1 

Pali Alphabet 
 
Sara (essence)   

a ā i ī u ū e o   

Byañjana (the one that separates)   

Savagga (grouped)   

k kh g gh ṅ  guttural 

c ch j jh ñ  palatal 

ṭ ṭh ḍ ḍh ṇ  alveopalatal 

t th d dh n   dentals 

p ph b bh m  labials 

Avagga (ungrouped)   

y r l ḷ v s h ṁ   
 
 
1.saṅgha sangha  
2.pañca 账ꤍve 
3.paṇḍita wise 
4.bandha bound 
5.amba mango 
 
6. buddha.m sara.na.m 
7. aha.m bhante 
 
a aa i ii u uu e o 
 
“n 
~n 
.t .th .d .dh .n 
 
.l .m 
 
  
 
2 

 
 
Rhythm and Stress 
Rhythm 
 
Words are constructed from syllables. 
 
A vowel is the core of a syllable. 
 
Nib bā na  
in dri ya 
 
There are two kinds of syllables: dīgha (long) and rassa (short). 
 
A syllable is long when: 
 
a. it contains a long vowel (ā ī ū e o), or  
b. when it contains a short vowel (a i u) and the vowel is followed by a consonant. 
 
bud dha.m sa ra .na.m gac chaa mi 
 

Stress 
 
Stress is given to penultimate (second-to-last) syllable if it is long. Otherwise it is given 
to antepenultimate (third-to-last) syllable. 
 
Examples: tapasī ta pa sī ascetic 
adhisakkara a dhi sak ka ra to pay respect 
vi pas sa nā 
nib bā na 
 
 

Words 
   
There are three types of words: 
 
1. nāma (nouns, etc.) 
2. abyaya (indeclinables) 
3. akhayāta (verbs) 
 
  
 
3 
eko buddho eva upapajjati 

Nāma 
 
There are three types of nāma: 
 
1. nāmanāma 
2. guṇanāma 
3. sabbanāma 
 

Nāmanāma 
 
Nāmanāma is divided into two diꓳ헚erent kinds of names: 
 
a. Sādhāraṇa (public): purisa (man), nagara (city), hatthi (elephant).  
b. Asādhāraṇa (private): Sāriputta, Varanasi, Eravana. 
 

Guṇanāma 
 
There are three types of guṇanāma which express the ”level” of the expression. 
 
1.pakati pāpa = evil 
2.visesa (-tara or -iya) pāpiya = more evil 
3.adhivisesa (-tama or -iṭṭha) pāpatama = the most evil 
 

Sabbanāma 
 
There are two types of sabbanāma: 
 
1. Purisasabbanāma are personal pronouns used instead of the noun: so = puriso, sā 
= nārī. 
 
sace puriso vana.m gaccheyya, so sati.m bhaveyya.  
 
2. Visesanasabbanāma can be found before the noun, referring to it: so puriso (that 
man), sā nārī (that woman). 
 

Purisasabbanāma 
 
1. paṭhamapurisa ta (he/she/it/they)  
2. dutiyapurisa tumha (you) 
3. tatiyapurisa amha (I/we) 
 
  
 
4 
 
 
Three qualities of nāma 
 
When using nāmanāma, you have to be aware of the three diꓳ헚erent qualities that it 
possess. 
 
 
1. liṅga (gender) 
2. vacana (speech) 
3. vibhatti (declension) 
 
guṇanāma and sabbanāma take on the gender, speech and declension of the nāmanāma 
they modify or refer to. 
 
pāpo puriso, so puriso 
pāpā kaññā 
 
There are three diꓳ헚erent liṅga: 
 
masculine - purisa (man), dhamma, daara (wife) 
feminine - kaññā (girl), bhumi (Earth), paññā (wisdom) 
neuter - vacana (speech), kamma (action) 
 
 
The speech can be about one thing (ekavacana), or about many things (bahuvacana). 
 
puriso (the man), purisaa (the men) 
 
Vibhatti refers to the ending of the 账ꤍnal form of the naama. 
 
To 账ꤍnd out the declension,you will have to use the following chart: 
 
purisa 
 
1-1 = puriso 
1-2 = purisā 
2-1 = purisaṃ 
2-2 = purise 
3-1 = purisena 
 
rāmo purisena vanaṃ gacchati 
bhikkhu hatthena odanaṃ bhuñjati 
 
3-2 = purisehi, purisebhi 
4-1 = purisassa, purisāya, purisaṭṭhaṃ 
 
1-1 4-1 2-1   
upasako buddhassa odanaṃ deti 
  
 
5 
upasako buddhassa odanaṃ pacati 
 
4-2 = purisānaṃ 
5-1 = purisasmā, purisamhā, purisā 
 
buddho nagarasmā nikkamati 
bhikkhu nirayasmā bhayati 
 
5-2 = purisehi, purisebhi 
6-1 = purisassa 
 
buddha’s religion 
buddhassa sāsanaṃ pavaṭṭati 
 
6-2 = purisānaṃ 
7-1 = purisasmiṃ, purisamhi, purise 
 
buddho vanasmiṃ vasati 
 
7-2 = purisesu 
A-1 = purisa 
 
bho purisa! 
 
A-2 = purisā 
 
  ekavacana  bahuvacana 

1  the/a (subject) (nominative)   

2  the/a (object) (accusative)   

3  with/by (instrumental)   

4  to/for (dative)   

5  from (ablative)   

6  of (genitive)   

7  in/at/on (locative)   

A.  when speaking to someone   

(vocative) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
6 
There are regular and irregular nāma. 
 
Regular 
 
Regular nāma are categorized based on their gender and the vowel that they end with. 
(Ordinary nāma can end only with a ā i ī u ū.) 
 
The gender and ending vowel de账ꤍnes how to use the chart presented before. 
 
