INFORME DE LABORATORIO

FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA – UNIVERSIDAD UNIMINUTO

MATERIA: ARQUITECTURA DE COMPUTADORES
Fecha Septiembre del 2016

INFORME DE LABORATORIO
VIRTUAL LAPTOP
PRACTICA No. 1

Presentado Por:

GAMEZ PACAVITA YHON ANDRES, ID-493203

SAN MIGUEL ALQUICHIRE FERNANDO, ID-513534

Docente:

GERARDO MONTENEGRO
 INFORME DE LABORATORIO
FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA – UNIVERSIDAD UNIMINUTO
MATERIA: ARQUITECTURA DE COMPUTADORES
Fecha Septiembre del 2016

SUMMARY
OBJECTIVES

1.1 General Purpose

Conduct a detailed report on laptops that are used today.

1.2 Specific Objectives

• Current inquire about laptops.

• Sort computers according to their characteristics.

• Compare desktop computers (desktops) with laptops.

• Append images and graphics to facilitate the understanding of the subject,

showing, through them, the changes that have suffered these devices
over time.

• A presentation to colleagues to publicize the issue has been investigated

INTRODUCTION

With the passage of time and advancement of technology has been able to define
the types of computers that are currently used, one of the most pronounced trends
of our day it is toward mobile computing, by using so-called laptops, best known as
"Laptops" is a shortened version of a desktop computer.

They are able to perform most of the tasks performed by desktop computers, also
called "tower" with similar capacity, but its advantage is that all its components are
presented in an attractive version, a box with a digital display easily transportable, it
has also adding the ability to operate for a fixed without being connected to a mains
period.

In this paper I will try to explain the main issues about these small and light
computers.
 INFORME DE LABORATORIO
FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA – UNIVERSIDAD UNIMINUTO
MATERIA: ARQUITECTURA DE COMPUTADORES
Fecha Septiembre del 2016

Types of laptops, battery types and their importance are defined. I mention screens,
types and care. We can also see the description of the input devices and output
cards and PC slots, storage devices and processing, I present device connections
to a laptop, where I quote the various types of ports on a laptop and you can connect
them.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS

THE NOTEBOOKS

The laptop is a small, lightweight device that can take anywhere.

The laptop has a keyboard and a built-in screen. This eliminates cables to connect
these elements.

The laptops are among the few high-tech products manufactured in mass offering
customers the opportunity to choose the features that require it. The Laptops,
including those with industrial power, the smaller to carry around notebook type, and
evolving race of microlibretas, are widely popular among a lot of users who want a
computer to do it all with batteries. Experts say that now, when consumers buy a
second computer, an important point is whether it can go with them from the kitchen
to the bedroom, and from there to the edge of the pool. In fact, the remarkable
reduction in size, weight and price has caused a steady increase in the popularity of
"portable", a change that became apparent during the last six months, when sales
of desktop models decreased so drastic.

In terms of portable products, as in most of the appliances in the marketing of

electronic products offered to consumers, manufacturers are trying to exploit the
need for adaptability offering different levels of machines, designed to extend the
desire of rationality budget to a search regardless of the price of the Fastest, lighter
and sleeker. To this add details to expensive models, priced at 2,500 to $ 3,000,
offering great flexibility and graphics capabilities and are able to rival the most
capable desktop computer systems.

And they are lowering the prices of machines midlevel that just three years ago
would have cost two or three times, offering machines with processor 800
megahertz, 129 megabytes of RAM, and hard drive from 10 to 120 gigabytes, priced
from 1,300 up to $ 2,000. The powerful high memory machines are literally the dream
 INFORME DE LABORATORIO
FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA – UNIVERSIDAD UNIMINUTO
MATERIA: ARQUITECTURA DE COMPUTADORES
Fecha Septiembre del 2016

of every user of video games, and are also suitable for handling information-rich
applications, such as manipulating digital photographs or that advanced program to
burn a few CDs.

