"PRE £05 190 8B. e175 Ze é Lt Pe", 3§ W re sy eee | apsR77t Reading Greek Grammar, vocabulary and exercisesv, Tomsojier pF cD |PRECO. 55,30. Data 1.89 5E wo cen Cmgbia7 4272 | rece Nochamana “Gea” R227 2. [PUBLISHED BY THE PRESS SYNDICATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE ‘The Ps Bling, Tunpngon Sree, Canbridge, Used Kingaos Triste Baling, Cambridge C22 2RU, UK ap: /wwwopeamacak Ta eee See New Youk, NY 10011421, USA hp Jarweapeng 20rd Road, Oadeigh, Meboume 3156, Ausaty 1© The Joint Anocnin of Clie! Teaches Greek Coune 1978 ‘Ths book i in copyrigh. Subject to satetory exception snd tothe provision of rkvam ealieciveheensng reser, ro reprodocion of sy pare may take plas where ‘he writen person of Cambridge Unive Pes, Fis pbs 1978 Reprised with comections 1979, 1980, ‘Reprined 1982, 1989, 1986 (vice). 1987, 1988, 1969, 990, 1991, $993 (vie) 196, 1995, 1996 foie}, 1997 orice), 1999 Prot inthe United States of Areca “Type in Beno ‘A nage mdf ib is evi fom th Bits Liber ery of Ganges: Catling in Pt Da sve ISBN 0-521-21977-9 paperback 54) 4 $9700. og CONTENTS Preface ix Abbreviations x ss and Exercises for Sections One-Nineteen Alphabet and pronunciation Part One Section One Seation Two Section Three Part Two Section Four Section Five Section Six Pact Three Seaion Seven Section Eight Seaion Nine Section Ten Part Four Seaton Eleven Section Twelve Seaton Thirteen Seaton Fourteen 35 Mu set 108 330 6 132 176 193B Ad Aa Aa Ag cr Ca cs Ey Ba E3 Ba RPO ROZERRLE EO Part Five Section Fifteon Sesion Sixteen Section Seventeen Past Si Seaion Eighteen Pare Seven Section Nineteen Reference Grammar Preliminaries The Grech alphabet Accentustion Homeric dialect ~ the main features Nouns Adjectves|pronouns Comparison of adjectives Nounladjective endings ~ a summary Adverbs The verb ~ synopsis Verb summary chart (uncontacted, weak aris) Inegular verbs Important principal parts Prepositions Particles s(ds) Partcples Infinitives Indirect speech Temporal clauses Purpose clauses and verbs of fearing Polite (potential) &y Conditionals Wishes Commands (orders) Deliberaives 207 236 aan 28 259 259 264 267 270 an 27 274 275 275 28 281 28s 290 202 297 298 299 sor 303 308 305 305 306 306 307 © Language Surveys (1) Hany of the Greek Ienguage (2) Acie, mide ond passive (9) Aspe (4) Optaive (5) Sujuncive ond optative wages (6) The wes of (7) Verein (8) Verb with perfect force (0) The negatives ob and (10) Morphology ofthe ces (11) Ure ofthe cases (12) Ure ofthe deft atte (13) Vocabulary building ” D Total Vocabulary of all words to be learnt Finding the lexicon form of «verb Total Vocabulary List of proper names E English-Greek Vocabulary Notes English ~ Greek Voesbulary F Grammar Index Indes of grammar Index of grammar — Greek 308 308 310 310 313 ata as 316 318 39 320 32 336 BT as as 337 353 356 356 356 363 363 365 Cover picture: Athene with stylus and welting tablet. (Photograph reproduced by permission of the Staatliche Antikensammbingen and Glyptothek, Munich)PREFACE ‘This book is written to be used in step with Reading Greet (Text) ofthe Joint Association of Classical Teachers’ Greek Course. Init willbe found (A) Running vocabularies in alphabetical iss) and leaning vocabularies for cach sub-section of the text; and at various points, grammatical explanations and exercises, which state clearly and reinforce the grammar which will hve been met in seading the Text (pp. 1-258). is essential to mot here that the gramtr end exercives have been writen on the sumption that the txt with which they gohas aleeady been read. Consequently, he grammar and exercises should not Be urmed to util that pont is reached in the reading. (B) A Reference Grammar, which summarises and expands upon the esental features of the grammar met in the Course (pp. 259-307). (©) A number of Language Surveys which look in detail t some of the more important features ofthe language (pp. 308-34). (D) Atoral vocabulary ofall words that should have been learnt, followed by 2 list of proper names (pp. 335-55). (© A vocabulary forthe English-Greek exercises (pp. 356-62). {F) An index o the grammar (pp. 363-7) te would be impracticable to produce an exhaustive grammar ofthe whole Greek language. Students and teachers should bear in mind that the frst aim of this grammar isto help students to translate feom Greek into English, and chat ‘we have therefore concentrated attention on the most common features ofthe langage ‘Acknowledgements of the debt we owe to the Steering Committee and Advisory Panel are to be found in Reading Greck (Text), p. xii. JA.C.T. Greek Course Peter V. Jones (Director) Hughes Hall Keith C. Sidwell (Second Writer) Cambridge cor 25, England Frances E. Corrie (Research Assistant) November 197ABBREVIATIONS sbx(ohue ace.(usative) puretegly tong ete adj.(ective) pert (ec Pete a (erb). fecal oe pluperfece) Prep onion) mdm Freon) Emon atincompuey Me), comp.arnivg rom oun) cond (ora Stanton) con aged ogxon eboney cents to) ieee) feo Nigel) Bison felled (Latin presumably) te ‘SStonday Safer tee sete) ela tome tom) wees bse) Spee) Shim) imp (oimperten socom acted) ita nates ints shove ‘dc tie ae) sett Bry weet Sd dpa "ran yo ies mem) mea meee yo, nom .(inative) = A Grammar, Vocabularies and Exercises for Sections One—Nineteen Simplified alphabet and pronunciation 4.a (alpha) pronounced ‘cup’ or ‘calm’ ~ BB (beta) pronounced *b’ as in English Py (gamma) a hard ‘g’, like ‘gor’ 48 (delta) a clean ‘like ‘dot’ Be (epsilon) short ‘e’ like ‘pet ZL (zeta) like ‘wisdom’ Hy (eta) pronounced as in “hair” 8 (theta) - blow a hard (‘tare’) J (iota) like ‘bead! or like ‘bin® Ke (kappa) 2 clean ‘k’ like ‘skin* A (lambda) lke “fock* Mp. (nu) like ‘mock? Nv (nu) like ‘net EE (xi) like box’ Oo (omicron) a short ‘0’ like ‘pot’ Tim (pi) a clean'p’, like spor’ Pp (tho) a rolled ‘r’, like ‘rrat Eoass (sigma) a softs’ ike “sing” Tr (au) a clean‘, lke ‘ting’ Yu (upsilon) French ‘lune’ or German ‘Maller’ © $ (phi) - blow a hard ‘p’, like ‘poo!” Xx (khi) - blow a hard ‘c,like cool” YY (psi) asin “apse Qu (omega) like ‘saw’ Note “clean indicees mo 'h sounds “ow hard indicates plenty of (eg. 08 in top-bole’),2 A. Grammar, Vocabularies, Exercises ° ‘The most common diphthongs and double-consonants ac asin ‘high’ ay arin how" ‘ecasin fiancée ‘(pronounce both elements separately) ‘6 8 in ‘boy’ ‘ye atin “finger™ Dwell onal double consonants, e.g r+ as ‘ratrap’, 22 as ‘wholly’ ete Sigma and iota subs. (Observethatsis used as theend of words, while ais used elsewhere (ee ‘next example). Sometimes is printed underneath a preceding a (a), 7(n) and « (@). Breathings ‘abovea vowel indicates the presence ofa indicates the absence of 'h' sound, eg. sound: "above a vowel Note (i) This is a purposely simplified pronunciation chart. Fuller and wore acarat information i given in the Reference Grammar A.2 on p. 26. (Gi) The mark which indicates where a doubsful vowel(a,,») iepronounced long (4%, 5) isomly used on the endings inthe Reference Grammer (Gil) Greck uses fora colon and ; for « question-mark, The alphabet — exercises 1. Write the following Greek words in their English form. Some willjust, requice transliteration, others will need a few moments’ thought. x =chorkh oops Siplified Alphabet and pronunciation 3 Bobérnor Tapert Auearénods — Xlos Eifow ‘axpénods Zrvéteus —— iurépior "Hyéarparor Write the following English words in their Greek form: Ga; -8=-05; -um=-01) drama, panthér, crocus, geranium, hippopotamus, ibis, asbestos, charactePART ONE Section:One Running vocabularies and learning vocabularies Running vocabularies The vocabulary of each sub-section is given in alphabetical order, Note carefully that phrases joined inthe text bya linking device (~or ™) will bound under the frst word ofthe phrase. Learning vocabularies [Acthe end of each running vocabulary and aftr the Grammar of One ‘A-G, Two, Three and Four A-B, you will finda list of words ro be learnt “These wil nt appear again inte renning vocebilaris. Notes (i) I youfin th the runing vacbulary doe not contain a word you nee, tok it pn the otal Vacabulory (p35), hich contin all words chat Soul have ben ert, including placenames and personal names. (GW oar i doubt abo the mame ofa perso, tm tthe of proper names (p 3533) (it) In ring vocabularies, the accentation of word ia inthe text, except where ‘words are given i their lexicon form. In learning vocabularies, words are acented in Ieicon form (iv) Ine unuing vocabularies One to Ten, lypiens are freely used to split words up ins ‘ir constinent parts (prefixes, stems, endings, et.). The learning vocabularies present the wohyphenated for6 A. Grammar, Vocabuleries, Exercises Vocabulary for Section One A dxos-ovny) (heydheat dene) Gathers pers "Abrus cowands Bate te) goee al and "Athen Bina (re fooks (cvnal both... and apoerde ri owardsthe