Life; Ch.

16 Test; Endocrine & Reproductive Systems

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____ 1. Why do hormones cause changes only in specific body organs?
a. A hormone is carried to a specific location by tiny tubes.
b. A hormone interacts only with target cells, which fit together with that hormone.
c. A hormone is produced only in the location where it is needed.
d. A hormone works only through negative feedback.
____ 2. The endocrine system acts on the body through chemical products called
a. hormones.
b. blood and saliva.
c. sugars.
d. target cells.
____ 3. The endocrine system produces chemicals that
a. begin to function after puberty.
b. require a system of nerves to control many body activities.
c. travel to selected locations through tiny tubes.
d. control both daily activities and long-term changes through hormones.
____ 4. Which endocrine gland(s) link(s) the endocrine system and the nervous system?
a. hypothalamus
b. parathyroid glands
c. pituitary gland
d. thyroid gland
____ 5. Which endocrine gland(s) communicate(s) with the hypothalamus to control many body
activities,
including growth from infancy to adulthood?
a. adrenal glands
b. pancreas
c. pituitary gland
d. thyroid gland
____ 6. The way the endocrine system maintains homeostasis is often compared to a(n)
a. violent thunderstorm that startles people and increases their heartbeat.
b. heating system that turns a furnace on and off to control a room’s temperature.
c. monthly cycle that releases an egg from an ovary.
d. period of human development that takes about nine months to be completed.
____ 7. Which of the following is an example of negative feedback in the endocrine system?
a. When a hormone travels through the bloodstream, it will interact only with its
target cells.
b. After age 40 or so, people’s muscle strength begins to decrease and their skin starts
to wrinkle.
c. When people are startled by a frightening event, their heart beats faster.
d. When the amount of a hormone reaches a certain level, the endocrine system stops
the release of that hormone.
____ 8. The endocrine system often uses a negative feedback process to
a. bring about fertilization.
b. control the production of eggs and sperm.
c. maintain homeostasis.
d. produce the proper number of chromosomes.
____ 9. Which of the following structures is formed when fertilization occurs?
a. egg
b. ovary
c. sperm
 d. zygote
____ 10. The joining of a sperm and an egg is called
a. implantation.
b. ovulation.
c. fertilization.
d. menstruation.
____ 11. Sperm are produced in the
a. bladder.
b. scrotum.
c. testes.
d. urethra.
____ 12. The scrotum is part of the
a. menstrual cycle.
b. endocrine system.
c. female reproductive system.
d. male reproductive system.
____ 13. Eggs are produced in the
a. ovaries.
b. fallopian tubes.
c. uterus.
d. vagina.
____ 14. Human eggs are usually fertilized in the
a. uterus.
b. fallopian tube.
c. ovary.
d. cervix.
____ 15. A mature egg is released from the ovary during a process called
a. fallopian tube.
b. ovulation.
c. menstruation.
d. fertilization.
____ 16. In a female’s body, an egg develops in an ovary, and the uterus prepares for the arrival of a
fertilized egg during
a. homeostasis.
b. labor and delivery.
c. pregnancy.
d. the menstrual cycle.
____ 17. When a human egg is not fertilized, extra blood and tissue from the uterus are released
through the
vagina in a process called
a. menstruation.
b. elimination.
c. ovulation.
d. reproduction.
____ 18. Where does a fertilized egg develop after it leaves the fallopian tube?
a. the cervix
b. the ovary
c. the uterus
d. the vagina
____ 19. Which of the following describes the first nine months of human development in the correct
order?
a. egg, sperm, zygote
b. embryo, fetus, afterbirth
c. zygote, embryo, fetus
d. zygote, fetus, embryo
____ 20. Eating a healthy diet while pregnant is important because
a. nutrients from the mother help protect the fetus from dangerous chemicals.
b. nutrients from the mother pass directly to the fetus through the placenta.
c. proper nutrition will make the child a picky eater in the future.
d. a healthy diet will prevent viruses from passing through the placenta to the fetus.
____ 21. Which of the following statements about the placenta is NOT true?
a. The placenta protects an embryo from alcohol and other harmful substances that
might be present in the mother’s blood.
b. In the placenta, the embryo’s and mother’s blood vessels are close to each other,
but their blood does not mix.
c. Carbon dioxide and other wastes pass from the embryo through the placenta into
the mother’s blood.
d. The placenta prevents some diseases from spreading from the mother to the
embryo.