Masculine a i ī u ū (5) 
buddha 
muni 
seṭṭhī 
garu 
viññū 
 
Feminine ā i ī u ū (5) 
kaññā 
ratti 
nārī 
rajju 
vadhū 
 
neuter a i u (3) 
kula 
akkhi 
vatthu 
kulaṃ pavaḍḍhati 
puriso gacchati 
nārī purisaṃ gacchati 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
7 
Table for words ending in Masculine a - Example word: Purisa (man) 
 
  ekavacana  bahuvacana 

1  puriso (-o)  purisā 

2  purisaṁ (-ṃ)  purise 

3  purisena  purisehi 

4  purisassa, -āya,- atthaṃ  purisānaṁ 

5  purisasmā, purisā  purisehi 

6  purisassa  purisānaṁ 

7  purisasmiṁ, purisamhi, purise   purisesu 

A.  purisa  purisā 

 
 
List of example words which fall under the same category:  
 
ācariya teacher 
kumāra child 
khattiya royalty 
gaṇa group 
cora villain 
chaṇa festival 
jana citizen 
turaga horse 
thena thief 
dūta messenger 
dhaja �槷ag 
nara person 
pāvaka 账ꤍre 
phalika crystal 
baka crane 
bahava being 
manussa human 
yakkha monster 
rukkha tree 
loka world 
vānara monkey 
sahāya friend 
hattha hand 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
8 
Table for words ending in Masculine i - Example word: Pati (lord) 
 
  ekavacana  bahuvacana 

1  pati   patayo, patī 

2  patiṁ   patayo, patī 

3  patinā  patīhi 

4  patissa, patino  patīnaṁ 

5  patismā  patīhi 

6  patissa, patino  patīnaṁ 

7  patismiṁ  patīsu 

A.  pati   patayo, patī 

 
List of example words which fall under the same category: 
aggi 账ꤍre 
ari enemy 
ahi snake 
thapati carpenter 
nidhi hidden treasure 
maṇi gem 
vidhi way 
vīhi raw rice 
samādhi concentration 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
9 
Table for words ending in Masculine ī - Example word: Seṭṭhī (wealthy man) 
 
  ekavacana  bahuvacana 

1  seṭṭhī   seṭṭhino, seṭṭhī 

2  seṭṭhim, seṭṭhinaṁ  seṭṭhino, seṭṭhī 

3  seṭṭhinā  seṭṭhīhi 

4  seṭṭhissa, seṭṭhino  seṭṭhīnaṁ 

5  seṭṭhismā  seṭṭhīhi 

6  seṭṭhissa, seṭṭhino  seṭṭhīnaṁ 

7  seṭṭhismiṁ  seṭṭhīsu 

A.  seṭṭhī  seṭṭhino, seṭṭhī 

 
List of example words which fall under the same category: 
 
karī elephant 
tapasī ascetic 
daṇḍī one with a stick 
bhānī talker 
bhogī one with wealth 
mantī thinker 
medhāvī wise one 
sikhī peacock 
sukhī happy one 
hatthī elephant 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
10 
Table for words ending in Masculine u - Example word: Garu (serious, honored, teacher) 
 
  ekavacana  bahuvacana 

1  garu  garuvo, garū 

2  garuṁ  garuvo, garū 

3  garunā  garūhi 

4  garussa  garūnaṁ 

5  garusmā  garūhi 

6  garussa, garuno  garūnaṁ 

7  garusmiṁ  garūsu 

A.  garu  garave, garavo 

 
 
List of example words which fall under the same category: 
 
ketu �槷ag 
jantu born one 
pasu pet 
bandhu bond 
babbu cat 
bhikkhu monk 
ripu enemy 
setu bridge 
hetu cause 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
11 
Table for words ending in Masculine ū - Example word: Viññū (a wise man) 
 
 
  ekavacana  bahuvacana 

1  viññū  viññuno, viññū 

2  viññūṁ  viññuno, viññū 

3  viññunā  viññūhi 

4  viññussa, viññuno  viññūnaṁ 

5  viññsmā  viññūhi 

6  viññussa,viññuno  viññūnaṁ 

7  viññsmiṁ  viññūsu 

A.  viññu  viññuno, viññū 

 
 
  
List of example words which fall under the same category: 
 
abhibhū ultimate one 
kataññū grateful one 
pāragu one who has reached other shore 
vedagū one who has vedas 
sayambhū one who is his one creation 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
12 
Table for words ending in Feminine ā - Example word: Kaññā (girl, maiden) 
 
  ekavacana  bahuvacana 

1  kaññā  kaññayo, kaññā 

2  kaññaṁ  kaññayo, kaññā 

3  kaññāya  kaññāhi 

4  kaññāya  kaññānaṁ 

5  kaññāya  kaññāhi 

6  kaññāya  kaññānaṁ 

7  kaññāya, kaññāyaṁ  kaññāsu 

A.  kaññe  kaññāyo, kaññā 

 
 
List of example words which fall under the same category: 
 
acchara nymph 
ābhā aura/halo 
ikkhaṁika witch 
isā plow 
ukkā torch 
ūkā lice 
esika pillar 
ojā taste 
kacchā loin-cloth 
gadā iron bar 
ghatikā knot 
cetaṇā intention 
churikā knife 
japā rose 
tārā star 
thavikā bag 
dārikaā little girl 
dolā swing 
dhārā water tank 
nārā aura/halo 
paññā wisdom 
bāhā arm 
bhāsā language 
mālā garland 
lakkā paint 
sālā null 
silā stone 
hanukā jaw 
  
 
13 
Table for words ending in Feminine i - Example word: Ratti (night) 
 
  ekavacana  bahuvacana 

1  ratti   rattiyo, rattī 

2  rattiṁ  rattiyo, rattī 

3  rattiyā  rattīhi 

4  rattiyā  rattīnaṁ 

5  rattiyā  rattīhi 

6  rattiyā  rattīnaṁ 

7  rattiyā, rattiyaṁ  rattīsu 

A.  ratti  rattiyo, rattī 

 
 
List of example words which fall under the same category: 
 
āni nail 
iddhi power 
īti calamity 
ukkali rice pot 
ūmi wave 
kati waist 
khanti patience 
gaṇdi bell 
chaci skin 
jalli outer bark 
tanti thread,string 
nandi amusement, enjoyment 
pañhi heel 
mati knowledge 
yaṭṭhi cane 
rati pleasure 
laddhi religion, cult 
vati fence 
satti dagger 
sandhi link 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
14 
Table for words ending in Feminine ī - Example word: Nārī (lady) 
 
  ekavacana  bahuvacana 

1  nārī   nāriyo, nārī 

2  nāriṁ, nāriyaṁ  nāriyo, nārī 

3  nāriyā  nārīhi 

4  nāriyā  nārīnaṁ 

5  nāriyā  nārīhi 

6  nāriyā  nārīnaṁ 

7  nāriyā, nāriyaṁ  nārīsu 

A.  nāri  nāriyo, nārī 

 
List of example words which fall under the same category: 
 
kumārī little girl 
gharaṇi housewife 
thī women 
dhānī town 
paṭhavī earth 
mātulānī aunt 
vījanī fan 
simbalī simbali tree 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
15 
Table for words ending in Feminine u - Example word: Rajju (rope) 
 
  ekavacana  bahuvacana 

1  rajju  rajjuyo, rajjū 

2  rajjuṁ  rajjuyo, rajjū 

3  rajjuyā  rajjūhi 

4  rajjuyā  rajjūnaṁ 

5  rajjuyā  rajjūhi 

6  rajjuyā  rajjūnaṁ 

7  rajjuyā, rajjuyaṁ  rajjūsu 

A.  rajju  rajjuyo, rajjū 

 
List of example words which fall under the same category: 
 
uru sand 
kāsu pit 
dhenu milk maid 
yāgu rice soup 
lāvu gourd 
vijju lighting 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
16 
Table for words ending in Feminine ū - Example word: Vadhū (?) 
 
