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13K views168 pagesBS 8110 1997 Part 1 Structural Use of Concrete
BS CODE
Uploaded by
Amey GudigarCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 168
BRITISH STANDARD Pe 8110-1:1997
os
Structural use of
concrete —
Part 1: Code of practice for design and
construction BS 8110-1:1997
Committees responsible for this
British Standard
‘The preparation ofthis British Standard was entrusted by Technical
Comittee 9/525, Building and cv engineering structures, to Subeommitioe
‘Bob, Structural ua of concrete, upon wl esos were
epreented:
Avociatin of Coonlting Bngneera
British Cement Association
British PreoartConerets Federation Lad
Concrete Socety
Department ofthe Fnvironment (Building Research Establishment)
Department of the Environment (Property and Buildings Directorate)
Department of Trnoport (Highways Azone)
Federation of Civil Engineering Contractors
askin of Civil Engineers
Inston of Structural Engine
Stel Reinforcement Commission
Amendments issued slnoe publication
Kel Ne, [Dawe [Bominente
‘beat__(Sopiemberi088 |
Teas aT ny2002 |
‘TeoIe [SO Novemnr 2005 [Tadiented tym sili BS 8110-1:1997
Contents
Committees responsible Tide front cover
Foreword 5
Section 1. General
11 Seope 1
12 Referonces 1
13 Definitions 1
1A Symbols a
‘Section 2, Desiga cbjoctives and general reommendations
21 Basin design 5
22° Structural design 5
23 Inspection of construction 1
24 Loads and material propertise 5
25 Analysis au
26 _Design based on ests 2
‘Section 3 Design and detailing rvinfireed conerete
1 Design base and strength of materials as
32 Structure and etructaral frame 18
33 Concrete cover to reinforcement a
84 Beame a
135 Solid slabs supported by beams cr walls as
$36 Ribbed alah (wth solid o ollow blocks or wd) “6
87. Flatalabe 8
38 Columns a
39° Walls 1%
310 Seareares 18
S11 Bases 7”
5312 Consberstions aflacting design detale a
‘Section 4, Design and detailing prstresed comer
41 Design basis 9
42 Strnctares and structural frames 100
43, Beams a
44 Shoe 118,
48 Tension members 100
42 Prestrasing 109
48 Leo of prstrecs, ther then fiction lssce 10
49 Leos of prstress due t fiction m
410 Tranamission longthein pe-ensioned members us
4.11 Ed boeks in post-tensioned members mt
4432 Consitorations affecting design details m4
Section 8. Design and detailing: precast and composite construction
51 Desig bass and cab provisions PT
152 Precast conrete construction Frey
153 Structural connections between precast units a
54 Composite concrete construction a
Section 6. Concrete, materials, peciiatio and constuction —
61 Materials and epecifeation 15 BS 8110-1:1997
62_Conerote comatretion
‘Section 7. Spcifetion and workaancip: reinforcement
Za Gener
72 Cutting and bending
78 Fixing
TA Surface condition
78 Lape and ointe
78 _Welling
Section 6, SpeiScation and workmanship: presto
81 General
82. Handling and storage
8.3 Surace condition
84 Strvightnese
85 Cuting
86 Poritioning of tendons and sheaths
87 Tensioning the tendons
88 Proection and bond of prestressing tendons
89 Grouting ofprestresing tendons
[Annex A Gnformative) — deleted
Ide
Figure 2.1— Short term design stants curve for normal-weight
Figure 2:2— Short term design strat strain curve for vinforoement
Figure 2.3— Short tern deign stress-strain curve for
presteanng lero
Figure 2:1—Flow char of design pocedaze
Figure 82— Minimum dimensins of enforced concrote mombers for
fie reset
Figure 33—Simplifd stres block for concrete altima limi tate
Figure 3.4— System of beatup bars
Figure 2.5 — Shear faire near supports
Figure 3.6 — Efetive wath of wold lab carrying « concentrated lad
Figure 87-— Definition of pene and bays
Figure 9 8— Explanation ofthe derivation of the coeiient
ofTable 34
Figure 39 — Division of slab into ide and edo strips
Figure 3.19— Dutton oon bam eppertiage wowey
Figure 3.11 — Types of column how
Figure 8.12 — Division of panels i at labe
Figure 3.18 — Definition of breadth ofeffictive moment transfer
stu 5, fr various peal eases
Figure 8.14-~ Shear at alabcolamn connection
‘Figure $.15 — Application of 3.7.6.2 and 8.78.8
igure 3.16 — Definition of «shear perimeter for typical cases
[Figae 3.17 — Zones for puaching sear reinforcement
Figure 9.18— Sheer perimeter of lab with openiags
Figure 319 Sheer porimeters with luda dose to fee edge
Figure 20.— Braced lender clumas
Figure 221 —Unbraood slender olan
ur
“a
Ms.
19
9
150
160
12
183
184
ast
3
26
a
"7
a
aes
8
38
e Figure $22 — Biasaly bent cola
Figure 823 — Critica ection fr shear checkin pile cap a
Figure 3.24 — Simplised detailing rus fr beams °%
Figure 3.25 — Simplified detailing rus fr 6
Figure 5.1 — Continuity of ee bar ia precast member lapped with bar
Figure §2— Continuity of te: anchorage by enclosing links wa
Figure §.3— Continuity of ties: bars lapped within insta concrete 323,
Figure 54 — Schematic erengomeat of allowance fr bearing 25
Teble 21— Load combinations end values ofyrfor the ulisaate limit wate 9
Table 22 — Values of forthe uimate mit tate 0
Toble 3.1 — Strength ofrinforeoment 18
Teble 8.2 — deleted 2
Table 23— deleted 2
‘Table 1.4— Nominal cover to all einforment Gacluding inks) to meet
specified poids fie reistance 2
‘Table 3.5 Design ultimate bonding moments and shea forse es
Table 26— Valuer of the factor 2
Table .7— Form and area of bear rinkrceent in beam 2
‘Table 3.8 — Values of v, design conzrete sheer sre %”
‘Table 3.9 — Basic epaneloctive depth rai for rectangular
ellanged beans a
‘Table 3.10 — Modification factor fr tension reinforcerment 3
‘Table 3.11 ~ Modification factor for compression reinforcement 35
‘Table 512 — Ulimate bending noment and she foros in one-way
fanning sabe a
‘Table 3.13 — Bending moment cuefficionts for slabs spanning in 90
directions atvightangles,sinpy-eupprted cn four sea 0
‘Table 3.14 — Bending moment coeficionts fr retangular panels
sspported oa four ees with provision for torsion at coraere a
‘Table 3.15 — Shear fore coefficient for uniformly loaded rectangle
nels supported on fou side with provision for torsion at corners 4
"Table 3.16-— Porm and aren of ther minforoment ins slab “
‘Table 3.17 — Minium thickness of wructural toppings 6
‘Table 3.18 — Distribution of design moments in panels of Oat labs s
‘Table 8.19 — Veluee off for braced calene 85
‘Table 820 Values of for uabraced cola 6
‘Table 5:21 — Valuer of, 0
‘Table 3.22 — Velucn ofthe eoffiint B
‘Table 8:23 — Maximus slenderaes ration fr reinforced walla %
‘able 3.24 — Bar ochodule dimensions: deduction fr permioable
deviations
‘Tle 3.25 — Minimum percentages of reinforcement 6
‘able 2.26 — Values of bond cooficent 8
‘able 2:27 — Ukimate anchorage bond lengths and lap lengths as
‘multiples ofbar size 0
‘Table 3.28 — Clear distance between bars acording to percentage
‘Tale 4.1— Design flexaral tems tones for las 2
‘Members: serviseabiiy init etatecrading we
‘eble 42— Design hypothetical exural tonsil tresses for class 3
members 109 ‘Table 43 — Depth factor for design tonsil stroases for
ase d members
‘Table 44— Conditions at the lta imi state fr sectnguar
Teams with pe tensioned tendoos or port enaioned tordous having
‘fective bond
‘Table 45— Value of Volbyh
‘able 46 — Relaxation factors
‘Table 47 — Design burting tensile forces in end blocks
‘able 48— deleted
‘Table 49— Nominal cover tell tol to meet apecified
beside of re resistance
‘able 410 Minimum cover to curved ducts
Tle 11— Minimum dann betwen enti fds in plane
‘Table &.1— Allowances for flocs af palling at supports
‘Table :2— Allowances for eets of paling t upported members
‘Table 63.— Values of tan ofr concrete connections
‘able 4 — Design Menural onal tresses a in-situ concrete
Table .6— Design wltiate horizontal shear etree at interface
Teble 6.1 — Minimum perads ofeuring and protection
‘Table .2— Minianm period before atriing formwork
Lint of references
103
1s
ra
109
ue
ne
no
26
126
1m BS 8110-1:1997
Foreword
‘Thinpart of BS 8110 has been prepared by Subcommittee B/S262 Iie a revision
of BS 6110-11989 which ws withdawn,
BS 8110-1:1997 incorporate al published amendments made to
BS 8110-1985.
‘Amendment No.1 (AMD 5917 published on 31 May 1989;
Amendment No.2 (AMD 6278) peblihed on 22 December 1968;
‘Amendmeat No.3 (AMD 7585) published on 15 Mare 1993;
Amendment No.4 (AMD 7978) peblished on 16 September 1998.
alo includes changes mado by incorortting Dea Amondmenta Noo. and 6
BS 8110-11085 iosued for public comment during 1994 and 1995.
Amendment No, 1 to BS 8110-:1997 detailed the insertion of varius references,
to diferent cements used in concrete construction, covered by BS 6328 and the
‘eoommendations of BS 8325 for concrete saa material up tthe pont of
Placing curing snd finishing in the works,
‘Amendment No, 2 o BS 6110-1:1997 dealt withthe change of the partial afty
‘tr for reinforcement Yn fom 1150105.
