See

discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260626475

Effect of Slot-and-Pole Combination on the

Leakage Inductance and the Performance of
Tooth-Coil Permanent-Magnet...

Article in IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics · October 2013

DOI: 10.1109/TIE.2012.2216246

CITATIONS READS

30 171

3 authors:

Pavel Ponomarev Pia Lindh

VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Lappeenranta University of Technology
33 PUBLICATIONS 130 CITATIONS 42 PUBLICATIONS 149 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

J. Pyrhönen
Lappeenranta University of Technology
339 PUBLICATIONS 2,453 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE

All content following this page was uploaded by Pia Lindh on 13 January 2015.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. All in-text references underlined in blue
are linked to publications on ResearchGate, letting you access and read them immediately.
 Effect of Slot and Pole Combination on the
Leakage Inductance and the Performance of
Tooth-Coil Permanent-Magnet Synchronous
Machines
Pavel Ponomarev, Member, IEEE, Pia Lindh, Juha Pyrhönen Member, IEEE

Because of their typically high synchronous inductance Ls,

Abstract — The influence of slot and pole number that consists of magnetizing inductance Lm and stator leakage
combinations on the leakage inductance of double-layer inductance L
fractional slot concentrated non-overlapping winding (i.e. tooth-
coil winding) permanent magnet synchronous machines is
studied. A Fourier-analysis-based method for calculating the
Ls Lm L (1)
harmonic air-gap leakage inductance applied to the current
linkage waveform (winding function) in the air gap is suggested. with big proportion of stator leakage inductance, the field
Different slot and pole combinations are considered and their weakening properties of these machines can be regarded as
influence, especially, on the air gap leakage inductance is good [4], which is very important in applications requiring a
indicated. In tooth-coil machines the air gap harmonic leakage
wide constant power speed range. A low characteristic current
can have a surprisingly large impact on the machine
performance. Ich is achieved because of the high synchronous inductance

Index Terms — Air gap harmonic leakage, electrical machine, I ch PM , (2)

fractional slot concentrated non-overlapping winding, leakage Ls
inductance, tooth-coil winding, winding factor.
where PM is the flux linkage of the permanent magnets.
The leakage inductance L of non-skewed machines is
I. INTRODUCTION
calculated according to

F RACTIONAL slot concentrated non-overlapping winding

permanent-magnet synchronous machines, simply tooth-
L Lew Lu Ld L , (3)