PMirovodo) (heplook ply. 38 ontmeone Tine 1 andzboe hind. ontheather spberde Tapes towards 3 the ‘be Pireor Sduceuode Diksopolis re. al both... and Zsiqar Sdenothemit ree Gly Wee eirfatne beaks Tedtemehe the Acopale Sh) then ante ik 22 aren Tllagiin te ‘eBogenty in dyzntm Pace eibay tae ie Oke hie dali tip vel lp soy heeaa Sito sin setae popes Vocabulary to be learnt 8 dt essa Aan Boh A Frere then next ‘nd sal ed Vocabulary for Section One B deeb Thea done) (iis si don’ Groar you(hor Zeb Ze vel yee aeeb-oper wehear Zp Senos iv now Sueur listen) aide Septonse theParhenon D905 he tres ‘idepinede theAcropolis — STlapauiy the Pisces ua be puis we Spe? Bat hertheH ook) ‘bt ago lite Prize Took!) ody besifat vip foe ead Bel oh wy dhertore eipo ere overnere saleby beanie he noe Aucabroh Disiop eBeorire capsin Spideor thencive aot (mBeprieys captain so where? Bree atlas Diyas you(s)arespesking Gaps clealy 04 come!) te by Zea oF yout) Section One A-G 7 redepbrola theAcropolit rr TTepeu the Piraeus eto ancive fe wha? Tren thenoine Bo repr thenavat Gime wera). as how! dockyard “stowie) sivTlapberive the Parthenon Vocabulary to be learnt fa? 6 yous) Beipa here ever he ‘es wha wha? dat FO fedtening nnn) Vocabulary for Section One C we fei) (he) ae ots where? cidbedier themerchant —— ZipdByus Sdenotheris Tower Poseidon def he unis we ) satel betwifl fne ofan dearly eoirouer weber okd ben ne wb Grove Intnl) tareBabroner wegedown —“radunfpa the muskets Oud bur ‘erader Gom below tie he Baier you(plaregoing Nove ay! (4) sie adBar the merchant Paocere look! (pl) oars youth tay ips vip for don't Andy, sowhar ofcourse Babel: why? op Ice ripen thenose Gucarohs Dksiopalis ———_Speauer (wee Sus you pl) Gpuye flormy pase Spéve youl) se Bae fiends ovr) (bey) xe he oot Bporilere worry) Died come!) E.guor thenoive ‘aboueie) ‘Bé-ere come! (pl) sito fomvhere? as how! ‘Vocabulary to be learnt and tue wf doe ho for sisebesoby monet ucts we Ge hoo! Vocabulary for Section One D ve thear Bude why? Syuye Teale Daya ews Aucaéeeh Dispos de outol fiom Blisve look! (.) lade givechasel(gl) de oda fom the sip Borducve el gh) Blac he nsking B00 comel(e)pS % A. Grammar, Vocabularies, Exercises deerete myx Bepbute in syou) tna ee (havclam eldng Bee yout) aver ‘eldng ee he hcl } Zeb Zeus “ ‘Hylrpr-e Hessen sara (egos om | sara falnoner wey down se fatero) hee saradina ()isinking ‘dre below ‘arabe from below ‘ebeprire cpiain AayBainere youl) ‘etchjcine Diyos yout arenying 96 thea ir comeonio) Seavey) ae Shove nahore very much Reordrss.d maser (ud) frp (unre) other Bap Bena Cy Sipser b deme(ss) (eal —— pape fu, pltned ‘oi io which Atcawer rok Bae ‘ided) po me bugle Kil anna, 6 youngman (18) Bedhensb dave() veapeded corp 3) brat psd AcOrpI (6) irepait ontop otcorpss “Wpure=dndpune fda throw onto dyer d lw convention elnor-a fortnateialed (a) byabenevolentdimon) — edowest pague() ee) wy pow den (ep adeeam (oom) cies he fom tress alre nether noe bres hey you! serfe(nerep)é father (3) sadeouar op seit sop! epic ifper about fore | (ace) soldehfier agrentnumber (om) pltaraxd sheep (ob) npiebendr inthenameat he eos rept Snerlpyte(ib) Dibeouas show reactor onde of thadowe raitecran thehowe, irda theciy heey today Pir adlaa-w ponihment pdow honotr ess whe 0m.) sBpéyaa hemaner ‘rirlegate dhesencesies tole oraty those who ae dinespectof he gods seiseb-nfe tosewhe espetthe goes46 A. Grammar, Vocabuleries, Exercises ° ef opas tue (one) 8 fer (3) Gof dBpear whataggreive rinrs ake Gris dione what behaviour? 8nd sone) Inwlenest {Be being (oom) fips any ris dover what Bs yout ay Ineverent! Vocabulary to be learnt Arar dshonu ballin Brgy mon ihre scald prove np Sour ye (8) edlape (Badlee-) deiry, pihera eipealyn i nor patieyye Tare seit espe copes) Hip) ery beer jsé law ovenion (2a) $6Boe8 faa). © Grammar for Section Four A-B ——eereererer ae Summary: apdyua, whifos, néhs, mploBos, Sorv, ebdpun, ris, ns, od8els, cv (nom. ace) Nouns 39 Here are some more type 3 nouns, under the cla E-Note the genders which they tend to have ~ 3b, cand Fare lw ae all resewin, in vs all atascuuiv. ations 3b, ¢,¢, UTER: Sein = 40 mpayua (mpaypar-), 76 thing, matter (3b) ee -~ ~~ ie “Five ners © Section Four A-B, 39-44 i 41 2X40-05, 75 ‘number, crowd, people’ (3) fh — —~ ee Si Ss a2 rddess, yt (2) : tn wn ne, tom, % ew: oe eed odoBes, 8 old mat (p‘ambasedon!) (30) : a = ee olop-as xploBbor 4 {ther th nhs) 43 dor-v, 16 city (of Athens) (3) vom. ace, eR a korw | fore gory Mot Notes . (i) Be careful not to confute 3e types like wh§Gos with 20 typed like SaGpeoros. (Noe te crenne eos, the -m ending once a. | 3 ; (Gil) Some 3a rouns have an ac. sin -w, eg xépis (xaper~) ‘grace’ ace. 8. xd pe. inthe ending of there nouns, (The -ovs ending was once —— a sce yates nme es sehr gee eta ean Hoc Sona rephge e e aarpSelotiagees neni ae48 A. Grammar, Vocabularies, Exercises ° cidpeo ebbpor (ebgpov-) ‘well-disposed? 45 In these adjectives, the same form describes both m. and £ nouns. 46-715, 7 (sw-) ‘0, a certain, some’ ft ris at (ziv-) ‘who? what? which?” is _ ES == “ nas 7 Bae Notes (i) As above, the mf forms are identical. (ii) Note the diference beween rs ‘who, which, whe" and the form res (‘someone 9,4 certain’). If ros is acented, the accent will all om the last syllable, e.g. rad. 47 088-4%s o88e-pla 088-40 no, no one, nothing” obbaets iB oobede sha © Section Four AWB, 44-48 ” Notes (i) Remember that boih zis, 1s and ob8eis, when om ther own, stand at ‘nouns (oho someone, no one’); when describing a noun, as adjectives ("what person?” “some woman’, ‘no boy’) (ii) obBete i simply of8é (‘nor, no’) +e (‘one). Observe that the ferinine spt. Participles 48 Heres the declension of” being’, the participle form of the verb ‘to Cc by ofa By (6v7-) ‘being! Notes {i) The endings ofthe mn. forms ae like tos of epa (29) bt based on the stem ova the f. declines asthe 2¢nown Sq (24). This ‘mised declension has already been met in oB8eis obBeula oiBér (se 47)- Gi) A mumber of verbs take a partigle 0 complete ther meaning. One such is Seton 'T appeer fo. [stem 10. - Thus gaivowas dr mans "sem to Je with the implicarion that you really are whatever itis you sem be. Ths it comes to mean‘Lam obviously. (gf 4) {ii) Note te range of posible translations of, eg. being’ since bei bein, while bing’, '3 being’, "who hich sare. ‘although Vocabulary to be learnt with the grammar Revs ty ABen) (af) ther, e8 mnt cowdste is bale-mrey rd, people) rane eri ( rin) whe? what? Bish y(t 30 ye (mea). anim) eacen: ob hinge fr (pl) someone treble 8) siSer-) nonoone, nothing onedr. rd gear furitre(3¢) °A. Grammar, Vocabularies, Exercises pe Exercises for Section Four A—B OOOO ees (@) Words Dede the meaning of the words on the right from those on the left: dnaiBevros $ raBevoss, x5 raibee EnoPirfones (droPas~) | 9g 5 ss )| adios 0, 5 Bésaros viyvopae (yer) years inno 4Biwois Bales (2uBa-) 4 faoee dour 78 ipiirnpa Syrles dimes edna rBilsue rode $edjers adds we xaos part ri xphros owes ud, 18 dla wordy 76 molmpa, 3} woiqos orparnyés 76 orpariynya orpand rb ompéreyua rates 18 rdyos vase rush, drysos oF doo 4 rBhaqoss, rb Yevdais 118 deiBos feme (ble) Morphology and Syntax 1. Translate nto Greek the italic phrases in the following sentences, using 4 patt of dy ofoa By: Since lam unhappy, 1 shall leave the city We who are few shall not defeat you who-are many. Asfriends, lates, you do not quarrel, 1, an Athenian and fortunate, hate you, Sperten that you are and hated by the gods Who ere you to threaten me? (4) English into Greek ‘Translate these paits of sentences: 1, dy yap Orpris hv ob dryudle rods Beats. Since you are 2 farmer you know the laws. NEANIAL Sep" G0 xal cad. Budi doin, & #0; dpe ‘Section Four C-D ay 2. declvous obv, dumetpous Srras ward yy, "ABywaion vexdoe xard Badarrav. [As silors we hold sway on the sea. 3. 188 dary waddv By 05 7Hd. Tam not afraid of the number of corpses, though itis large. 