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This document provides an introduction to trigonometry. It discusses how trigonometry originated as a tool for measuring triangles and was first developed by the Greek astronomer Hipparchus. The key concepts covered include defining angles and trigonometric ratios like sine, cosine and tangent. It also explains trigonometric ratios for specific angles like 30, 45 and 60 degrees using properties of equilateral triangles. The objectives are to understand the meaning of trigonometry and be able to list and explain the relations between trigonometric ratios.

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238 views8 pages

E - Content

This document provides an introduction to trigonometry. It discusses how trigonometry originated as a tool for measuring triangles and was first developed by the Greek astronomer Hipparchus. The key concepts covered include defining angles and trigonometric ratios like sine, cosine and tangent. It also explains trigonometric ratios for specific angles like 30, 45 and 60 degrees using properties of equilateral triangles. The objectives are to understand the meaning of trigonometry and be able to list and explain the relations between trigonometric ratios.

Uploaded by

Somasundari
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TRIGONOMETRY

- P.SOMASUNDARI

Introduction
The word trigonometry is a derivation from the Greek language and means measurement of
triangles. This is because trigonometry was initially used to study relationships between
different sides of a given triangle. Hipparchus, a Greek astronomer and mathematician
developed the subject trigonometry and the first trigonometric table was compiled by him. He is
now known as “the Father of Trigonometry”. Trigonometry is an ancient mathematical tool
with many applications, even in our modern world. Ancient civilizations used right triangle
trigonometry for the purpose of measuring angles and distances in surveying land and
astronomy. Trigonometry can be applied in the fields of navigation, planetary motion, and
vibrations (sound waves, guitar strings), to name a few

Trigonometric Ratios
Angle
We begin this section with the definition of an angle, See the Fig. 2.1 below for a visual example
of an angle.
Here the ray OA is rotated about the point O to
the position OB to generate the angle AOB denoted

by +AOB. OA is the initial side, OB is the terminal


Side and O is the vertex of the angle. We will often use Greek letters to denote angles, such as
i, a, b, etc.,
A more common unit of measurement for an angle is the degree.
This unit was used
by the Babylonians as early as 1000 B.C. One degree (written 1c)
is the measure of an angle
generated by 1 360 of one revolution.

Pythagoras Theorem
The Pythagoras theorem is a tool to solve for unknown values on right triangle.
Pythagoras Theorem: The square of the length of the hypotenuse of a right
triangle is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides.
This relationship is useful in solving many problems and in developing trigonometric
concepts.

Trigonometric Ratios
Consider the right triangle in the Fig. 2.2. In the right triangle, we refer to the lengths of
the three sides according to how they are placed in relation to the angle i
¾ The side that is opposite to the right angle is called the
Hypotenuse. This is the longest side in a right triangle.
¾ The side that is opposite to the angle i is called the
Opposite side.
¾ The side that runs alongside the angle i and which is
not the Hypotenuse is called the Adjacent side.

When trigonometry was first developed it was based on similar right triangles. All
right triangles that have a common acute angle are similar. So, for a given acute angle i,
we have many right triangles.

C
For each triangle above, the ratios of the corresponding sides are equal.

For example,

= = ; = =

That is, the ratios depend only on the size of i and not on the particular right triangle
used to compute the ratios. We can form six ratios with the sides of a right triangle. Long
ago these ratios were given names.

The ratio is called sine of angle i and is denoted by sin i


The ratio is called cosine of angle i and is denoted by cos i


The ratio is called tangent of angle i and is denoted by tan i

The ratio is called cosecant of angle i and is denoted by cosec i


The ratio is called secant of angle i and is denoted by sec i



The ratio is called cotangent of angle i and is denoted by cot i

NOTE

1. The basic trigonometric ratios sin i, cos i and tan i are connected by

the relation tan i =
!"

2. When calculating the trigonometric ratios of an acute angle i, you may use any
right triangle which has i as one of the angles.
3. Since we defined the trigonometric ratios in terms of ratios of sides, you can think
of the units of measurement for those sides as cancelling out in those ratios. This
means that the values of the trigonometric functions are unit less numbers.

Trigonometric Ratios of Some Special Angles


For certain special angles such as 30c, 45c and 60c, which are
frequently seen in
applications, we can use geometry to determine the trigonometric
ratios.

Trigonometric Ratios of 300 and 600


Let ABC be an equilateral triangle whose sides have length a (see
Fig. 2.10). Draw
AD # BC , then D bisects the side BC.
So, BD= DC=a/2
and ∠BAD = ∠DAC = 30 .
Now, in right triangle ADB, ∠ BAD = 30 and BD=a/2 .
So,
AB2=AD 2+BC2

a2=AD2+[ ]2
%
AD2= a2-a2/4 = 3a2/4
AD = √3/2 a
Trigonometric Ratios of 450
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Objectives

At the end of this module you will be able to,

Meaning of trigonometry
list the trigonometric ratios

explain the relations of trigonometric ratios

Assignments

1. search where do we use trigonometry in day to day life.

2. find the trigonometric ratios of 600.

Links

http://www.textbooksonline.tn.nic

http://www.britannica.com/topic/trigonomety

http://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-trigonomety-in-psychology.html

Glossary

Pythagoras Theorem:
The square of the length of the hypotenuse of a right triangle
is equal to the sum
of the squares of the other two sides.
Trigonometric Ratios:
Let i be an acute angle of a right triangle. Then the six
trigonometric ratios of
i are as follows.

)**+,-./ ,-0/
Sin i =
12*+./34,/

Cos i=

tan i=

QUIZ WITH ANSWER


ANSWERS

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