coil PMSMs (TC-PMSM), are gaining popularity. The

where Lew is the end winding leakage inductance; Lu is the
advantages of this type of electrical machines are discussed
slot leakage inductance; Ld is the tooth tip leakage inductance
widely in the literature [1]. Especially, advantageous
and L is the air gap leakage inductance.
machines are TC-PMSMs with double layer winding
The first three components of the leakage inductance –
configurations due to their very short end windings and
Lew, Lu and Ld – result from the slot dimensions, number of
almost sinusoidal back-EMF waveforms [2, 3].
conductors in a slot zQ and the end winding construction of
The design of these machines is, however, more
the machine [5]. These components can be altered by
complicated than the design of traditional integer slot
changing the mechanical parameters (especially the slot
winding machines and confusion in adapting traditional
dimensions) of the machine assembly. Having very short end
design methods is obvious.
windings, the end winding leakage Lew in tooth-coil machines
is inherently low. The slot leakage inductance Lu is affected
Manuscript received March 6, 2012. Accepted for publication August 14,
2012.
by altering the slot aspect ratio and slot opening – the deeper
Copyright © 2012 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. the slot is, the higher will be the resulting slot leakage
However, permission to use this material for any other purposes must be inductance. The tooth tip leakage inductance Ld is reduced
obtained from the IEEE by sending a request to pubs-permissions@ieee.org.
Pavel Ponomarev, Pia Lindh and Juha Pyrhönen are with Laboratory of with reduced air gap height and widening the slot opening.
Electrical Drives Technology, Lappeenranta University of Technology, 53850 Therefore, these three components constitute constructional
Lappeenranta, Finland (e-mail: pavel.ponomarev@lut.fi; pia.lindh@lut.fi;
juha.pyrhonen@lut.fi).
leakage inductance
The research introduced in this paper has been carried out as a part of the
EFFIMA (Energy and Life Cycle Cost Efficient Machines) – program of the L c L ew Lu Ld . (4)
FIMECC (Finnish Metals and Engineering Competence Cluster).
 The last component in (3) – the air gap leakage B. Winding Function
inductance L – is a result of the winding-created current
linkage harmonic content of a particular slot and pole From the synthesized winding layout the normalized
configuration caused by the geometric nature of the windings. current linkage generated by a stator phase winding can be
This component is proportional to the magnetizing easily constructed. Current I, flowing in the stator phase
inductance [5]. Normally, this component is significant only winding, creates a linear current density A on the slot
in very small air gap machines, such as induction machines. openings
In integer slot winding permanent magnet machines the
proportion of the air gap leakage is almost insignificant. zQ I
A , (6)
However, in tooth-coil machines its effect can be high as will b1
be shown in the following.
The relative ratio between Lm and L remains the same for where b1 is the slot opening width. Due to the slotting, the
a given slot and pole combination regardless the mechanical linear current density is constant along the slot opening and
parameters while the machine is not saturated. This ratio is the current linkage changes linearly at the opening. Without
called the air gap leakage factor . losing too much accuracy, for simplicity, the slot openings are
assumed infinitesimal in this paper. The integral of the linear
L Lm . (5) current density along the stator bore gives a stepped current
linkage ( ) waveform
In this paper the leakage factors for the air gap leakage
inductance are calculated for different slot and pole A d . (7)
configurations. Only double-layer windings are considered in
the examples of this paper; however, the described methods where is the mechanical angle in the stator bore.
are valid also for single layer windings. Examples are given Figure 2 illustrates the single-phase current linkages
for radial flux machines, but the results should be applicable (winding functions) for five different machines 18/16, 9/8,
for axial flux machines as well. The effect of the harmonic air 6/16, 12/10 and 9/10. The horizontal axis shows the
gap leakage on the pull out torque is discussed. FEM mechanical angle of the stator bore . The vertical axis shows
simulations and experimental measurements are used to the normalized current linkage in Ampere-turns generated
confirm the results. by a phase winding with single-turn coils with 1 A current.

II. WINDING FUNCTION ANALYSIS Winding Function of 18/16 machine

A. Winding Synthesis 1
, [At]

0
The synthesis of tooth-coil windings is described in [6]. A
design for an 18/16 machine is shown in Figure 1.
-1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6
,[rad]
Winding Function of 9/8 machine

1
, [At]

-1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6
,[rad]
Winding Function of 6/16 machine

1
, [At]

-1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6
,[rad]
Figure 1. 18/16 machine layout.
 Winding Function of 12/10 machine Defining the operating spatial current linkage harmonic is
1 the next task. When the base winding of a tooth-coil machine
has been found, the operating harmonic of the machine will
, [At]

0 be the denominator divided by two – the number of the base

machine pole pairs p’. The operating harmonic of the 9/8-
-1 machine is the fourth one and the operating harmonics of
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 both 12/10 and 9/10 machines are the fifth ones. The 6/16
,[rad] machine is a duplicated machine and 3/8 should be its base
Winding Function of 9/10 machine
machine type operating by the fourth harmonic. From here
1 the analysis is performed using the base machine notation.
, [At]

0 C. Spatial Harmonics
-1
The current linkage harmonics of one phase are spatial
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 harmonics stationary in space and pulsating in time with the
,[rad]
Figure 2. Single-phase winding functions of 18/16, 9/8, 6/16, 12/10 and 9/10
alternating current. Spatial winding current linkage
machines. harmonics can be easily extracted from the winding function
by
The slotting effect and possible skewing can also be easily
taken into account in the winding functions – then the FFT( ( )) ,
h abs (8)
winding function will have a trapezoidal waveform instead of n
rectangular one (see [5], Figure 7.8) and spectrum of the
winding function will change a bit, but sub-harmonics will be where ( ) is the normalized winding function; n is the
still significant. Often tooth-coil winding machines are, number of samples of the winding function.
however, built non-skewed, because it is normally possible to Figure 3 shows the harmonic contents for the 9/8, 3/8,
achieve sinusoidal voltages and smooth torque without 12/10 and 9/10 base machines obtained from their base
skewing. The slotting effect and skewing are not considered winding functions by Fourier decomposition.
here for simplicity. Winding Harmonic Spectrum of 9/8 machine
0.25
When considering the mathematical treatment of the
winding functions we have to use the base winding approach.
When expressing the machine as a fraction of the number of 0.2