82 orparnyds bres, Sprarae div, ob dofetras robs AaxeBaiporious rodeuious Gores. . My wife, who is unlucky, is afraid of the plague, which is evil. xaxoBaiuoves Brres, ryder robe rv Bed vénous, at yp &efpomos, Aplarovs doras a ‘The people, since it is good, does not dishonour the gods, who are great ‘Test Exercise Four A-B Translate into English: eaxobaiuova dvra, Sdogipn, # Guyarépa # yuvaixs; TEPQN waxoBaipun Bi dv Eywye, chile, ro0r0 woud. Shopspowat yap rév re ide 7Bvabxér” Boa xal ry Buyarépa rip fbn vexpdv obey. NEAN, waxoBaiun 5} gaivy dv, dA i airby lore; nds dmolrjonovgw of Sbarro; PEP. Bid rip sdo0r, cb bide, vexpot dni vexpots winrovot xal dolrijoxouew EsGpuror xaxodaluoves dvre WEAN. -rodDA 5} xpdypara txouer 81d rv véoo. Spi yap Eyarye 78 iv whBos Tov dvipcian xan dSayuov 6», ry Be xékw rods ev dopig oboay, robs 82 dv€pcimovs Yonudpove Svras xal xaxoBaiyoras. rep. phobvdriuale abs Beads pe daeBer els rhv dhe, 2AM 7SAya xa ua rots Beads Vocabulary Babys trent Aivupts onvopofcorper —Apiugero shortved sila ent) cripners sd HOBO) eile commitirevernt doriap (Oran) 4 SoM dropin mach Sewion “oop erro eee Vocabulary for Section Four C Batncores pursing (nom) Sochon 8 save(ad) roche sfortrate arty Iedauay Sere aloo) Gre dety-er eraping irebe them ce) (oom) Bjleor cleahy (oom)52 A, Grammar, Vocabularies, Exercises deaing reps aancary Ualfons suddenly wee Reser having, wexing (com) “Hpbadavas-azon of Herkes eps 28 sanctus (28) Inert, supplication 1b) Indra supine (3) fou perhaps aly look! seep ltbough ing) Hivos (orfeines, 8) ‘sranger foreigner (2) Borrdpor 6 tevelor (2) iSoce the Eleven jobody of deen magizraerreponable Joh prisons endfor, ‘umm uie) Gpbede corey e-a-or snctied ‘So hey, you! yon theman inning of oye saerenperence, iapets8 Saytos(3) Sedaiprorra theman runningatt oir Bera the Eleven eden tn once) eden running (oom) eytdea happen he ‘Ging beactally-ing Seypive.d public dave (1) ab-opar appearto being) beiyor (eee) SEIT" | ening Biras soiiatex vee) >y Srltamer) heaay hse - ano oe sat came a, wochnstg Tt etter MUaglteah es iy ony, ste bon ern ermal, “eS so craked ‘Vocxbulary tobe ieant Sete tent na ust tent) Sebo vay) tate garter ah ih coe = elem “ee ciel tnoh) eps, hans et vob Recent in pe | Vocabulary for Section Four D brs Ini sovngsilng coma pod nace ct — | erst et Sicetond aden) — daeehy Sater drondrrw catoft make to appeae perfect obs eevee (nom) sirde him ee) Blkew dagamay Peoddcarivntyay the Geet King (of Pers} violent | Bova shouting (oom) | Bihar desely Bowron bad ‘government(2) uo-rocte wafocronie ‘vom) ey xepibven 6 dogsered) eireo Bane’ on these frveakécuas ell up ‘wine inemab-oiueoe cling ‘pon (nom) -naojvop-0r in goodorder “fea peny (2) Wai Geer wedy Iedowor-a-or of upp ‘ent tie) Aenea spptiction 1b) sebieouesstdown ‘eal-opdva look down vpn, se dealy sainep slough ‘ook (enpoe 4 bet) DapBéropar take oldol © Section Four C-D eb wntepnapnBe n0,00 ote bate ralrdous by thecwo godt {Castor nd Plan) (eye Spates) wuts ees, ‘ecb (0) Klover-a-or of corners ie of Ze) Babop-suorer menting (rom) nas neverteless apis give, provide ioe experience sues sabouas stp (ing) a nop!) ing) Vocabulary to be learnt daar racrear) fll doiBea,} neonate er rte 8 hi, hei th dua (Stedee) da Panvaisd king) Pande, 3 aha(20) Grvcahepas cllupo ie fy spol (enpoe)-b herald (3a) DavBév (Rae) exape vie of Xeni (prt) Oe othedy Tepersipron taveling ‘com) ‘rolofoet,ol ambouadors 2) ‘spoon, 8 ambusador 3) pbyeron,8 ancestor (3) Zaroporsb Sayre) rindia thecly tivimiaaiceinaon theone ‘lig om (ce) iBaqed thealar reirdeoeBirras those who srebeingireverent reir dxarrat theones who ave si rperapévous theones tes hate ‘Dopp lame, mourer ‘doy (val) sf. ‘expreneandeg> edouas sop speoBeorf,® onbsxels (4) ‘ploBa of embed 30) ‘pkeouat(span-) tem tamin "sight arate (roe) happen obe ng bea —e (tamper) 33 sein eip ares iheones renigolt opr happen tobe be erly Ce) eal ie) var Bae} acon bear dye odio th Athaie delrnue appari being) He youtey Fide eng weletipsed cohen) Hawes! Srjedoridor what ineverence! eect eresion vile oe) Segptey servant sae (14) deiopas (bor) remo be, pps bey) (oe tip Xo) it ing pre) hater) © Grammar for Section Four C-D Summary: Pres. part. act.and mid. (nom.,2¢e.) Vbs. taking parts. Baovdeds (nom., acc) ‘Adis. translated as adv. Elision and erasis54 A, Grammar, Vocabularies, Exercises ° Participles 49 As ‘to be’ gives us a participle-form ‘being’, so most verbs have a participle-form, eg, to run ~ running; to stop ~ stopping. The participles are inflected like an adjective. Parciciples based on the present stem decline as follows: 50 Present active participles (uncontr.): spéx-wy -ovea -ov ‘running’ mabe apigorna So spbyrove-e rpiypovecar exes of0n be 48 mn rpixcer——tpdx-on Learn the nom., acc, and pl. Note ‘These are formed by adding -w» -ovoa -o¥ tothe present stem. [51 Present middle participles (uncontr.): ravéuev-os -9 -o» ‘stopping’ Eo mavoniv-y ete arwaheds -f-by 12 Leaen the nom,,aec., and pl. Note The endings are the same as for wads type adjectives. The -per~ marks the mide participle. ‘52 Contract verbs have endings as follows in participle forms: Soi Spar Spiion Spin (Spur) seeing’ (= bpd-wr bpd-oven Spacoe (Spa-o07-)) b srovdw: rousv rovotoa rosodr (motowrr- ‘role-oy (move-ov7-)) SyAbat Bnav Bqhovea Snob (Sphover-) ‘showing’ ByAbnovee BqAd-o» (Bqho-ovr-)) Bedoya: Beevos -n -ov watching’ ( =Bea-suer-os -9 -or) oP owas: $oPlavpevos 7-0» ‘fearing’ (= gope-cyer-os -n -o¥) ‘doing’ (= roté-ay mové-ovoa, Brhdeuw O Section Four C-D, 49-57 8 Uses of the participle 153 A very common Greek usage is to join participle with a definitearticleand use itasa noun: eg “he who runs, the man who is running’ of rpéxorres=thove wh cun, che men who are running, the running ‘the running women, the women who runt ‘54 Note the following expressions which tend to include a partcip -royxdoes ($ebysr) “Uhappen, chance to be, actually am (Reeing)” Aevddvwe (ce fetywy) “Lescape the notice of (you, in fleeing) Pre (oe deéye) “Tanticipate (you, in fleing), I flee before you (do) rabopas (Gebywr) ‘Istop (Rlecing)’ . «Babee (Geyer) ‘Tam obviously (cing) xairep (Setyav) ‘although (fecing)” 7 E-48 i). Not thatthe participle wl change to agree with the noun to which it refers, e.g al yuvaines royxdvover gedyovoas ‘the women happen to Being’ Noun '55 Here is another noun-type, classified a 3g Baowd-eis, 8 ‘king’ (3) wel adjecti Greek (Fo ‘peaceful’) which is 6 You have sendy met one ajcsve in Gres (er ‘exe which i Suemedsdvebally(pecefly97 (9), Anat ones So Cobious Ghat), wher ed inthe pa slow pate bho Elision and crasis ; 157 (1) Observe the following sentences and note the loss of vowels: Beip! EMME (= Bedpa 2AM)56 A. Grammar, Vocabularies, Exercises ° apn 8 rea dpe (Bapiy 83 Sora ddper) dp’ ob otBy robs Beats; (Apa 08 ...) droBrfoxovar 8° of &s€purox (drobrforover Biot ‘Whena word endsina short vowel, it may be dropped if tre next word begins swith a vowel. This is called ‘elison” ‘Observe what happens to the following words in elision: x3 frnov-44" tanov ers repos208" hudrepos Bid does 5: dade Prefixes to verbs may be affected in the same way, eg. ara-épdu-rrabopéis dro-bpdes—dbopden So with werd (ser, nab") and ént (én, &6") prefixing words beginning with vowels. becomes and 7 becomes before a rough breathing, (@) Observe the loss of vowel in: v8pes (ch évdpes) ‘men’ ‘Thisis called ‘erasis. eoccurs when 2 vowel or iphthong atthe end of a word contracts with one a the beginning of the next word. Consider further: ‘dyad (78 dyad) ‘good things obni (Stat) “the one on...” drip (8 drip) “the man’ Revise sw and contr. vbs. pres, act. $5 22 ‘Type 2 nouns (and 1/2 adjs) 9-15 ofa 18 eal 19 ° Exercises for Section Four C-D (@) Words (on word-lulding, f. Language Survey (13), p. 327) 1. Deduce the meaning ofthe words on te right from those on the lef: defPew 13 offas leper SB iepet teens ixereio pote bros repxinalBoorextis Boss Seation Four C-D, 87 27 (ble) Morphology and Syntax . Translate these sentences, completing the second sentence in each of the pairs by using a participle or combination of participle-+ definite article: eg. rs Eewcadetras ds; of Shot Ag éAKove% (réy Emueadodieor). ris rpéxess ob Spa fyuane 5. vives Bhodsiporras; rod eiow ofBa ris dmogedye:. ob yp Aavddver ed. ives Geéyouow; dp" épis 4 vip dvorpéxes nal ob raseras. ai ywaiees dei GoBosvra. 81d rf 0b wasovrat... (@) English into Greek ‘Translate these pairs of sentences: by 8" aby dpc AaneBasubrnov ofBéva $etyorra. ‘We sce the men running, 5. Boa evden duds 8 Beonérys onein fxurs Don't you (s) see that che slave is dragging the supplint away? ol yap mpdeBis 48évovor robs tampéras dnopebyorrss. ‘The Spartan runs into the sanctuary before his pursuers, 8.88 xfipuf of maveras jiodin robs Kloous xal poPospev0s. ‘The stranger doesnot stop calling on us and shouting. Md Bier eindeys dv eal reyxdvets Cdodupspovos 79 mpayna. ‘The man ie clearly an ambassador, and happens t0 be escaping. ‘Test Exercise Four C-D “Trandate inco English Elves Bé rs splyun royydve els 73 Hpdchety epiv. nai 5fAbs rw 6 {lv Be 7-day, des) roxas npoctpxorras &vBpes 76, Budnovres airér. 