____ 22. What happens during the stage of childbirth called labor?
a. Strong muscle contractions push the baby out of the mother’s body.
b. The fetus develops a heartbeat, its bones become distinct, and it begins to move.
c. The umbilical cord is tied, then cut a few centimeters away from the baby’s
abdomen.
d. Strong muscle contractions of the uterus cause the cervix to enlarge.
____ 23. What happens during the stage of childbirth called delivery?
a. Muscle contractions push the placenta out of the mother’s body.
b. The baby comes out of the mother’s body.
c. The lining of the uterus thickens in preparation for the arrival of a zygote.
d. A zygote with the proper number of chromosomes is formed.
____ 24. You are a doctor helping to deliver a baby. As you rush to your patient’s room, the nurse
tells you
that you are just in time for the afterbirth. What will be delivered?
a. a baby
b. the cervix
c. the placenta
d. the uterus
____ 25. Which period makes up the stage of development called childhood?
a. birth to age 7
b. birth to age 10
c. ages 7 to about 10
d. ages 2 to about 12
____ 26. Which of the following is a physical change that usually takes place during childhood?
a. Friends become more important as individuals begin to think about others.
b. Individuals learn coordinated tasks such as using a fork.
c. Individuals learn to crawl, then begin to walk.
d. Individuals begin to play with toys.
____ 27. What is the main event that happens during puberty?
a. Individuals begin to ask questions about their future.
b. Individuals need large amounts of food because of rapid growth.
c. Individuals may feel pain because their bodies grow so rapidly.
d. An individual’s body becomes able to reproduce.
____ 28. During which period of development does a person’s thinking mature and become more like
an
adult?
a. adulthood
b. adolescence
c. childhood
d. infancy
____ 29. Which of the following changes does NOT occur during the stage of development called
infancy?
a. learning coordinated tasks such as writing with a pencil
b. arms and legs growing faster than the head
c. crawling and starting to walk
d. speaking words and understanding simple directions
____ 30. Which of the following is the best description of adolescence?
a. the stage when children become adults physically and mentally
b. the stage when individuals first produce hormones
c. the stage that’s the same as puberty
d. the stage when people have “growing pains”
Modified True/False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make
the
statement true.
____ 31. The organs of the endocrine system produce chemical messengers called enzymes.
_________________________
____ 32. The male sex cell is called a sperm. _________________________
____ 33. Sex cells contain twice as many chromosomes as other body cells.
_________________________
____ 34. The release of a mature egg into a fallopian tube is called menstruation.
_________________________
____ 35. During the first eight weeks after fertilization, a developing human is known as a(n) embryo.
_________________________
____ 36. Labor involves strong muscular contractions of the fallopian tubes.
_________________________
____ 37. Identical twins develop from two different eggs that are fertilized by different sperm.
_________________________
____ 38. During infancy, humans learn to feed themselves and play with toys.
_________________________
____ 39. The time between childhood and adulthood is called adolescence.
_________________________
____ 40. One typical social change during early childhood is that individuals begin to take on adult
responsibilities. _________________________
Completion
Complete each statement.
41. The endocrine gland called the ____________________ gland communicates with the
hypothalamus to control many body activities.
42. A hormone released by the ____________________ glands controls the amount of calcium in the
blood.
43. The thyroid and pituitary are part of the ____________________ system.
44. The endocrine system maintains ____________________, or internal balance, through negative
feedback.
45. The endocrine system controls the amount of a particular ____________________ in the blood
by
stopping its release when it reaches a certain level.
46. A sperm and egg join to form a fertilized egg, which is called a(n) ____________________.
47. The hormone ____________________ controls the development of male characteristics.
48. Sperm are produced in the organs called ____________________.
49. One important function of ovaries is to produce ____________________ cells.
50. Fertilization usually takes place in the ____________________, or passageways for eggs.
51. The monthly cycle of changes in the female reproductive system is called the
____________________ cycle.
52. During the menstrual cycle, the lining of the ____________________ builds up with extra blood
and tissue to prepare for a fertilized egg.
53. A developing human is called a(n) ____________________ between the ninth week of
development and birth.
