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Problem-Solving Agent: Goal Formulation Problem Formulation Search

The document discusses problem solving and provides examples. It outlines four general steps to problem solving: goal formulation, problem formulation, search, and execution. It then provides examples of applying these steps to problems like traveling from Arad to Bucharest in Romania, solving the 8-puzzle, and solving the 8-queens problem in different formulations. Finally, it lists some real-world problems that can be modeled as search problems.

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Tanveer
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92 views11 pages

Problem-Solving Agent: Goal Formulation Problem Formulation Search

The document discusses problem solving and provides examples. It outlines four general steps to problem solving: goal formulation, problem formulation, search, and execution. It then provides examples of applying these steps to problems like traveling from Arad to Bucharest in Romania, solving the 8-puzzle, and solving the 8-queens problem in different formulations. Finally, it lists some real-world problems that can be modeled as search problems.

Uploaded by

Tanveer
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Problem-solving agent

 Four general steps in problem solving:


Goal formulation
What are the successful world states
Problem formulation
What actions and states to consider given the goal
Search
Examine different possible sequences of actions
that lead to states of known value and then choose
the best sequence
Execute
Perform actions on the basis of the solution 4
Example: Romania

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Example: Romania
 On holiday in Romania; currently in Arad
Flight leaves tomorrow from Bucharest
 Formulate goal
Be in Bucharest
 Formulate problem
States: various cities
Actions: drive between cities
 Find solution
Sequence of cities; e.g. Arad, Sibiu, Fagaras, Bucharest,
…
6
Problem type
 Given how we have defined the problem:
Environment is fully observable
Environment is deterministic
Environment is sequential
Environment is static
Environment is discrete
Environment is single-agent

7
Problem formulation
 A problem is defined by:
 An initial state, e.g. In(Arad)
 A successor function S(X)= set of action-state pairs
 e.g. S(In(Arad))={(Go(Sibiu), In(Sibiu)), (Go(Zerind), In(Zerind)),…}
initial state + successor function = state space
 Goal test
 Explicit, e.g. x=‘In(Bucharest)’
 Implicit, e.g. checkmate(x)
 Path cost (assume additive)
 e.g. sum of distances, number of actions executed, …
 c(x,a,y) is the step cost, assumed to be >= 0

A solution is a sequence of actions from initial to goal state;


the optimal solution has the lowest path cost
8
Example: 8-puzzle

 States??
 Initial state??
 Actions??
 Goal test??
 Path cost??
9
Example: 8-puzzle

 States: location of each tile plus blank


 Initial state: Any state can be initial
 Actions: Move blank {Left, Right, Up, Down}
 Goal test: Check whether goal configuration is reached
 Path cost: Number of actions to reach goal
10
Example: 8-queens problem

Incremental formulation vs. complete-state formulation


 States??
 Initial state??
 Actions??
 Goal test??
 Path cost??
11
Example: 8-queens problem

Incremental formulation
 States: Any arrangement of 0 to 8 queens on the board
 Initial state: No queens
 Actions: Add queen to any empty square
 Goal test: 8 queens on board and none attacked
 Path cost: N/A
3 x 1014 possible sequences to investigate 12
Example: 8-queens problem

Incremental formulation (alternative)


 States?? n (0≤ n≤ 8) queens on the board, one per column in the n
leftmost columns with no queen attacking any other
 Actions?? Add queen in leftmost empty column such that is not
attacking any other queen
 2057 possible sequences to investigate; solutions are easy to find
But with 100 queens the problem is much harder
13
Real World Examples
 Route-finding problems
 Touring problems
 Travelling Salesman problem
 VLSI layout problem
 Robot navigation
 Automatic assembly sequencing
 Internet searching

14

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