888 Bévos 6B rods Bubxovras es 73 epbv $ecyoy, byybs br, dbixvo bra BY of Bubwovzes kal purse iy paper 200 ‘uyxdives v8 €év0s. Bir yép tovw Sr 5 Eévos ob havBaves ro aslepiv nope. emebi Bz of Bubeovres Spchow adriv bo ri iepd Byra, dndyou01, xatmep Bodvra wal rods Geobs émuxaAoveror. nak pi E905 ob raberas dhogupsuevos nal Bnd ri ndoxet, 884 fads nol 3 Auxaidrohis javxdover, poBospv0s rods Bera. § dedBeveylyvorra driv “ADqoaiey Vocabulary 20 ep the newaty Tarde ecgSection Five Vocabulary for Section Five A O Section Five A-B ‘Vocabulary to be learnt ino aor espns), ‘ly (o) Beds dep Besse bey ler 8 fe meon, elo (=) ered merge) Siadijouar convene Ble own pay te co icy Aap (208) ext nee ph (opi-tgen) ube bea Bowree unlucky ‘ope petet Aobipa (soweye-) bing in, coy tenotsb hone 3) Borger wholeh 2 ci8eraledna notes Sec ove srarie(ver( «pb Saher () eyed earners Thre den wid sono) sotuare, ed money (38) poitoe 08 from te county Gypeenear-oe Heepes (Groen -a-or responible,to ‘ame deena pepexiy areas the cin (of Athens) dared ode romtheciyy Batis deep (oom) Baticws deen, Bapéa hese (oom) Pond Mets) vdgous 5 martnge() Baten bie worry Sewn expen (in) Sefer rin Beehdyers shewsedo converse (Bia yapai) Sedtaper G0 waseuining (Cuedicpro) Benne} lw 2) Bert hapBiina cxstone's oe Kem tchighevor teybept teyingio eae ei due hin bres EBtawcor (ey kepton poring adic) ep.) Ge) sarod bringinfeause(lo-Bl) Ladfeed-or Iwesdecping (robe) EAipBord(r) (eld wed tanks cee taking Capi) {dadopofueda weep sepsing Msbopd-op) Epidane) (0 e810 eam (pf) Unie Enemy (we) vedio stop(net-anes) Foote) Qe) watsving (oie) Eeeeyror (9 wasrumning swayfom (dire) ie wee (rom). emve he wed ober (Guo) ftw finde ay) F Gelgvar ag ala fere-perde honesmad (oom) Ferer 8 Nowe) ralyip yoserainly alba and moreover edad {head (3) dop-ops argue ert young man (12) Etuowreyie the unlucky one Bron (8) sof raperodin drt (0 Gre when elBévore never olBéna not yet ‘peining) Balke owe mario(narep-hd father 2) epirov nai abowtthe ld mipiedrienuw sbouthores Teepe bier Zrpebdbos, 8 Stepindes ta) exebiv ese ar unhappy me tivdncipoe my drm ire ten tha.d sont) Dever S sleep) aie yoerdsy Jokcaré debe (seunconte) one (xem). 76 ting ie engin 3) ‘resior 8) ime(ss) Segond: heuied to team off apo-roN-w) orepiyue jestsyouste Vocabulary for Section Five B i) peoenst plana) Edad (ey edo Punish (xoddfu) Boar. 18 aliveril 8) Ember they wouldobey (oathopas) geome they weresteid ‘Vocabulary to be learnt roe Jee Ti pik ably Sharm (dfn) fue (we) were few (hey ore 255 bret rlvepahoush (par) ententew toy would ‘eatbaly eer) Paiva sept pied vehdfrw porih aon} pst 0) oxen) mearcar young man (3) veore:e young sede 8 bouealve 8) ionsor yous adem ® howe (14) Teagan) toe (aa) elas eddy semcont) lyon cacr sas oe my a dre when abe sop x (ce) -ing ee. rt) reibapas obey la happy me! Tene decibamp die yous ey ober debe (euncont, en papain) aprortsf-te goodie Be oate)eay Lonerde fe godine, ‘erie © Grammar for Section Five A-B Summary: Immpf. ind. act. and mid. Position of adj.A. Grammer, Vocabularies, Exercises ° Verbs Imperfect indicative active and mide (raver, émavéyny ‘I was stopping’ (and contracts) ‘58 The forms of the imperfect indicative active areas follows rain tyda — okw Bg hed Ewevoe ‘war xopping, rl Lb ieow . Topped (or) Emoves “you were topping. you stopped” Enav-e(v) —“hefsheie ws stopping’ et. Levacowey ‘we were topping” bxoreiner (éouer) (Bauer) Enaicere "you were #opping’ émowcire — LBghobre Emovroy “they were sopping! 59 The forms of the imperfect indicative middle areas follows: Leaosduy —‘Twrsswopping’ arya — Lov oduny (assum) (eodume) Enat-ov —‘youwere stopping’ drynd ovat te. a5 SBabove (é-0v) Enaécero broe (éero) Bra-dudde bmorodpcta (e-sueda) Eeratneobe dexoreiode ~ " (eeobe) (ioero) Notes G) The diinguishing mark of «past ndctive tense is the presence of the augment (usually 2) athe fant of the verb, eg. -Aeyor, &-Bawor. Ifthe verb tans with a vowel, se vowel wil Ingen, 2 bedes-> our ‘Ives living deoso + fovon "Tuas Ftening’ ixo~elyor ‘Thad DevBepdesPdevBépour ‘Twas freeing O Section Five A-B, 58-39 6 Use the following chart to determine the augment on verbs beginning with vowels ‘imaugmented — angrented vowel vowel dlegances na oe av|eu<—_—_> 90 « oy (i) The imperfect is based om the present stem ofthe verb. Take the present stem and «add am augment othe beginning and the appropriate personal endings (iii) The augment is added tothe base verb, notte any prefixes it may have acquired. “Thus the imperfect of: Biafra is Bi-é-Bavoy = eofaivws ee (iv) You have already seen how, in the imperfect, Bias becomes B:éBawor. ! Observe how other prefixes to verbs reat to the addition of an augment. ara-faives ar-éPawor Eno-faivw aa-eBawvor ere alow e-dBawov peraePaivns per-ryujow ‘Thal horour Notice that lengthens ton, of r3\ua, ens and dxobes,fovor (but n.b, pee at 12 (Gi) and 24 (note). (iv) The meaning ofthe future i: Lwillshall “Lam about to “Zam going to~” Some important futures 63 The following Futures look ireguli, but in fac fllintoa pattera which you will soon come to recognise: os@éves->pabjoopas “I shall learn" AapBdrerrpfopas ‘Tall eke" ‘yoyrdoxw—ryrdoopns ‘I shall get to know’ ‘yeyvowac-ryerfaoqas ‘shall become’ Nob. the wie of the middle forms 464 Ensuee thst you know the future of “to be’: fo-onae ‘shall beet and the abnormal future eft shall go! (note accent and ef. ul ‘Lam’: cha ‘Ishall go' ex, a elas he Tao) Middles 65 So far, you have met verbs which have active forms, and verbs which have ‘middle forms. But in this chapter, you have met verbs which display both types of form, eg. maiw ‘Istopx’ — wadopar ‘stop myself” relies “Ipersuade’ wel@opas ‘I persuade myself I trust, believe in’ the future does not affect the meaning. © Seition Five C-D, 62-66 o Very crudely, the difference can be described as follows: that in active verbs, the action moves out from the doer, but in middle verbs, it moves out from the doer and back again—i.e., in middle verbs, the doer’s interest is involved Consider the following examples Hpw ‘Vearry, bear’ Pépopae ‘Lcarry off for myself iw ‘Trelease® Moyne ‘Teelesee for myeeE, eancorn’ Note ‘This‘rule’ only applies to verbs which display both ective and mide forms in any one tense, It doesnot apply, for example, 0 63 above, where the middle frm ofthe Satur isthe only form the verbs have, You will find quite afew verbs which heve active ‘present forms and middle future forms ~ but the meaning is not affected by the change ‘ccouse these will be the only forms they have, eg. Gxosw ‘Thear’ dxosooyat ‘I shall hear Indefinites/Interrogatives 66 You already know the distinction between 1/5 and ris. The accented form means who?’ the wnaccented form means ‘someone’. This distinction is carried across a wide range of Greek words, of which you have recently met ras and snus. The accented form means ‘how?’, the unaccented form means ‘somehow’. ‘These words are also connected with forms used in other contexts and built fon different roots, characterised cther by the absence ofthe initial w (hence ds “how!" which you have already met), or by the presence of & before the consonant (to give in this case Srws). Thus the complex of words nds; Sres, ‘ras, bs all mean basically how’, ‘somehow’, and Greek uses each in accordance. ‘with the context, Note the following chart: Direct question Indirect question Indefinite Relative “He asked where. "Somewhere... ‘He goes where . oi 'where at?” nov mov 08, bnov oi'to where? Sno ro of, Snot sd0ey ‘from where? énder rofer B6ex, Snobs snag how?” Snus mus 65, Fr sére ‘when? Sabre nore bre, inére Nob. The indefinite forms are all enditis (see Reference Grammar A-3 (s)). Noun Here is the noun-type to be denoted 34, like Zeompdrns (it the singular), and zpefpns (a trireme) in the plural:68 A. Grammar, Vocabularies, Exercises ° 67 Baxpdrys, 5 ‘Socrates’ (34) mom ae Lanphrons Laxpir-y | a Noves (i) Words ending in -s could be eter like 1d vas or 3d above. (Gi) The voctive form of 3d types is quite common: itis Eibeparces. Exercises for Section Five C-D ([c) Morphology and Syntax . Translate these sentences, then change the verb(3) in exch from the present to the future tense: . 3 naripnehetee ri uy, a deyess, vars . 0b SBdonoen rods Sibaonddous. of Bes roRA xosuara Béxorra ‘oe dxodoper robs Nbyous. by clus cogs, obros 8° 0b ng wee 6 lds 0b fuk ay zardpa. 