  ekavacana  bahuvacana 

1  vadhū  vadhuyo, vadhū 

2  vadhuṁ  vadhuyo, vadhū 

3  vadhuyā  vadhūhi 

4  vadhuyā  vadhūnaṁ 

5  vadhuyā  vadhūhi 

6  vadhuyā  vadhūnaṁ 

7  vadhuyā, vadhuyaṁ  vadhūsu 

A.  vadhu  vadhuyo, vadhū 

 
 
List of example words which fall under the same category: 
 
camū army 
jambū rose apple tree 
bhū earth 
virū vine 
sarabū gekko 
sindhū Mount Sindhu 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
17 
Table for words ending in Neuter a - Example word: Kula (family) 
 
  ekavacana  bahuvacana 

1  kulaṁ  kulāni 

2  kulaṁ  kulāni 

3  kulena  kulehi 

4  kulassa, kulāya  kulānaṁ 

5  kulasmā, kulā   kulehi 

6  kulassa  kulānaṁ 

7  kulasmiṁ, kule  kulesu 

A.  kula  kulāni 

 
 
List of example words which fall under the same category: 
 
aṅga member 
īna debt 
utara gold 
oṭṭha lips 
kaṭṭha wood 
kamala lotus 
ghara house 
cakka wheel 
chatta umbrella 
jala water 
tala �槷oor 
dhana wealth 
bhatta cooked rice 
majja alcohol 
yanta vehicle 
raṭṭha country 
ratana jewel 
vattha cloth 
sakaṭa wagon 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
18 
Table for words ending in Neuter i - Example word: Akkhi (eye) 
 
  ekavacana  bahuvacana 

1  akkhi  akkhīni, akkhī 

2  akkhiṁ  akkhīni, akkhī 

3  akkhinā  akkhīhi 

4  akkhissa, akkhino  akkhīnaṁ 

5  akkhismā   akkhīhi 

6  akkhissa, akkhino  akkhīnaṁ 

7  akkhismiṁ  akkhīsu 

A.  akkhi  akkhīni, akkhī 

 
List of example words which fall under the same category: 
 
acci �槷ame 
aṭṭhi bone 
dadhi yogurt 
sappi ghee 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
19 
Table for words ending in Neuter u - Example word: Vatthu (thing) 
 
  ekavacana  bahuvacana 

1  vatthu  vatthūni, vatthū 

2  vatthuṁ  vatthūni, vatthū 

3  vatthunā  vatthūhi 

4  vatthussa, vatthuno   vatthūnaṁ 

5  vatthusmā  vatthūhi 

6  vatthussa, vatthuno  vatthūnaṁ 

7  vatthusmiṁ  vatthūsu 

A.  vatthu  vatthūni, vatthū 

 
Examples: 
 
ambu water    
assu tear 
āyu age 
cakkhu eye 
jatu rubber 
dhanu bow 
madhu honey 
massu mustache 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
  
 
20 

Irregular   Nāma 
 
atta self 
brahma god 
rāja king 
bahagavantu the fortunate one 
arahanta the worthy one 
bhavantu the distinguished one 
satthu teacher 
pītu father 
mātu mother 
mana mind 
kamma action 
go cow 
 
Atta (self) 
 
  ekavacana  bahuvacana 

1  attā  - 

2  attānaṁ  - 

3  attanā  - 

4  attano  - 

5  attanā  - 

6  attano  - 

7  attani  - 

A.  -  - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
21 
Brahma (god) 
 
  ekavacana  bahuvacana 

1  brahmā   brahmāno 

2  brahmānaṁ  brahmāno 

3  brahmunā  brahmehi 

4  brahmuno  brahmānaṁ 

5  brahmunā  brahmehi 

6  brahmuno  brahmānaṁ 

7  brahmani  brahmesu 

A.  brahme  brahmāno 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Rāja (king) 
 
  ekavacana  bahuvacana 

1  rājā  rājāno 

2  rājānaṁ  rājāno 

3  raññā  rājūhi 

4  rañño, rājino  raññaṁ, rājunaṁ 

5  raññā  rājūhi 

6  rañño, rājino  raññaṁ, rājunaṁ 

7  raññe, rājini  rājūsu 

A.  rāja  rājāno 

 
 
 
  
 
22 
Bhagavantu the fortunate one) 
 
  ekavacana  bahuvacana 

1  bhagavā  *bhagavantā, bhagavanto 

2  bhagavantaṁ  *bhagavante, bhagavanto 

3  bhagavatā  bhagavantehi 

4  bhagavato  bhagavataṁ, bhagavantānaṁ 

5  bhagavatā  bhagavantehi 

6  bhagavato  bhagavataṁ, bhagavantānaṁ 

7  bhagavati, bhagavante  bhagavantesu 

A.  bhagava, bhagavā  *bhagavantā, bhagavanto 

 
*refer to two blessed ones 
 
 
 
Words that follow the same form as bhagavantu: 
 
āyasmantu one who has age 
guṇavantu one who has virtue 
cakhhumantu one who has eyes 
jutimantu one who has light 
dhanavantu one who has wealth 
dhitimantu one who has wisdom 
paññavantu one who has wisdom 
puññavantu one who has goodness 
bandumantu one who is bound 
satimantu one who has mindfulness 
 
 
 
 
Arahanta 
 
Arahanta is diꓳ헚erent from bhagavantu only in 1-1: arahā, arahaṁ. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
23 
Bhavanta 
 
  ekavacana  bahuvacana 

1  bhavaṁ  bhavantā, bhavanto 

2  bhavantaṁ  bhavante, bhavanto 

3  bhavatā, bhotā  bhavantehi 

4  bhavato, bhoto  bhavataṁ, bhavantānaṁ 

5  bhavatā, bhotā  bhavantehi 

6  bhavato, bhoto  bhavataṁ, bhavantānaṁ 

7  bhavante  bhavantesu 

A.  bho   bhavantā, bhavanto, bhontā, bhonto 

 
Satthu 
 
  ekavacana  bahuvacana 

1  satthā  satthāro 

2  satthāraṁ  satthāro 

3  satthārā, satthunā  satthārehi 

4  satthu, satthuno  satthārānaṁ 

5  satthārā  satthārehi 

6  satthu, satthuno  satthārānaṁ 

7  satthari   satthāresu 

A.  satthā  satthāro 

 
 