54. The baby is pushed out of the uterus during ____________________, or the second stage of
birth.
55. Contractions push the placenta out of the mother’s body during the stage of birth known as
____________________.
56. A human usually learns to walk during the stage of development known as
____________________.
57. A person might have his or her first jobs, start to manage his or her own money, and develop
more
complex social relationships during the stage of development known as ____________________.
58. The period of development during which a person becomes physically able to reproduce is called
____________________.
59. Adolescence includes ____________________ changes as well as physical changes.
60. During the period of life called ____________________, language skills develop, and individuals
learn to communicate and carry on conversations.
Short Answer
Use the diagram to answer each question.
61. What hormone does the pituitary release? What organ signals the pituitary to release this
hormone?
62. The diagram uses a model to show how the release of thyroxine is controlled. What happens at
point A?
63. The diagram uses a model to show how the release of thyroxine is controlled. What happens at
point B?
64. What event makes the hypothalamus sense that body cells need more energy?
65. What is the function of the hormone thyroxine?
66. Why is the cycle illustrated in this diagram called a negative feedback system?
Use the diagram to answer each question.
67. Identify structure A and explain its function.
68. Which structure—A, B, C, D, or E—is NOT involved either in protecting the fetus or supplying
the fetus with what it needs to survive and develop?
69. Identify structure C and describe its function.
70. What is structure B? How does it protect the fetus?
71. Suppose structure C became damaged. What effect would this have on the fetus?
72. What is structure D? What does it do during delivery?
Essay
73. Explain how the hypothalamus links the nervous system and the endocrine system.
74. What are chromosomes? What happens to them during fertilization?
75. Trace the path of sperm cells through the male reproductive system.
76. What happens to an egg after it has been fertilized? What happens to an egg that has not been
fertilized?
77. Some babies delivered at around six months can survive, but only with intense medical care.
Based
on what you know about the development of the fetus, explain some of the medical problems that a
very premature baby might face.
78. Describe how substances are exchanged between the mother and the fetus during pregnancy.
79. How are identical twins produced? How are fraternal twins produced?
80. List three stages of human development from birth up to adulthood and describe approximately
when each stage begins and ends.
Life; Ch. 16 Test; Endocrine & Reproductive Systems
Answer Section
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: CaLS.16.1.1 Describe how the endocrine system controls body processes.
STA: S 7.5.b BLM: comprehension
2. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: CaLS.16.1.1 Describe how the endocrine system controls body processes.
STA: S 7.5.b BLM: comprehension
3. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: CaLS.16.1.1 Describe how the endocrine system controls body processes.
STA: S 7.5.b BLM: knowledge
4. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: CaLS.16.1.2 Identify the endocrine glands. STA: S 7.5.b
BLM: comprehension
5. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: CaLS.16.1.2 Identify the endocrine glands. STA: S 7.5.b
BLM: knowledge
6. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: CaLS.16.1.3 Explain how negative feedback controls hormone levels.
STA: S 7.5.b BLM: comprehension
7. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: CaLS.16.1.3 Explain how negative feedback controls hormone levels.
STA: S 7.5.b BLM: knowledge
8. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: CaLS.16.1.3 Explain how negative feedback controls hormone levels.
STA: S 7.5.b BLM: knowledge
9. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: CaLS.16.2.1 Define sexual reproduction. STA: S 7.5.d
BLM: knowledge
10. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: CaLS.16.2.1 Define sexual reproduction. STA: S 7.5.d
BLM: knowledge
11. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: CaLS.16.2.2 Describe the structures and functions of the male reproductive system.
STA: S 7.5.d BLM: knowledge
12. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: CaLS.16.2.2 Describe the structures and functions of the male reproductive system.
STA: S 7.5.d BLM: knowledge
13. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: CaLS.16.2.3 Describe the structures and functions of the female reproductive system.
STA: S 7.5.d BLM: knowledge
14. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: CaLS.16.2.3 Describe the structures and functions of the female reproductive system.
STA: S 7.5.d BLM: knowledge
15. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: CaLS.16.2.4 Sequence the events that occur during the menstrual cycle.
STA: S 7.5.d BLM: knowledge
16. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: CaLS.16.2.4 Sequence the events that occur during the menstrual cycle.
