Solution:

a. Plot the input-output characteristics :

南台科技大學 研究生學位考試 p1=20:100;

h1=8*p1+0.024*p1.^2+80;
所 別：電機工程系研究所 
subplot(2,1,1);
姓 名：楊氏原(Duong Thi Nguyen) 學號：M962B205 
plot(p1,h1)

p2=20:100;
Computer Based Application in Power System
h2=6*p2+0.04*p2.^2+120;
Assignment
subplot(2,1,2);
Problem 3.1(not included part b):
plot(p2,h2)
Assume that the fuel inputs in Mbtu/hr for unit 1 and 2 which are both online:
input-output characteristics unit1
H1= 8P1 + 0.024P12 + 80 1500

H2= 6P2 + 0.04P22 + 120 1000

Where Hn is fuel input to unit n in Mbtu/hr

H
500
Pn is unit output in MW
0
a. Plot the input-output characteristics for each unit expressing input in MBtu 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
per hour and output in megawatts. Assume that the minimum loading of each P
input-output characteristics unit2
unit is 20 MW and that the maximum loading is 100 MW. 1200

1000
c. Assume that the cost of fuel is 1.5 $/MBtu. Calculate the incremental
production cost in F/MWh of each unit, and plot against output in megawatts. 800

H
600

400

200
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
P

Figure1: input-output characteristics

b. Calculate the incremental production cost in F/MWh of each unit, incremental production cost per MWh unit1
and plot against output in megawatts 20

Method 1: manual calculating: 18

dF/dP

H1= 8P1 + 0.024P12 + 80 16

14
H2= 6P2 + 0.04P22 + 120
12
F1= 12P1 + 0.036P12 + 120 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
P
F2= 9P2 + 0.06P22 + 180 incremental production cost per MWh unit2
25

= 12 + 0.072P1
20
dF/dP

= 9 + 0.12P2
15

Plot the incremental production cost of each unit by Matlab we get the
10
figure2: 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
P
p1=20:100;

df1=12+0.072*p1; Figure2: incremental production cost of each unit by manual calculation

subplot(2,1,1);

plot(p1,df1) Method 2: using the Matlab:

p2=20:100; We get the same results in the figure3
df2=9+0.12*p2;
p1=20:100; p2=20:100;
subplot(2,1,2); h1=8*p1+0.024*p1.^2+80; h2=6*p2+0.04*p2.^2+120;
plot(p2,df2) f1=1.5*h1; f2=1.5*h2;

df1=diff(f1); df2=diff(f2);

p1=21:100; p2=21:100;

subplot(2,1,1); subplot(2,1,2);

plot(p1,df1) plot(p2,df2)
 incremental production cost unit1 Solution:
20
Draw again the incremental production cost of two units in problem 3.1 in the
18
same axis by the matlab program:

dF1
16
p1=20:100;
14
df1=12+0.072*p1;
12
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 p2=20:100;
P
incremental production cost unit2 df2=9+0.12*p2;
25
plot(p1,df1,p2,df2)
20 %find the intersection point

dF2
15 A=[0.072 -1

0.12 -1];
10
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 B=[-12
P
-9];
Figure3: incremental production cost of each unit by Matlab calculation P=A\B
Problem 3.5:
We get this figure and the answer for the intersection point value :
This problem demonstrates the complexity involved when we must commit
P = 62.5000
(turn on) generating units, as well as dispatch them economically. This problem is
known as the unit commitment problem and is the subject of Chapter 5.
Given the two generating units in Problem 3.1, assume that they are both
off-line at the start. Also, assume that load starts at 50 MW and increases to 200
MW. The most economic schedule to supply this varying load will require
committing one unit first, followed by commitment of the second unit when the
load reaches a higher level. Determine which unit to commit first and at what load
the remaining unit should be committed. Assume no “start-up” costs for either unit.

Incremental production Cost Also, assume that a cost of 180 $ is incurred in taking either unit off-line and
25
dF1 returning it to service after 12 h. Consider the 24-h period from 0600 one morning
dF2
to 0600 the next morning.
A, Would it be more economical to keep both units in service for this 24-h
20 period or to remove one of the units from service for the 12-h period from 1800
one evening to 0600 the next morning?
dF/dP

B, What is the economic schedule for the period of time from 0600 to 1800
(load = 150 MW)?
15
C, What is the economic schedule for the period of time from 1800 to 0600
(load = 50 MW)?
Solution:
10 A, From the equation in problem 3.1 we have:
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
P
The production cost when P=50MW

F1(50)= 810;
From the figure we can see the incremental cost of unit 1 is higher than unit 2 F2(50)=780;
if P< 62.5 MWh. So for the optimal production cost, unit 2 must start first at the
But a cost of 180 $ is incurred in taking either unit off-line and returning it to
load of 50MW. But when the load increases to 62.5 MW and more, using unit 2
costs more than using unit 1. So for the economic benefit the unit 1 should be service after 12 h so the real cost is:
committed. F1= 990;
Problem 3.6: F2 = 960;
The system to be studied consists of two units as described in Problem 3.1. About the simultaneous operation of two units. The minimal cost is calculated by
Assume a daily load cycle as follows. fmincon function.
Time Band Load (M W) function f=costfun(p)
0000-0600 50 f=12*p(1)+0.036*p(1)^2+120+9*p(2)+0.06*p(2)^2+180;
0600- 1800 150 [P,fval]=fmincon('costfun',[40,10],[],[],[1 1],[50],[20; 20],[100;100])
1800-0000 50
Then we get the answer of the minimal cost is 878.4 $ when P1=20 MW and a. Use the lambda-iteration method to find the economic dispatch for a total
P2=30MW demand of 450 MW.
P = 20 30 b. Use the base-point and participation factor method to find the economic
fval = 878.4000 schedule for a demand of 495 MW. Start from the solution to part a.