Words that follow the same form as satthu: 
kattu one who does 
khattu one who digs 
ñātu one who knows 
dātu one who gives 
nattu grandchild 
netu leader 
bhattu one who feeds 
vattu speaker 
sotu listener 
hantu killer 
  
 
24 
Pitu 
 
  ekavacana  bahuvacana 

1  pitā  pitaro 

2  pitaraṁ  pitaro 

3  pitarā, pituna  pitarehi 

4  pitu, pituno  pitarānaṁ, pitūnaṁ 

5  pitarā  pitarehi 

6  pitu, pituno  pitarānaṁ, pitūnaṁ 

7  pitari   pitaresu, pitūsu 

A.  pitā (tāta)  pitaro (tāta) 

 
 
 
Mātu 
 
  ekavacana  bahuvacana 

1  mātā   mātaro 

2  mātaraṁ  mātaro 

3  mātarā, mātuyā  mātarāhi, mātūhi 

4  mātu, mātuyā  mātarānaṁ, mātūnaṁ 

5  mātarā  mātarāhi, mātūhi 

6  mātu, mātuyā  mātarānaṁ, mātūnaṁ 

7  mātari  mātarāsu, mātūsu 

A.  mātā (amma)  mātaro (ammā) 

 
 
Words that follow the same form as mātu: 
 
dhītu ??? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
25 
Mana, masculine/neuter 
 
  ekavacana  bahuvacana 

1  mano (manaṁ)   manā (manāni) 

2  manaṁ  mane (manāni) 

3  manasā  manehi 

4  manaso  manānaṁ 

5  manasā  manehi 

6  manaso  manānaṁ 

7  manasi  manesu 

A.  mana  manā 

 
In compounds, these words often take an -o ending, e.g. manoseṭṭhā 
Words that follow the same form as mana but are only in masculine form: 
aya metal   
ura chest 
ceta mind 
tapa heat 
tama darkness 
teja glory 
paya milk 
yasa fame 
vaca speech 
vaya age 
sira head 
Kamma, neuter 
 
  ekavacana  bahuvacana 

1  kammaṁ  kammāni 

2  kammaṁ  kammāni 

3  kammunā  kammehi 

4  kammuno  kammānaṁ 

5  kammunā  kammehi 

6  kammuno  kammānaṁ 

7  kammani   kammesu 

A.  kamma   kammāni 

  
 
26 
Go, masculin 
 
  ekavacana  bahuvacana 

1  go  gāvo 

2  gāvaṁ, gāvuṁ  gāvo 

3  gāvena  gohi, gāvehi 

4  gāvassa  gunnaṁ, gāvānaṁ 

5  gāvasmā, gāvā  gohi, gāvehi 

6  gāvassa  gunnaṁ, gāvānaṁ 

7  gāvasmiṁ, gāve  gosu, gāvesu 

A.  gāva  gāvo 

 
 
These irregular nouns occur only in few forms of declension: 
 
puma 1-1 man 
sā 1-1 dog 
addhā 1-1, addhānaṁ 2-1, addhanā 3-1 5-1, addhuno 4-1 6-1, addhāne 7-1 long time 
maghavā 1-1 a name of Indra 
yava 1-1 young man 
sakkā 1-1 friend 
 
 
 
 
   
  
 
27 

Sabbanāma 
 
ta, masculine, neuter (third person) 
 
  ekavacana  bahuvacana 

1  so, *taṁ  te, *tāni 

2  taṁ, naṁ  te, ne, *tāni 

3  tena   tehi 

4  tassa, assa  tesaṁ, tesānaṁ, nesaṁ, nesānaṁ 

5  tasma, asma, tamhā  tehi 

6  tassa, assa  tesaṁ, tesānaṁ, nesaṁ, nesānaṁ 

7  tasmiṁ, asmiṁ, tamhi   tesu 

A.  -  - 
 
 
 
  
ta, feminine 
 
  ekavacana  bahuvacana 

1  sā  tā 

2  taṁ, naṁ  tā 

3  tāya  tāhi 

4  tassā, assā, tissā, tissāya  tāsaṁ, tāsānaṁ 

5  tāya  tāhi 

6  tassā, assā, tissā, tissāya  tāsaṁ, tāsānaṁ 

7  tayaṁ, ayaṁ, assa, tissaṁ  tāsu 

A.  -  - 
 
 
 

   
  
 
28 

K­Y­T   System 
 
k = question, e.g. kiṃ karanīyaṃ? (what should be done?) 
 
y = relative (yaṃ) 
 
t = correlative (taṃ) 
 
yā-disaṃ vapate bījaṃ, tā-disaṃ harate phalaṃ 
 
what you sow, that you reap 
 
yo so bhagavā 
 
so’haṃ 
 
yassa 
 
kassa 
 
kasmiṃ 
 
Inde账ꤍnite usage: 
 
ka + ci = some, a 
 
kiṃ+ci = something 
 
e.g. kiñci vadāmi = I say something. 
 
kenaci = with something 
 
ya + ka+ci = whatever 
 
yaṃ kiñci kusalakammaṃ = whatever wholesome kamma 
 
 
   
  
 
29 
tumha, masculine neuter feminine (second person) 
 
  ekavacana  bahuvacana 

1  tvaṁ, tuvaṁ  tumhe, vo 

2  taṁ, tvaṁ, tuvaṁ  tumhe, vo 

3  tayā, tvayā, te  tumhehi, vo 

4  tuyhaṁ, tumhaṁ, tava, te  tumhākaṁ, vo 

5  tayā  tumhehi, vo 

6  tuyhaṁ, tumhaṁ, tava, te  tumhākaṁ, vo 

7  tayi, tvayi  tumhesu 

A.  -  - 
 
 
 
 
amha, masculine neuter feminine (账ꤍrst person) 
 
  ekavacana  bahuvacana 

1  ahaṁ  mayaṁ, no 

2  maṁ, mamaṁ  amhe, no 

3  mayā, me  amhehi, no 

4  mayhaṁ, amhaṁ, mama,mamaṁ,  amhākaṁ, asmākaṁ, no 

me 

5  mayā  amhehi, no 

6  mayhaṁ, amhaṁ, mama,mamaṁ,  amhākaṁ, asmākaṁ, no 

me 

7  mayi  amhesu 

A.  _  _ 

 
 
 
  
 
30 

 
Sandhi (link) 
 
Example: tatra (from that) ayaṁ (this) = tatrāyaṁ 
 
There are three kinds of sandhi: 
 
Sara  tatra (from that) + ayaṁ(this) = tatrāyaṁ 
Byañjana  catu (four) + disa (direction) = catuddisa 
Niggahīta  evaṁ (thus) + kho (indeed) = evaṅkho 
 
 
There are eight methods for these three sandhi, from which sara uses 账ꤍrst seven, 
byañjana uses 1,2,3,5,8 and niggahita 1,2,3,5. 
 