STA: S 7.5.d BLM: knowledge
17. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: CaLS.16.2.4 Sequence the events that occur during the menstrual cycle.
STA: S 7.5.d BLM: knowledge
18. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: CaLS.16.3.1 List the changes that occur to the zygote, embryo, and fetus during
development. STA: S 7.1.f BLM: knowledge
19. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: CaLS.16.3.1 List the changes that occur to the zygote, embryo, and fetus during
development. STA: S 7.1.f BLM: comprehension
20. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L3
OBJ: CaLS.16.3.2 Explain how the developing embryo is protected and nourished.
STA: S 7.5.e BLM: synthesis
21. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: CaLS.16.3.2 Explain how the developing embryo is protected and nourished.
STA: S 7.5.e BLM: comprehension
22. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: CaLS.16.3.3 Describe what happens during childbirth. STA: S 7.5.b
BLM: comprehension
23. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: CaLS.16.3.3 Describe what happens during childbirth. STA: S 7.5.b
BLM: comprehension
24. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: CaLS.16.3.3 Describe what happens during childbirth. STA: S 7.5.e
BLM: application
25. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: CaLS.16.3.4 Identify changes that occur from infancy to adulthood.
STA: S 7.1.f BLM: comprehension
26. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: CaLS.16.3.4 Identify changes that occur from infancy to adulthood.
STA: S 7.1.f BLM: comprehension
27. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: CaLS.16.3.4 Identify changes that occur from infancy to adulthood.
STA: S 7.1.f BLM: knowledge
28. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: CaLS.16.3.4 Identify changes that occur from infancy to adulthood.
STA: S 7.1.f BLM: comprehension
29. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: CaLS.16.3.4 Identify changes that occur from infancy to adulthood.
STA: S 7.1.f BLM: comprehension
30. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: CaLS.16.3.4 Identify changes that occur from infancy to adulthood.
STA: S 7.1.f BLM: comprehension
MODIFIED TRUE/FALSE
31. ANS: F, hormones
PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: CaLS.16.1.1 Describe how the endocrine system controls body processes.
STA: S 7.5.b BLM: knowledge
32. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: CaLS.16.2.1 Define sexual reproduction. STA: S 7.5.d
BLM: knowledge
33. ANS: F, half
PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: CaLS.16.2.1 Define sexual reproduction.
STA: S 7.5.d BLM: knowledge
34. ANS: F, ovulation
PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: CaLS.16.2.4 Sequence the events that occur during the menstrual cycle.
STA: S 7.5.d BLM: knowledge
35. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: CaLS.16.3.1 List the changes that occur to the zygote, embryo, and fetus during
development. STA: S 7.1.f BLM: knowledge
36. ANS: F, uterus
PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: CaLS.16.3.3 Describe what happens during childbirth. STA: S 7.5.b
BLM: knowledge
37. ANS: F, Fraternal
PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: CaLS.16.3.3 Describe what happens during childbirth. STA: S 7.2.b
BLM: knowledge
38. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: CaLS.16.3.4 Identify changes that occur from infancy to adulthood.
STA: S 7.1.f BLM: knowledge
39. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: CaLS.16.3.4 Identify changes that occur from infancy to adulthood.
STA: S 7.1.f BLM: knowledge
40. ANS: F, adolescence
PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: CaLS.16.3.4 Identify changes that occur from infancy to adulthood.
STA: S 7.1.f BLM: knowledge
COMPLETION
41. ANS: pituitary
PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: CaLS.16.1.1 Describe how the endocrine system controls body processes.
STA: S 7.5.b BLM: knowledge
42. ANS: parathyroid
PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: CaLS.16.1.2 Identify the endocrine glands.
STA: S 7.5.b BLM: knowledge
43. ANS: endocrine
PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: CaLS.16.1.2 Identify the endocrine glands.
STA: S 7.5.b BLM: knowledge
44. ANS: homeostasis
PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: CaLS.16.1.3 Explain how negative feedback controls hormone levels.
STA: S 7.5.b BLM: comprehension
45. ANS: hormone
PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: CaLS.16.1.3 Explain how negative feedback controls hormone levels.
STA: S 7.5.b BLM: comprehension
46. ANS: zygote
PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: CaLS.16.2.1 Define sexual reproduction.