Asiendment No 8 to BS $110-1:1097 bas ben necessitated through the adoption
{FBS 8500, Concrate— Complementary Britah Standard to BS EN 208-1. the
‘ithdrswei of BS 6898, Conerete ad the adoption of 60 Grade igh yids
Brusein the UK
Amendment No, aligns the recommendations f exposure classification an
‘arbi sm BS 811011997 sith daw in BS 8500, Recommendations for
‘durability have ben esoved frome BS 91101 1997 aa eplaced il references
{othe appropiate puianc a BG 4500, Eaecal changes have been det
Stcount forth terminology of BS 8500 (eg the dual eyindevleabe strength
‘otation, and etreagth clases” natead of grades)
‘The industry hs agreed to adopt Grade S00 high yield stl for reinforcement in
lige with dhe common grade avalon Europe, For some eypee of proces nthe
‘manufacture of einforcrsen this meane that the required propertice wil be
‘owt tothe linia thaa for Grade 460 For tha reason ii conasdened wise to
{Servnte the materia lata o 1.16 unl auch ane that there eat ata
svalabl to demonsteate «return tothe vale of 08 introduced by Amendaent
Nef Bs siie1io07
‘Where Grade 460 deformed bare aze uted in design, the changns to the parti!
‘nfty factor for enforcement, andthe oflecs ofthese chang, refered to 0
‘Amendment No.3 0 BS 81101-1007 maybe Aeegarded and. paral acta of
1105 fr such einforonment be seed
[ROUE Grae etre tan were peed ud reed wn BS 4401007, BS 4185,
‘BST aa sess ah veer wan econ by 95 cone
‘Users ofthis British Standard ood to not the onging introduction and
publiation of Burpeen Standards and suporsoesion of Bich Standards
Teh boon assumed in the drafting of thie Britah Standard that te escaton
ts provisions willbe entrusted to appropriately qualified and experienced ppl
‘This publication des ot purports include all the necessary provisions of @
Contre. User are eaponnle rts correct applicetion,
Compliance witha British Standard does not of fee confer immunity
from legal obligation
Summary of pages
‘This dcament compriss a front cover, an inside front over pages i*0¥%,
pages 189 and & back cover
‘The BSI copyright noise daplayed in this docunent indicates when the
document was last ated.
Sidelinng inthis document indicates the most recent changes by amendment, bank BS 8110-1:1997
Section 1. General
1.1 Seope
‘This prt ef BS 6110 gvoo recommendations fr the struc
‘aching bridges and structural cocreto modo with high alumina comtoat.
‘The recommendations for robastnas have been prepared on the assumption that all lead-bering
clement eg lab, elume end wall are ofconerete Ta trucare where ooerete clea uc ae Sear
Slabs are std in cougungton alt bed bearing lemente of ober meteruls, nar principles ae
“Sppropriata bus when adequate roburtacne a provided by other means, besos recomended by this code
say mot be required.
‘tt coe sell opine tae more pele epusement | ns ne aba wa Rein and pee nin
1.2 References
1.2.1 Normative references
‘ais part of BS 8110 inarporates, by reference, provisions from specif editions of thar publictions
‘hace ormative reference aro cited at sh appropriate plata tbe text ad the publications are lied
tn page 158. Subsequent amendments to, or revielons of, any of these publications apply to this part of
15315110 only when incorporated int by updating or revision,
1.22 Informative referencet
‘This Pest of BS 8110 refers to otberpublictions that provide information or guidance. Batons of thoes
[ubieations current atthe tne of ieue of thi standard are listed onthe inde bark cover, bat referees
‘Should be made the Inet editor,
1.8 Definitions
For the purposes ofthis part of BS 6110, the following definition eppy
4 General
1a
design ultimate load?
‘he design load fr che ultimate Mani tate
1aia
deri service load”
‘he dvign led fo the sevicnbility Kimi tate
18.2 Terma specific to fat slab (003.7)
fiat ala
A lab with or without drops and eapporied, goneraly without beams, by columns with or without olen
fade. Temay be cli or may have roses formed onthe sot that the aft comprise ksi of ibe
{in two directions (wae or afered la)
age
column head
Joea elargemont of the top of columa providing
‘ction alae
drop
‘Mikening of la in the region of «column
‘Throne hie by mating he braced Oe appreciate rt
acm ating BS 8110-1:1997 Section 1
1.8.8 Terma epecificto perimeters (eee 27:7)
1 bourdary of th mallet ectagle that can be drawn round «loaded area which nowhere comes closer
{othe edge ofthe loaded area thaa some specified dtance f(a multiple of 0.780)
[NOTE Ser 8.18 ang sw and Figur 316 ple,
fan aren ofalb bounded by two pesimeters 16d apart
NOTE 877.8 on
‘the length of the perimeter reduced, where appropriate for the eects of ols or external edaee
aaaa
effective depth @)
The average elective de; fr all efactiveseaforcement pasing through perimeter
1aas
fective steel aren
{he total aren fll tension reinforcement that pesees through sone snd thet extend at east one effective
depth (000 13.4) or 12 mee tn ba ave beyond the zone om either mide
1.3.4 Terms specific to wall (oe 3.9)
rsa
wall
1 vertical load earing member whowe length exceeds for taps its thickness
1a42
‘unbeaced wall
‘wall providing its own lateral stability
14s
braced wall
‘wall where te reaction to ntaral free are provided by lateral supports
1
teral supports
snelement (which may be prop bettees, «Goce, crosawell or other horizontal or vera lament) able
{senna lneral forces froma t braced well to the prinipal atrutizel bracing or tothe foundations
Drincipal structural bracing
‘trong points seat wall or cther suitable bracing providing Intra tablty to the structare as a whole
1aae
relnforced wa
‘concrete wall oataning at lest the minimam qvantises of ~inforcement given in 3.12.5
2 S99 Naenter 208 Section 1 BS 8110-1:1997
1347
plain wall
{wall Containing either no reinforcement or inuficient to satisfy the criteria in 8.128,
[NOTE Far ayia a a arena aired wn ong he seth he al
‘wall wher the effective eight divided by the thicknees (1h) doce not enone 16 (braced) or 30 (unbrnond)
slender wall
wal eter than a atocky wall
‘Terms relating to bearings for precast members (se 52.3)
1354
simple bearing
' sepperted member bering directly on a suppor, the effet of projecting ste o added concrete being
incomes
1352
dry bearing
‘bearing with no immediate peddling material
bodded bearing
«bearing with eoutact surfaces having an immediate padding of cementitious material
‘teupported morber which, inthe event oflos ofan aseusnd aupport, would be capable of carrying its ond
by tuawveree dstebution to adjacent oeabers
bearing length
ticienetrotaprory oupperted momber or intermediate padding material (whichever othe eat)
Seaeued slong be hin of rapport
1356
net hearing width (ofa simplo bearing)
{he bearing width (ofa simple bearing) afer allowance for inlfictive bearing and fr constructional
‘nccuracien (ne Fopure 8.9)
1.4 Symbols
For the purponaof thi part of BS 8110, che allowing symbole apply
Yr partial anfety ato or loa.
Yo patil are facta or strength of material
nominal earth lad.
Gi, Charncteretc dead load
Q_charecterinic imposed ond.
Wy charactorite wind lod
character strength of corse
Jp characterise strength of enforoemont.
re charscteriatic strength ofa presresing tendon.
Other eymbols are defined in the toxt whore they occur.
(©B8138 Noe 08 . blank 1997
Section 2. Design objectives and general
recommendations
2.1 Basis of design
2.1.1 Aim of design
‘The sim of design i the achievement of an acoeptable probability that structures being designed wil
Perform atiictrly during thei intended hfe With anapropriat degree afty they should sustain
{ifthe neds and deforsnations of sormal contruction snd wav and bave adogonte durable and resistence
{o the effects of nutes i.
2.12.Design mathod
"Tho method recommended inthis code i that flint tate sign. Asoount shoud be taken of accept
{heory. experiment and experience andthe need to desiga for durability. Calaiation alone donot proce
aie gorvenabloand dures stactures, Suitable etatala, Quality ontol a good rpervaion ae
‘aually important.
2.1.3 Durability, workmanship and materiale
‘in aarumod that the quay ofthe concrete, te and other materiale nd ofthe workmanship, a verified
by impaction, ir adequate for safety, servecabiiy and durablity (ee Section 6, Seton 7 and Section).
2:14 Desigm proces
eign, nclading design fr dursbity, construction snd wa in ervne should be conaidered aa whole
‘he ralisation of dengnebyective requires conformity to clearly dened ritri for material, reduction,
‘workmanship aad alse maintenance and use of the structure in serie.
2.2 Steuetural design
2.21 General
Welldetaited and properly-erected structures designed bythe limit atate method will have aceptable
Probables that they wil uot rach ani state be. wil ne beaome wnt fr thie purpose Uy collapse,
brertaring, backing (ltinate mit states). deformation, cracking ibmtion, ete (erviceabiity limit
‘nes aod that the structure will not detriorat unduly under the action ofthe environment over the
‘lsiga i, Le willbe dursble Tho usual approach sto design on tho most critical mit state and then
‘hea thatthe remaining Lait state il tbe reached.