Manufacturers are also offering new models for those who just want to explore the
Internet or process some texts, for less than $ 1,000.

TYPES OF LAPTOPS

 The Notebook Computer

 Sub Notebook Computer
 Micro Computer Pocket
 The laptop

TYPES OF NOTEBOOKS

• The Notebook Computer: It weighs 6 to 8 pounds and their size is similar to a

portfolio of three rings. The notebook computer can perform the same functions as
any desktop.

• Notebook Computer Sub: Sub Notebook Computer weighs between 2 and 6

pounds. The sub notebook computers are less powerful and offer less storage
spaces and screens smaller than notebooks. This type of laptop is ideal for travelers
due to its light weight.

• The Pocket Micro Computer: A device that weighs less than 1 pound. This type
of computer is generally used as a daily organizer.

• Laptop: The computer battery (Laptop) is a laptop that weighs between 8 and 10
pounds. This guy is now obsolete since there are in the market notebook computers,
lighter and better equipped type.

BATTERIES FOR LAPTOPS

• The batteries
• The AC power adapters
• Rechargeable Batteries
• Control Charging Batteries
• Types of Batteries
• How and when to charge the battery BATTERIES OF LAPTOPS
• The laptop can run through an electrical outlet or battery.
 INFORME DE LABORATORIO
FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA – UNIVERSIDAD UNIMINUTO
MATERIA: ARQUITECTURA DE COMPUTADORES
Fecha Septiembre del 2016

• The batteries

Allow laptop use when no electrical outlets available. For r example, you can use a
laptop outside a house or a journey.

• The AC power adapters

When a laptop is powered by an electrical outlet, an adapter converts AC household

electricity in a way that the laptop can use. Some laptops have a built-in AC adapter
inside.

• Rechargeable Batteries

His lasts only a few hours, payload is possible to recharge them in a relatively short
time. Manufacturers recommend carrying an extra battery if the user operates a
portable PC while traveling, so you can work for a longer period of time.

• Control Charging Batteries

Most portable display on the screen the amount of energy available.

TYPES OF BATTERIES

• The nickel-cadmium (NiCd): These batteries can last from 1 to 1.5 hours. These
were the first batteries used in laptops, are the oldest and cheaper. NiCd batteries
suffer from memory effect, since you have to download them completely, to simply
top them up again and use its full power.

• BATTERIES Nickel Hydride (NIMH): These batteries have a payload time 1 to 2

hours. Water batteries have replaced nickel hydride batteries cadmium, almost
completely. Water batteries nickel are more expensive but less toxic, no longer suffer
from memory effect and much more durable than Hydride batteries cadmium.

• BATTERIES LITHIUM-ION: These batteries are longer lasting 2 to 3 hours and

higher production. The lithium ion batteries are the most durable but more expensive.
These do not suffer from memory effect, but take much longer to recharge the nickel
of water.
 INFORME DE LABORATORIO
FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA – UNIVERSIDAD UNIMINUTO
MATERIA: ARQUITECTURA DE COMPUTADORES
Fecha Septiembre del 2016

THE PORTABLE SCREENS

The screens of laptops are made of liquid crystal. This panel is the same type as
used in most digital watches.

Liquid crystal displays use very little electricity and weigh much less than the desktop
screens. This reduces the consumption of battery power and makes the easiest to
carry portable.

The majority of portable displays have an internal light source located at the rear or
to the side of the screen. This makes the screen easier to read in low light areas,
however this shortens charging a battery.

LCD screen used in a laptop PC, generally are less than 9 inches diagonally and
display at least 250 colors at a resolution of 640x480. The higher the resolution of
your computer, the better you will see what is on screen.

SCREEN TYPES

ACTIVE screen also called TFT (Thin Film Transistor) is the best and also the most
expensive because each of the 480,000 (800x600) or more points or pixels is
controlled independently, thus offering brighter colors and homogeneous. Also the
viewing angle is larger. In addition freshened time is less so they can be seen moving
images (animations or videos) almost like a monitor. This type of screen is
recommended for those who make presentations or want to work in bright places.