slots and poles (Qs/(2p) e.g. 12/10), in case of three-phase

tooth-coil machines, the base winding is the one resulting in a 0.15
Ampere-turns

fraction given by the smallest numerator divisible by three

and denominator divisible by two. As a result we observe that 0.1

the 18/16 machine has two base windings in series and the
9/8 machine is the base machine for this type. Such a base 0.05
machine, however, does not have symmetrical division of the
windings on the whole perimeter of the air gap, and, as a
0
result, there will be a high magnetic pull in the machine [7]. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Spatial harmonic order. The synchronous harmonic is =4
Therefore, a practical machine using this base winding type
Winding Harmonic Spectrum of 3/8 machine
should be a duplicated version – 18/16. 0.35

The winding functions, therefore, allow assessment of the

0.3
radial magnetic pull. As can be seen in Figure 2, the 9/8- and
9/10-configurations have only one sector (in 2 ) where the 0.25

current linkage of a certain phase is generated. In this sector a

Ampere-turns

strong magnetic pull between the stator and the rotor can 0.2

exist when the current is flowing in the winding. Other 0.15

configurations have periodicities where similar current
linkage sectors are shifted by radians balancing the possible 0.1

radial forces. The magnetic pull of those sections will

0.05
compensate each other and the rotor will be subjected to zero
net radial force. Instead of a 9/10-machine an 18/20-machine 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
should be built in practice. Spatial harmonic order. The synchronous harmonic is =4
 0.25
Winding Harmonic Spectrum of 12/10 machine D. Harmonic Winding Factors

The performance of a TC-PMSM is directly proportional

0.2
to the synchronous current linkage harmonic winding factor
[8]. Traditionally, the winding factors for the current linkage
0.15
harmonics are calculated using the star of slot EMF phasors
Ampere-turns

[5]. However, in this section, it is shown that using Fourier

0.1
decomposition of the winding function, the winding factors
for all spatial harmonics can be obtained without unwieldy
0.05 calculations. From the harmonic spectra the winding factors
kwv are derived for each spatial current linkage harmonic
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Spatial harmonic order. The synchronous harmonic is =5 hv , (9)
k wv
w hv
Winding Harmonic Spectrum of 9/10 machine
0.25
where hv is the amplitude of the vth spatial harmonic; v is the
0.2
spatial harmonic order; whv is the weight of the vth harmonic.
The harmonic weight whv is the current linkage created by
a hypothetical phase winding, consisting of a single coil with
0.15
the span equal to the vth harmonic pole pitch, with the same
Ampere-turns

total number of ampere-turns as in the normalized winding

0.1
[9]

2
0.05
2 2 2 max s Qs , (10)
w hv ( )
v 0
v 2 vm
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Spatial harmonic order. The synchronous harmonic is =5
where Qs is the number of stator slots of the base winding; m
Figure 3. Harmonic spectra of 9/8, 3/8, 12/10 and 9/10 base machines.
is the number of phases; s = Qs/m is the number of slots per
phase; max is the current linkage of one coil (for normalized
It can be noticed that in TC-PMSM the operating spatial winding function max = 1). Therefore, the winding factor of
current linkage harmonic is often not the first one which the vth spatial harmonic can be expressed as
appears in the winding function spectrum. Harmonics, which
have ordinals lower than operating (synchronous, v = p’) hv m . (11)
k wv hv v
ordinal, are called sub-harmonics. In this presentation they w hv Qs
have integer ordinals instead of fractions which have been
seen in the literature, too. Figure 4 shows the winding factors of the first significant
The winding function harmonic spectra are, naturally, the harmonics in the current linkage spectra.
same for 9/8- and 9/10- machines. This is due to the same
stator winding configurations of those machines. However, Harmonic Winding Factors of 9/8 machine
1
the operating synchronous harmonics are different. The 9/8-
0.9
machine has the 4th harmonic as the synchronous harmonic,
X=4
Y = 0.945

whereas, the 9/10-machine operates at the 5th spatial 0.8

harmonic. The role of sub-harmonics for the 9/10 machine is 0.7

higher than for the 9/8 machine. It can be expected that the 0.6
Winding Factor

air-gap harmonic leakage inductance and the rotor losses are 0.5

higher for the 9/10 machine. 0.4

At high operating currents the saturation phenomenon 0.3
will decrease the effect of sub-harmonics and air-gap
0.2
harmonic leakage inductance will be somewhat lower.
0.1
However, the influence of saturation on the harmonic leakage
inductance is beyond the scope of this paper. 0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Spatial harmonic order. The synchronous harmonic is =4
 Harmonic Winding Factors of 3/8 machine III. LEAKAGE FACTORS
0.9