2.2 Ultimate limit state (ULS)
2.221 Structural stability
"The structure shold be ao designed that adequate means exit to tranemitthe design ultimate dead wind
{ind inponod loads sally los the higher upported lve othe foundations. The Ixyout of he stractare
[Inthe interaction between the structural members shouldbe mach nx ta ensures rut aod stale desig,
‘The engiocr responsi forthe overall stablity of the strctare should ensure the compat of he
en
(iF 0) <0< 08 for Nimm™ [Links andlor bentap bars
> ie in any combination dnt.
ihe epscing between inks
lrbent-up bare mond mot
fe ee than eh
Ione» theateconcatis nie har teeth he ener dd i 4483.4
‘3.5.5 Shear reeatance of roid slabe
8.55.1 Symbols
3 the purposes of 3.5.5 the following eyo apply
rea of shes links ina 2008,
area of bentup bars in a zone.
‘breadth of lab under consideration.
fective depth or average effctive depth of la.
‘Gharacterite strength ofthe shear reinforcement which should nt be taken a greatar
‘han 600 Nin!
2 tomina design shea tress.
niga ultimate sear steer obtained from Table 3.8
shear force due to design ulinate loads or the design ultimate valve of concentrated lal
“angle between the eben reinforcement and the plane of the slab
be spacing of bentup bars (ne Figure 3.4).
spacing fink,
ar Tal oa pow
Recep
oss BS 8110-1:1997
85.52 Shear stresses
"The design shear sre vat any crnteetion shold be ealelate fom equation 2:
ok uation 21
a. cae should v exceed 08 /fn oF 5 Nis, whichever i the leer, whatever shear reinfrcemes
provided
255.3 Shear reinforcement
Recommendations fr sheer rinfreoment i wid slabs are given in Table 8.16
15.6 Shear in solid slabs under concontrated londs
‘The provisions of 8.7.7 may be aplid
5.1 Deflection
Defletins may be calculated and compared with the servicebility requirement given in Section 3 of
‘BS 8110-21985 busin ell oral cree, wl be ecient to rete the epanlelsctive depth ratio, Te
Spprepras ratio may be obtaned fou Table 29 and modied by Table 3.10. Oaly the conditions atthe
‘Edt ofthe epan inthe width slab under cooseraton should be cnaidred ta influence dfiaction,
“The ratio fra two-way epaning sla should be based on the shorter pan,
5.8 Crack control
In gonral the reinforcement spacing rues given in 8.12.11 wil be the Bost menns of controling Dexural
‘racking slabs, bus incertaln cane dante na be geod by calculating crack wath ose Seton 3
FBS 6110:21085).
8.6 Ribbed slabs (with solid or hollow blocks or voids)
36. General
8.6.14 Introduction
"The term “nbbed slab inthis eub-lause refers to ns slabs constructed in one of the fllowing Ways
RI cnnere cone sire reg Tai 947 nine
1) asa ceric of concrote ribs cast insta between block whinh emnin part of the completed structure
{Re tape othe rte are conncted bya topping of enereto ofthe same strength as that used in thers,
2) as eres of concrete ib with topping oat on forme which may be removed ar the concrete has
fet
8) with «continuous top and boom face but containing voide of rectangular, oval or other shape,
1) Where topping isnt considered to contribue to structural strength: a8 a ooie of concrete ib cst
{atte betvoenEscka which remain prt of the completed structure; the tps thers may be
‘Connected hy topping of concrte (no ecstacy 0 the same strength ee that used inthe bt).
36.1.2 Hollow or solid Blocks and formers
Hollow or slid blacks and formers may be of any euitable material but, when required oconteibue tothe
strona strength of slab, Uy soul
be mde of concrete or bara lay:
Dy have a characteristic strength of last 14 Ninn’,
{nthe diction ofcompresive strese inthe ela;
© when made of fred brickeeth ay or shal, conform to BS 3921, BS EN 772-1, BS BN 7723 and
SENT,
eaouredon the not soction, whon exially onde
[RSL 20ers a BS 8110-1:1997 Section 3
3.6.15 Spacing and sizeof ribo
Insite should be spaced at centres not exceeding 1.5 m and this depth, excluding any topping, sbould
‘tensed four times ther width The minimum width afb wil be detoraned by considerations of ve,
Dar pacing ond fe.
‘36.14 Non-etructural side aupport
‘Where th side of alb ie bul nto a wall or rst ona eas parallel tothe ribs, that sid should be
‘fuougelsned bythe foraaton of bof wideh equal that ofthe bearing
36.1 Thickness of topping used to contribute to structural strength
‘The thickness after any nacentary allowance hasbeen made fr wear, shouldbe not less than thos of
‘Table 87
3.6.1.6 Hollow block slabe where topping is not used to contribute to structural strength
‘When slab isconstructad ob) of Table 3.17 the blacks should conforas to 3.6.1.2. In addition the thickness
he bck ater above is vd shouldbe nots than 20mm nor le then one-tenth ef the dimension
‘tthe void measure transversely tthe rib. The overall thicken fhe beck and topping fans) dould
‘bent les than one-fifth ofthe dintano between ribs
‘Table 8.17-— Minimum thickness of structural toppings
Troe ofan T Malis char of ope
Stabe atk permanant Bloke
[As described in 3.6.1.1) and 3.6.1.2
Is) Clear distance between ribs not more than 500 mn
[inte in ermeat:onnd mortar not weaker thas '3
jor Ninn 2s
J» Clear distance between ris not more
than $00 ma, sot jonted in coment: sand mortar [30
[) Alloter slabs with permanent blocks 0 or one-tenth of lar distance betwen ribs,
[ntichever ia greater
[aI sab thar permanent Back
[as deserted in t..42)3) ani 9) 0 ox tnt fer datas been sb,
[whichever io erentor
2 Analysis of structure
‘The momenta end forces due to design ulate Jonson continuo sabe maybe obtained by any ofthe
‘methods piven in 28 for ssid slabs, Where the slab ae ibd sa two dretoas they maybe designe
"ore spanng in nocordaace with 3.5. aa flat slabs in accordance wth 3.7, Whichever is the more
_Alteruatively, its impracticable ta provide aufficien reinforoement to develop the fll design support
‘omen, the sabe say be deeigaed asa sree of amply supported spans. If thiols done, eufbcient
‘enforooment shuld be provided over the support to control crcking Tei recommended that such
Tinforcement shuld have an area of act las than 20 of that in the middle of the adenine epans and
‘Should extend t least 159% ofthe spe into tho ajening spans
3.6.3 Desig re
‘The provisions given in 8.4.4for determining the desig what resistance moment of beams maybe used
Inte analyse ection the etecosin burn clay blocks or oid ack in the compression soe may be
{kona 0.25 ister the strngeh determined in 6-126) however, when evidence isavaiable to chow Gat
‘otanre than 6 Sof the Mocks have ezengt below a speciedcrshing strength the orcas maybe taken
‘nO. see tht strength,
“ {120 Newnter 05, Section 3 BS 8110-1:1997
264 Shear
36.4.1 Flat wah construction
Ifthe design sorumes thi method 8.7.6 should be used, Where a perimeter (ce 1.8.8.1) cuts any ribo, they
thould each be designed to reset an equal proportion ofthe applied eetive design shea force. Shee inks
{nthe nbe abl contin fru ditance af atleast dino tho solid aren.
136.42 One- or teowoy spanning slabs
‘The design sheer stroev should be ealulated from equation 22:
v
oa ‘oqsation 2
where
Vin the design sear force due to design ultimate loads om widch ola equal to the centre
istanoe between se
bathe average width ofthe nis
isthe etactive depth
6.4.3 Shear contributlon by hollow blocks
Jn equation 2, 8, may be increased by the wal thickness ofthe Block on one ide of the ih.
1.6.44 Shear contribution from slid blocks
‘Where blocks etiiy 38.1.2, by in enution 22 saay be increased by one-half the eb depth o each side
te
36.45 Shear contribution by joints between narrow precast units
‘In equation 22 may be increased by the width of mortar or conerete joint.
1.6.4.6 Maximum design shear stress
Tn no case chou vexood 0.8 o & Nina, whichever i the Iago his includes an allowance for
Yast l35)
10.4.7 Area of shear reinforcement in rihed halle Mark ar unided slabe
[No shear reinforsament i required when vi lat then (boro ti tained from Table 2.8). When
uel or exvede Penforement conforming to Table 216 should be provided
136. Deflection in ribbed, hollow block or volded construction generally
185. General
For one-way panning Noor, the spanieffctive depth ratios should be chocked in czordance with 8.46
{xcept thatthe ib width tay inlue the walla of he blocks on bath aides of the rib. For labo spanning in
{we divetions onto wellsor beste the check ould be entried oat fr he ehorter span. Whore te sab
‘signed ase fit slab, che provions of 8.7.8 apply
1365.2 Rib width of voided slebs or alabs of box or section units
In deriving the bai rato fens Table 2.9, b, may be calculated assuming al metoval blow the wppor
Henge of he unio be conconteted ina retangulas nib having the same crose-ectioal area aa depth
56.6 Arrangement of reinforcement
366.1 Curtailment of bare
‘The reinforcement should be curtailed in accordance with 8.12.8, However, where appropiate, the
‘implied rules piven sn 1210 may he wed
© RSL Rrtnr 285 a BS 8110-1:1997 Section 3
3.66.2 Reinforcement in topping for ribbed or hollow block stabs
Consideration shouldbe given to providing singe laer of welded see fabric, having a crow-ectional
‘rou of nt les than 0.12 of he topping, im enc direction the pacing between wire could ot be
{renter than half te entre to-contredatance between ibe
3663 Links inribe
Provided the guomery sates 8.6.8 ribs renfoond with a single bar or ibs in wale alabs donot
‘oie links nies sen or fre resstaneeroquirementa no itate, However consideration should be
{Biven Wo the us of paryone made spacers oocpying Oe fll width ofthe rib to ensure correct covert the
ber
‘Where two ot more bars are used in rib, these of ink rinfreemeat in addition to normal ypacers is
‘ecommended ease in wale lab, toenaure cormet caver o reinforcement. The spacing ofthe inks can
fouorally be of the order of tm 01.3 dopending on the ie of the ssn bars
‘The cover ofthe ink reinforcement should satis th durability requirement of Table. but aed not
{ata the requioments fr fe sesntance in Table 88 provided the overt the main bars does eo.
