Toyota Production Development System,: Processes
Toyota Production Development System,: Processes
The first category of principles have to do with PROCESSES. In this case, we are talking about the
process of bringing product from concept to production. This part of the LPDS includes the first four
principles.
Principle 1: establish customer defined value to separate value added from waste, has
everything to do with one of the foundations of lean: improving the lead time of your process by
removing waste. The most important waste in PD processes are engineering waste, where a part is
designed ´wrong´, and waiting for information waste, due to overburdened team members (muri).
Principle 2: Front-load the PD process while there is maximum design space to explore
alternative solutions thoroughly. This principle describes the need for cross-functional collaboration
early in the design process, to make sure rework is prevented later in the project due to poor
decision making in the early stages.
Principle 3: Create a leveled product development process flow, which means that we always
should try to improve the flow of a process by eliminating waste. To help you find the waste, the
authors describe a form of value Stream mapping (VSM), in which the time line with milestones are
written on the top of the page, and important decisions and meetings are listed as process steps.
Also, process steps usually consists of feedback loops, which should be visualized in the VSM as
well.
Principle 4: utilize rigorous standardization to reduce variation, and create flexibility and
predictable outcomes. Standards for engineering include checklists for every design step that they
repeatedly work on, and trade-off charts, which explain how a decision was made based on 2
variables, for instance speed and fuel consumption, or noise and back pressure.
When the processes are defined and improved, we can focus on the PEOPLE part of the LPDS.
Principle 5: develop a chief engineer system to integrate development from start to finish. The
chief engineer within Toyota is an important role for every product development program. In short,
this is a project leader and senior engineer in one role. He represents the voice of the customer and
is responsible for the development value stream, from concept to production.
Principle 6: organize to balance functional expertise and cross functional integration. This is
the challenge of integrating the chief engineer role into the organizational structure. At Toyota, the
chief engineer is responsible for the delivery of the product and the voice of the customer, while the
functional manager is responsible for the development of his team members. Not only is having an
integral lead better for the process, it also reduces silo-thinking within departments.
Principle 7: develop towering technical competence in all engineers. Toyota prefers specialists
over generalists. Every engineer has to have a clear development path where he learns the specific
skills needed to join a development team in a certain role, and the development paths should be
standardized.
Principle 8: fully integrate suppliers into the product development system. Companies should
manage their suppliers the same way as they manage their own production. Supplier’s expertise
can be very valuable to the design process, so why wait with involve them until the design phase is
finished?
Principle 9: build in learning and continuous improvement. Just as in manufacturing, one of the
most important aspects of the project is the reflection (hansei) afterwards on personal, team and
project level. What did we learn? How can we improve our processes? Toyota plans 3 2-hour
sessions of reflection after each project. This important part of the process is often neglected, even
though the ability to learn faster than your competitors could possibly be the only sustainable
competitive advantage.
Principle 10: build a culture to support excellence and relentless improvement. A culture is
defined by the current generation of leaders and defines which leaders will emerge next. Leaders
should therefore set the example of learning and always ask about the improvements. Within
organizational culture; a documented well thought kaizen is a sign of a learning organization which
takes time for reflection, while a just-do-it culture a sign is of a hurry-up culture.
The goal of the third category is to use TOOLS AND TECHNOLOGY to help the people in the
organization add more value to the customer. In this part, Morgan and Liker define the final three
principles of the LPDS.
Principle 11: adapt technology to fit your people and processes. This seems logical, but
traditional firms act the other way around and alter their processes to fit a certain tool. A tool or
technology should be integrated in your process, specific solution orientated and enhance your
people (not replace them).
Principle 12: align your organization through simple, visual communication. There are
multiple lean tools that can support communication between team members and between
teams. Hoshin Kanri is used for goal alignment between departments, team boards and for
development teams the Obeya is used for alignment between team members. Finally, A3 can be
used for problem solving on individual level.
Principle 13: use powerful tools for standardization and organizational learning. Next to the
checklists and trade-off charts mentioned before, one could use decision matrixes and benchmark
reports to visualize why a certain decision was made, which makes it easier to make a similar
decision in the future.
The 13 principles of the Lean Product Development System can help all organizations to structure
and lean up their development processes. Each of the principles includes some examples of how
Toyota differentiates itself from its competitors from which we can learn. Since lean manufacturing
is nothing without good products for which there is demand, this book is a valuable addition to
everybody’s lean library.
Cuando los procesos se definen y mejoran, podemos enfocarnos en la parte PEOPLE del LPDS.
Principio 5: desarrollar un sistema de ingeniero jefe para integrar el desarrollo de principio a fin. El
ingeniero jefe dentro de Toyota es un rol importante para cada programa de desarrollo de productos.
En resumen, este es un líder de proyecto e ingeniero senior en un puesto. Representa la voz del cliente
y es responsable del flujo de valor de desarrollo, desde el concepto hasta la producción.
Principio 6: organizar para equilibrar la experiencia funcional y la integración funcional cruzada. Este
es el desafío de integrar el rol de ingeniero jefe en la estructura organizacional. En Toyota, el ingeniero
jefe es responsable de la entrega del producto y la voz del cliente, mientras que el gerente funcional es
responsable del desarrollo de los miembros de su equipo. No solo es tener una ventaja integral mejor
para el proceso, sino que también reduce el pensamiento silo dentro de los departamentos.
Principio 7: desarrollar competencia técnica imponente en todos los ingenieros. Toyota prefiere
especialistas sobre generalistas. Cada ingeniero tiene que tener un camino de desarrollo claro donde
aprende las habilidades específicas necesarias para unirse a un equipo de desarrollo en un cierto rol, y
las vías de desarrollo deben ser estandarizadas.
Principio 8: integrar plenamente a los proveedores en el sistema de desarrollo de productos. Las
empresas deben gestionar sus proveedores de la misma manera que gestionan su propia producción.
La experiencia del proveedor puede ser muy valiosa para el proceso de diseño, entonces, ¿por qué
esperar e involucrarlos hasta que finalice la fase de diseño?
Principio 9: construir en el aprendizaje y la mejora continua. Al igual que en la fabricación, uno de los
aspectos más importantes del proyecto es la reflexión (hansei) posterior a nivel personal, de equipo y
proyecto. ¿Qué aprendimos? ¿Cómo podemos mejorar nuestros procesos? Toyota planea 3 sesiones de
reflexión de 2 horas después de cada proyecto. Esta parte importante del proceso a menudo se
descuida, aunque la capacidad de aprender más rápido que sus competidores podría ser la única
ventaja competitiva sostenible.
Principio 10: construir una cultura para apoyar la excelencia y la mejora implacable. Una cultura es
definida por la generación actual de líderes y define qué líderes surgirán a continuación. Los líderes
deberían, por lo tanto, dar el ejemplo de aprendizaje y siempre preguntar sobre las mejoras. Dentro de
la cultura organizacional; un kaizen documentado y bien pensado es un signo de una organización de
aprendizaje que toma tiempo para la reflexión, mientras que una cultura de "hazlo tú mismo" es un
signo de cultura apresurada.
Los 13 principios del Sistema de Desarrollo de Producto Lean pueden ayudar a todas las organizaciones
a estructurar e inclinar sus procesos de desarrollo. Cada uno de los principios incluye algunos ejemplos
de cómo Toyota se diferencia de sus competidores de los que podemos aprender. Como la fabricación
ajustada no es nada sin buenos productos para los que hay demanda, este libro es una valiosa adición a
la biblioteca Lean de todos.