X=4
0.8 Y = 0.866
The air gap harmonic leakage factor of the air gap
0.7
inductance for traditional distributed winding integer slot
0.6 machines is calculated by [5]
Winding Factor

0.5
2
0.4 v
k wv
0.3 , (12)
v v k w1
0.2 v 1
0.1

0 where kw1 is the winding factor of the working synchronous

0 5 10 15 20 25
Spatial harmonic order. The synchronous harmonic is =4 harmonic (for integer slot machines kwsyn = kw1); kwv is the
winding factor of the vth spatial harmonic; v is the spatial
Harmonic Winding Factors of 12/10 machine harmonic ordinal. In integer slot distributed winding
1
machines the winding function has a waveform close to a
0.9 X=5
Y = 0.933
sinusoidal form and the velocity of the current linkage
0.8
fundamental corresponds to the fundamental electrical
0.7 frequency.
0.6 TC-PMSMs have discrete positions of coils and the
Winding Factor

0.5 current linkage waveform in TC-PMSMs is very far from

0.4 sinusoidal. The machine often operates at higher order
0.3
harmonic than the fundamental. Equation (12), when applied
to TC-PMSMs, in order to take into account the sub-
0.2
harmonics and scale the harmonic leakage effect to the
0.1
operating harmonic magnetizing inductance (i.e. making (5)
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 valid for TC-PMSMs), should be changed to
Spatial harmonic order. The synchronous harmonic is =5

2
Harmonic Winding Factors of 9/10 machine
v
k
1 p ' wv , (13)
0.9 X= 5 v 1 v k wp
Y = 0.945 v p'
0.8

0.7
where kwv is the winding factor of the vth spatial harmonic
0.6
(the synchronous harmonic has the ordinal v = p’ defined by
Winding Factor

0.5 the pole pair number of the base machine). The term v = p’
0.4 represents the synchronous harmonic, and thus, the
0.3 magnetizing inductance Lm component. The phase inductance
0.2
can be expressed as
0.1

0
Ls Lm L L c Lm (1 ) L c, (14)
0 5 10 15 20 25
Spatial harmonic order. The synchronous harmonic is =5
2
v
k
Figure 4. Harmonic winding factors of 9/8, 3/8, 12/10 and 9/10 base Ls Lm p ' wv L c. (15)
machines.
v 1 v k wp
In Figures 3 and 4 it can be noticed that for the 3/8-
machine (and, consequently, 6/16) the role of sub-harmonics In TC-PMSM the phases are magnetically decoupled. The
(the ones having lower ordinal than the operating harmonic) mutual inductance between phases does not exist if the
is very high. The winding factors of sub-harmonics are high. slotting effect is neglected [10]. However, practically, there is
The air gap harmonic leakage inductance of such a machine some coupling due to the constructional leakage component
will dominate. L c (especially for double-layer windings) [11], but this
coupling has no effect on the air-gap leakage flux and can be
evaluated practically only by FEM.
 In integer slot distributed windings the air gap leakage whereas, the last component cannot be avoided without
factors are smaller than 0.1 [5]. Whereas, the tooth-coil significant machine performance loss or special modification
machines, due to their higher harmonic content, have air gap of the rotor [13]. High harmonic content increases the eddy-
leakage factors often even higher than 1. In these machines currents in PMs and iron losses in the laminations. It should
the air gap harmonic leakage component is dominating. be carefully taken into account when designing a TC-PMSM.
Table I shows the synchronous winding factors and the air Figure 5 shows as an example a 12/10 machine 3-phase
gap harmonic leakage factors for different slot and pole winding current linkage waveform at the moment when phase
combinations of double-layer TC-PMSMs. The first 1000 U caries current with magnitude of 1 A and phases V and W
carry currents 0.5 A. The spectrum of this waveform is
spatial harmonics are taken into account, because higher
illustrated in Figure 6.
order harmonics have minor influence on the leakage factor.
The winding factors and harmonic leakage factors are the Instantaneous Current Linkage of 12/10 machine
same for all machines having the same base machine.
1
T ABLE I