• The PASSIVE screen controls points based on a crossing horizontal and vertical
coordinates. They are much cheaper, but quality is lost in the picture and video are
 INFORME DE LABORATORIO
FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA – UNIVERSIDAD UNIMINUTO
MATERIA: ARQUITECTURA DE COMPUTADORES
Fecha Septiembre del 2016

a bit fuzzy because an image has not disappeared completely when longer appears
the next. This type of screen has been replaced by the next 2.

• The DualScan or DSTN displays are passive displays improved which has been
divided control of the image into two parts: Upper and Lower, so it is normal to see
a horizontal line at half screen resulting from the junction of the two parts. This screen
is economical and is recommended for those who will work on word processor or
spreadsheet in an environment of office lighting.

• The screens HPA (high performance adressing) are more advanced than DualScan
passive displays.

SLOTS AND CARDS PC

• Slots PC
• PC Cards
• Types of PC Cards

SLOTS PC

These slots serve to accommodate the network card or for connecting accessories
such as cards used in digital cameras.

The slots are handled PC types that relate to the thickness of the device. Type II
slots are for thin cards and Type III for thicker cards.

It is important to know that if a computer has two slots type II, is like automatically
have a type III because when entering a card that is thicker than one of the slots will
use the two Type II slots.

PC CARDS

The PC card is like a credit card, which allows you to add new elements to your
laptop device.

Adding new elements to a portable adds weight and takes up space. To solve this
problem the International Association of Personal Computer Memory (PCMCIA) has
designed the PC card, to add new items to laptops. A PC card is also called the card
PMCIA

A PC card allows you to add new items like these to your notebook:

• Capacity Modulator Demodulator (Modem)

 INFORME DE LABORATORIO
FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA – UNIVERSIDAD UNIMINUTO
MATERIA: ARQUITECTURA DE COMPUTADORES
Fecha Septiembre del 2016

• Network Capabilities
• Additional hard disk space
• Quality sound with Digital

We can insert a PC card into a PC slot. The majority of laptops have two receptacles
that accept PC cards.

This allows you to insert:

• Two cards type I, or

• Two Type II cards, or
• A type III card.

PC CARDS TYPES

Type I: 3.3 mm thick, this PC card is used to add memory to the notebook.

Type II: From 5.0 mm thick this PC card is used to add capacity portable Moden,
network capabilities and digital quality sound.

Type III: 10.5 mm thick, this PC card is used to add larger devices such as
removable hard disk drives.

Some PC cards contain multiple functions. A simple PC card can provide, such as
digital audio and modem capabilities.

The Type I cards initially were used to add memory, but they are being replaced by
new Flash memory cards (size type II) that can store images from a digital camera,
these cards can be inserted into a laptop to make data transfer easier.

Most PC Cards are Type II size, the most popular devices are modems and network
cards. Type II cards are also used as an interface to external peripherals, these
cards are connected to a cable, just the card to the laptop is inserted to establish the
connection.

Ethernet Type II adapters are also available with the interface allowing easier
corporate infrastructure.

The first interface PCMCIA (still in use) has a data bus I / S of 16 bits. As technology
advanced developing an interface PCMCIA 32-bit CardBus call. The CardBus cards
are not working on a 32-bit slot, but can not take advantage of the benefits of the
 INFORME DE LABORATORIO
FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA – UNIVERSIDAD UNIMINUTO
MATERIA: ARQUITECTURA DE COMPUTADORES
Fecha Septiembre del 2016

new interface. The CardBus card provides better energy storage and runs at 3.3
volts instead of 5 volts if 16-bit card is used.

STORAGE DEVICES

• The Hard Disk Drive

• The unit Diskettes
• The CD-ROM

It is the primary device that a laptop used to store programs and information. Buy
the disc drive larger than this at your fingertips. New programs and information fill
the hard drive quickly. Most laptops must have at least one storage space capacity
of 10GB.