3.1 Flat slabs
NOTE Sie 82rd pet at aa
2.74 General
8.22.1 Symbols
Forth purpose of 8.7 the fllowiog eymbole apply.
1, ——_itance fom the ee ofthe loaded area tothe prineter considered,
fu ama abear renforement.
te breadth efitive moment tranafr strip (ee Figure 3.15).
C.c, plandimmpsions of kum (oe Figure 3.19,
4, ' —dopthof the bead
F _{olal design ultimate load onthe fall width of panel between adjacent by contr lines
gy e0p:
foe sharacterintc strength of shear reinforcement
t {given in Table 3:12 abould be taken asthe fl panel lngth in the reson of span.
1, panel length pralla to span, mesaured fom centres of clus,
1 panel width, measured ffom centres of cola
1 Gimensions ofthe olumn measured in the same irction ay
Ty eipatve dimension ofa bend
1. Shorwarepan offi lab pane.
Tonge pan of slab panel
Bf design moment transferred between slab and columa,
' —dasignukimate load per unit aree 14g, + 63).
tL ——_eective length ofthe ter perimeter of te zoe.
ly elective length ofthe perimeter which tuchee loaded are,
2 design hoarsteas.
asin enero shear ates
design ultimate val ofthe concentrated load
V, design shear transferred tocol
Veq design eeetive shear including allowance for moment transfer
x" imension ofa shear perinotor parle osx of bending
@ angle betwen the shear reinforoement andthe plas ofthe lab, BS 8110-1:1997
87.12 Design
Provision are given forthe design of fat labs supported bya goneally rectangular arrangement of
‘Sunny wig te equivalent fame method and where te ratio the lager to tbe shorter Spans doesnot
‘hosed Other approaches ta te deign of fat slab ae acoptable for example, design based om the
‘etuods veered to sn 8.6224 orm a fine clement analysis. fa such ease, the apliabiiy ofthe
provisions given in this ection area mater of agement. Further provisions for wale or coflered slabs
bre given in 8.
27.1.3 Column heod
For the purposes of 3.7, the diensions of» clam head which may be conslered toe fective are
Lite aos tothe dept ofthe head
In ay diretion, the effective dimension ofa head sould be taken asthe loser ofthe actual dimension
or fou Wer fu (in limetres) i given by
Iau 2
For flare head the actual dimension fit that massed 40mm below the soft ofthe slab or drop
(Gee Figure 3.10.
8.3.1.4 Bffectie diameter of @columm or column head
‘Theeffective diameter of colin or cola head isthe diameter of circle whowe ares equa the
‘ies ance are of he columa oy ieolumn heeds nro une, the ares of tho catunrn head based on the
(Bechcdnensins ot dened in 33-18, ln no cam sould be taken os greater than one-quarter ofthe
“Shortest spe feming into the colons.
47.1.5 Drope
For the purposes of 8.7, drop may only bs considered to infucace the distribution of moments within the
ab wire the smaller diaereion ofthe opin lat one-third of the emaller dimension ofthe
‘arvousding pencls Smaller dropeinay, however efile takes into eccount when eeeatng the resistanee
‘punching shear.
27.1.6 Thickness of panels
‘The thickseat ofthe slab will generally be controlled by consideration of defection (ee 8.7.8).In no ce,
‘bowever should the thins thea be ees han 125 tm. 8.6.1 oes farther natations applicable
40) oquation 23
3.72 Analy
1.72.1 General
Wii, n priacipte «fat sla should be analysed toobtnn at each section the moments and shears
Tenultng fou the noe! unfavourable arrangymento the desig loads i will ormlly be atiefactory to
{hts he mouonte and forse wath stem ofa lab panel fm analyse of th structure under che
‘ingle bed cave of nermum design load on all pans orpaneleimultancoualy, provided the conditions >t
outin 26:28 ae aatiabed
Where itis not appropriate to anayee forthe single load case of maximum design led onal spans wil
{De utbchent to conuider the arrangements ofloed given ia 8.2.12.
3.722 Anatyaie
Inthe absence oa sore rigorous treatment, flat slabs consisting of ers of rectangular panele may be
Alvided into series of fumes ad saalyoed in acordance with A728, 27.24, 8.220, 8728, 873.7,
Rae 8729and3.72.10
(fat aah structures 8.1.23 Division of flat slab structures into frames
‘The structures may be divided longitudinally and transversely nto frames consisting of slums and stripe
felah The wilh oF olab ued to define the effective fines ofthe sla wl dopend upon tho aspect ratio
‘tthe pazes and typeof oeding Ta te ease of vertical loading. tho stifoos of rectangulay panels ay be
‘alelated taking sto account the fall wth of Ube panel. For horigoatal lading it wal be more
‘sppropiate to take half tia val.
—
4 Frame onclyele methods
Bch femme may be analyod in it ontrey by the Hardy Crone method er other
‘Alieratively, for vertical loeds only, each stp of sr and eam be analysed ua a separate exe wilt
‘hecolumne abore and below fed potion and direction a hei exten othe ssipliied aub rae
described in 8214.8 may be usd. Ineither cage the anaigie shoud be carried out forthe appropriate
{Tctgn ultimate onda om each span calculated fr stip of lab of widts equal to the distance between
‘centre lines of th panels on each se of the clus
8.7.2.6 Fromestifinese
"The second moment of are of any section of slab or column wsedincaleulating the relative tiffs of
‘members maybe assumed tbe hat of the coos section of tho coeresslobe Section 3 BS 8110-1:1997
8.1.26 Limitation of negative design moments
Nogative moments restr than thon ata datance M2 from the conto-line oft eokusnn may be ignored
‘providing te tum o the maximum poiive design tsoment and the average ofthe negative dona
toments ia any one apan ofthe sla for the whole panel widh oot lose than;
Mg, Bg?
3
When th above condition is nt satisfied, tho nogtive design moments shoud be increased
3.12.1 Simplified method for determining moments
or fat-slab structures whos Iateral stabi isnot dependent on lacolusn connections, Table S.12
say be used subject to te lowing provisions
‘design i based on the single load cate ofall pans Jaded withthe maximum design ultimate load
(Ge the condtinns of 3.8.23 ae satiated
there are at least three rows of pel of approsimataly equal span in the direton being comabered:
fo defnitions of land Foe 8.7.11;
2) moments at eupports taken fom Tuble 3.12 may be reduced by 0.15Fhs and
«the Limitation of 3.72.6 need not be checked. Allowance hasbeen made tothe coeicients of Table 3.12
{or 20 redintbation in acordanoe with 35.23.
$72.8 Dieelon of panele (except inthe region of edge and corner columns)
Flat lab panels shoud be anramed tbe divided into column stripe and mile strips (ove Figure 3.12,
Inthe asreement ofthe witha ofthe coun aad middle strip, drop shoul bo ignored kf tei mall
{inonson st oe then ona third ofthe smaller dimension ofthe pene.
3.12.9 Column strips between unlike panela
‘Where ther isa support common to two panes of such dimencions that tho strip in one pane do not
"atch thos inthe oer the divon of he panel verte regio f the common suppart show be taken
"ht clculated forthe panel giving the wider column stip.
87.2.10 Dielsion of moments betieen column and middle strips
"The dovign moments btsinad from analysis fhe tine fama ry Table 3.12 aol be ide
Tetween the column and male sri in the proportions given in Table 518
3.73.1 Column and middle strips
‘The cohumn and middle strip should be designed to withtand the design moments obtained from 8.72.
In generat things of the mount of roifbronmeat required to ress tho nogatve design moment in the
‘ln stip shold be placed inn with equal to balfthat ofthe column step and central with he clu,
375.2 Curtailment of bare
CCartailment of bars shold be in accordance with 3.12.9 but, where appropriate, the simplified rales gia
in B1210 may be usd,
4.74 Design of edge panels
3.7.4.1 Positive design moments in span and negative design moments over interior edges
‘These design momenta shouldbe apportioned and designed exactly as fora internal pene, usingthe same
‘olsen and mide stripe as for an oteroal panel
3.7.42 Design momente transferable between slab and edge or corner columns
In general, momen wil only beable tobe transferred bene slab and an edge o commer column by &
‘olima strip considerably narrower thaa Unt sppropeat for an internal panel. Tho breadth of thi stp,
itor varie typical esce is shown in Figure 30; The valu fb shold never be takan as greeter thas
tho cola strip width appropriate for an interior papel,
ORGLa0 Nermer B8 sa Section 3
‘BS 8110-1:1997
ee oe Section 3 BS 8110-1:1997
‘Table 3.18 — Distribution of design moment
im panels of fat slabs
[ieee a
sea moment “
gate rm ps
Positive 55 las
JRE Yai cn ine i SNOT aa pH ana ean ar ag a i me
[nceaed nw i enge ores ines he ml i oul tence pepe amae h
Inc rms ot asc se oun stem emad an tt a a pie th a
[mentee more te sae rad mse mpi sews
‘Tho maximiam design moment Mima which can be trnafered tos caluma by this tipo given by:
Menus 018M qaation 24
where
4 in the eflective depth forthe top reinforcement in the columa stip;
‘Mea chuuldbe notes than bal he desiga moment obtained trom an equivalent Seme analyie
‘10% ofthe daien moment fn gilage or Bint element sels has been wed,
ITA oss calouated tobe love thes tha, the structural arrangements should be changed,
874.3 Limitation of moment transfer
‘Where anelysis of tho structure indicates a desiga column moment larger tht” Me uy the design edge
‘Bona in to cab shuld be reduced tow value uot greater than Mens and tue postive dsign momeats
I te pen adjenedaccontingy. Tae normal lmitatins on editribations and neural axe depth may be
‘largarded in thio cae, Moments in coe f May hay only be transfered tos clus fan edge beat
{ret af dab long the fre ee eilornd in acordanee with 24 of BS 81102-1085 weary the ext
‘Sows int the coum by torsion Inthe aboeace ofen edo bar, an appropriate breadth ofelab maybe
‘hoesed y using the principle ilusrated in Figure 8.13.