, [At]
HARMONIC AIR GAP LEAKAGE FACTORS
0
2p 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Qs -1

6 q 1/2 1/ 4 1/5 1/7 1/8 1 / 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

kw_syn 0.866 0.866 0.5 0.5 0.866 0.866 ,[rad]
0.462 4.85 40.1 79.6 22.4 35.5
9 q 1/2 3 / 8 3 / 10 1 / 4 3 / 14 3 / 16 3 / 20 Figure 5. Current linkage waveform of a 3-phase 10/12 machine.
kw_syn 0.866 0.945 0.945 0.866 0.617 0.328 0.328
0.462 2.15 3.92 4.85 21.7 104 162 3-phase Harmonic Spectrum of 12/10 machine
1/ 2 2/5 2/7 1/4 1/5 0.4
12 q
kw_syn 0.866 0.933 0.933 0.866 0.5
0.35
0.462 1.95 4.79 4.85 40.1
15 q 1/2 5 / 14 5 / 16 1/4 0.3
kw_syn 0.866 0.951 0.951 0.866
0.462 2.51 3.59 4.85 0.25
Ampere-turns

18 q 1/ 2 3/ 7 3/8 3 / 10
kw_syn 0.866 0.902 0.945 0.945 0.2
0.462 1.75 2.15 3.92
0.15
21 q 1/2 7 / 16 7 / 20
kw_syn 0.866 0.890 0.953
0.1
0.462 1.69 2.67
24 q 1/2 2/5 0.05
kw_syn 0.866 0.933
0.462 1.95 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
27 q 1/2 9 / 20 Spatial harmonic order. The synchronous harmonic is the 5th
kw_syn 0.866 0.877
0.462 1.63
Figure 6. Spectrum of the current linkage waveform of a 3-phase 10/12
integral product of number of phases, not applicable machine.
magnetic pull is unbalanced
When eddy-current losses are estimated in the rotor of a 3-
It can be noted that for all slot/pole combinations (except phase TC-PMSM, the third-order spatial harmonics are not
q = 0.5) the harmonic leakage air gap component is higher appearing in the three-phase current linkage waveform and
than the magnetizing inductance itself ( > 1) and, usually, is should be eliminated from the analysis.
a dominating component in the leakage inductance. Machines with high leakage factors are subjected to high
harmonic eddy-current losses [14]. Hence, from the efficiency
point of view, the slot-pole combinations with low harmonic
IV. ROTOR EDDY-CURRENTS AND IRON LOSSES leakage factors are preferable.
In [13] it is shown that the rotor losses due to the sub-
Three main sources of eddy-current losses in the rotor are harmonics can be significantly decreased by narrowing the
-permeance variations, PWM-caused current harmonics and path of the sub-harmonic flux in the rotor yoke. The flux
spatial current linkage winding harmonics [12]. The first barriers are machined under the pole magnets by cutting
component can be affected by alternating the slot opening and grooves in the rotor yoke. Such a modification also decreases
PWM-caused losses by selecting the switching frequency, the air gap leakage sub-harmonic content.
 V. TORQUE CAPABILITY A 45 kW, 420 rpm 12/10 TC-PMSM and a 46.6 kW, 1500
rpm 18/16 TC-PMSM were built. Figure 7 shows the stator of
The per unit equation for maximum torque of a non-salient the 18/16 TC-PMSM machine.
pole permanent magnet synchronous machine is

p m E PM U ph p m E PM U ph
Tmax , (16)
2 2
s Ls ( Lm s L L c)
p m E PM U ph , (17)
Tmax 2
s ( L m (1 ) L c)