STA: S 7.5.d BLM: knowledge
47. ANS: testosterone
PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: CaLS.16.2.2 Describe the structures and functions of the male reproductive system.
STA: S 7.5.d BLM: knowledge
48. ANS: testes
PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: CaLS.16.2.2 Describe the structures and functions of the male reproductive system.
STA: S 7.5.d BLM: knowledge
49. ANS: egg
PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: CaLS.16.2.3 Describe the structures and functions of the female reproductive system.
STA: S 7.5.d BLM: knowledge
50. ANS: fallopian tubes
PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: CaLS.16.2.3 Describe the structures and functions of the female reproductive system.
STA: S 7.5.d BLM: comprehension
51. ANS: menstrual
PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: CaLS.16.2.4 Sequence the events that occur during the menstrual cycle.
STA: S 7.5.d BLM: knowledge
52. ANS: uterus
PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: CaLS.16.2.4 Sequence the events that occur during the menstrual cycle.
STA: S 7.5.d BLM: comprehension
53. ANS: fetus
PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: CaLS.16.3.1 List the changes that occur to the zygote, embryo, and fetus during
development. STA: S 7.1.f BLM: knowledge
54. ANS: delivery
PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: CaLS.16.3.3 Describe what happens during childbirth. STA: S 7.5.b
BLM: knowledge
55. ANS: afterbirth
PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: CaLS.16.3.3 Describe what happens during childbirth. STA: S 7.5.e
BLM: knowledge
56. ANS: infancy
PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: CaLS.16.3.4 Identify changes that occur from infancy to adulthood.
STA: S 7.1.f BLM: knowledge
57. ANS: adolescence
PTS: 1 DIF: L3
OBJ: CaLS.16.3.4 Identify changes that occur from infancy to adulthood.
STA: S 7.1.f BLM: application
58. ANS: puberty
PTS: 1 DIF: L1
OBJ: CaLS.16.3.4 Identify changes that occur from infancy to adulthood.
STA: S 7.1.f BLM: knowledge
59. ANS: mental
PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: CaLS.16.3.4 Identify changes that occur from infancy to adulthood.
STA: S 7.1.f BLM: comprehension
60. ANS: childhood
PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: CaLS.16.3.4 Identify changes that occur from infancy to adulthood.
STA: S 7.1.f BLM: comprehension
SHORT ANSWER
61. ANS:
The pituitary releases the hormone TSH because the hypothalamus signals it to do so.
PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: CaLS.16.1.3 Explain how negative feedback controls hormone levels.
STA: S 7.5.b BLM: comprehension
62. ANS:
The pituitary stops producing TSH.
PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: CaLS.16.1.3 Explain how negative feedback controls hormone levels.
STA: S 7.5.b BLM: analysis
63. ANS:
The thyroid gland produces the hormone thyroxine.
PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: CaLS.16.1.3 Explain how negative feedback controls hormone levels.
STA: S 7.5.b BLM: analysis
64. ANS:
The thyroid gland stops producing the hormone thyroxine.
PTS: 1 DIF: L3
OBJ: CaLS.16.1.3 Explain how negative feedback controls hormone levels.
STA: S 7.5.b BLM: comprehension
65. ANS:
Thyroxine controls how much energy is available to cells.
PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: CaLS.16.1.3 Explain how negative feedback controls hormone levels.
STA: S 7.5.b BLM: comprehension
66. ANS:
The cycle is a negative feedback system because the condition it produces (making energy
available to cells) turns the system off. When the amount of thyroxine reaches a high enough level
to supply the cells with enough energy, the endocrine system signals the thyroid gland to stop
releasing thyroxine.
PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: CaLS.16.1.3 Explain how negative feedback controls hormone levels.
STA: S 7.5.b BLM: analysis
67. ANS:
A is the placenta. It is the structure through which the fetus receives oxygen and food from the
mother. Wastes from the fetus pass through the placenta to the mother.
PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: CaLS.16.3.2 Explain how the developing embryo is protected and nourished.
STA: S 7.5.e BLM: application
68. ANS:
E, the vagina
PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: CaLS.16.3.2 Explain how the developing embryo is protected and nourished.