TAA Negatice momente at free edge
elaforemout fur woyeive desig unnuento (other nan the column stip) ionly needed where moments
‘ie rom loading om any extesion ofthe slab beyond the column centre-ins, However, top reinforcement
itisast equal tothe minimum relaforement defined in 3.12. shold be provided, extending atleast 0.18
fran anctorage length, whichever io the gear, ato the span
4.2.45 Panele with marginal beams or walle
‘Whore th sabi spported by a marginal am with «depth greater than 1.5 times th thickness of the
‘ab ory a wall ben
‘the total design loa to be carried by the beam or wall ould comprise thse lds directly onthe wall
‘thous plus unormiy distributed load equal to one-quarter othe total desig oad onthe pane: and
1) the dcoign moments ofthe halclumn strip adjacent tothe beams o wall shouldbe one-quarter of
‘he design moments cbtained from 8.7.2.
375 Openings in panels
2.15.1 General
Except for opening conforming to 8.7.5.4, 8.7.5. and 3:.6.4, openings shouldbe completely framed onal
‘ea with ban to enmy the Sd othe columns. No opening should encroach upon column bead Section 8
3.15.2 Holes in areas bounded by column strips
oles in areas Bounded by column strips may be formed providing
1) that thee greaont dimension ine drstion parallel om controtne ofthe panel doesnot
fxceed 04 and
1) that the total positive and negative dsign moments given i 8.72 are redistributed betwoen the
‘emaining structure to meet sho changod conditions,
1... Holes in areas common to two column strips
Holes in areas conmon to two slum strips may be formed proving:
«that in aggregate theirlongth or width dose not exeed one-tenth ofthe width ofthe column ste
thatthe reused sections are capable of reiting the appropiate moments given in 87.2; and
© that the perimeter frealealating the design shear stesso reduced if appropri.
‘areas commen toa column strip and middle strip
oes in areas common ta columa strip and a mile strip may be formed providing:
1) tha in ggreante their length or width dons not exsed one: quarter of the wide of the cluma,
‘tei and
1 that the reduced sections ae pablo of resisting the appropriate design moment given in 3.7.2
Efoctive shear forces in la slabs
37.6.1 Generat
‘The critical consideration for shear i Oat lab structure is that of punching sbear around the ean
‘This ebecked in ecordence withthe provisions of 3.2.7 excep thatthe ear strvaea ae creased ae
‘hated in 3.76:2 and 82.63 ta allow for the elect of moment teaser
[Figure 2.14 and Figur 3.16 are intended to clarify tho pplication of those subclases,
8.26.2 Shear strese at slab/internal column connections in flat slabs
‘Aforcleulaton of he design motment tranamittd by the connection (in noordance with 3.7.2 the design
‘tetive shen fore atthe prstsster Voy sul be taken a
we) ‘equation 25
Mea Has
wn
a eae ee
cece Seen
eee eee
Inder fei mii gb aA era
meee sereseabeert ceaeaeet
NOT Eqn 8c pedigree hme dh st tha se ad en
NOTE? Maybe 9% ete tte thar edd ihn ed pare
*| BS 8110-1:1997
3.76.3 Shear stress at other slab-column connections
‘Atcorner lus and at edge columns whore bending about an ans parallel to tho foe edi bing
undereye design eficive eben in clelated frm Vog=125V, For edge column where bending
‘bout an ais,perpendcula othe edge bring considered, te deta ellsetive sheer shoul bo calculate
Yog~ v(.28¢ 472) equation 26
Alternatively, Var may be taken as LAV for approxsiatly equal pans
16.4 Maximum design shear etreas at the column face
"The maximum design shear stress tthe column fce should uot excead 08 fF 6 Nim, whichever is
{he lesser when ancaned using equation 25 r 26, tu sppropeiate oma perimeter equal othe perimeter of
the cola or column head (hie osu an alowance fry of 125).
117.7 Shear under concentrated loads
NOTE See 133 ford ci perce
3.1.1 Mode of punching allure
Punching failure ocur onthe inclined faces of rancatd conse or pyramids, depending on the shape ofthe
Inaded areas. However, fr practical purpone, i eatinnetory wo éoneserretsngula failure pertmstrs.
Enpircel methods feigning aginat punching sbearfaure are givens 87.2.8 37.28,S.7.14,5..75,
S7RB ANTI and 8208
11.1.2 Mesimum design shear copacity
‘The maximum design shear street gg sould nok exceed 0.8 Jf oF 8 Nha flee. The val f tant
ven ty the equation:
v. 7
ea equation 27
‘The maximum shear capacity may aleo be Kite by the provisions of 8.7.7,
4.23 Calculation of design shear stress
‘The nominal design shear stress» appropriate toa particular perimeters calculate from the following
equation
13.74 Shear capacity without shear reinforcement
“Proved the shear stress vi ethan o, btaind fom Table 3.8 no shes reinforcement i required. The
‘nhancement of permitted ia 8-468 may note applied tothe shenr strength of perimeters ut distance
[SE bd orimore from the face ofthe loaded ares, Where it dosed to check perimeters lose othe loaded
bo inrensed by a factar Lal, where ithe distance from te edge ofthe Toned
The wae of boar reinforcement other than links snot covered apecfialy by this code and ehould be
sted operat.
Hu, 21, and a reinforcing system i provided to increase the cher resistance, justification should be
‘proved ta demonstrate the veliy ofthe niga
| When using equations 294) and 298), EAyioa should not be taken as loa than 0nd.
| Section 8 BS 8110-1:1997
| Dente +e | _benSe ty
= — “Scolumn stip 38
etna in Bowe 3.12
rm | Vil ee
wee “sa
Figure 3.18 — Definition of breadth of effective moment trans
‘for various typical eases Uso equation 28 for _
approxinaely equa spans
1A; (800 27.83)
approsimaly equal spans
~ Vea=138¥; (o00 2782)
plication of .7.6.2 and 87.63 Section 3
‘BS 8110-1:1997
Figure 8.16 — Definition of« shear perimeter for typical cases
60 Section 3
81.14 Design procedure
“The shear capacity i checked ftom a priser 15d fom the fae ofthe loaded area Ifthe caeulted
har tres dace not exseed then a further check re noded
shear reinforcement is required, than it shouldbe provided on at east two perimetar within the zone
{dicted in Figure 317. The first perimeter ofreiforement shoud be cated et approximately 0. from
‘he face ofthe onde ava and should conta no lose than 40% ofthe caeulated are of reinforcement
‘The spacing of perimeters of reinforcement shoald not ented 0.75d and the spacing ofthe shear
‘infsrcement around sny parimetershoald not exaeed 15d. The shoar reinforcement shouldbe anchored
‘ound a least ane ayer of tenion reinforcement. The shear stece ebould then be checked on wucesive
Dorimeters at Ob intervals ntl a permeter is reached Which dows not reqalre shea renfrcement.
In proving viforooment for the shear ealulated on the econd and subsequent perimeters, that
Provided forthe shor on previous persisters and which en within the sone akown a Figure 8.17 sould
Eetaken into secoun,
4.7.1.1 Modification of effective perimeter to allow for holes
When openings in sla and fotings (ase Figur 2.18) ary loeatd a a distance ea than ex times the
‘liste depth ofthe slab fom the ge of a concentrated lad, thon tat part ofthe perimeter which is
‘helosod by redial prjctions foe the centroid of the loaded are tothe openinge is consbered inetetive BS 8110-1:1997 Section 3
Fit printer —}
cal
Face of loaded
sony sped Relforement commen | -a—275 4.
to wo fale zones may be | |
sad in Bo
Faure 2008 2
regres west ttoranent | \
Saabopecetwan” |
aon
‘Atleast wo porimeters
‘olroinforement
Figure 8.17 —Zones for punching shear reinforcement
‘Where a singe hoi adjacent to the cola and its greatest width is lus than one-quarter ofthe column
‘ide or one lf ofthe slab dpi, whichever isthe ese, ts presence may e ignore
8.2.78 Byfectve perimeter closet a free edge
Whore a concentrated lai lacated close oa fre odo, the ffctive length perimeter shold be taken
ss the lescer ofthe to lustated in Figure 3.18. The seme principle may be tdoptd fer corner columes
I ‘ODE 2m Section 3 BS 8110-1:1997
<6,
mmm | Y
Figure 3.15 — Shear perimeter of slabs with openings
}—Perimatr under
‘onchoraion
Perimeter’
— Perimote 3
2.74 Deflection of pancle
or slabe with dopo of gross width in both directions a nat equal to one-third ofthe ropetive pant the
provicons of 48 canbe applied dizetly. Other the apaaltictive dapth rie tained from 8:46
Thould be multpiad by 09, The check aoald be cased out forthe more eriteal directo.
1829 Crack control in panels
{in general the reinforcement pacing rules given in 8.12.11 wl be the best menns of controlling xara)
‘rackiegiapaaclsbutincertarn canes, advantage sony be privedby calealating crack width Go Section 3
(EBS 6110.2 1988) and comparing tem with tbe required vals.
