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General Design Considerations-Chemical Engg

The document outlines the general design procedure for engineering projects, which involves specifying requirements, analyzing possible methods, applying principles of mechanics and process design, selecting materials, evaluating and optimizing the design, and preparing specifications. It emphasizes the importance of understanding the problem, imagining innovative solutions, applying theories and approximations, checking for feasibility, and considering practical limitations and standard sizes in finalizing the design. Chemical process design specifically requires knowledge of various technical subjects like thermodynamics and considers process design, equipment design, safety, and environmental aspects. The mechanical design of equipment is a major activity and focuses on specifying equipment functioning and material choices while ensuring performance, reliability, ease of use, and safety.

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126 views5 pages

General Design Considerations-Chemical Engg

The document outlines the general design procedure for engineering projects, which involves specifying requirements, analyzing possible methods, applying principles of mechanics and process design, selecting materials, evaluating and optimizing the design, and preparing specifications. It emphasizes the importance of understanding the problem, imagining innovative solutions, applying theories and approximations, checking for feasibility, and considering practical limitations and standard sizes in finalizing the design. Chemical process design specifically requires knowledge of various technical subjects like thermodynamics and considers process design, equipment design, safety, and environmental aspects. The mechanical design of equipment is a major activity and focuses on specifying equipment functioning and material choices while ensuring performance, reliability, ease of use, and safety.

Uploaded by

Gamechanger Sreenivasan
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Ex.

No:1 THE GENERAL DESIGN PROCEDURE


Date:

Standard design procedure would involve the following steps:


(a) Specifying the process or operational requirements.
(b) Analysing the probable methods and procedures to achieve them.
(c) Application of chemical process principles and theories of mechanics for
designing a device or a system for optimum performance.
(d) Selecting the proper materials for the construction to suit the process conditions.
(e) Evaluation and optimization of the design.
(t) Preparing the specifications and or drawings for vendors for preparing their
quotations and subsequent fabrication.

The first step is the recognition and understanding of the purpose or objective. There
is a need to specify the problem as precisely as possible. The solution of the problem may be
based on a new method, scheme or idea, or an old idea applied in a new way. This requires a
great deal of imagination, ingenuity and innovativeness. The solution may involve a system, a
process and/or a special equipment to accomplish the specified task, subject to certain
constraints. The method, scheme or idea must be analysed quantitatively to ensure that it can
be made to work satisfactorily and optimally. After analysing the problem, appropriate
theories pertaining to the process principles and mechanics must be applied. Generally, basic
principles are used, and complex techniques or equations are applied where necessary. After
the selection of suitable processing conditions, materials and stresses, the problem can be
resolved. The calculation process may require simple arithmetic, algebra or differential or
integral calculus. In many cases it may not be feasible to have exact solutions and, therefore,
various approximation techniques, such as graphical and numerical methods are used.

Sometimes approximations are made due to the lack of accurate values or methods of
calculation. Methods involving close approximations are also used because exact treatments
would require very long and laborious calculations giving little gain in accuracy. In some
equipment, only a portion of the total number of parts is designed on the basis of an analytical
calculation. The form and the size of the remaining parts are then usually determined by
practical considerations based on experience.
Every step needs to be checked both in respect of mathematical calculations and
engineering feasibility. It is also necessary to ascertain whether the results are consistent with
experience and are practical. In some problems the final result is obtained by optimization by
taking into account the influences of all the controllable parameters. It may take several
iterations before a satisfactory solution is obtained.

Experience in designing similar machines or equipment will be helpful in choosing


suitable sizes. A designer should realize the practical limitations involved in the application
of his/her work. To arrive at the final dimensions of any component, based on an optimum
theoretical and economic consideration, the designer should ascertain the exact shape and the
standard sizes in which the materials are available and adopt these as far as possible. In the
case of new equipment, fabrication and testing of a prototype for ensured satisfactory
performance is sometimes essential. Before the design is finalized, sketches must accompany
all design calculations. On the basis of these sketches, detailed assembly drawings can be
made, properly specifying all dimensions, selected materials, tolerances, fits, limits, the
required surface finish etc.
Provisions must be made during the different stages in the development of the design
to facilitate assembly and installation of the machine or equipment. Similarly, ease of
problems associated with dismantling and maintenance activities should be considered in the
design and layout.

CHEMICAL PROCESS DESIGN CONSIDERATION


The knowledge of various technical subjects such as thermodynamics, reaction
kinetics, unit operations, process design, equipment design, safety, health and environmental
aspects of the plant etc., is a prerequisite for the establishment or the development of any
chemical plant. Broadly speaking, the design activity starts with the technology development
or selection and involves:

 Process design

 Detailed mechanical design.


The study of the unit processes and unit operations leads us to process design. The
mechanical design is required for the fabrication, erection installation and commissioning of
the equipment.

Thus, mechanical design of the equipment constitutes a major activity of detailed


engineering of a chemical project under construction. While process designing has been kept
Out of the purview of this book, attention is focused on mechanical designing. The purpose
of this book is to present the methods and the procedures adopted in the mechanical design of
process equipment. Though there are standards for equipment design. The illustrations
provided here will be helpful in designing nonstandard equipment and also enable
appreciation of standards in a more comprehensive way. The emphasis here is not so much on
the study of the actual process, but on specifying the functioning and operation of the
equipment as also on the choices of material of construction and strength considerations.
Please note that the materials of construction, from the process compatibility point of view,
are decided during the process design by the process chemical engineer.

Projects in Chemical Engineering which require designing can be divided into three types:
(a) Modifications and additions to the existing plant.
(b) Increasing the capacity of an existing plant.
(c) Development of a new process based on laboratory research and pilot plant studies.

Each piece of equipment is expected to serve a specific function, although in some


cases it can be suitably modified for some different function. Conditions such as temperature,
pressure, etc., under which the equipment is expected to perform are stipulated by the process
requirements. Although the maximum capacity or the size of the equipment is specified, it is
necessary to ensure a satisfactory performance even under certain amount of overload. The
overall satisfactory performance and reliability of the equipments are dependent on the
following factors:
 Optimum processing conditions.
 Appropriate materials of construction.
 Strength and rigidity of components.
 Satisfactory performance of mechanisms and an adequate operating range.
 Reliable methods of fabrication.
 Ease of maintenance and repairs.
 Ease of operation and control.
 Safety requirements.

TITLE BLOCK
The title block is an important feature of the drawing located in the bottom right-
hand corner of the sheet. It provides the space for recording the following information

1. Name or title of the drawing

2. Drawing and sheet number

3. Scale of the drawing

4. Symbols for angle of projection

5. Material of the part, giving the material specification

6. Name of the firm or institute and that of the department

7. Dated initials of the personnel designing, drawing, checking standards and


approving

8. The standard size of the title block to he used uniformly for all size drawing sheets
is 185 mm x 65 mm.

PARTS LIST

A parts list is an item wise list of all the associated parts of the assembly of the
equipment. Such a list may be placed above the title block in the assembly drawing as shown
in Figure. It can also be made to be convenient to group a number of associated parts on a
separate sheet distinct from the detailed drawing or drawings. In that case, an independent
material or parts list may be given. This makes it feasible to consolidate the raw materials to
be procured by the purchase section. A typical layout of the title block and parts list are given
in Figure
The parts list should reflect the following information.

I. Item for part number

II. Description or title of the part

III. Quantity required

IV. Cross references to the other detail drawings

V. Material specification

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