In short, we can find out that the best way is running 2 units at the same time. Solution:

b, The economic schedule for the period of time from 0600 to 1800( load =150) is: Method 1: from the above table we can find the cost function as

[P,fval]=fmincon('costfun',[40,10],[],[],[1 1],[150],[20; 20],[100;100]) F1=H1(P1)*0.8=180+6.72*P1+0.002*

P = 78.1250 71.8750 F2=H2(P2)*1.02 =743.58+5.04*P1+0.008262*

fval = 2.4141e+003
F3=H3(P3)*0.9=360+6.75*P1+0.00225*
c, The economic schedule for the period of time from 1800 to 0600( load =50) is
Hence,
found out by the same way as shown in part a.
F=1283.58+6.72*P1+0.002* +5.04*P1+0.008262* +6.75*P1+0.00225*
P = 20 30

fval = 878.4000 Use the fmincon function to find the optimal point :
function f=costfun37(p)

f=6.72*p(1)+0.002*p(1)^2+1283.58+5.04*p(2)+0.008262*p(2)^2+6.75*p(3)+0.00225*p(3)^2;
Problem 3.7:
>> [P,fval]=fmincon('costfun37',[100,100,250],[],[],[1 1 1],[450],[45; 45;
Assume that all three of the thermal units described below are running. Find the 47.5],[350;350;450])
economic dispatch schedules as requested in each part. Use the method and starting P = 166.5904 141.9969 141.4127
conditions given. fval = 3.8904e+003

Method 2: Use the lambda-iteration method

Apply the flow chart as in figure 3.3 and project the λ as in figure 3.5 we write a
simple matlab program as follow:

function lamda=lamda_interation(p1,p2,p3)

lamda(1)=10*rand(1);

p1(1)=(lamda(1)-6.72)/0.004;

p2(1)=(lamda(1)-5.04)/0.016524;

p3(1)=(lamda(1)-6.75)/0.0045;

epsilon(1)=450-p1(1)-p2(1)-p3(1);

lamda(2)=epsilon(1)+sign(epsilon(1))*0.1*epsilon(1);

p1(2)=(lamda(2)-6.72)/0.004;

p2(2)=(lamda(2)-5.04)/0.016524;

p3(2)=(lamda(2)-6.75)/0.0045;

epsilon(2)=450-p1(2)-p2(2)-p3(2);

for i=3:100

lamda(i)=-(lamda(i-1)-lamda(i-2))/(epsilon(i-1)-epsilon(i-2))*epsilon(i-2)+lamda(i-2)

p1(i)=(lamda(i)-6.72)/0.004

p2(i)=(lamda(i)-5.04)/0.016524

p3(i)=(lamda(i)-6.75)/0.0045

epsilon(i)=450-p1(i)-p2(i)-p3(i)

if (epsilon(i)<0.01) break;end;

end
 We get the answer: In summary, the results got from two method is the same. The λ interation
% for 2 fisrt cycles: method gives the good result after few interations.

lamda =7.6210 6.8589 b . Use the base-point and participation factor method to find the economic
schedule for a demand of 495 MW. Start from the solution to part a.
p1 = 225.2421 34.7179
Method 1:
p2 = 156.1951 110.0745
Apply the equation:
p3 =193.5485 24.1937

epsilon = -124.9857 281.0139

% for 3 last cycles:

lamda =4.8598 5.3458 7.3864 ;

p1 = -465.0438 -343.5482 166.5898 ;
p2 = -10.9039 18.5068 141.9970
;
p3 = -420.0390 -312.0429 141.4132
= 0.47
epsilon = 1.0e+003 *

1.3460 1.0871 -0.0000

=0.115
In summary, the interative process as follow:
=0.416
P1 P2 P3 Epsilon
Interation λ ΔPD=495-450=45
(MW) (MW) (MW)
Pnew1=P1+ * ΔPD=166.6 + 0.47*45= 187.78;
Start 225.2421 156.1951 193.5485 -124.9857 7.6210
Pnew2=P2+ * ΔPD=142 + 0. 115*45= 147.17;
1 34.7179 110.0745 24.1937 281.0139 6.8589
Pnew3=P3+ * ΔPD=141.4 + 0. 416*45= 160.12;
2 225.2421 156.1951 193.5485 1346.0 7.6210

3 34.7179 110.0745 24.1937 1087.1 6.8589

4 166.5898 141.9970 141.4132 -0.0000 7.3864

Method 2:
>> [P,fval]=fmincon('costfun37',[100,100,250],[],[],[1 1 1],[495],[45; 45;
47.5],[350;350;450])
P = 187.7079 147.1087 160.1834
fval =4.6746e+003

Briefly, the results also are the same in two methods. So the base-point and
participation factor method can give the good output if choosing the suitable start
point.