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Concrete Materials 1. Cement

Cement, aggregates, water, and additives are the basic materials used to make concrete. There are several standard types of Portland cement used including ordinary, rapid hardening, low heat, and sulfate resisting varieties. Natural aggregates make up 65-75% of concrete and include fine sand and coarse gravel. Proper proportioning and mixing of the cement, aggregates, and water produces concrete with adequate strength and workability. Placement, compaction, and curing of the fresh concrete affects its final strength, with curing through keeping it moist critical for preventing premature drying out in the first week.

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50 views5 pages

Concrete Materials 1. Cement

Cement, aggregates, water, and additives are the basic materials used to make concrete. There are several standard types of Portland cement used including ordinary, rapid hardening, low heat, and sulfate resisting varieties. Natural aggregates make up 65-75% of concrete and include fine sand and coarse gravel. Proper proportioning and mixing of the cement, aggregates, and water produces concrete with adequate strength and workability. Placement, compaction, and curing of the fresh concrete affects its final strength, with curing through keeping it moist critical for preventing premature drying out in the first week.

Uploaded by

bamo
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Concrete Materials

Concrete Materials

1. Cement:

A cementitious material is one that has the adhesive and cohesive properties
necessary to bond inert aggregates into a solid mass of adequate strength and
durability.

For making structural concrete, hydraulic cements are used exclusively. Water
is needed for the chemical process (hydration) in which the cement powder sets
and hardens into one solid mass.

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Concrete Materials

Standard types of Portland cement:

1. Ordinary Portland Cement OPC.


2. Rapid Hardening Portland Cement Type III.
3. Low Heat Portland Cement Type IV.
4. Modifies Cement Type II.
5. Sulphate Resisting Portland Type V.
6. Portland Blast – furnace Type IS.
7. Portland - Pozzolona Type IP.

2. Aggregates:

In ordinary structural concretes the aggregates occupy 65 to 75 percent of the


volume of the hardened mass. The reminder consists of hardened cement paste,
uncombined water, and air voids.

Natural aggregates are generally classified as fine and coarse. Fine aggregate
(typically natural sand) is any material that will pass a No. 4 sieve with four
openings per linear inch. Material coarser than this is classified as coarse
aggregate.

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Concrete Materials

3. Proportioning and Mixing Concrete:

The various components of a mix are proportioned so that the resulting


concrete has adequate strength, proper workability for placing, and low cost.

4. Conveying, Placing, Compacting, and Curing:

Conveying of most building concrete from the mixer or truck to the form is
done in bottom-dump buckets or by pumping through steel pipelines. The chief
danger during conveying is that of segregation.

Placing is the process of transferring the fresh concrete from the conveying
device to its final place in the forms. Prior to placing, loose rust must be removed
from reinforcement, forms must be cleaned, and hardened surfaces of previous
concrete lifts must be cleaned and treated appropriately. Placing and consolidating
are critical in their effect on the final quality of the concrete. Immediately upon
placing, the concrete should be consolidated, usually by means of vibrators.
Consolidation prevents honeycombing, ensuring close contact with forms and
reinforcement, and serves as a partial remedy to possible prior segregation.

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Concrete Materials

Fresh concrete gains strength most rapidly during the first few days and weeks.
Structural design is generally based on 28 day strength, about 70 percent of which
is reached at the end of the first week after placing. The final concrete strength
depends greatly on the conditions of moisture and temperature during this initial
period.

The maintenance of proper conditions during this time is known as Curing.


Thirty percent of the strength or more can be lost by premature drying out of the
concrete. To prevent such damage, concrete should be protected from loss of
moisture for at least 7 days and, in more sensitive work, up to 14 days. Curing can
be achieved by keeping exposed surfaces continually wet through sprinkling,
ponding, or covering with plastic film or by the use of sealing compounds.

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Concrete Materials

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