficients of earth pressure.

DESIGN PARAMETERS
Soil Proporties
Soil bearing capacity = 100 kN/m2 (Assumed)
Assumed soil type = Gravel
_
Dry unit weight, = 18 kN/m3 (Assumed gravel)
_
Saturated unit weight, = 21 kN/m3 (Assumed gravel)
Soil friction angle, = 32.5
Coef. of active earth pressure, Ka = 0.301
Coef. of passive earth pressure, Kp = 3.322
_
Unit weight of water, = 9.81 kN/m3
Coefficient of friction, P = 0.40

Design Loading
Surcharge, q = 2.00 kN/m2
Lateral load on wall, h = 2.00 kN/m2 (This shall include both live & wind loads)
Concrete density = 24 kN/m3

WALL DETAILS & DIMENSION (Refer to Figure 1)

H1 = 5000 mm (Height of wall from slab top)
H2 = 250 mm (Depth of backfill from slab top)
Wall height from FFL = 4750 mm
Wall thickness, ta = 250 mm
Wall thickness, tb = 250 mm
Base thickness, tc = 525 mm
Leg width, b1 = 150 mm
Leg width, b2 = 2600 mm
Leg width, b3 = 0 mm (Insert 0 if no shear key)
Total base width, B = 3000 mm
Key depth, a = 0 mm (Insert 0 if no shear key)
 Figure 1: Illustration of the Proposed Wall
LOADING & FORCES ANALYSIS

A) Analysis by taking centroid at C:-

I. Moment due to weight component (per metre run)

Component Wgt W(kN) L.Arm (m) Resistance M (kNm)
Wall = 30.00 0.28 8.25
Base = 37.80 1.50 56.70
Shear key / leg = 0.00 3.00 0.00
Soil (Portion A) = 0.79 0.08 0.06
Soil (Portion B) = 13.65 1.70 23.21
Water (Portion A) = 0.37 0.08 0.03
Water (Portion B) = 6.38 1.70 10.84
Total = 88.98 99.08

II. Moment due to vertical surcharge (per metre run)

Component q(kN) L.Arm (m) Resistance M (kNm)
Surcharge (Portion A) = 0.30 0.08 0.02 (No surcharge)
Surcharge (Portion B) = 5.20 1.70 8.84
Total = 5.50 8.86

III. Moment due to lateral force (per metre run) - Active side
Component Hf (kN) L.Arm (m) Resistance M (kNm)
Soil (Portion B) = 1.90 0.26 0.49
Live load UDL (Portion B) = 9.50 3.15 29.93
Surchage, q = 0.47 0.39 0.18
Soil (Portion B) = 2.95 0.26 0.76
Total = 14.81 31.36

B) Analysis by taking centroid at X:-

I. Moment due to weight component (per metre run)

Component Wgt W(kN) L.Arm (m) Resistance M (kNm)
Wall = 30.00 2.73 81.75
Base = 37.80 1.50 56.70
Shear key / leg = 0.00 0.00 0.00
Soil (Portion A) = 0.79 2.93 2.30
Soil (Portion B) = 13.65 1.30 17.75
Water (Portion A) = 0.37 2.93 1.08
Water (Portion B) = 6.38 1.30 8.29
Total = 88.98 167.86

II. Moment due to vertical surcharge (per metre run)

Component q(kN) L.Arm (m) Resistance M (kNm)
Surcharge (Portion A) = 0.00 2.93 0.00
Surcharge (Portion B) = 5.20 1.30 6.76
Total = 5.20 6.76

III. Moment due to lateral force (per metre run) - Active side
Component Hf (kN) L.Arm (m) Resistance M (kNm)
Soil (Portion A) = 1.90 0.26 0.49
Live load UDL (Portion A) = 9.50 3.15 29.93
Surchage, q = 0.47 0.65 0.30
Pore water pressure = 2.95 0.26 0.76
Total = 14.81 31.48

WALL STABILITY CHECKING

A) Sliding Check

I. Checking at centroid C
Condition: Assume no soil passive force & no surcharge and LL on wall at Portion A to resist the active force
Total vertical load = 88.98 kN (Checking w/o considering surcharge vertical)
Friction at the base = 35.35 kN
Sliding force, Fs = 14.81 kN
Resisting force, Fr = 35.35 kN
FOS = Fr/Fs
FOS = 2.39 Check: OK!