Hard drives contain metal discs or plates reinforced with a magnetized cover. When
disks are working, the read-write heads move to the center of the disc and return,
magnetizing the surface, and storing as data zeros and ones. The more disks have
greater storage capacity. Each disc has its own read-write heads. The data is stored
in concentric tracks, which are divided into sectors.

Vertical arrangements tracks are called cylinders. Speed to access and retrieve data
from a portable depends on the rotation of the disks, the average interphase search
and data transmission time. The rotation time is the time it takes the drive to find the
right disk sector to rotate under their respective head. The faster you turn the dial,
the less time waiting.

Recovery time data is similar in most notebooks that their discs rotate at similar
speeds (4,800 rpm on average). The average search time depends on the time it
takes to read-write head to move to the correct position on the right track. The search
time is about 12 milliseconds in a laptop, where the positions of the read and write
heads are more critical than on a desktop. The data transfer interface in most
notebook works with a protocol of direct memory access (Direct Memory Access,
DMA) which allows a maximum transfer rate of 16.6MB / sec. A new interface called
Ultra-DMA doubles this speed. As hard drives in laptops have many oscillations, the
manufacturers have to agregarles protective hard drives and computers themselves.

Now, they have built new hard drives that support high capacities, such as disks IBM
Travel Star. These discs overcame the barrier of 3.6GB per square inch in each of
its 2.5-inch hard drives. Discs 12, 15, 18, 20 and up to 32GB can be installed in the
latest models of notebooks due to the architecture supported by the Pentium II.
 INFORME DE LABORATORIO
FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA – UNIVERSIDAD UNIMINUTO
MATERIA: ARQUITECTURA DE COMPUTADORES
Fecha Septiembre del 2016

Some not so new notebooks (Pentium, Pentium MMX, etc.) can support hard drives
up to 10GB to 12GB using a controller that is installed on the disk (software) allowing
to recognize those capabilities, but several partitions or logical drives.

DISKETTE UNIT

The reading unit floppy disk, floppy, or diskette usually comes built into the computer.
Some models handle this unit separately. The drawbacks are that the handle and
requires greater care unit and is in danger of going astray.

THE CD-ROM UNITED

The unit reading CD, CD-ROM, like the floppy, can come integrated into the
computer or not; also it requires the same care as a floppy drive separately from the
computer.

PROCESSING

• Processors
• The memory

PROCESSORS

The central processing unit (CPU) is the most important circuit of a laptop. This
performs computations and processing instructions.

As you descend into the chart, the execution of the CPU and its cost increases. His
final decision depends on your budget and the use you will give.

Few manufacturers specify if the notebook contains a special processor for laptop
or desktop chip. There is a big difference between these two types of processors in
their performance and how they manage energy. Generally, a processor for desktop
is long, warm and consumes a lot of energy. Designed to take advantage of the
cooling fan, power output and the available space on PCs, ceramic chips run better
on desktop computers. A processor for portable or (TCP), is designed to fit between
the small spaces in a notebook.

TCP measure only 29mm and processors are as thin as a dime, while a standard
processor measures 49mm and is five times thicker. TCP processors 1 gram are
much lighter than 55 grams chips for desktops. TCP chips in minimizing possible
because they are delineated on a piece of membrane or small and thin ribbon. Pins
 INFORME DE LABORATORIO
FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA – UNIVERSIDAD UNIMINUTO
MATERIA: ARQUITECTURA DE COMPUTADORES
Fecha Septiembre del 2016

that connect to the membrane transistors are soldered directly to the motherboard
or a card MMO.

Energy is an additional problem and management of data traffic has to be monitored

more carefully. For these reasons, the performance of desktop chips in portable type
leaves much to be desired. Furthermore, because the ceramic chips use more power
and require fans, these downloading faster processors for portable batteries. To
correct this development cards for Intel processors MMO (Mobile Modules
Operation) in its Pentium II and III processors.