1. lopa to remove 
2. ādesa to switch 
3. āgama to add 
4. vikāra to change 
5. pakati normal 
6. dīgha to lengthen 
7. rassa short 
8. saññoga to connect 
 
Sara uses 账ꤍrst seven: 
lopa: yassa + indriyāni = yassindriyāni 
 
catūhi + apayehi = catūhapayehi 
 
ādesa: aggi + āgāra = agyāgāra 
 
te + assa = tyassa 
 
athakho + assa = athakhvassa 
 
āgama: para + sahassa = parosahassa 
 
vikāra: muni + ālaya = munelaya 
 
su + atthi = sotthi 
 
pakati: ko + imaṁ = ko imaṁ 
 
saupādisesa 
 
 
   
  
 
31 
Table of related vowels 
 
weak  strong  super  consonant 

a  ā  -  - 

i  ī  e  y 

u  ū  o  v 
 
 
Byañjana uses 5 sandhi; 1,2,3,5,8: 
 
lopa: evaṁ + assa = evaṁsa 
 
ādesa: iti + evaṁ = iccevaṁ 
 
paṭi + uppana = paccuppana 
 
āgama: can add y, v, m, d, n, t, r 
 
yathā + idaṁ = yathāyidaṁ 
 
garu + essati = garumessati 
 
tasmā + iha = tasmātiha 
 
atta + attha = attadattha 
 
saññoga: idha + pamodati = idhappamodati 
 
cattāri + ṭhānāni = cattāriṭṭhānāni 
 
Niggahīta sandhi uses four sandhi; 1,2,3,5: 
 
lopa: tāsaṁ + ahaṁ = tāsāhaṁ 
 
ādesa = to change it to one of nasals. 
 
Example = evaṁ + kho = evaṅkho 
dhammaṁ + care = dhammañcare 
saṁ + ṭhiti = saṇṭhiti 
taṁ + nibbutaṁ = tannibbutaṁ 
ciraṁ + pavāsiṁ = cirampavāsiṁ 
 
āgama: add niggahita in between 
 
ava + sira = avaṁsira 
  
pakati: don't do anything 
  
 
32 

Abyaya (indeclinable) 
 
There are three kind of abyaya: 
 
1.Upasagga - pre账ꤍx 
2.Nipāta - preposition 
3.Paccaya – su�횙x 
 
Upasagga: 
 
ati high, excessive, over 
adhi high, big, on 
anu small, after, following 
apa away 
api/pi close, above 
abhi high, big, especially, in front 
ava/o down 
ā around, high, opposite 
u up, out 
upa into, close, strong 
du evil, di�횙cult 
ni enter, down 
ni without, out 
pa thoroughly, ahead, before, out 
paṭi especially, in response, against, back 
parā opposite 
pari around 
vi special, clear, diꓳ헚erent 
saṁ ready, with, good 
su good 
 
 
 
 
Examples: 
 
atisundara extremely beautiful 
atikkamati to go over/ to cross 
adhisakkara to pay respect 
adhipati big boss 
adhiseti to lay something on the ground 
anunnāyaka vice leader 
anuja one who is born after 
anugacchati to go after 
apaneti to lead away 
apagacchati to go away 
apikaccha close to the armpit 
apidhāna something that you put on top 
pidahati to close something 
abhippasanna great faith 
  
 
33 
abhibhū one who is great 
abhijjhā great obsession 
abhikkama going beyond 
avaṁsira head down 
atarati to step down 
āpūrati totally full 
ābhāti very bright 
āgacchati he comes 
uggacchati to go up 
uppatha oꓳ헚 the path 
upacināti to collect 
upagacchati to go close 
upādiyati to cling excessively 
dugandha bad smell 
dukkara something that is di�횙cult to do 
nigacchati to go into 
nikhanati to dig down 
nidahati to set down 
nirantarāya without danger 
nikkaddati to throw out 
pajānāti to know thoroughly 
pājeti to go forward 
pabhavati to exist before 
paggharati to �槷ow out 
paṭiṭṭhāti to place especially 
paṭivacana words in response 
paṭisota against the stream 
paccāgacchati to come back 
parājaya to lose 
parābhava to become ruined 
pariññā thorough knowledge 
paribbhamati to spin around 
vijāmāti to know clearly 
vividha to have various types of something 
sunakhatta to have good occasion 
sunetta one with beautiful eyes 
sukara something that is easy to do 
 
 
   
  
 
34 
Nipāta (prepositions) 
address 
time 
place 
measure 
comparison 
means 
negation 
hearsay 
speculation 
question 
answer 
interjections 
connection 
账ꤍllers 
miscellaneous 
 
Address: 
 
yagghe very polite (seniors, kings) 
bhante juniors to seniors 
bhadante juniors to seniors 
bhaṇe to servants 
ambho to equals 
āvuso polite to equals 
re, are to someone evil 
he to someone evil 
je to female servants 
 
Time: 
 
atha then 
pāto morning 
divā day 
sāyaṁ evening 
suve tomorrow 
hiyyo yesterday 
suve yesterday 
pacchā after 
paṭṭhāya starting with 
sakim once 
satakkhuttuṁ hundred times 
pabhūti originating, since 
puna again 
punappunaṁ again 
sampati now 
āyatiṁ hence forth 
 
 
 
 
  
 
35 
Place: 
 
uddhaṁ above 
upari above 
antarā between 
anto inside 
tiro outside 
bahi outside 
bahiddhā bottom 
bāhirā  outside 
adho under/below 
heṭṭhā underneath 
oraṁ the near shore 
pāraṁ the other shore 
huraṁ other world 
sammukhā in front 
parammukhā behind 
raho hidden 
ārā close to people 
uccaṁ high 
 