1.3.0 Dewign of columns in fla sab construction
Colusa shouldbe designed in accordance with the provisions of.
3.8 Columns
2.8.1 General Section 3
8.8.11 Symbole
‘et crow sectional area of onerete in 8 column,
rea of vertical seafrvement”
defection at ULS for each column calculated fom equation 32
vernge deflection at ULS applied to all columns a given evel
wid ofa colama (mension ofcrosaection perpendicular o 8.
‘depth oferneaection measured in the plane under consideration
‘fective night of colann in the plane of bending considered,
‘octivehoight in repectof the major xi
sfotive bright in mapectof the minor as
lear height between end restraints
bieht of comin meneuzed bstwoon centres of retreats
amelie intial end moment duo to design ultimate load
larger initial end moment due to design ultimate lode
initial design ultimate momeat ina coun before allowance for additonal design moments
rng ut of londernan
design ultimate moment sbout the x-axis
‘tetive wninxial design ultiiate moment about th x-axis
esign ultimate moment sbout te -exia
sffetve uniaxial design ultimate moment about tho y-axis
‘ditional design wltimate moment induced by deflection of slum,
design ultimate axial load ong column.
design axial ad capacity of balanced section for aymmetrialy-reinforced rectangular
Sctins, tay be taken a9 028/qbd.
esi timate capacity ofa section when subjected to axial ld oly
‘numberof eslunns resisting sideways at a given Iovelor storey
3.8.12 Size of columna
‘The ste of column andthe position of he renfoooment iat may be alfectel by the requirements for
‘lability and fie reistanon and these should be eonsbderedbelore the desga is commenced
3.8.1.8 Short and slender columns
‘Acolumn may be considered as short whom both the ratio l/h and ly ae los than 15 (race) and 10
(braced). should otberwte be considered us slower
8.14 Plain concrete columne
a cxlum has a large enough tin to resist the ultimate loads without the adaitin of reinforcement,
‘han it may be designed simlarly toa plain concrete wal (ee 1.3.4)
38.15 Braced and unbraced columns
‘Acolusin may be considered braced in a given plane if late
‘rovided by walls or bracing or buttewsingdeslged to rest all ateral force in that plane Ie soul
Utherwine be condoned as uabraed
2.5 ease nt in mire cst cite isn in BS 8110-1:1997
28.1.6 Effective height of column
38.6.1 General,
‘The efoctve high, ly of colums ina given plane may be blaine fom the following equation:
cos ‘equation 30
‘Value ofa given in Table 3,19 and Table 220 for braced and wsbraced columns respectively as
[incon ofthe od contttps ofthe exuma: Porm that maybe ued to obtain a mare rigorous
Asscunmcat of he efoctve length, desired are given in 2.9 of 38 8110-21985. Ie shoul be noted that
{Reeve height ofa column i the tw pa dretion maybe diferent
In Teble 2:39 and Table 3.20 the end conditions are define in terme of eae from Ito, Incense in this
‘ale coreeponds ton desrease in xd Gait. An appropriate value can be assessed from 3.8.1.8.
‘Table 8.19 — Valo
of for braced columns
7 a7 oa a
2 los0 loss loss
fs joao (095 1.00
“Table 3.20 — Values off for unbraced columns
i iz ns 1
5 13 hs hs
5 16 hs -
88.1.62 Rad conditions
Condition 1. The ond ofthe clusa ie connect monaithialy to beams on cthor edo which are at
{estas deep as the overall distension of the column in the plane eonsidred, Where the cour is
‘Coueciad toa hundation structure, thie should be of form speaiclly designed to cary moment
) Coulton 2. The ed af the clara x connected monolthically to beams or labs om ether ade which
‘tre sballower thas the overall dimension o tbe coma in the plane considered.
«) Condition 3, The end of the column ie connected to mewsbers which, while not specifically designed to
Drovidereteint to rotation of the clam wil nevertheless, provide cme nomial Testes.
8) Condition 4 The ond of tho column is unrestetinid aginst both lateral movement and rotation
(eg the fe end of a cantilever calm is am unbraced struct),
88.1.7 Slenderness limite for columns
‘Generally the clear distance, between nd restraints shosld not exceed 60 times Uh minimum thickness
facoluna.
18.18 Slenderneas of unbraced columns
It in any given plane, one nd ofa onbraced column is unrestrained (eg.
eight, sould eats the following
sptlever ealums),ite oar
soos?
606 or
whichever ise equation 31
[NOTE tesquin 3A bate rnpe her lr inno fh ch, BS 8110-1:1997 Section 3
“Tho comserations of delction (oe 8.8.5) may intoducn farther Limitations
8.12 Moments and forces in columns
3.521 Columns in monolith frames designed lo reelst lateral forces
In such eam the moment, shear forces and axial free shouldbe detarmined in accordance with 3.2.1.3
(Go also $825)
3.422 Additional moments induced by deflection at ULS
In lender enlumnenditional momenta induced by deflection a ULS should alo bo considered. An
‘llowancs fr ther in made inthe desig requirements for leader colunie (ee 8.8.3) The basta o other
‘members connected tothe enda of euch column should aliobe designed to resist these addition] momente
[ULB iftbe average vals of hr allcolamane atx particule velo greater than 20 Sub-louse 3.8.38
{ives guidance nthe design for ese moments
3.82. Columne in column-and-beam construction, or in monolithic braced structural frames
‘The axial fore ina clus say be calclated onthe asrumption tht beams and slabs transmitting force
{nto tare simply euppored
‘When columnis ubjectoni tan axial load withno significant applied moment, a inthe case ofslumas
‘tupporting «syoumeticl arrangeoent of approximately equally loeded beams, oly the desig wlmate
‘gual free nced be considered in design together with design moment representing a nominal allowance
{recent equal to that recommended in 3.32.4
8.8.2.4 Minimum eccentritty
‘Atno seston in column shoul the design moment be taken as lose han that produced by considering the
deeagn ultimate esel nd er acting ata minum eosentety, en equal to 0.08 tines the overall
‘dimension ofthe column n the plate of being conndered but aot more Shan 20 an. Whore Basil
‘bending x considered it i only neseeary to ennare thatthe ecoetrist exceeds the iim about one
‘nata tine,
18.84 Deflection induced moments in slid slender columns
282.1 Design
In genera, «ero aetion maybe designd bythe methade given for a shor clus (ee $8.4) but in the
‘esign account has tobe taken ofthe adaitonal iaoment doa in the ealuaen by ia deletion.
‘The deflection ofa rectangular o izcular column under ulate conditions may be takon tobe:
o4= AAA equation 52
Ta thisexpression asthe vale obtained from Table 3.21 o,elternatvely, from oquaion 34 fom which
{he able ta derived: where Kise reduction factor tha oerect the deletion to allow for the influence of
‘tral Toe ts derived fen the following equation:
x-fi scuation 33
where Nu = 0.45, + 08Tf-Ae ncldingellowances, es appropiate fo Ya)
‘he approprint values of K my be fond tertively, taking an ntl vale of 1. Alernatvely i wl
ditional moment given by:
uation 35
os (28st Naren 205 BS 8110-1:1997
Figure 320 shows the distribution of moment assed over the height of typical braced column, I¢ may
tevassumed that she nisal moment atthe pot of maximum additional moment (ie. bear mid height of
the clus) is iven by
M,=04M,+ 068, 2 0.46, equation 36
where
1M, isthe emallor initial end moment due to design ultimate lade
1M, inthe larger initial end momeat due wo desig ultimate loads
‘Ansuming the columa i beat in double curvature, Mf should be taken as negative and Ma postive.
‘ew be sen from Figure 3.20 that the maximum design moment forth column willbe te greatest of)
eo:
OM,
DM Mase
OM, + Mls
eal.
385.3 Slender columne bent about a single asie (major oF minor)
Provided the rato of the length ofthe longer sie otha ofthe shorta side is ees than treo and that, for
foltunno bent about thet major ati ph doce nt exored 20, the additional moment maybe ealealated
‘ing equations 32 to 38 and added tthe appropriate nial moments to obtain the total desig moment,
‘Theil moment ii the maximum moment at Ue critical secon calculated for to ultimate limit.
118.34 Columne where ijk exceeds 20, bent about their major axis
In these caus the section should be designed as billy beat, with 2ero intial moment about the minor
1.8.3.5 Columne bent about their major axis
‘Where the ratio ofthe loge to the shorter side equals tee or more, the section should be designed as
‘iasnly Bent with soo sntal moment sbout the misor ate
3.8.6 Slender columns bent about both azer
‘Where the bonding ie significant about bot axe, edditional moment ae ealulated from equations 32
{9 39 forbothdietions of bending Fur each dvction bin Tablo 3.21 should be taken anf the dimension
{the column in the plane of being considered. These additonal momenta are then combined withthe
pproprate itil prments to obaus total design moments inthe two Srecuons. The eit ection
{hen designed to witutaad the design ultinete axial led, N, pls Ue total design moments i the wo
1.84.7 Unbroced structures
‘The distribution of momente assumed over the height ofan unbraced coluin is indicated in Figure 8.21.