where Tmax is the maximum torque; m is the number of

phases; p is the number of pole pairs; EPM is the PM flux
induced back-EMF; Uph is the phase voltage; s is the
electrical angular velocity.
The torque production capability is strongly dependent on
Figure 7. Stator of the 46.6kW 18/16 TC-PMSM.
the machine inductance. Equation (17) shows that, the higher
the leakage inductance factor of the machine is, the lower
The leakage inductances were measured according to IEC
torque capability the motor will have. Therefore, according to
34-4. The results are shown in Table III together with
Table I and equation (17), configurations with high leakage
analytically predicted values [9].
factors should be avoided for high torque capable machines.
When the leakage factor is exceptionally high, (e.g. 9/20 TABLE III
machine has = 162) the machine becomes more an
CALCULATED AND MEASURED LEAKAGE INDUCTANCES
inductor than a torque producer.
Leakage component 18/16 12/10
Lew, [mH] 0.2 0.09
VI. EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION Lu, [mH] 0.8 2.08
Ld, [mH] 0.24 0.65
Table II shows the results of FEM p.u. pull-out torque
L , [mH] 0.84 4.44
computations of 45 kW TC-SPMSMs with different slot-pole
combinations. The dynamic computations were performed L , [mH] 2.13 7.25
with 2D finite element method software. In the dynamic L _measured, [mH] 2.11 8.8
computation, voltage sources were placed to the circuit model
and time-stepping analyses were utilized. The air gap and There is a good correlation between the predicted and the
stator outer diameter, stack length, winding current density, measured leakage inductances of the machines.
remanence of the PMs and volume of PM material were kept
the same for all the computations.
VII. CONCLUSION
T ABLE II
PULL-OUT T ORQUE The main finding of this paper is that the harmonic air gap
Qs/2p 12/10 12/14 12/16 18/12 18/14 leakage inductance can be the dominant inductance
component of a TC-PMSM, especially, in configurations with
1.94 4.77 4.84 0.46 1.74
high . The ratio of the harmonic air gap leakage inductance
Tmax 1.66 1.17 1.05 2.05 1.79
to the operating harmonic magnetizing inductance is strongly
Qs/2p 18/16 24/16 24/20 24/22 24/26
dependent on the slot and pole combination. For all double-
2.14 0.46 1.94 2.44 3.80 layer TC-PMSMs with q < 0.5 the air gap leakage inductance
Tmax 1.60 2.05 1.79 1.56 1.0 is considerably higher than the operating harmonic
magnetizing inductance. Based on the obtained results, the
The effect of the air gap harmonic leakage factor on the following recommendations for machine designers can be
machine torque production is clearly observed deduced.
The machine should have a high operating harmonic
1 winding factor and balanced radial magnetic pull. If high
T max . (18)
peak torque is required from the machine, then configurations
with low air gap leakage factors are preferred. The eddy-
current losses also increase with higher air gap leakage [10] El-Refaie, A.M.; Zhu, Z.Q.; Jahns, T.M.; Howe, D.; , "Winding
Inductances of Fractional Slot Surface-Mounted Permanent Magnet
factors. If wide constant power range is the concern, then Brushless Machines," Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting,
combinations with moderately high air gap leakage factors 2008. IAS '08. IEEE , vol., no., pp.1-8, 5-9 Oct. 2008
are interesting. [11] Bianchi, N.; Bolognani, S.; Dai Pre, M.; , "Magnetic Loading of
Fractional-Slot Three-Phase PM Motors With Nonoverlapped
Two machines – a 12/10 and an 18/16 – are especially Coils," Industry Applications, IEEE Transactions on , vol.44, no.5,
interesting. These machines have high synchronous winding pp.1513-1521, Sept.-oct. 2008
[12] Jian Li; Da-Woon Choi; Dong-Hyeok Son; Yun-Hyun Cho; , "Effects of
factors (see Table I), balanced radial magnetic pulls and MMF Harmonics on Rotor Eddy-Current Losses for Inner-Rotor Fractional
relatively low leakage factors. Low number of poles allows Slot Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines,"Magnetics,
operation at relatively low supply frequencies which decreases IEEE Transactions on , vol.48, no.2, pp.839-842, Feb. 2012
[13] Alberti, L.; Fornasiero, E.; Bianchi, N.; , "Impact of the Rotor Yoke
the losses in the whole drive. Hence, high efficiency and high Geometry on Rotor Losses in Permanent-Magnet Machines," Industry
torque can be achieved with these slot- and pole- Applications, IEEE Transactions on , vol.48, no.1, pp.98-105, Jan.-Feb.
2012
combinations together with a wide constant power speed [14] Fornasiero, E.; Bianchi, N.; Bolognani, S.; , "Slot Harmonic Impact on