Measure: 
 
kīva how much? 
yāva how much (this amount) 
tāva that much 
yāvadeva just how much? 
tāvadeva just that much 
kittāvatā how much 
ettāvatā this much 
samantā all around 
kiñcāpi even a little bit 
kiñci some 
 
Comparison: 
 
viya like 
iva like 
yathā comparisons (just as...) 
seyathā comparisons 
tathā comparisons 
evaṁ comparisons 
 
Means: 
 
evaṁ by those means 
tathā by those means 
kathaṁ by what means/ how 
iti thus/by those 
 
 
  
 
36 
Negation: 
 
na not 
no not 
mā don't (do something) 
va indeed, really 
eva just so 
vinā without 
alaṁ enough 
 
Hearsay: 
 
kira it is said 
khalu it is said 
sudaṁ it is said 
 
Speculation: 
 
ce if 
yadi if (should this happen) 
sace if 
aṭha if 
appeva nāma indeed if only 
yannūna however 
 
Question: 
 
kiṁ what 
kathaṁ how 
kacci is it so 
nu indeed (the case?) 
nanu is it not true 
udāhu or else (or like this) 
ādū or else 
seyyathīdaṁ how is that 
 
Answer: 
 
āma yes 
āmantā yes 
 
Interjections: 
 
ingha please, I invite you 
taggha well...enough 
handa well okay 
aho ”O!” 
 
 
 
 
  
 
37 
Connection: 
 
ca and (also to connect sentences) 
vā or 
pana but (also to connect sentences) 
api even (also to connect sentences) 
hi but (as for) 
tu indeed 
apica and indeed 
athavā this or even this 
 
Fillers: 
 
nu indeed 
su what? (can't believe) 
ve yelling at someone 
vo of you, by you 
kho indeed 
vata indeed 
have indeed 
 
Miscellaneous: 
 
aññadatthu truly 
atho moreover 
addhā truly 
avassaṁ truly 
nīcaṁ low, short 
nūna indeed, certainly 
nānā various 
āvi clear, bright 
micchā wrong 
mudhā empty 
musā lie 
bhiyyo beyond 
saddhiṁ with 
saha with 
saṅkaṁ slowly 
sayaṁ by oneself/ alone 
sāmaṁ alone 
 
Abyaya su�횙xes (paccaya) 
 
They give special meaning to the word. 
 
1.-to 
2.-tra, -ttha, -ha, -dha, -dhi, -hiṁ, haṁ, -hiñcanaṁ, -va 
3.-dā, dāni, -rahi, -dhunā, -dācanaṁ, -jja, -jju 
4.-tave, -tuṁ, -tūna, -tvā, -tvāna 
 
 
  
 
38 
1.gives meaning 4-1, 5-1, 6-1 
 
sabbato from all 
aññato from another 
aññatarato from some 
itarato from something else 
ekato to one side 
ubhato to both sides 
parato to another 
tato from that 
eto, ato from this 
ito from this 
aparato to yet another 
purato to front 
pacchato to back 
dakkhinato to the right 
vāmato to the left 
uttarato to upwards 
adharato to downwards 
yato from which 
amuto from that 
katarato from that 
kuto from where 
 
2.gives meaning 7-1: 
 
sabbatra in all 
sabbattha in all 
sabbadhi in all 
aññatra in another 
yatra in some/which 
yattha in some 
yahiṁ in some 
yahaṁ in some 
tatra in that 
tattha in that 
tahiṁ in that 
tahaṁ in that 
atra in this 
attha in this 
ekatra in a single one 
ubhayatra in both 
ubhayattha in both 
ettha in this 
idha in this 
iha in this 
kutra in which 
kattho in which 
kuhiṁ in which 
kuhaṁ in which 
kuhiñcanaṁ in which 
  
 
39 
kva in which 
 
3. is 7-1 as well, but with the speci账ꤍc meaning “at - time”: 
 
sabbadā at all times 
sadā every time 
ekadā at one time / sometimes 
yadā at which time 
tadā at that time 
kadā at which time? 
kadāci at which time? 
idāni at this time 
etarahi at this time 
adhunā at this time 
kudācanaṃ at which time? 
ajja on this day (today) 
sajju on the day we have (today) 
parajju on another day 
aparajju on yet another day 
 
 
4. give speci账ꤍc meaning to verbal roots 
 
kātave in order to do 
kātuṁ to do 
kātūna having done 
katvā having done 
katvāna having done 
 
 
   
  
 
40 
Sankhayā 
 
There are two kinds of numbers: 
 
1.pakati = ordinary 
2.pūraṇa = cardinals 
 
 
 
Pakati 
 
1 eka 
2 dvi 
3 ti 
4 catu 
5 pañca 
6 cha 
7 satta 
8 aṭṭha 
9 nava 
10 dasa 
11 ekādasa 
12 dvādasa 
13 teḷasa 
14 cuddasa 
15 paṇṇarasa 
16 soḷasa 
17 sattarasa 
18 aṭṭhādasa 
19 ekūnavīsati 
 
20 vīsati 
30 tiṁsa(-ti) 
40 cattāḷīsa 
50 paññāsa 
60 saṭṭhī 
70 sattati 
80 asīti 
90 navuti 
 
1. ekavacana 
2-18. bahuvacana 
19-98. ekavacana 
99-. either eka or bahuvacana depending on number (one-hundred, two hundred, etc.) 
 
1-18 are 3 genders 
19-98 are feminine 
99- are neuter 
 
 
  
 
41 
100 sata 
1000 sahassa 
10000 dasasahassa 
100000 satasahassa, lakkha 
1000000 dasasatasahassa 
10000000 koṭi 
 
 
Eka declensions 
 
m. n. f. 
1 eko ekaṁ ekā 
2 ekaṁ ekaṁ ekā 
3 ekana ekaṁ ekāya 
4 ekassa ekaṁ ekāya 
5 ekasmā ekaṁ ekāya 
6 ekassa ekaṁ ekāya 
7 ekasmiṁ ekaṁ ekāya 
 
Dvi declensions (m, n, f are all the same) 
 
1 dve 
2 dve 
3 dvīhi 
4 dvinnaṁ 
5 dvīhi 
6 dvinnaṁ 
7 dvīsu 
 
Ti declensions 
 
m. n. f. 
1 tayo tīni tissa 
2 tayo tīni tissa 
3 tīhi tīni tīhi 
4 tiṇṇaṁ,tinnannaṁ tīni tissannaṁ 
5 tīhi tīni tīhi 
6 tiṇṇaṁ,tinnannaṁ tīni tissannaṁ 
7 tīsu tīnu tīsu 
 