‘Thc ediitional moment erred tin 88:81 may be anoumed to onear a whichever end of Ue coun bo
the iflor ont the additional moment tbe eter end may be reduced in proportion ote ato af the
Joist affonens at ether end. The momeat wil acs in distion such tat Ht nereeses the shoots
‘magwitude atthe crite ection 38.3.8 Deflection of unbroced columns
-Avany given lvl or storey ll unbraced columns eajeet to Intra oad are unuly constrained o delet
‘iatwaye bythe sane amount. In auch caves, az everage ultimate defection may be applied toll the
‘Solumae, Ths deflation an be teased from the lowing equation
Ee,
[After the calculation of uy any vale fy tore than twice Guy should be ignored and the average
‘ecalelated: in this ate in equation 37 ehould be reduced appropriately
3.89.9 Additional moments on members attacked 100 slender column
Whore IJhexccode 20 and either ooe or both ods ofthe column are connected monolthicall to other
Inembere (ca base slabs or brats) then theee members could be designed to withstand th eitonal
Alnign moments applied bythe eads ofthe comin edition othe ealulated using normal enalytcal
‘hth: Where there as colnae both above and below aint the Beene or slabs chould bo doigned to
‘thetand the um ofthe addtional design momonts a te ends ofthe two columns Section 3 BS 8110-1:1997
—
Endondions Int moments Adstonal msn
coun (fom arayss) moments erwlpe |
|
e mp
|
Ms
Mags ry
Mem
My a a |
|
{pms ce HR mets
Larger Mass te
rremerts ea Me Nage
PD s au eg
aa * Meas bE Mi + Maas
Ms Mss
5 Mis
cee wel BL Lees
Figure 3.20— Bence slender columns
Table 221—Valver of,
ee a a 0 a 0 a
bom — an om — aa — nas — 09m TOF aT 1 BS 8110-1:1997 Section 3
Endcondtons Inia maments—_Atonal
ot coure (from raja) moments
aa
Sir ond int Maas
eo
Less stint L |
= Maas may be reduced in
proportion fo the rato of the
[atoss of fo tas sit
tothe eter ont
Figure 3.21 —Unbraced slender columns
8.84 Design of column section for ULS
3.8.4.1 Analysis of sections
In the analysa of coluan cros-tction to determine its design ultimate resistance to moment and axial
force the ease asuapions shouldbe made ae when aaalyeing «bea (ve 3441)
8.8.42 Design charts for symmetrically reinforced columns
Design charts fr symmetrically seinforond columns ar gvea in BS 81103 They are based on Figure 2.1
fd Figure 22 ofthis coe andthe assumptions? of 3.441 Section 3 BS 8110-1:1997
58.68 Nominal eccentricity of short columns reseting moments and axial forces
Short columns sual ned only tobe designed forthe maximus design moment about the one critical
‘Where, de to the nature ofthe structure, column cannot be subjected to significant moments, itmay be
Aenigned wo that tse design ultimate axial load doce not excod the value of N given by
Ne OdfuA* 075A ation |
3.8.44 Short braced columns supporting an approximately symmetrical arrangement of beams
"The design ultimate axial loa for «short cola ofthis type may be calculated sing the folowing
uation
x
38a + 187A uation 39 |
where
1) the beams are designed for uniformly isteibuted imposed lads; and
the Beas pane donot differ by more than 15% of the longer.
28.45 Blaslal bending
‘When tie necosary to consider bianal ending apd in the absence of mor rigorous caleulations in
eordance with 8.044, symmetscallyrintreed rectangular sections may be designed to withstand 82
‘mereased moment sbout one sui ven by the folowing equations
fan a gag ay ceuton
fr anpee iy aya HEM, cut
where
Wand 9 are shown in Figur 3.22
Bathe coeticient obtained from Table 22.
3.84.6 Shear in columns
‘The design boar strength of clams may be checked in accordance with 3.45.12, For rectangular sctons
{ncompression no deck i required provided that MIN doc not exceed 0.0h nnd v docs no exceed the
{485 Deflection of olumns
[No chock ia meceaary under tho follwing conditions
«) Braced columns, Within the recommended limite of slnderness no specific check is neossay.
b) Unbraced columns, No check is normally neossay ifn the direction and atthe lovel considered the
‘verge value yh for elleolumas i bot more than 30.
©) Singiestorey construction, Where no finishes susceptible wo damage asa recut of defection are
[teouat an snbreood column within the rcommended lite of elenersoss Gee 88:18) ey be
‘onadered tobe eepenbl.
fchocks are needed, gubdance on appropriate limits i given in Section 3 of BS 81102:186, BS 8110-1:1997 Section
3.86 Crack control in columns
Crack due to bending in a column designed for design ultimate axial lod groster than 0.2/4. are
‘aliely wo occur and therefore no check is required. nore lightly loaded roku subject to bending
tthuld be eouskened as beam forthe purpose af ack contra
‘Table 8.22 — Values ofthe coefficient 5
=P pr a es [ror
Bh
bre Jos Jar Joos fos fo oo
Figure 8.22 — Blaxially bont column
n eee BS 8110-1:1997
3.9 Walls
39.1 Symbole
For the purposes of 8.9 the flowing symbols apply.
‘Ac. gros area of coneret at a crea section.
‘Ax aren of compression rinforcoment, per wat length of wall”
Additional ecsntnity due to deflection.
resultant eonenteicty of lod a ight angles tothe plane ofthe wall
ca resultant econtricty calculated atthe top ofthe wall ie 8.03.7).
fee teoulanteotentricty calculated at th botom ofthe wall (03.0.3.
fo characeriatis atrength of concrete
character strngth of compression reinforcement.
thickens ofall,
1 effective height of wall
1, lear height f wall between lateral supports.
39.2 Steuctan
stability
39.21 Overall ability
‘The slesentsofconsrucion providing lateral mability tothe structure ava whale aod not be designed io
{upon the foros sfered toe 88:28 in nation tothe other desig onda and fares.
29.2.2 Overall stabiity of multi-storey buildings
‘The overall etabity of mulh-story bulidngsabould not, n say direction depend on unbracod wals alos,
39.2. Forces in lateral aupporte
NOTE Se 1.44 dein ter erp
‘Tae supports should be able to transmit forces assumed equal in magnitude tothe sum ofthe following:
) the simple static reactions tothe sum ofthe applied domgn tate horsostel forces tthe put of =
fecorl support ad
1).2.5 of the total design imte vorticl lad that che walla caluma i desigoed to camry at
ofletersl support.
A924 Resistance to rotation of lateral supports
"This resistance sould only bo considered to exit:
1) whore both the lateral support and the braced wall are concrete walls adequately detailed to provide
bending reetaint;or
‘where presat orn sits concrete ors Grrespective ofthe direction of pen) havea bearing on atleast
‘o-thirds of the thickness of the wal or where there fa connection proving adequate bending
130.3 Design for reinforced walls
2.93.1 Axial forces
‘The design axial force in «reinforced wall may be calrulated onthe assumption that th beams and slabs
‘ransouing fre into ere siplyeupporied. ‘BS 8110-1:1997 Section 3
9.3.2 Bfective height
2.9.8.2: General
For a reinforced wall hate constructed monolihicaly withthe adjacent construction should bo
‘tacnaod ashok the wall were a olan subject to Bending at right enges to the plane of tho wal,
{lowing the procedure given in 3.8 fr columns.
9.8.22 Simply-euppored construction
Where the construction tranemitting load toa reinforced walle, ois assumed tobe, simply supported the
effective height should be noesbed ns fora plin wall
8.08 Design traneverse moments
Design transverse moments, when derived frm beams or ober construction designed to frame
‘monalithially stright anges into the wall, should be calclated using elastic aalvas, Wem construction
[Sdenigne tobe simply mspportn by the wal, the esoentrsty nay be ssaned we for plan walla (oe 8.0.4)
‘od the resultant moment calvslated Except for short braced walla laded alznoat symmetrically the
‘entry in the directa aight anges toa wall abould be taken as ote than N20, or 20 mi fess,
‘where ir the thicknen ofthe wall
A In-plane moments
Design moments in the plane of single wall due to horizoatlfrwes may be calculated from statis clove.
When a horizontal force is rested by everal walls, the proportion alloeatd to each wall should ein
ite relate store, When a sear connecton amused between veal edges of adjceat
open slate analyse maybe sod proviso the shor connection i designed to wihstand
The das foros
3.03.5 Arrangement of reinforcement for reinforced wale in tension
many part of rsnforod wall whor tension devslops under the dsign uta lads, the rnkreemen
should be aeanged in wo layere and each ner should bo in accordaace with the bar spacing rules given
iain
8.0.8.6 Stocky relnforeed walls
3.9.3.6.1 toch braced enforced walls supporting approximately eymmetrical arrangement of slabs
‘Avwallof hi type may be dosigaed in euch way that
1m 5 0.88, OStARh sumtin «2
where
‘mein the total docign axial lad on the wal ue o design ultimate loads provided the labe are
designed fra uniformly distibuted imposed loed end the spans on itor aie of tho wal donot
‘Airy sore than 155%
3.9.6.2 Woll resisting transverse moments and uniformly distributed axial forces
‘When the only esentriiy office derive rors the tranverse moaents, the design axial oad may be
‘tamed tobe sienbuted uray aloe th length ofthe wall Th eroee-scton of te wall chau be
Alecigned to rest the appropriate dasgn ulin axial lad and tranovere moment The eocunptons
‘Bade inthe analysis of team sections apply (ove 3.441)
3.9.68 Walle reiting in-plane moments ond axial ores
‘The cron. seston ofthe wal ould be designed to rest the appropiate design ultimato axial lad and
Inplane moments BS 8110-1:1997
8.9.6.4 Wolls with axial forces and significant transverse and in-plane moments
‘The efloets should be ausesrdin tee stage a allows.
‘8 nplane, Considering oly axial foros and in-plane moments, the distribution af force along the wal
{Sealulated by elastic enalsio, assuming ho tosion inthe concrete (ewe 3.8.4).
by Tranwerse. The tanaverne momenta ae calculated (te 8.9.8.8.