STA: S 7.5.b BLM: application
69. ANS:
C is the umbilical cord. It connects the fetus to the placenta. The umbilical cord contains blood
vessels that transport food, oxygen, and wastes between the fetus and the mother.
PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: CaLS.16.3.2 Explain how the developing embryo is protected and nourished.
STA: S 7.5.b BLM: application
70. ANS:
The fluids in B, the amniotic sac, cushion and protect the fetus from injury.
PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: CaLS.16.3.2 Explain how the developing embryo is protected and nourished.
STA: S 7.5.b BLM: application
71. ANS:
If C, the umbilical cord, were damaged, it would interfere with the transferring of materials
between the placenta and the fetus. The fetus would probably not survive if it could not receive
necessary materials or have wastes removed.
PTS: 1 DIF: L3
OBJ: CaLS.16.3.2 Explain how the developing embryo is protected and nourished.
STA: S 7.5.e BLM: synthesis
72. ANS:
D is the uterus. During delivery, it undergoes strong muscular contractions that push the baby out
of the uterus, through the vagina, and out of the mother’s body.
PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: CaLS.16.3.3 Describe what happens during childbirth. STA: S 7.5.b
BLM: application
ESSAY
73. ANS:
As an organ of the nervous system, the hypothalamus sends out nerve messages that control sleep,
hunger, and other conditions. As an organ of the endocrine system, the hypothalamus produces
hormones that help control other endocrine glands in the body.
PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: CaLS.16.1.2 Identify the endocrine glands.
STA: S 7.5.b BLM: comprehension
74. ANS:
Chromosomes are rod-shaped structures that carry the information that controls inherited
characteristics. During fertilization, the 23 chromosomes in a sperm join the 23 chromosomes in an
egg to form a zygote with 46 chromosomes.
PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: CaLS.16.2.1 Define sexual reproduction.
STA: S 7.5.d BLM: comprehension
75. ANS:
Sperm cells form in the testes. They travel through other structures and mix with fluids produced
in nearby glands. This mixture of sperm and fluid is called semen, and it leaves the body through
the urethra, which runs through the penis.
PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: CaLS.16.2.2 Describe the structures and functions of the male reproductive system.
STA: S 7.5.d BLM: comprehension
76. ANS:
An egg that has been fertilized travels through the fallopian tube to the uterus, where it begins to
develop. An egg that has not been fertilized breaks down and passes out of the woman’s body
through the vagina.
PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: CaLS.16.3.1 List the changes that occur to the zygote, embryo, and fetus during
development. STA: S 7.5.d BLM: comprehension
77. ANS:
Between six and nine months, the fetus’s brain develops grooves and ridges. The lungs become
developed enough to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide. The eyelids can open. The fetus
doubles in length and reaches a mass of around 3 kg. A baby born before these developments are
complete might have difficulty breathing, or might be too small. If the eyes are not totally
developed, there could be a risk of blindness or poor vision. If the brain is not fully developed, the
functions of the nervous system might be impaired.
PTS: 1 DIF: L3
OBJ: CaLS.16.3.1 List the changes that occur to the zygote, embryo, and fetus during
development. STA: S 7.1.f BLM: evaluation
78. ANS:
The placenta connects the mother and the developing fetus. It is a tissue in which the developing
fetus’s blood vessels flow next to the mother’s. Carbon dioxide and other wastes from the
developing fetus are exchanged with nutrients, oxygen, and other substances from the mother.
Blood from the fetus does not mix with blood from the mother.
PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: CaLS.16.3.2 Explain how the developing embryo is protected and nourished.
STA: S 7.5.e BLM: comprehension
79. ANS:
Identical twins develop from the same zygote. At an early stage of development, the embryo splits
into two identical embryos. Fraternal twins develop from two separate eggs that are released at the
same time. The eggs are fertilized by different sperm.
PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: CaLS.16.3.3 Describe what happens during childbirth. STA: S 7.2.b
BLM: comprehension
80. ANS:
The first stage is infancy. It lasts from birth to about two years. The second stage is childhood. It
begins at two years and continues until the age of about 12. The third stage is adolescence. It
begins at about 12 years and continues through the teen years.
PTS: 1 DIF: L2
OBJ: CaLS.16.3.4 Identify changes that occur from infancy to adulthood.
STA: S 7.1.f BLM: comprehension