Catu declensions 
 
1 cattāro,catturo cattāri catasso 
2 cattāro cattāri catasso 
3 catūhi cattāri cattūhi 
4 catunnaṁ cattāri catassannaṁ 
5 catūhi cattāri cattūhi 
6 catunnaṁ cattāri catassannaṁ 
7 catūsu cattāri catūsu 
 
 
  
 
42 
Numbers from 账ꤍve to eighteen follow this declension (m, n, f are all the same) 
 
1 pañca 
2 pañca 
3 pañcahi 
4 pañcannaṁ 
5 pañcahi 
6 pañcannaṁ 
7 pañcasu 
 
Numbers from nineteen to ninety-eight follow this declension (f) 
 
1 ekūnavīsaṃ 
2 ekūnavīsaṃ 
3 ekūnavīsāya 
4 ekūnavīsāya 
5 ekūnavīsāya 
6 ekūnavīsāya 
7 ekūnavīsāya 
 
Pūraṇa 
 
1st paṭhama 
2nd dutiya 
3rd tatiya 
4th catuttha 
5th pañcama 
6th chaṭṭha 
from 7th on; sattama, atthama, navama... 
 
 
   
  
 
43 

ākhyata (verbs) 
 
Verbs need eight things: 
 
1. kāla - time 
2. pada - reference 
3. vacana - number 
4. purisa - person 
5. dhātu - root 
6. vācaka - subject 
7. paccaya - su�횙x 
8. vibhatti - declension 
 
Verbs are basically constructed from 3 parts; root, su�횙x and declension. 5 other things 
de账ꤍne them more speci账ꤍcally. 
 
Kāla 
 
There are eight tenses: 
 
1. vattamāna - for present or very close past/future 
2. pañcamī - imperative 
3. sattamī - optative(should) 
4. parokkhā - for really, really past things 
5. hiyattanī - past yesterday 
6. ajjattanī - past today 
7. bhavissanti - future 
8. kālātipatti - past future 
 
 
4, 5 and 6 are past tenses. 
 
Pada 
 
Loosely, the two padas (2. pada) are parassapada (“a word for another”) and attanopada 
(“a word for oneself, i.e. re�槷exive). parassapada is more common. 
 
They are used (generally) to distinguish active (kattuvācaka) from passive (kammavācaka) 
 
sudo odanaṃ pacati (kattuvācaka) 
sudena odano paciyate (kammavācaka) 
 
Vacana and purisa are found in the su�횙x, de账ꤍned by the tense. 
(Hiyattanī, ajjattanī and kālātipatti can have ‘a’ (augment) at the beginning of the verb.) 
 
 
 
 
  
 
44 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Vattamāna - for present or very close past/future 
 
  P    A   

  eka  bahu  eka  bahu 

(he/she/it)  -ti   -nti/-te/-nte  -te   -nte 

(you)  -si  -tha  -se  -vhe 

(I)  -ami/-e  -ama  -e  -mhe 

 
 
Pañcamī - imperative 
 
  P    A   

  eka  bahu  eka  bahu 

(he/she/it)  -tu  -ntu  -taṁ  -antaṁ 

(you)  -hi/none  -tha  -ssu  -vaho 

(I)  -mi  -ma  -e   -āmhase 

 
 
Sattamī - optative (should) 
 
  P    A   

  eka  bahu  eka  bahu 

(he/she/it)  -eyya/-e  -eyyuṁ  -etha  -eraṁ 

(you)  -eyyāsi  -eyyātha  -etho  -eyyavho 

(I)  -eyyāmi  -eyyāma  -eyyaṁ  -eyyāmhe 

 
 
Parokkhā - for really, really past things 
 
  P    A   
  
 
45 

  eka  bahu  eka  bahu 

(he/she/it)  -a  -u  -ttha  -re 

(you)  -e   -ttha  -ttho  -vho 

(I)  -aṁ   -mha   -iṁ  -mhe 

 
Hiyattanī - past yesterday 
 
  P    A   

  eka  bahu  eka  bahu 

(he/she/it)  -ā  -ū  -ttha  -re 

(you)  -e  -ttha  -ttho  -vho 

(I)  -aṁ  -mha  -iṁ  -mhase 

 
 
Ajjattanī - past today 
 
  P    A   

  eka  bahu  eka  bahu 

(he/she/it)  -ī/-i  -uṁ/-suṁ/  -ā  -ū 

aṁsu/-iṁsu 

(you)  -o  -ttha  -se  -vhaṁ 

(I)  -iṁ/-siṁ  -mhā  -aṁ  -mhe 

 
 
Bhavissanti - future 
 
  P    A   

  eka  bahu  eka  bahu 

(he/she/it)  -issati  -issanti  -issate  -issante 

(you)  -issas  -issatha  -issase  -issavhe 

(I)  -issāmi  -issāma  -issaṁ  -issāmahe 

 
Kālātipatti - past future 
 
  P    A   
  
 
46 

  eka  bahu  eka  bahu 

(he/she/it)  -issā  -issaṁsu  -issate  -issante 

(you)  -isse  -issatha  -issase  -issavhe 

(I)  -issaṁ  -issāmhā  -issaṁ  -issāmhe 

 
 
 
Word order in sentences: 
 
subject/everything else/object/verb 
 
Vattamāna examples: 
 
bhikkhu dhammaṁ deseti 
(expounds) 
 
kuto nu tvaṁ āgacchasi? 
(from where) (indeed) (you) (have just come?) 
 
kiṁ karomi? 
(what) (will I do?) 
 
Pañcamī examples: 
 
evaṁ vadehi 
(thus) (speak) 
 
 
sabbe sattā averā hontu 
(all) (beings) (not vengeance) (may be) 
 
pabbājetha maṁ bhante 
(make go forth) (me) (sir) 
 
Sattamī examples: 
 
First meaning of sattamī (order/importance): 
 
bhajetha purisuttame 
(should engage) (higher sort of people) 
 
yannūnāhaṁ pabbajjeyyaṁ 
(Whatever, I) (should go forth) 
 
Second meaning (potential/possibility): 
 
puññañce puriso kayirā 
  
 
47 
(good deeds if) (a man) (should do) 
 
Parokkhā examples: 
 
tenāha bhagavā 
(because of that said) (the blessed one) 
 
tenāhu porāṇā 
(because of that said) (the ancient) 
 
Hiyattanī examples: 
 
khaṇo vo mā upaccagā 
(the moment) (you plural) (may [it] not overcome) 
 
evaṁ avacaṁ 
(thus) (I spoke) 
 
Ajjattanī examples: 
 
thero gāmaṁ pindāya pāvisi 
(elder) (village) (alms) (to enter) 
 
evarūpaṁ kammaṁ akasiṁ 
(of this sort) (kamma) (I made) 
 
Bhavissantī examples: 
 
dhammaṁ suṇissāma 
(to dhamma) (we will listen) 
 
Kālātipatti examples: 
 
so ce yānaṁ labhissā agacchissā 
(he) (if) (vehicle) (will have gained) (will have gone) 
 
 
Dhātu 
 
There are eight groups of roots and each has their own ending that you add onto them. 
 