II. Checking at centroid X

Condition: Assume no soil passive force & no surcharge and LL on wall at Portion B to resist the active force
Total weight = 88.98 kN (Checking w/o considering surcharge vertical)
Friction at the base = 35.35 kN
Sliding force, Fs = 14.81 kN
Resisting force, Fr = 35.35 kN
FOS = Fr/Fs
FOS = 2.39 Check: OK!

B) Overturning Check

I. Checking at centroid C
Overturning moment, Mo = 31.36 kNm
Resisting moment, Mr = 99.08 kNm (Only consider self-weight of the wall and soil)
FOS = Mr/Mo
FOS = 3.16 Check: OK!

II. Checking at centroid X

Overturning moment, Mo = 31.48 kNm
Resisting moment, Mr = 167.86 kNm (Only consider self-weight of the wall and soil)
FOS = Mr/Mo
FOS = 5.33 Check: OK!

C) Bearing Capacity Check (At adverse condition)

Baseline from C or X = 1.50 m

M @ base center line, M = 34.39 kNm (due to self-weight)
= -0.61 kNm (due to surcharge)
= -31.48 kNm (due to lateral load)
Net M = 66.48 kNm (net)
Total vertical load, N = 94.18 kN Check:
Max bearing pressure = 75.72 kN/m2 Bearing pressure OK!
Min bearing pressure = -12.93 kN/m2
Eccentricity, e = 0.71 m Check:
B/6 = 0.50 m e > B/6, Not OK!
Additional lateral loading due to climbing activity

Assumed weight of student, w = 90.00 kg

Weight of student, F = 0.88 kN
Angle of inclination, = 75.00 degree
Fy = F cos kN
= 0.23 kN
Fx = F sin kN
= 0.85 kN
Additional moment :-
Moment @ baseline (additional) = 4.99 kNm (due to additional lateral loading)
Moment @ C = 4.77 kNm (due to additional lateral loading)
Moment @ X = 5.33 kNm (due to additional lateral loading)
MAX moment = 5.33 kNm

Rechecking of overturning moment

Condition: Assume no passive soil & no surcharge and LL on wall at Portion A to resist the overturning
Overturning moment, Mo = 36.13 kNm
Resisting moment, Mr = 99.08 kNm
FOS = Mr/Mo
FOS = 2.74 Check: OK!

Rechecking of sliding
Condition: Assume no soil passive force & no surcharge and LL on wall at Portion A to resist the active force
Total vertical load = 94.71 kN
Friction at the base = 35.35 kN
Sliding force, Fs = 15.66 kN
Resisting force, Fr = 35.35 kN
FOS = Fr/Fs
FOS = 2.26 Check: OK!

Rechecking of bearing capacity

Baseline from C or X = 1.50 m
M @ base center line, M = 34.39 kNm (due to self-weight)
= -0.61 kNm (due to surcharge)
= -31.48 kNm (due to lateral load)
= 4.99 kNm (due to additional lateral loading)
Net M = 71.48 kNm (net)
Total vertical load, N = 94.41 kN Check:
Max bearing pressure = 79.12 kN/m2 Bearing pressure OK!
Min bearing pressure = -16.18 kN/m2
Eccentricity, e = 0.76 m Check:
B/6 = 0.50 m e > B/6, Not OK!

STRUCTURAL DESIGN

I) Wall Design
Safety factor - lateral earth force = 1.5 (Safety factor for lateral force not lesser than 1.40)
Safety factor - Live load = 1.6
Ultimate moment = 45.24 kNm (= 1.5 or1.4 x Lateral earth moment + 1.6 LL Moment)
Concrete grade, fcu = 30 N/mm2
Steel charac. Strength, fy = 460 N/mm2
Assumed main bar size = 16 mm DIA
Concrete cover = 50 mm THK (Assumed severe exposure condition)
Effective depth, d = 192 mm
K = M/bd^2fcu
= 0.04090712 Use z=d(0.5+sqrt(0.25-K/0.9))
z = 182.84
0.95d = 182.40
Design z = 182.40
As = M/0.95fyz
= 567.57 mm2
MIN As = 325.00 mm2
MAX As = 10000.00 mm2

Tension Reinforcement:
Provide : T12-200 (566mm2)

Compression Reinforcement:
Provide : T12-200 (566mm2)

Distribution Reinforcement:
Provide : T12-200 (566mm2)
soil investigation.

& wind loads)

No surcharge)
esist the active force
harge vertical)

esist the active force

harge vertical)

he wall and soil)

he wall and soil)

the overturning

esist the active force

79.12
-16.18

sser than 1.40)

oment + 1.6 LL Moment)

re condition)
Yes
No

Displacement pile
Non-displacement pile