4 Bxdvoca shee eds bares 1p Odpay nai Bo, 1s wed rds Boeas; 08 ratorras warBavorres of woByrai hes ely of cog “Translate each verb, shen change to singular or plural as appropriate: -raiors,ioorrae,dxowabyab, Bag Sepa, eBfeode (@) English into Greek Translate into Greck: ‘The young men will learn the unjust argument. Section Five E-F, 67 & ‘The good son will always love his father. This horse will not kop running The student will go into the house. ‘The wise man will be just. Vocabulary for Section Five E Spooner fromthe county pot gnoran(ace) nob ignorames (20m) doar open! Got-aror workyof Exdocpiat You (estat (dnencire-n) prs recy tno BOX ce adpavar gotohell Hove teers Efye-a Ushowed Pos-w) EBlgo-es yous) showed (foi) + Bhaendr) (he houted (foi) Ecoar they placed (fp) eadpaves tobe! tha then Be BOlw drow out Eecdeoare (Dave theorder Goch) dextlecorat yous) gavethe order (ethlnw) Lanp-a (Denodked st (eérrw) oxo (he) knocked at (sien) Euacor they wn (iw) nbs (98.1.4 spp a) Ednpne-or they menared (orp) Lene dun Iiopped (rabona) enago-aro estopped (rai-ouas) tne when Eenjdnon(e) (ileape (ryhiow) olga (you) (id (radia) Lentgeca> (he) did (race) 4 tly Frew Ihavecome adeeb Thales (18 (ely “Grek attend ive yswerd fr deve) Baste wonder (a dacs igh awl caw ‘anctioned by the god 2) xu hot sain though (4 pare) sedate head) ‘opéed wax) ucomitr from the dem ‘ikyona Dine teleseando erp reser mepho-w) pot tome prety sone op mind Sndooue eb dase nor how many oe ownloot en otro bey. you atone ab) adie agin mie lap riba (aabquer-)r6 2 leap ab) rar senate ‘ois (mo).8 foots) pire fest Haier enly fo: you Banpdrooe Soca “Tbbpin theeycbrow Tirooplas theclverne! THegene ofthe ea Hi; wharnent Tie why en 2 Baas place, pot 108'Odpmnaderebvon the Olympiecrown oor (peer ).4 thought (a) dpsrncripvon 5 ‘hinktank mentainaate a Kaipebarros Khaicephow's eplan ob spice dace ob) fiona) igs e's bere be-dabs old70 A, Grammar, Vocabularies, Exercises ° Vocabulary to be learnt Sypoimas cw fomtbecoutry, —saleap slough po) Ba cay ‘oer cto} hadlve) Sports dpare:).4 tug, BON bponae sotshell Mw rece arene (36) Hew (Sexe) be seory re when a Uefiid (dead) tow out poe (meb-Pad fot) 2908 fy intend heveinsnd —Jboraor ty Vocabulary for Section Five F EPipras yous) shouted — Aanebalyan (Aasebair-).4 (oi-w) ‘para ) anerpia messieup dys Fyde settous pow ome Sreide gosvay! Unigene yout) were — Befupeia®and pL fot “pe then inchat cae smaned(@edl-w) (Cont) of Shebip- one organ observethe Bre one (ac mcf guia e) Sow where? a rata here lpanded ey (8) derposo-a,# setonomy ay rds Hime be Master aw very “Feret geodhenven! ‘rnguae believe ybebonsd maples) ome tt ‘pant, 5 comp (2) soiry with his roecos-y-or wef Vocabulary to be learnt Bireroror impenibe Saow whretihee “Abiva at Aten (te) ys heavens (24) Bipon, 8 done(se) sebouas (ae) Seve rt aap wonder beemazed © Grammar for Section Five E-F Summary: ‘Wh. aor. ind. act. and mid, bpie (nom. ace) -. SS ——————— Secon Five B-P, 68-69 n Verbs Weak aorist indicative active and middle Enavea, znavedyny ‘I stopped (68 The forms of the weak aorist indicative active are as follows: Enavoe-a —‘Tstopped! er. Eeravo-as Eeravo-e(v) erasa-oyer demade-are Enava-cv 669 The forms of the weak aorist indicative middle are as follows: Unavo-duny ‘Tstopped’ ee emabo-w o-dpeba derade-oo8e erasa-avro Note (i) Note the presence ofthe augment, 0 denote the past tense (f. 89 (i). (ii) The distinguishing mark of thew, cori indicative isthe augment, and «-(@ Jax suf added othe stem (which sometimes diferent from tt ofthe present) cémramsixopa—‘Throcked BBdonw-+’BiBaga ‘Tceugh? Bexouar—dBeEdyny ‘Treccived? [Note te stem change in wirer-eneiva, apelpuBrégBerpa. (ii) Contraced verbs lengthen te final vowel of ther stem (f 62 roderainaa ‘I did ‘nydeériuqea ‘Thonoured! BnAéu— Bp hwoa I showed? (iv) Acris indictves indicate that something has happened in the pest without reference tothe duration of time over which it ocurred. They regard the ation os @ single event, not a8 a proces (contrast imperfect at $9 (ii). Translate them as ned (sometimes, els, had ed, sometimes'Thave ~ed,)~ ee Seaion Five C-H, 70 Noun Here is the final noun-type, denoted 3h: 70 8bp-ds, 4 ‘eyebrow (3h) rt te rom, ae, te das ontes bp Cea OT Beanies ° Exercises for Section Five E-F (bie) Morphology and Syntax ‘Translate each sentence, then change the verb into the aorist: als xéaaes ry Bipay; ris Budberas ets 78 dporriarspior; AMY aibis wéatw nal o8 masoyes xérren. Age oot rélos Be rds éupidbas Mbooper 21 Bir" dxcivor rév Oajv Bavpdouer; ‘Translate each sentence, then chinge the verb into the aorit: AiMa andG toi ry wegady viv Zesepdrove: GNA mis nerpfoes, & Xaipesiir, 180s BE perposuer 78 yuapiov Sarocow ebro: rd xard ys xai ob navovras Lqroteres, i Bylot ré mpéyua, & Zémpares; ” (2) English into Greek ‘Translate into Greek: The farmer gave a shout and a kock on the door. Don’t they know that you received thi idea with pleasure? ‘The sophist did not persuade the clever young men, ‘The just man, chough clever, was ast ‘Ounded at the unjust argument. ‘They stopped looking at the horses. n Vocabulary for Section Five G trades nab ignores pom) stole menace rove dope keg fore force oo secre youl) parC) dw Deaw (pew) ies (you) (6) 0 (opdow) deve Oe) 1 (y-a) fra then, next 2Aap-ere youl) took opr) lates youl) ecapedihe notice of AarBér) Epeden (Diet “oavtérss) def 28-4 spp (3) Heaplonn (fp) find ut dscover ienipor ()foundone, discovered (open) {inp ina basket Unlvaden ve spendpas in shisbasker Eeoxe) (hod (Ze) Erne (happened, eel was(royxdnw) ipeiuep-oe-orlstings dy, create ofaday Boer teame propa) Bie (ou) blame nconss) eet d sun 2) pov you(s) asked (inardnw) Capucs-oeo sare forwhae? ipded ax (3) Ramer fromthe deme ikyana spendlpas a bake feeopes Mame fin fle ih perkpsan-ov in these pos me ever roe der ae how many ofits ‘wn footie Vocabulary to be learnt Pibfones us fore dra tensnez| Heapions(Ufop-) finden Base b uno) ixouse( el) dept g0 Bi lop, ope for frll stnaroinen fist adver tafe Sndoos nor hewmany Bogie, 4 Sates 3d) Sir Ady speak nontemse ‘iténore never bps, 9 eyebrow Uh) sepetporiw suround wih though, ‘Sroumconteplte Mepoweds fdr Pesan ibn lp spore fest Cy sieve theca He why? Sromeripvonré think tig mentite ob) Aapefcror ofkKhsiteshon oploned pu, dtance eo) dea feat) Yoxp beaded cold (rit) ee pt place xeplnsrb place, spacer to) Vocabulary for Section Five H pubis ignrat (nom) path ignore ac) ocr (willie Fat of GartDnw) “Ania (“Ana die), 1 Apollo (3) ace. “Arie mo (yipre-)é oman oo vpyenplan(1a)m4 aria lend one) ened bocwefever (13) ndripes-0-ve which ‘rm then: indeed enosuar} orseamad ice) two) (Spe) do, rare-elift ledownl(s) — mpeaceyopnn adies 1 Toeeame ‘Arve seal ‘caorod your own (rborcuas) sdps.8 bo4659 echir.¥) moon( 13) Fey (you) (6) became pir parr yew beget “(yiveanas) apurrr-) stronger, degrade your EueparBior des Socrates pe whether indeed Gb) va tiskowe 9SeGe vghe hand Eater Tesaped notice Teper today Oardbne) fir(ure)b mond (ss) Smengpéwn ae in debt aer-iv myself face) oer igh Aomuanis (Sopp. ).4 Eenaba Lexperieeed, Sra: bow? witch, reer) suffered (ndoy-u) ‘wha Bromeriporé Aniefe hing onthecouch bro hey, you! ‘think-tank men ine Trepcersacen heone(of2) rdw atall oo Bo» (eameripxepas) —wlot vb pert) ejowrer-n-or wefal Fran rwr dekore 8 reir (18) (Gjproe) weaker lever Vocabalary to be learnt Seatie igernt ay re hey heey yout naorde mip ey uch) all reper eor onefrthecher)of—érepes cr whith of we) | ent oie) bun § mid pape, rear fever (hrrom) leer, Ghped.ae your (ake ou et Jadgment plan (10) ‘wales neperon) beds gh ‘dere steel apes Inde Sed} riphthond ib) pcrran apeiron phowoty ov wel, profile Bra thee (Ceparren) sone gree Spe pao-) doect O Grammar for Section Five G-H Summary Str. aor. ind. act, and mid, ineerrogatives Verbs Strong aorst indicative active and middle apo» BdaBbyeqy I took? 171 The forms ofthe strong aorist indicative active are a follows Eap-or ‘Took’ ete haps Ehap-e(v) A. Grammar, Vocabularies, Exercises ° OQ Section Five G-H, 71-73 1s ENéB-oner EnéB-ere ‘The formate song aottndeve mie eos EdaB-seqy ‘Took’ ex. EEBoo GRAB-ero opadueBa EAB-coPe EAgBeov70 Noves (i) Verbs which tae strong aoris forms nearly aways undergo a more radical stem-change than weak aorss. These stem changes have tobe learnt. Some you showld already recognise from earlier learning vocabularies. . “The met ipo ond common eb king rong it fom wabévee+iuaBor ‘Teer AapBéva-rBdaBor “took” royxdves>érexor ‘happened? veyroyastyevduny ‘Tbecame™ elplon-rndpor ‘found Fxo-stoxor Thad? Déyea-retrov Vaid Note the us ofa bpdas—rBor "Tsaw? completely differen stem for Epxouar-v4ABor —‘Teamelwent | the present and aorist hesitancy ‘Tet (6 Englsh'go: wen’). (i) The endings of the strong cris forms re jus the same asfor the imperfect (1 $B, 59). The difference les in the change of ster, because the strong aorits have este of ther ow which is diferent fom tha ofthe preset and imperfect. The imperfect ds endings othe presen stem; the strong aor ads endings the strong aor em, tern in nde (prep te) eaves aor. Epo-oy (yas strong ari stem {ip The meaning of the song ors ua these asthe weak, be." el (se 6 (iv)). (On finding the lexicon form, of. p- 335) Interrogatives 73 Observe that rf, which you have learnt to mean ‘what? can alo, and very commonly, mean 'why?’. When +i does mean ‘why?, i is in the accusative cave and being used adverbially. Is literal meaning isin relation to what?’ of “in respect of what?’ —in other words, why?”A. Grammar, Vocabularies, Exercises ° Revise: Pres. mid, 23, ‘Type t nouns 24 ° Exercises for Section Five G-H (b) Morphology Form the aorist (1st s) of these verbs and give the aorist stem: eg tat Eravea navo(a) ® " PrdLopa riders bavpdter Bibdonws Béxouae dikées bie Byhbus - Give the aorist (rss) of these verbs and give the sorist stem: cee ae sa ee Brae rdeo e bess aaa from the list below: aces) hen Fie i i to), Fe ea ini (@) English into Greek Translate into Greek ‘The student said that he discovered how big the space was. The frmer happened to bean ignonamus - The old man departed. ‘The father became unjust 5. Inoticed that you were a bumpkin. Section Five G-H n ee Exercises for Section Five LES Or ee (@) Words 1. Deduce the meanings of the words in the right-hand columns from sho in che le BBivaroe — Sivas ivan ainesjairia airdopas Pedfouer laws aor Bla Bidoxw 3 BiBdoxados Bianrinds 4 60 Bim) Bixaios ov Bux0s ov Budo Bcd Bde rb dpipa Bueraxys — Buorxto Pavudtn — Bavukowor aoy rd 0aiua ——Bavpaords dv inropavis —warouae Spavia anos Farmos itera —Stmmeds wibrres — SeMenegs hor parléve —— waBrris Buat§s paDnnorxés #4 vos Bavetouer — Budvown votes bok olxérys | olxiBior jobla brows ods Foobia copiers} fudooosia deo 2 Translate these pairs of words: what isthe significance of the change from left to right? vipa ‘yepévriov Pipa BuptB.ov olka olxiB.oy ais saibior narip narpiB.or Zermpéeys — SemmpariBiov Pecdenmiins DasbeariBior (bje) Morphology and Syntax 1. Translate this pasage (if you did not do Test Exercise Two); then change the tense of the verbs to imperfect or aorst as indicated: Encsdi ody npootporras (Aorist) rv Teposr oxparid xalsd vaurindy ot ABnyaiosraxdeseoBatvouow (imperfect is rs ads xat7m A. Grammar, Vocabularies, Exercises pds rv Zadapiva nddovow (aris). Eneira Bet re ‘ABqvaioexalot dos “EMqvesouydovos (imperfect). ros 8d dduerciva (sort) 73 ry Hepat ravine, xat Brey vik yiyverasa0rist), vba xa fd, Bpadées =dovew (aorist at ries. xaiénesb) ylyveras(oris) 4 dpa, cide Tépoes npookpyovras (ari) raxdars dni varpaytay, of “Eddyves &ropotas (sors!) wai haRodvras (imperfect). Chen 8 vdnérs fefeira (pete) id rokuda pert a drigoras (Goris) int rods Boptépovs. udyorras imperfect) ofy dope wad athe: (orist) rots BepBipovs.o uty ob BbBapo$eGyovar (ampectet) getyee(2orst) Bi mab Stns, obras ob Chetbepor vipwovras (sors) of “Eder 8d rp dperfy, Vocabulary Saraiva upanddown site x01 inhooa ay) orton so. dpi iniouas ingoodorder devas. Heyer pers courge(1a) (4) English into Greek “Teanlate into Grecke ‘Anold man and hisson,a young man, wer talking about money. The youngster, ait happened, owed alot of money. And bectom oth, his creditors would not stop paring his ther. The father id not Punish the son (for his mother stopped him), but conceived clever Blan. When therefore the father managed to persuade hit son, he boy ‘went obediently to the tophiss and lee a great dea! The sophie always persuaded him, taught alotof clever stuff and received s loro money. So the som learnt quickly the just and unjutt aspuments always winning hiscase, Bue wen the youth came home, th plan dia not puta stop to his debts, The young man did not like hs father uh was yoke), but hated him. So the boy never stopped mocking hi father Finally the old man threw him out ‘Test Exercise Five ‘Translate into English: veavlas 8é mis truge moMd xprucra SpctRuo bid mp bemciy. obras ody 3 iv manip det rds Slxas rds ray yonorain Hpevyer, of B yptoras Bienen av nai cin éxaborroBlery NopBdvovres,Bacdéyorrec obs ‘re warp wal § wrap. TATHP. 0b Bi, & vives, dairy aria oboe riiv euaiw xaxiiv. xls yep Section Five OH ” et job; vis obv duBare ri vbw ual wep Even Buehéyero, wh of 16 0b eeu Ign an pho os nob ae ia. Sua yipn yen asd iP ob 8) arise oop. Sadi wi yap nal 7 MT pe bring Bk bere Sony oes hor Sue . i ne GA eh dpdorte, fae yp Bevo vee ifn rb ol Spay, welB oven B robe ber 4 owas a le edn vir § aes 0088 tnadero 6 vids Inmopaniis dv. Qos ae Boo 6 ee ea arin ct te iat alba tSinragotouan ate ea ive lucrcelt Oue ed Gives beep a tod lov, viv yap of Afiovrat ovxére of xpijorat rd xpiuara. cet tone ba Te Sau Sov xpeirrova Svra, Hueis 84 peufduebia rois xphoras, Vocabulary Iemacht honeteve(a)_—_ dana fom bey sirup Conele-) 3 masher rhstrnonarian bis ( Thonenmadees ern wetter) fvopare Banemal inom irroporbhonemadlaccs, A ™) yo ignorant aces.)Section Six A~C Vocabulary for Section Six B onal ated "Bawa § Cate oon Secon tietiory os) Spd: pet oot eT I sticaltg ES | Sa isomontarcer “Tomas sagt ey ee ee meted pe ATs TE tmecee i tobe irc | ge tite ni | Section Six dua leo i. 86s, 3 baw Gases omy ; a tapartnd popaie) ree Vocabulary for Section Six A Seay See Sia siiwene | ‘your atany rate raw (x), dog 33) ) (eop-ds) { : Tretneomry frre) Myra weit line) efSiptga-r wht | uth) Blves toknow ela) ‘raar cojoke.to poke fun ow o- tat) Deyit-onas ceckon,consider — (woh-ds) dodyenn, # necessity (1s ‘raip-os,6 fiend (2a) a¢(maifw) Boxé-w seem; consider oneselt pavrei-or,rd oracle (2b) xpnenrwbeds,8 soothsayer rep thai ee ea singe sides sonia ster o seceienteh” Eowentat Sande at «en ioknow(ole) papper more pr inet oe Fexcsucle Presence {Bérees knowing oom sup oon nate (6) (asoepr-) anewer topiow makea din snap-y-eaBas to present Heat Wowingtom) Gesbonss ellis ‘ oid nas wish, want Héves to 90 (ex-opaitehan) (rap-dy-opsan) ‘eB-ai¢ knowing (nom,) Suus nevertheless Sune Uchought (ola) ‘y898) Tassureyourindeed fous perhaps nove todo( work) (lb) ‘Seu wat os thar 4 ese teomein in ete Tieee : state(s Spy. -.ye eat | ae Kpwinmcoril: Teal sctjie intr witae(dinew) bean Sicemeytrntwey “hig pica ot atone i 0 ~ (int) Aoyig-eyes reckon, consider ‘wiped and delivered Apatto's Vocabulary to be learnt t spe waning eC croton Tein hee oe mem amd aero Torment cee Tecnica eee “ise roth Pr cifeee padcote omihe gfe ay segiyi wcl” tn fon en fomtee eo el seve ner waa ser la et ees. Soe aces ee Bpote(dep) tinder” pray geome — HS ce meet I ig Bia-Bode aslander (13) onde eodirepron-a-0r wiser inte enti: ere rn i Sed rn vn) ~ ce tyiedest—ptfver) bin tte impo ion Si ‘cote oo peer sioatrs Vocabulary fe : Section Six C wee Pementonte) pm bow cia teres het vin oot ie inp wtenson ir thon (oBa) Aer guon cy / "Ybvoe) ‘Bic isigmn) ers thas) fomtat tom(ram) (rn) Sn ta ee i ‘Vocabulary to be learnt Braofoha} slander (2) Brat Knowing(gen) ja Twentcame imphof Doe md) sana Sountcns on ‘peonmiin) i PoStouas wish want than Box toseem (Boct-u) eben tobe) GB-y Ihnew (post oflba) i Splenic) snd a Kita memcondeonet andtwe wasn Raya ey | i ei ny = eee | Sree ion |aS & 82 A. Grammar, Vocabularies, Exercises ° © Seaion Six A-C, 74-7 ith the infinitive is usually of (Gf. Language Survey (9) Aye worry. tell Riya) — meipheouas try raairos retry rote») ii) The negative wi he infinitive ly wh (G adore: however, but ‘tlebeves-a-ov tich seal thenmesortof Some uses of the infinitive pvapresd Winpintesit meee wnalelenta) 2 ie comieructivs ao) Pedidses often Boner, 8 bully (18) 75 Certain verbs take infinitive c ss 8 i not ‘eciripes.é older man Snbyis benext hearth fotos “within, mapdrares-9-v mest 8) #ildsoodor,é philosopher ba “ought to, must’ -+in ‘abominable (person) cubSrarer-n-or wie o udp ort ‘obligatory to'-+inf. fomerdr) Yesr series erfearan Boxtw —-‘Tseem to myself, I think that I'+inf. wept toxdsowledge —copperecey wiser ry ‘oolt) Too) ‘bor thous ing.ot Nowe sais ea exh hh tare) oh dye ond Bet pt the person who rast into the accusative case, eg. ona setgry Teer taro thi vo "Tas 3" _. Vocabulary to be learnt jects BakovG denon) adenine pone) fudsome Adjectives - fs cype are formed as Seaplane (aiden) knowing parscf “pon 76 Comparative and superlative adjectives of the xadés type are f Gator) cores; — Gey 1H race tng) niger bes ise sasoy ships wpside 1 Tne ma aghone) cogués ike’ copeirepor aor ‘wiser’ cabetirar-os-y or wisest Beate nesemaneiy “he sepa (rope) ryt Bede cdemee Beeideroy cov nee deve Bencirar-oy "oan ever oe erdke pesiendon'y Thee St Beonde ever ? 5 Nowes 3 “fairly “quite ~'; superlatives also © Grammar for Section Six A-C (9 Cortina mee he Sail te mean ‘ost ~extemely~', "very . i uses $= "than. ‘Sunmary: ii) When wv things ere beng compared, Geek us . Pret int se and mid eee cept aobergor ris tment wie thn ebay NOt that ba the two things being compared are inthe same case. ‘Comp. and sup. adjs, i) Dia comparative fot aes hh Satin aan Spon ro Bete, be reas, xaniay,xdasoros ‘bad ors Wert! | oon aatives ene a rahds,nabXon, wares ‘fine finer finest } rea Present infinitive active andmiddle nase, rateota ‘to sop’ Trokis, rato, wetores much more, most 74 Infinitives based on the present stem ate formed 2s follows: ukyas, wetlan, mysoros ‘big’, “bigger "biggest ‘Active infinitive add eo to the preset sem, madre 4009" Middle infinitive: sd iphensr8 yout (2) Vocabulary to be learnt ‘Beraes.