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3.1 Evaporation1

This document discusses evaporation processes and equipment. It begins by defining evaporation as the removal of vapor, typically water, from an aqueous solution, leaving behind a more concentrated solution. It then discusses various factors that influence evaporation process design, such as solution properties, temperature sensitivity, foaming, and scale deposition. Finally, it describes several common types of evaporation equipment, including open pan, horizontal tube, vertical tube, long tube vertical, and forced circulation evaporators. The key applications and advantages of each equipment type are highlighted.

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67 views21 pages

3.1 Evaporation1

This document discusses evaporation processes and equipment. It begins by defining evaporation as the removal of vapor, typically water, from an aqueous solution, leaving behind a more concentrated solution. It then discusses various factors that influence evaporation process design, such as solution properties, temperature sensitivity, foaming, and scale deposition. Finally, it describes several common types of evaporation equipment, including open pan, horizontal tube, vertical tube, long tube vertical, and forced circulation evaporators. The key applications and advantages of each equipment type are highlighted.

Uploaded by

Mukhzin Rashid
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 21

CDB 2063

SEPARATION PROCESSE II
EVAPORATION
9 June 2015
Dr Taslima Khanam
TOPIC OUTCOMES
At the end of topic, students should be able to:
 comprehend and discuss theory on evaporation
 discuss the industrial application
 equipment type
 process
 discuss and design the operation method
 Single-effect evaporators
 Multi-effect evaporators
 discuss the condensers for evaporators
 type
 operation
 heat balance calculation
 describe the operation of thermal vapor recompression &
2
mechanical vapor recompression
TODAY’S OUTCOMES

In this lesson, students should be able to:


 comprehend and discuss theory on evaporation
 explain the processing factors & their effects
 discuss the equipment type and operation methods

3
EVAPORATION
 Definition
 process where vapor (solvent) from a boiling liquid
solution is removed and a more concentrated solution
(solute) remains
 Generally refers to the removal of water from
aqueous solution
 Application
heat
 Produce concentrated aqueous solution. E.g. orange
juice, syrup, glycerol, caramel, conc. milk etc.
Product is concentrated solution; Discard is the
evaporated water. But can be other wise, e.g.
desalinated water as drinking water. 4
PROCESSING FACTORS
 Types of evaporators are selected based on the physical
and chemical properties of the solution being
concentrated and the vapor removed
Properties affecting processing methods :
1. Concentration in liquid
2. Solubility
3. Temperature sensitivity of materials
4. Foaming or frothing
5. Pressure and temperature
6. Scale deposition and materials of construction 5
PROCESSING FACTORS

Concentration in the liquid


 liquid feed is relatively dilute
 low viscosity, high heat transfer
coefficient
 solution may become very viscous
due to evaporation
 heat transfer coefficient drops
 adequate circulation and/or
turbulence must be present to keep the
coefficient moderate. 6
PROCESSING FACTORS

Solubility
 Heat is provided, Evaporation
takes place
 concentration of solute increases
 exceed solubility limit of material
 form crystals thereby limit max
concentration in solution

7
PROCESSING FACTORS

Temperature sensitivity of materials


Temperature-sensitive materials degrade at higher
temperature or prolonged heating
food & biological materials e.g. milk, vegetable
extracts
pharmaceutical products
fine organic chemicals
Degradation is a function of temperature & time
8
PROCESSING FACTORS

Foaming or frothing
Some solutions form a foam or froth during
boiling
food solutions - skim milk
fatty acid solutions

foam + vapor = entrainment losses occur


9
PROCESSING FACTORS

Pressure & Temperature


 High operating pressure cause rise in boiling point
 Heat sensitive materials are required to keep at low
temperature
 Recommended operating pressure under 1 atm
(vacuum) to keep temperature low in heat-sensitive
material

10
PROCESSING FACTORS

Scale deposition
 Some solution deposit solid materials (scale)
on heating surfaces.
Possible cause:
products decomposition
decrease in solubility
Consequences: overall heat transfer coefficient
decreases, corroded evaporator
 Materials for evaporator should be chosen to
minimize corrosion 11
PROCESSING FACTORS

Material of Construction
evaporators are made of steel (carbon steel)
many solutions attack ferrous metal and/or
contaminated by them
= use special material (nickel, stainless steel,
aluminium), however it’s expensive
 minimize corrosion
 avoid contamination

12
QUESTION?

13
TYPES OF EVAPORATION EQUIPMENT
• The evaporation equipment are classified based
on
– Configuration of heat-transfer surface
– Types of agitation or circulation system of the
liquid
• General types include
– Open pan
– Horizontal tube
– Vertical tube type
– Long tube vertical
– Forced circulation 14
OPEN PAN TYPE

 most elementary form


 open pan
 liquid is boiled
 heat supplied through
 direct fire or a steam jacket or through coils
 scrapers or paddles provide agitation
 simple and low in capital cost
 expensive in their running cost as heat economy is
poor
15
HORIZONTAL-TUBE EVAPORATORS
 Development of open pan
 pan closed in vertical cylinder
 heating tubes arranged in horizontal bundle,
immersed in liquid at bottom of cylinder Baffle

 Steam enters to the tube and condenses


and leaves out as condensate
 Baffle used as de-entrainment device
 Operates in continuous mode

 Applicable for non-viscous and non-


scale forming liquids
 Liquids circulation is poor, not suitable
for viscous liquids 16
VERTICAL-TUBE EVAPORATORS
 Tubes are arranged vertically
 liquid inside tubes, steam condenses
outside
liquid rises in the tube by natural circulation,
flows downward through central downcomer Downcomer
space
Natural circulation caused by boiling and
decrease in density
increases heat transfer coefficient
 short-tube evaporators
 Application: sugar, salt, caustic soda industries
 Not applicable for viscous liquids
17
LONG-TUBE EVAPORATORS
 3-10 m long vertical tubes are arranged to
provide high liquid velocities
 Formation of vapor bubbles inside the tubes cause
pumping action and give high liquid velocity
 Liquid flows inside the tubes and steam condenses
outside
 One way liquid circulation through the tube
providing low contact time
 For evaporation rates >> feed rate, large pipe
connection is added between concentrate outlet
and feed
 Widely used for producing condensed milk
18
FORCED CIRCULATION TYPE

 Forced circulation of feed


is performed by a pump.
 Heat transfer co-efficient
increases for forced
circulation
 Vertical tubes are usually
shorter than long-tube
type
 Useful for viscous liquids
19
REFERENCES
Books :
1. Geankoplis C. J., Transport Processes and Separation Process Principles,
4th Edition, Prentice Hall, 2003.

20
QUESTION?

21

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