©) Combined. At various pint along the wall, effects a) end b) are combined and checked using the
‘sueamptons of 401
3.9.8.1 Slender reinforced walle
8.93.7: Design procedure
‘Tho ofects shouldbe assosed in stages as fellows
‘9 Inplone, Considering only axial free and in plane moments the distribution offre along the wall
{Seaislated by elie saul, asuang no venion inthe concrete (ee 8.8.3.4.
1) Tranweree The transverse moments are calculated one 8.9.3.3 and 3.93.73).
©) Combined. Becta a) and are combined and each nit length is considered as slonder column and
‘deigned ae ouch a accordance with 4
3.9.3.7. Limit of slenderness
"The alendernas ratio Ih should at exceed that given in Tebo 9.23 for the reinforcement provided.
‘Table 8.23 ~ Maximam:
ndernees ratios for reinforced walls
Wateonion elas esha TE
Bracot rene 8.105 bat Tao
[Brace [Ae given in S16 but = Tb
[Dnbracet [ae gen SBS bo =
3.03.78 Tranwerse moments
In such walla significant moments additional to those mentioned in 3.9.3.8 may be induced by lateral
defection under oad: Appropriate llowanos fr thine made by consuering euch well a lender alsin
‘tao the minor ee ve 8.8.9.1), exept ant wher alla eakred with ony one earl ayer
‘89.3.8 Deflection
39.3.8. General
‘The defection chou be within accoptable mits ifthe procding recommendation are followed.
1.93.82 Reinforced shear walls
‘The deletion of reinforced shear wale shoal be within scoptable Limite ifthe total height doesnot
‘exceed 12 tines the ene,
$.9.4 Design of plain walls
1.9.4.1 Axial forces
The design ultimate exal free ina plain wall may be cleat onthe assumption that the beams ani
slabs treneitting free into are samply supported
1.9.4.2 Bffective height of unbroced plain concrete walls
The effective hoight of unbraced pain concrete walls i given as follow:
‘9 wall supporting atta top a of e or slab epansing ght angle:
Dyother walls =21.
NOTE Faris piel, mab aed mines eee eee ae
sts BS 8110-1: Section 3
3.9.43 Byfective height of braced plain walls
‘The effctive height of braced plain walls is given a lls:
1) where any Iateral muppor resist both rotation and lateral movement
‘eae diatanee betweon latarel supports or tie the distance between
sppropsiate;
‘by wher any Iteral support resist only Iter movement, equals the dntance between centres of
‘hpport or be and «hel anesthe distance betwes a napport nai a fre ede, ee appropiate
3.044 Limite of slenderness
‘The slndernoee ratio 1h should not exseed 90 whether the walls braced or unbraced.
3.45 Minimum transverse eccentricity of forces
‘Whatever the arcangementa of vertical or horizootal foe, the resultant frc in every plain wal should
‘beeumed fo haves tranaveraecsntciy of ot eso than 20g 20 sumytn te cave of lender wall
Fthereosnticty can arte ave rou of defection under fare liming for this are even
ina faieand 39417
quale three garters ofthe
suppor and sve edge
8.9.45 Inplane ecoentricity due to forces on a single wall
Inplaneceontricity duet foros ona siglo wall maybe ealeulatd by static lone
1.9.4.7 Inplane eccentricity due to horizontal forces on two or more parallel walls
Wher horizontal fre is eset by avers wal it should be assumed tbe shared berween the walls
[E'proprton fo thea soatve sissies provided ths remltantoomntictyin any sndividua wall nt
(roster than one-third ofthe length ofthe wal: Where the scsntricity in aay Walls found to be greater
{ESn thi, the wail etiflaasehould be considered entero and un adjuatment made fothe foeas assumed
‘are bythe romaine,
19.4.8 Panels with shear connections
‘Where, ina wall «shear connections sremed betwoon vertical edge of ajacent panels, an appropriate
‘lasts analyus say be made provided the shear connection a deigned treat ub dag timate foros.
39.4.9 Eccentricity of loads from concrete floor or roof
‘The design lads may be assumed to at atone third the depth of the bering area from the Jaded face,
‘Were retest cote Briley nlf de wal te oun bcoring zea maybe nome
{oe shasedsgualy on each foo.
3.04.10 Other eccentricty-applied loads
ahold be noted that onda may be applied to wall at ocentricitine greater than half the tick
‘val through special tings (eg oat hanger)
8.9411 Inplane and transverse eccentricity of resultant force on an unbraced wall
[At eny lee ill allowance should be made forthe ecentriity of ll vial loads and th overturning
‘moments produced by any Iateral res sbove that eve
3.94.12 Tranqerse eccentricity ofreultant force on a braced wall
[At any level the tanaveres ecentriity with respect to the wal axial plane many be cleulated onthe
‘Sumption that immodntely above alter support th moultanteccenrsty all he verti Toads
‘hove that level a ra
3.94.18 Concentrated loads
‘When thee are purely lal as at beam bearing or olumn bats these maybe assumed tobe immediatly
{ispersed provided te loeal design stress under the load dose ot exeeed OS forconeetecreagth
lass 2028 ortho, or Of for lowerstengthconcrets
SF teen vray aa rt ig hy bee grr BS 8110-1:1997
9.4.14 Coleulation of design load per unit length
sign load per unit length shouldbe asses on the baia fs near ditsbution ofload along the length
of Ue wal, with 5 ellawanes fr any teoie strength
149.418 Masimum untt axial loads for stocky braced plain walls
"The meximam design ulinate axial lo per unit angth of wall due to utiete lads, ne should stil
the olbwing
he £ 03h = 26g equation «3
where
‘isthe reeultanteoonticity of load at right angle tothe plane ofthe wall (with minimum
Wale 20),
3.9.4.16 Masimum design ultimate azial load for slender braced plain walls
‘The maximum desig ultinats axial led ny ahould satisfy equation 48 andthe following
tig 5 OS(h~ L2e,~ 200 equation 44
here
tina defined in 3.9415;
© in the aditionalecontrcity due to deletions which may be taken a 12 400K where iis the
(Mlectve height of tho wal,
1.94.17 Maximum unit axial load for unbraced plain walle
"The maxisvum unit axa oad for breed plain walls sould ently the flowing:
8) my = 0.h~ 26 Yo, equation 45
Bymy 5 030A 2en2- een uation 46
where .
ie defined in 8.8416.
3.94.18 Shear strength
‘The design shear resitance of pain walle neod uot be checked ifone ofthe following conditions i ats:
1) horizontal design sbear force sles than one-quarter of design vertical loud:
by horiaootl desig shea fore i es than that required to produce an average design shear strest
‘of0Ab Nit ove the whole wall exoo-octon.
SOT Fess tah cee hn 8 a ph ep ln en 9m ah |
3.94.19 Cracking of concrete
Reinforcement may be neaded in wills to control erecking due to fexere or thermal and hydration
Shnnkage: Guidance piven ia 8940, 3.94.21, 89408 to 39.428. Wherever provided, the quantity of
‘infororment shuld be in cach diecton at oe
1) for grade 600; 025 % of the conerete crot-setona ares I
for ered 250; 0.0% of the conret com setonal area,
1.9.4.20 “Antierack” reinforcement in external platn walle
neceeary in walls (ther than no Sines concrete exceeding 2m in length and expoed to the weather,
‘iniorcement shouldbe provided in bath horizontal and vertical directions Ie should cout mall
‘actor bars, relatively closely spaced, with adequate over near the expoced eur. 3.04.21 “Antlerack” reinforcement in internal plain tral
Te may be eiiciont to provide roinfercoment oly at that part ofthe wall wher unetons with Doors and
‘beams oour When provided it should be dispersed half near exch fae
3.0.22 Reinforcement oround openings in plain walls
[Nominal riforcement shoul be considered
3.94.23 Reinforcement of plain walle for flesure
1 at any level, «length of wall greater dhan one-tenth of the total length is wubjcied to tensile stress
‘eoling from npane soentiey af the wean rex, vertical reinforcement to disebutspoteatil
{racking maybe asceeeay. I needs tobe provided only i Use aren of all ound tobe in tans wad
(design servis ada Te should be azranged in two ayers and confor tothe spacing Tle given in 3.11,
8.9.424 Deflection of plain concrete alts
94.24.1 General
“Te deflation of plain conerete walls shouldbe within acceptable miei the preceding recommendations
(of tis clause ae followed
3.94242 Shoor walle
‘The defection of plain concrete shear wall bold be within acceptable ints if to total height does not
‘ond ten tines the loge ofthe wall
3.10 Staircases
3.10.1 General
Noe fue usta stam thins fg th ted
3.10..1 Loading
Stairease shoul be devigned to support the design ultimate loads according tothe lad combinations
means,
8.10.12 Distribution of loading
1m general the desi ultimate lad eld De aatumed tobe unormlychstbuted over the plan area of @
alpen, When, hoover stance surrounding open wells inde fv eps tha intersect at Tight
‘Toros the bed onthe trea comanon to both spats tay be asd tbe divided equally between th to
‘When saicese or landings that span in the direction ofthe ight are built at loa 10 mm into walls
‘long part or all of ted lenge,» 160 sum strip adjacontto dhe wall may be deducted fom the louded ree.
8.10.18 Effective span of monolithic staircase without stringer beame
‘When the staircase is built monolithcally atts ends nto structural members spanning at right angles to
ftepam, te fective man should be ae given in equation 47:
1 +050 ho uation 4
tive
where
|h ithe clear horizontal distance between the supporting member:
hain the brondth ofthe supporting member a ons ond or 18, whichever the ese,
Aan the breadth ofthe supporting member a the other or nd 1.8m, whichover isthe lesser.
8.10.14 Byfectve span of simpl-supported staireases without stringer beams
‘The efloctivospan of simply-rappored staircases without stringer beams shouldbe taken the horizontal