1.bhū 
2.rudh 
3.tiv 
4.su 
5.kī 
6.gah 
7.tan 
8.cur 
 
How they change according to present system: 
  
 
48 
 
1.group changes by adding a 
2.group changes by adding ṁ after a vowel and then adding a 
3.group changes by adding ya 
4.adding ṇā, ṇu 
5.adding nā 
6.adding nhā 
7.adding o 
8.adding ṇe, ṇaya 
 
1.group (a) 
 
root present stem 
bhū bhava in regards to being 
hu ho in regards to being 
sī saya in regards to lying 
mar mara in regards to dying 
pac paca in regards to cooking 
ikkh ikkha in regards to seeing 
labh labha in regards to getting 
gam gaccha in regards to going 
 
2.group (ṁ +a) 
ṁ  –  a  (ṁ  takes  place  after  the  ㌮〴rst  vowel  of  the  root  and  changes  to  the  respective  nasal  of  the 
following consonant) 
e.g.: ṁ changes to ñ (when followed by consonants of ‘ca’ group’ – c, ch, j, jh) -  
√bhuj + ṁ - a + ti →bhuñjati 
 
root present stem 
rudh rundha in regards to closing 
muc muñca in regards to freeing 
bhuj bhuñja in regards to eating 
lip limpa in regards to hitting 
bhid bhinda in regards to plastering 
 
3.group (-ya) 
 
root present stem 
tiv tibba in regards to playing 
siv sibba in regards to sewing 
budh bujjha in regards to awakening 
khī khīya in regards to ending 
muh muyha in regards to getting lost 
mus mussa in regards to forgetting 
raj rajja in regards to dying 
 
 
 
 
4.group (-ṇā, -ṇu) 
 
  
 
49 
root present stem 
su suṇā in regards to listening 
vu vuṇā in regards to threading 
si siṇo in regards to setting 
 
 
 
 
 
5.group (-nā) 
 
root present stem 
kī kīnā in regards to selling 
ji jina in regards to winning/conquering 
dhu dhunā in regards to doing away with/discarding 
ci cinā in regards to collecting/building 
lu lunā in regards to cutting 
ñā jānā in regards to knowing 
phu phunā in regards to knowing 
 
6.group (-ṇhā) 
 
root present stem 
gah gaṇhā in regards to taking 
 
7.group (-o) 
 
root present stem 
tan tano in regards to radiating 
kar karo in regards to doing 
sakk sakko in regards to being capable to 
jāgar jāgaro in regards to awakening 
 
8.group (-ṇe, ṇaya) 
 
root present stem 
cur core, coraya in regards to stealing 
takk takke, takkaya in regards to considering 
lakkh lakkhe, lakkhaya in regards to noting 
mant mante, mantaya in regards to consulting 
cint cinte, cintaya in regards to thinking 
 
The ending ṇe has the ability to strengthen the main vowel in the root, in case there isn't 
a compound consonant after it. 
 
   
  
 
50 
Vācaka 
 
There are 账ꤍve kinds of vācaka: 
 
1.kattuvācaka - speech about the doer 
2.kammavācaka - speech about the object (passive voice) 
3.bhāvavācaka - speech about existence 
4.hetukattuvācaka - speech about a person who causes another person to do something 
5.hetukammavācaka - speech about a thing that someone causes to act upon 
 
 
1. sudo odanaṁ pacati = The cook cooks the rice. 
2. sūdena odano paciyate = The rice is cooked by the cook. 
3. tena bhūyate = By him it is existed (i.e. he exists). 
4. sāmiko sūdaṁ odanaṁ pāceti = The lord causes the cook to cook the rice. 
5. sāmikena sūdena odano pācāpiyate = The rice is caused to be cooked by the cook 
by the command of lord. 
 
 
Paccaya 
 
paccaya goes according to vācaka. 
 
Su�횙xes that go with roots: 
 
1,2 3 4 5 6 7 8   
a,a,ya, ṇu, ṇā, na, ṇhā, o, ṇe, ṇaya 
 
kattuvācaka uses them all 
kammavācaka uses iya 
bhāvavācaka uses ya 
hetukattuvācaka uses ṇe, ṇaya, ṇāpe, ṇāpaya (these has the ability to lengthen a vowel) 
hetukammavācaka uses all ṇe, ṇāpe, ya, ṇāpiya 
 
 
 
 
   
  
 
51 
Sentences to translate as a practice 
 
1. ko dhammaṁ deseti? 
2. sāmaṇerena dhammo pakāsiyate 
3. kenāyaṁ thupo patiṭṭhāpiyate 
4. mahārājā taṁ kārāpeti 
5. kathaṁ mātāpitaro putte anusāseyyaṁ 
6. te pāpā putte nivārenti, te kalyāṇe putte nivesenti 
7. kathaṁ mayā paṭipajjate 
8. kiṁ amhākaṁ sukhaṁ uppādessati? 
9. kusalañce kareyyāsi 
10. kusalaṁ karohi 
11. kasmā sisso garunā garahiyate 
12. suraṁ pivāmi 
13. mā evamakāsi 
14. tassovādaṁ karohi 
15. kahaṁ ime gamissanti 
16. rājanivesanaṁ gamiyate 
17. ciraṁ idha vasimhā 
18. bālaṁ na seveyya 
19. paṇḍitameva bhajatu 
20. yaṁ dhīro kāreyya, taṁ karassu 
21. khaṇo vo mā upaccagā 
22. khaṇātītā hi socanti 
23. tenāha porāṇo 
24. bahū janā idha sannipatiṁsu 
25. kinnu bhīto va tiṭṭhasi 
26. jīvanto na sukhaṁ labhe 
27. sacahaṁ evaṁ ajānissaṁ, taṁ nābhavissa 
28. yannūnāhaṁ dukkhā mucceyyaṁ 
29. mā pacchā vippaṭisārino ahuvattha