TCP is the heart of Tillamook, the first processor based on 0.25 micron technology,
and uses less than 2 volts. The MMO also contains a pair of L2 cache controllers
and the system controller chipset. AMD has also dabbled in making their mobile K6
processors. Faster than a Pentium MMX, the K6 standard is able to confront the
most powerful chip. But of course, the fastest chip in a laptop is the Mobile Pentium
III, although the economic family Intel Celeron processors are also handled.

Differences roughly between a Celeron and a Pentium processor is that the first is
focused on who first acquires a computer, performs basic operations such as email,
word processing and Web browsing, whereas the Pentium allows more experienced
in the area of technology download images or heavy graphics and more complex
applications various users.

The new Intel Mobile Pentium III processor is the fastest, small and flexible that
exists today, this includes Speed Step technology. It operates at speeds up to 750
MHz using this technology. Speed Step technology with your laptop running
business applications and more complex Internet with a speed almost similar to its
counterpart from a desktop. When the notebook battery works, the speed is reduced
from 750 to 500MHz to increase battery life. When connected to the energy resumes
its speed. In addition, these already have 0.18-micron technology, enabling lighter
and less power consumption portable.

THE MEMORY

Computers need to store data temporarily for use in certain applications. This is
through two types of memory, cache and system. Both types of RAM and internal
capacitor depend transistors that store binary values of zeros and ones, and both
are volatile, which means that the data stored in them disappear time computer is
turned off.
 INFORME DE LABORATORIO
FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA – UNIVERSIDAD UNIMINUTO
MATERIA: ARQUITECTURA DE COMPUTADORES
Fecha Septiembre del 2016

Flash memory is a type of rewritable nonvolatile solid state functions either as a hard
disk or memory. This means that the data is stored in memory cells, DRAM type, but
also works as hard as when the computer is turned off, the data remains. Currently,
uses Flash Memory are rapidly increasing in digital cameras, Portable Digital
Assistants, digital music players or cell phones.

RAM cache is an intelligent buffer that uses an algorithm to store data that can be
used at any time, especially frequently used instructions. L1 cache (Level 1) is
located on the processor, while the L2 cache (Level 2) is external and is used to
store other less important data L1. L2 cache is less selective and must be greater
(256K or 512K) in recent laptops. However in Intel PIII processors and MMO is built
into the card.

It is also important to have a good amount of RAM in the system. If you do not have
a good amount of RAM, Windows will use the hard drive as virtual memory, which
makes it slower. Windows 95 to run smoothly is a good idea to install 32MB of RAM
and 48MB for Windows NT at least. There are several types of memory in notebooks
today. The memories EDO (Extended Data Out) were developed to take advantage
of the Pentium processor speeds. More recently, there emerged a faster memory
EDO DRAM (Dynamic RAM EDO). Now, the fastest memory available is SDRAM,
which can transmit data each clock cycle (22% faster than EDO DRAM).

CONNECTIONS

• Connections to a Portable Device

• The Port Monitor

It is where a monitor is connected normal size.

• The Parallel Port

the printer or the tape drive is connected.

• The Serial port

It is where we connect the scanner, the modem or mouse.

• The Port PS / 2

Connect a full-size keyboard or a mouse.

 INFORME DE LABORATORIO
FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA – UNIVERSIDAD UNIMINUTO
MATERIA: ARQUITECTURA DE COMPUTADORES
Fecha Septiembre del 2016

• The Port Replicator Ports

Connects to a port replicator

• USB port

The Universal Serial Bus (USB) is one of the most efficient ways to add external
devices to a laptop. Virtually all new laptops have one or two USB ports.

The USB allows daisy chain up to 127 peripherals. If you do not want to have a big
chain or your device does not have enough ports can obtain a USB hub with a USB
input and multiple outputs. Some monitors are manufactured for USB hubs, but the
video signals can not be sent through a USB port, therefore require a VGA cable.