é tec (9) duoloydes are beater beowy tots there you (plo knew (patt inérye ysindend mw yet Sporhiye (he agreed (Cno-deyias) Vocabulary for Section Six F Spat ignorant(nom) noni perplnty én jstnow yOde-ar-t laughing, with Taught (samp em) (dive) decebohucros tering in deBipona skeup.eccive fillinte seth pine itis stonce Gob the) 98m) DopeBle-orres tring ‘in dh inom. pl 1) (Copibéna) sald} Letssuppose fain, ball)% Vocabulary tobe fart yoke (ee, Totes i tm Sit gm a none oa) (anewec-) prove bea one, slghiaeey Brule Liat is © Grammar for Section Six D-F ee seston SD Summary: Wk. 207 part. act. and mi Aspect Bn. dwt tbe Pasticiples pee ouhnv end met pps teenth pn stem of es, Gg Pl ooking’ punting (0). Grek ha pari bed on he sort stem of vets. To form the aors stem tke the ars indeatv, a discount, @ the augment, (ji) the personal endings, e.g. = aap: ster: wave-(a) fovea | St tt: co) de-e-npumdyny aor, stem: dmoxp-(a) ‘To form the weak aors participle, add endings follows tothe soi stem: Weak ore patipe ai ‘sopping’ ive nasoas nasoaca nadoay (mavoayr-) aos Jo madoraovat ravondonas nm salovarra naloare Note For the endings (not the stem) ofthe active participles of. pu (48 in the Fe and Sl (20) So the §. Le te ob aos wabonennaeey A. Grammar, Vocabularies, Exercises ° © Section Six D-F, 78-80 Co 179 Weak eorst participle middle navoduevos wavoapéiy zavodperoy ‘stopping’ mm maveduee-of mavosducor Taveconfiny — mavonanérony mh mavondjeonor navondueroy Leaen the nom.,2¢c.,s. and pl. Aspect ‘What isthe diferencein meaning between, say, naiwy and nasioas, ot beeween Bhénar and BNéjas? One vital thing to say is thatthe difference is NOT NECESSARILY ONE OF TIME, zavocs or Bhias need not be translated “having stopped’, or ‘having looked’. Te difference is one of whats taled ASPECT. and isthe same as the difference thathasalready been shown to txt between the aorist and imperfect indicatives~ i. the difference beoween fegarding the action as 2 proces (imperfect) and an event (sors). A present participle regards the action a8 a proces (and is therefore sometimes called Smperfective), while the aorist participle regards it simply as a single event. “Thus itis possible to translate both Batra and Biéjas a8 “looking’ in the former case, it would be understood that the look went or, inthe ater chat it simply took place. Indeed, there might be 2 case for translating an aorist participle by a NOUN to show that the idea of time is not necesarly involved, tg Begins np3s Qu ipvlplaoer might best be translated ‘with glanceat me, he blushed". Alternatively, one might co-ordinate the sentence and write ‘he looked at me and blushed’. Whatever else you do, itis essential that you pay close attention to actual Greek usage. At times the distinction between the two Sspects may seem quite arbitrary toan Englih speaker. (Onaspectin general ch Language Survey (),P. 310) ‘Two irregular verbs fy ‘Threw’, dul ‘T say’ 80 The past of oa iss follows: 589 “Tnew" et Broa $e fone fore ear (8coar)88 A. Grammar, Vocabularies, Exercises ° 81 dnt sy’ inflecesas follows inthe present and imperfect (though note chat the imperfect usually carries an aorist meaning ‘I sad’) Agen dr. forthe moment. See further Reference Grammar K(i),p. 30". dat “Tsay! ete, by “Laide. disor das Eyela or drat iy gaudy Sayer gare fare door) aca Note Do not use gmp if you are translating English ‘say tha’ into Greek. Use ° ee Exercises for Section Six D-F (bic) Morphology and Syntax ‘Translate into Greek the italic phates, using cither 2orist or present participle co sue che sense: ‘We sat silently, all the time perplexed as co his meaning. With a glance at me the teacher began to speak, ‘The spectators heard his arguments and applauded, Dionysodoros replied with laughter constantly in his voice ‘The woman picked up che argumentand replied, { He happened to say in answer, Form the aorist participles of these verbs: Préra —Béyouas Apovrilen Budtouas Birr oyifopas ote —_ydyouas (uaxeo-) adopar dmoxpivoyas (Aoxpwr-) Form the aorist participles of these contracted verbs: ovdw — edevdepseo BonBln rohudes Gropiw Bedoya (8ca0-) (d) English into Greek Transhace into Greek: ‘The teacher answered and ssid that the love of wisdom was a virtue, Section Six DHF, 8t o . Dionysodoros laughed and cook up the argument. ‘The sophist, with a glance at me, agreed. | [praised them and said, ‘Urge them on at once.” Once in a sate of perplexity, the student tried to escape, ‘Test Exercise Six AF ‘Translate into English: Kriton reports how he ond Socrates discussed the nature of expertise and decided thar en experts opinion is more valuable than another man’s. (From Plato, Kriton) oo “ob ude, Lonpares’, Eby dye, ekerake, by 8" dmoxpwoouat. "ondnecobv', 48° O56 Deoxprys, ‘nal fn Exess dvrcAbyeuy, dvriheye, sai reloopaeEyeye.! oo. ‘nad Boneis yew’, v8° yc 'ds by olyau dpa dhgB Myer 5 fidSoopos 6 Adyun Br. ob Beds Exauvetr rdoas rds BSfas rev dO pean; 1 fs: dpa dnb Boxed yaw, 405: dnoxptvov. ids ras par dyaBds BSfas draveir wal rqudy, rds BE a oe Se ee a Ft aa Se i eis a seen a oes Vocabulary ener object tarp doctor (a) ‘oy el hen nila bere dies allace PLE) guBlouae espe oe come!90 A. Grammar, Vocabularies, Exercises Vocabulary for Section Six G “Anak Auaton) 4 Erpeooas they recognised ‘Amazon (3) (them) oof pon) they tokuptaor. caeaeortrer sacking, ctaieuptow) pom (nom. pm) aeekéoee on aking vp sina once) (om pm) irae wtacking, Craphn-ider) fling wron om. pom) Secure wind (a) (igeninrolinioreccn) Arsd-atanes upon going dedee npon coming 2 (oom. pt) (oom pln) idexopslsnnidtoor) ——_(ipycopafaae) ners open Eeconar flow Bsembatking (oom pl.f)— feep where ‘BatrldvtsByy) lpr they came upon oor, bromige sendoff Cas Sateen. ue am, a miteoonseay) [bmcegnittntay) inediseorss ot icone seywivedoen, "Tat ctabontapa) drs pon king rire rowing reing “tus ronptad Campnten-uitrone) Boapndtn lay woe ‘Vocabulary to be learnt Seip (Bore) piceay veal (Babar) tev, 4 ile bete(1) tire how bat ep rene tin aerwldge trop fille Gehdrve gard tina: ypon ‘undersanding (nm. pl.f) Ponifew ink (ce) eobey (eee) edovrou-oues beget chitren epoienar srvving (prt Stepan) ‘ayetor nearbysnee (gem) Exlbone,¢ Septhian (1) orparonei-ouae make one raaRérey theses PEt ebatie ritedens thebatle spilled thee ships Golirr guard et anges, speech ay Vocabulary for Section Six H Sympaioces bringing cet, drecdaygdew Bieraitrs) Caer) teint yma day) lead, bring, drordax Gores a oa ebay Sbaingsemp ny “Ane Auto eae Amazon (2) adreiy here 7 secs tohe swe om = (ae-dpxcpsiien ”) Sines upon svn (om. pl. m.) . (Gpear-maiiesunr) rendyocaed whathed Happened ee happenings (brrenaerorden) Be emi by meamof sigolaguage O Section Six G-H Bsfleree crosingwonce ‘eros. pm) (CacfaiowBricbor) denerdmees (rear) return pyle perfor, do Ieapniu ay wane eipdrees enfinding{nom. Bernabe (oe) ae sble pm) (epionnip-o) Bie two (rom)| lnndt-ouaeFidehores Ebivare she ata creniapeor on comINg (Soraya) seroinom.s.m) ‘lira they wereable (earachopBéonol (Borngen) rari daB-or) Taying(oom pl ) OQ Sesion Six G-H, 82-90 3 86 Ichasa varity of meanings. Asan adjective, it means sel’, eg. Eoxpdrns abrés ‘Socrates himsel” 0 d98pa abrér “the man himself (ace) (or abrév rév d8pa) {87 Ie is used inthe reflexive forms euavr-6y $8028 ‘mysell” pl. ads abrots, ee. ceavr-be (or oavr-&y) 236% ‘yourtell” pl. Suds abrots, etc davr-br (or abr-61) 38958: “himself” pl. davrods (or abot), et. Nowe Reflexive forms are wsed when you! ‘he ec refer to the same personas the subject ofthe clause. In inde spech, they can fet the subject of the man verbofthe sentence, eg. "Aqaliin Emeie rbv&98pa any Nie “The Amazon persuaded the ran to release her" (i.e. the Amazon). £88 Preceded by the definite article, it means ‘ame’, eg. 3.abrés veavias “the same youth’ 89 Usedasa pronoun, but neverin the nom., nor thers fiese word of a clause, when ‘them’, 6g. . The same man did this too, > She herself brought another Amazon with her Did you see the same woman as > What does he himself think of it? They all speak about the sane dings I myseif do nox enjoy sentences. I saw she young men thenselves behaving like this i, Women? We love them! Men? We hate them. completing them with the aorist (@) English into Greek Translate into Greek: ‘The men picked up the bodies of the women and went away. Coming upon these women, the young men were amazed, Once friends, the young men are able to converse with those women, ‘The women suid these thirgs and persuaded the young men, - After this the young men rerumed to their houses and took theit possessions, Exercises for Section Six eee ES (@) Words (on word-building,f. Language Survey (13), pp. 322) Deduce the meaning of the words in the right-hand columns from those in the left: ani — dvayeator nov dayne Section Six 9s yew byus yohows a or Brepatrn —1 BudBaoe BuagBelnw 4 Bias Bop Bivaua — Bivaroe gor FBHvajis travis — 6 Eawos _ Doyikopar 6 doviopds Suodoyées § duodoyla rapdopar 4 neipa . dulérrn 3 $iag advert — dgddaeros ov Group this pool of words into sets of cognate words. Give the meaning of each word . iden Dl, Siac, ovbie, dopa, Nos, Blas, es, Saoue, owt, veavias, Bifort, wéxenar, AoyiLouae, dolores Foua, Bo, oobés, obi, fBeia (4) English into Greek “Transat ino Gresk: ‘When the Amazons had killed the Athenians, they came tothe land of the Scythians. On arrival, they found horses and fought with the Seythians. The Seythians, defeating them and leaning about them, ‘wished to become friends, The young men therefore followed closely, but did not fight; and the Amazons, seeing this, kepe quiec themselves. ‘Aclast they became fiends and lived together; but ic was necessary for the young men and thir wives to eros the river and inhabit another place. For’, sid che Amazons, ‘we do not want to live in your land, Since on arrival we fought you.” “Test Exercise Six “Traralae into English: 7 “Apaléves rwés, eis rv rei DevBaav yriv dpuedperae watdrd die ian Bos emery ipa 8 ean sxqvinjoorres alr, rin vecpos cto wa pobéres yates loa, Bohra tx ran Ayana nedononibes reeborre ob tobrveariocas pets po gérore, tor i tre toes ‘pvc, déneubor abr pis as Ayalives. 