range. Rotor Losses in Fractional-Slot Permanent-Magnet Machines," Industrial
Following the trend that combinations with higher pole Electronics, IEEE Transactions on , vol.59, no.6, pp.2557-2564, June
2012
numbers give higher winding factors, a good combination
with high winding factor and low leakage factor can be found
for low-speed machines (such as mega-watt range direct drive
wind turbines, or ship propulsion motors). For example, Pavel Ponomarev (M’05) was born in 1985 in
42/40 machine (multiplier of 21/20 base machine) has Arkhangelsk, Russia, received B.Sc. degree in 2007
from St.-Petersburg Electrotechnical University
exceptionally high operating harmonic winding factor kwp = “LETI”, Russia, and M.Sc. degree in 2009 from
0.9531 and moderately high air gap harmonic leakage factor Lappeenranta University of Technology (LUT),
Finland. He worked as a software engineer at
= 2.67. Wide constant power speed range could be easily Automation Department of “Central Research
achieved with such a leakage factor. The magnetic pull of Institute of Ship’s Electrical Technology”, Saint-
such a machine is balanced. Even better combination can be Petersburg, Russia. He is currently a doctoral
student at the Laboratory of Electrical Drives
found at the region of higher slots and poles. Technology, LUT Energy. His current interests
include electrical drives and fractional slot permanent magnet machines.
REFERENCES
[1] El-Refaie, A.M., "Fractional-Slot Concentrated-Windings Synchronous Pia Lindh (previously Salminen) born in Helsinki
Permanent Magnet Machines: Opportunities and Challenges," Industrial in 1969, received her M.Sc. degree in energy
Electronics, IEEE Transactions on , vol.57, no.1, pp.107-121, Jan. 2010 technology in 1998 and her D.Sc. degree in
[2] Magnussen F., Sadarangani C., “Winding Factors and Joule Losses of electrical engineering (Technology) in 2004 from
Permanent Magnet Machines with Concentrated Windings”, Electric Lappeenranta University of Technology (LUT),
Machines and Drives Conference (IEMDC'03), vol. 1, pp. 333-339, June Lappeenranta, Finland. She is currently serving as
2003 an associate professor at the Department of
[3] Ishak D., Zhu Z.Q., Howe D., “Comparative Study of Permanent Magnet Electrical Engineering in LUT Energy,
Brushless Motors with All Teeth and Alternative Teeth Windings”, IEE Lappeenranta, where she is engaged in teaching and
International conference on Power Electronics and Electrical Machines research of electric motors and electric drives.
(PEMD), March-April 2004, Edinburgh, United Kingdom Her research work focuses on permanent magnet
[4] EL-Refaie, A.M.; Jahns, T.M.; , "Optimal flux weakening in surface PM motors, especially concentrated winding machines.
machines using fractional-slot concentrated windings," Industry
Applications, IEEE Transactions on , vol.41, no.3, pp. 790- 800, May-
June 2005 Juha Pyrhönen (M’06) born in 1957 in
[5] Pyrhönen J.,Jokinen T., Hrabovcova V.; ”Design of Rotating Electrical Kuusankoski, Finland, received the Doctor of
Machines,” John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2008 Science (D.Sc.) degree from Lappeenranta
[6] Cros J., Viarouge P., “Synthesis of High Performance PM Motors with University of Technology (LUT), Finland in 1991.
Concentrated Windings”, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. He became an Associate Professor of Electrical
17 Issue: 2, pp. 248 –253, June 2002 Engineering at LUT in 1993 and a Professor of
[7] Krotsch, J.; Piepenbreier, B.; , "Radial Forces in External Rotor Permanent Electrical Machines and Drives in 1997. He is
Magnet Synchronous Motors With Non-Overlapping currently the Head of the Department of Electrical
Windings," Industrial Electronics, IEEE Transactions on , vol.59, no.5, Engineering at the Institute of Energy Technology
pp.2267-2276, May 2012 (LUT Energy). He is engaged in the research and
[8] Magnussen, F.; Sadarangani, C.; , "Winding factors and Joule losses of development of electric motors and electric drives.
permanent magnet machines with concentrated windings," Electric His current interests include different synchronous machines and drives,
Machines and Drives Conference, 2003. IEMDC'03. IEEE induction motors and drives, and solid-rotor high-speed induction machines and
International , vol.1, no., pp. 333- 339 vol.1, 1-4 June 2003 drives.
[9] Burbidge, R.F.; , "A rapid method of analysing the m.m.f. wave of a single
or polyphase winding," Proceedings of the IEE - Part C: Monographs ,
vol.105, no.7, pp.307-311, March 1958