The USB provides power for most peripherals, greatly reducing the amount of
voltage adapters. Some USB devices like printers require separate streams of
energy. Does not require restarting the computer after connecting or disconnecting
a device, this is called "hot-swapping".

Once a USB device, peripherals can be connected at any time, Windows will
automatically detect the connected. It should be noted that from Windows 98 Second
Edition these devices can be supported on computers.

The bandwidth of USB, allows the use of two types of devices: low speed devices
(keyboards, mice, etc.) to 1.5 Mbps and high speed devices (cameras, scanners) to
12Mbps. This is an amazing speed purchased with the typical serial port (115 kbps).
Obviously, this speed of 12 Mbps is shared, which means it is not possible to have
two scanners simultaneously transmitting data at that speed.

• The Infrared port

To transmit binary digital data via an infrared beam of light (IR), the data must be
modulated before.

The computer sends data to an IR transmitter and its internal decoder represents
each zero with an electric pulse and a pulseless. These pulses are sent to infrared
transmitter, which transmits through the air like a wave infrared energy (IR). A
transmitter / receiver IR on another machine can receive the pulsations through a
photo sensitive IR sensor and convert binary ones and zeros to a decoder
completing the transfer.
 INFORME DE LABORATORIO
FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA – UNIVERSIDAD UNIMINUTO
MATERIA: ARQUITECTURA DE COMPUTADORES
Fecha Septiembre del 2016

The protocol used for this type of transfer is called Infrared Link Access Protocol
(IrLAP), which consists of two transmitters / receivers to establish a link, maintaining
communication between them and avoiding both devices try to communicate
simultaneously.

The IrLAP protocol was established by the Infrared Data Association (IrDA), its
standard 1.0 allows IrLAP transmit data to a range of 115 kbps. The IrDA 1.0 is being
replaced by 1.1 or IrDA Fast Infrared (FIR), which operates at a speed of 4Mbps
(about 35 times faster). The most popular use of the IR port is for transmitting files
from one machine to another. Windows 95 has the basic drivers of IR that allow a
direct cable connection (somewhat tedious) without cables, but it is much easier to
get a file transfer program. For transfers between notebooks and desktops it is also
required an infrared adapter for the PC. This device comes as a PCI card, which
stands outside an IR device. Some printers include IR transmitters, or they can be
added, enabling wireless printing. Also, existing network connections that allow
infrared wireless network connections.

• Base Stations

For some laptops may be the ideal replacement for desktop computers. If you do not
need a super-powerful computer, a laptop is an affordable option for mobile or
stationary users. So you do not waste time plugging and unplugging your notebook
peripheral ports such as mouse, printer or monitor, use a port replicator, mini dock,
or base stations is good choice.

The port replicators (port replicators) and mini docks contain the exact ports that
you can find on a laptop. This small rectangle can be permanently connected to the
peripheral ports and when you want to connect your laptop only connects to the port
replicator. This protects fragile port connectors typical of a portable normal use to
connect and disconnect repeatedly.

The complete base stations can be more complex than port replicators; add some
powerful speakers, additional ports E / S, additional units such as CD-ROM, DVD-
ROM, floppy drives and expansion ports. Although more expensive than port
replicators, for its additional features worth investing in them.

If your laptop does not have an option for available base stations, you can get a
universal base station. These work through a PCMCIA interface, which connects
and immediately added to the system and peripheral units connected to the base
station.
 INFORME DE LABORATORIO
FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA – UNIVERSIDAD UNIMINUTO
MATERIA: ARQUITECTURA DE COMPUTADORES
Fecha Septiembre del 2016

The need for base stations tends to disappear, since the PC cards offer a simpler to
extend the training computer manner.

ATTACHMENTS

COMPARISON CHART

SPEED
NUMBER
OF USERS PRICE
CATEGORY SIZE SPEED ONLINE RANGE

Varios
millones
Miles de Miles de en
Supercomputadora Cuarto completo MIPS usuarios adelante

Macrocomputadoras Cientos a $300,000

Cuarto parcial o Cientos Miles de a varios
“Mainframe” completo de MIPS usuarios millones

$15,000
a varios
cientos
De pequeño a Cientos 2 a 4,000 de miles
Minicomputadora archivo grande de MIPS usuarios de $

De escritorio
a archivo 25 a 200 2 a 1,000 $5,000 a
Estación de Trabajo pequeño MIPS usuarios $150,000

Cientos
a Miles
De mano a 1 a 100 de
Microcomputadora escritorio MIPS un usuario dólares
 INFORME DE LABORATORIO
FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA – UNIVERSIDAD UNIMINUTO
MATERIA: ARQUITECTURA DE COMPUTADORES
Fecha Septiembre del 2016

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

DIFFERENCES TYPES OF LAPTOPS

 INFORME DE LABORATORIO
FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA – UNIVERSIDAD UNIMINUTO
MATERIA: ARQUITECTURA DE COMPUTADORES
Fecha Septiembre del 2016

PARTS OF A LAPTOP

PORTS
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FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA – UNIVERSIDAD UNIMINUTO
MATERIA: ARQUITECTURA DE COMPUTADORES
Fecha Septiembre del 2016

CONCLUSIÓN

Nobody wants to go through life carrying a desktop computer, so Adam Osborne

created the first lightweight laptop, a small device that can be carried anywhere. The
processor is the brain of the computer so the better it is, so is the response speed of
the computer.

Since the screen of a laptop is made of liquid crystal as it weighs much less than the
material used for desktop screens. We have to take into account that these screens
are delicate and very expensive replacement, so it is advisable not to lean or put
heavy objects on it.

Batteries are very important as they allow you to use the laptop when no electrical
outlets available. There are several types of pointing devices for laptops such as: the
pointing stick, mouse ball guide, touch pad and you can connect the mouse we all
know even that is not very convenient for travel.

It is important to know that the addition of new elements to a portable adds weight
and takes up space. So the "PC Card" was designed. This card takes up little space
as it is similar to a credit card and is very useful because it allows us to add several
items at once.

At this time, computers have been adapted to almost every aspect of modern life.
From controlling automobile engines to buy in supermarkets. Increasingly fast and
new machines are created. Although these technologies are the latest are the old
machines of the future.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

To carry out this work we have come to various Internet sources to gather current
information, since several copies printed bibliographic us not provided.
Also, they have detailed each of the laptops currently used, as well as those no
longer also have made some classifications use of laptops according to their
characteristics, and have attached graphics.
We hope that having read our work has enriched their knowledge about computer
as well as ours.
 INFORME DE LABORATORIO
FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA – UNIVERSIDAD UNIMINUTO
MATERIA: ARQUITECTURA DE COMPUTADORES
Fecha Septiembre del 2016

REFERENCES

 http://2cva.org.ve/historia/index.html
 http://www.iacvt.com.ar/osborne.htm
 http://www.monografias.com
 http://www.portatiles.itesm.mx/cportatil.html
 http://www.sololaptops.com/shop.asp
 Trejos Hermanos Sucesores, S.A. Computadoras Guía Visual, 2da. Edición.
1995
 http://www.informaticamoderna.com/Notebook.htm
 http://www.si-forma.net/cursos/introduccion-a-la-informatica-la-
computadora/
 http://es.slideshare.net/maria_piscoya/computadoras-portatiles-13080265
 http://www.ehowenespanol.com/descripcion-computadoras-escritorio-
portatiles-info_226308/
 http://herramientas-1b.blogspot.com.co/2011/10/definicion-de-
computadoras-portatile.html
 http://mantenimientodelmar.blogspot.com.co/p/partes-de-un-computador-
portatil.html
 https://computerdatasystem.wordpress.com/diferencias-entre-pc-de-
escritorio-portatil-y-minilaptop/