0188" Auatres, Bovocsairois hyoton ub éoniroe, payopdvo 8 obbénore ober RepoerGov anc. frre Deter, waradepn Apatéva rors timp ober, xi tas yertpats, athe ros Rav re Bar,A. Grammar, Vocabularies, Exercises | al, Apaléras ris ebpbrras, $idovsylyreabas, deeiDovroobv of PART THREE Wor, ros 8 ourdour of re Ecdlas ala Apa éres. 0 at “Aualvesobx éBotovrodwanévas els 73 ran Znvdian nsos. "08 yap Surdyete’, Haver, ‘owouetr yerd rv yrrauccn rar Suara. ob yep ol adroit fuérepot bunt xa el ry Sal. apres oly v4 xrfyora ai BoBdrres br zoraubr,nbpor xuplor ns aagcioy Br wal Gyo? Vocabulary Iapndte by wae . mnblrore never Section Seven Vocabulary for Section Seven A ——roctbulary'forSectionSevenA Syepdaf mushevplie, dodges lead reppin wsitsound = igo aby raBopdna (rare) m0, ‘reeuedns) rror-a-or rponiBlefor "note odiress ized) Braedon Lwoulétiten to wamoin,rd baker (sbé-w — nyeo payin Srloranias getupandleave, "conte (lldgracifical— opeorpdue ‘emigrate rnealendene) posite approaching (nom. = poingert(accs. — aépaf(mpan:).d crow(s) "a m) (pact of ‘my egar of ipvorcacor withpowes, —— apeo-gx-ouaiinpbo-eq) aripg- main) sovereign speonnpbin Aeapdrrdorpayuor apBir-euas (AaB) ‘ake Capoatpon-) roncowes (arpeyuor) fe fom holder sized hishand twouble Ayoqui Iwill (ou) afield ondironas gre Reyes won't youl) rye fonte theshowt (afer Bmore my vey 00d ‘ese tell me? inet) end ner air wishin rieBovie dete tatshout Bidnar-or-y-or best Met detinsoros (sherainoe) Badrnw dor ‘ipuror widhtiterow rfrwerpibes out fahestnd (Boiron) beter eriveijabyS.of withthe Fiera dursondbus (he Audradnb{Sve dough ine" thapide aed) of Diksopois crowd be stly nae iexupte dheband (fer ecg (there fled Found (acy) fae Dadedpevos) teekqoea,j sembly, leds) inex dstpinon; of which kei (8) Snir behind ‘man? whowe? erodng mesnviie SErdparib-ov Salonides’ —rbneosy6 place (2) Eledizepl ontilyoorhand son tod ofthe) rapes fred, bred Tandy 00 rob iyeedtuar-ow my look companion 3) Polemarkbor ron (cher apBir) Bice, 4 Eoclpidessd) — Muo-inayror,d Petites rob Bdchei-ov of Belper (CGrethoper) Gay (Permaivediend) — roitadoe ofthe supplant rei iene )d eed (3) noe send98 A. Grammar, Vocabularies, Exercises reStbarben hiclosk fer dayne) zo legac the Press meTahenirg on of ‘Vocabulary to be learnt drops mare plea oH Peden dor (Petron) bree Biniorer nov bat facie (oie Polemakhor sa of hep) savireea of heBleven Serie em fee your ste, Lever memo resin pene) 8 lee (09) ions led at) ‘atop (ear) sek doonen beeen ofyou alps hello greeting Settee to ene end Fohirgd zen 14) rocerpie(epeotpap-) rm ‘avert ine lle fet reine) hon) Vocabulary for Section Seven B theives dowrong Gina sng Slovene getupandeo, mae Grcakotes they wil dexcoy apioasddpes find ard ear ake badly Bigoar 5 the people to) Iecorripeen nd law eo) oror diets) for cesonstly beckyaen} anembly, ‘hen (8) Eelndr bec onthe lawruite Gein apoBade on hie branches pate you's) wiley (pla, fo of36y-0) pros goalongsekeitt ‘ween mon bevel by {he gods (eb dofuen) i Saitr-dorgrop-a-or ‘more weldy. more Blend feller) Spina coniderx tober Spode dovesrta dora slthough wewere innocent Icherwarenbicera) Temenation 2) pres (nope) ites “oa (ons) a ior (wafer) peater(nbyas) na soci oc stevip pity Sis experience G9 Tereyet cveywhere pire ccorgp-ov eal roe Buaor-cr sbowt te Inw-courssnd the darts hora flat iy fer pees) dent (verry ).d ces rashopper (2) isdeopiar perpen (fr ‘rier riswilacws theciy er deiotteety rierge thebrtenness fe) lke ni of isking Gripeod for you's) $énradae(e-noht), apse aplen 8 ie 3) Seabocpoprots ‘laren perry (18) Totor-avons whee hater of ‘Vocabulary to be learnt Bocas beet oma ‘tine oro Haldibe sing Seovays (door) sean, enigrte Bucaortgin 96 leuout 38) Buca, 8 joer iat (8) Bipot 8 pape deme) Section Seven enigoig eb ela oo an Bayon esac) hap rch, eed hg comp. ‘ayevicrtor op. Hengrosnor grate (ap of yes) pelo ato oar) grec (omp. of yes) ans ely a? clei) pity %° wile, 0 rerayed cnywiere Fire (rope) 8 ora, alien (50) oho, d tne (2s) expr ling Vocabulary for Section Seven C Erb the country Fa vein, bet Brads however that maybe avd ofvecesicy Poway () wouldtke dsenrcit-u bringover te onesie aero-cige() woulddo Eorigepbun inteadof lack provision pele (afer de) (Expeypon) fie fom rouble Apxeonat begin +n) alee... nonpod Sorat him being wicked (fer evecare) Sxesduenoryor grieving Boros beter (om ace) ‘rs knowin noms.) (anior-u) yedrat api bneee) Befods dy clever andy Buccicnnn jie, being ost) Bipeons7d BEL) ‘shee sr $ pesca) dope, § fesival(ss) Gre since syd opon our neck droigcos 9-07 tad (0) (ha) ee Bbncivor an wallthought of ped yoke(a) ro indeed Yri-ouae comider(c obey) ‘Paveepeaate (oer eAle) ‘Hplodee Hershel roe) vals. although satres noneteen acd diprw tpl sapreplas endure, potop wih sere-dnfif-ae condemn (Genchargeoty) vera (hey ~ nara ie, (i= fies own 4 thet) nino 9-0» alone vecir of ips vay disease (fe oda) or then in wine (afer) idee nothing (fe So) Hern ofa ‘apconeo-t capping er ides) eptepnns about pace Tipu Pesce om) Abana fala ed-ouae make hie exept ‘Pay ihe, wealth fer me) trap food sere) oreiB-eyedr Iwould bry r8Boris the bite things ace) se my deve chap (ontexendinghy) shrdaner weendare ribecigln theasemtty Fink theship| is warpioy my fbedand Teedleos ofteciyy PeTlepion Peride rdews,4 place(2) ra iio the people putas heals (erie) Hips come!(s) $A5nods patos (nom) 4idcoobos, 6 pilosopher ) eler-5--b diffi ard Selp-cor wore (nom) elpur xd Cxep0r-) wore100A. Grammar, Vocabularies, Exes ° ° Section Seven, 9¢ ror Vocabulary to be learnt feeinoryor resi (to) (int) neopan mate iced, ropes think edrsed—omwealal eey te (14) Shoraor werihworhyes at) Sion fod ipl otra, rk Ce) ‘orf plese ta) ” Grade [sali domoy——"Hyanhin,d Hees (xd aupers, 8 relaton 3d) Seber ceerrigtchnd aman) rar my derby R(t gn) toon apf chal onteensingtr) bre es) (4) nip (gen) fron behalf 1 pete) nerd (gon) we End gen) bys ath ys lear peae vor gon ale dbo, pispher 20) Iborrler-hgen) oppoitin tm en hbo) dense fa Sif hard Bis 38 ne antier —elpar apne (aupom) won regen) abet Flap flll(-+4en) (aifecraaeurconte) O Grammar for Section Seven Summary: Gen. (all types), and usages ler. comp., and contr. comp, ros. opt. act. and mid. Gr-bopt. dvlorapas, drohdes, r+ part iva, tin, Tepocdis Nounsjadjectives Genitives 91 The forms of the genitive Singur and plural across the range of noun and adjective types you have met are as follows:ee (4) Genitive plurals all end in ww. (11) Genitive singulars of type 3 nounsladjectves all originally ended in some form of os. Later contractions and changes crated forms in -ous and -ews, (iif) Watch the changing pattems of an in 1st declension nouns (of 24) and note the 0. 5 of vases: vaso. Uses ofthe genitive 92 The most common uses ofthe gentive arc 38 follows (0) 10 correspond to English phrasesintroduced by ‘fin such senses a (9 possesion, eg. # 108 deeatonsheus odxin “the house of Dileaio- polis (©) description, e.g. 78 rv wadcriw whos “the crowd of citizens, the citizen crowd” (© source or origin, e.g. of I6y01 of 08 deOpeimow ‘the words of the fellow’ and 4 ray “BrBexe dvopca. ‘the laessness ofthe Eleven’ (@) a part eg. dAiyot iv dvtpdmaw “few ofthe men" (3) wich cortain adjeceives, e.g Eis ‘worthy of tru ‘responsible for" Mas “fll of” with certain prepositions, eg. dn ‘away from" de “our of, from! ard ‘in company with! Bd “through! Brexe ‘for the sake of" (comes aren the noun) rep. ‘conestning, about (aid gf. Reference Grammar F, p. 290) (iv) with certain verbs, eg, dxoday “Thea (a person) DauBévouae “I seiz, take hold of" warabudes “condemn! (s) to express comparison. So far you have met comparisons of the type described in 76, i. done with #='than’. Greek ean alo express comparison without § by puting the thing compared in the genitive, e.g. Danpérns © Section Seven, 9-98 193 copirepés tor: rosrov 708 dvlpimou ‘Socrates is wiser than this fellow” (a, ‘opposed to the method described in 76, which gives: Zaxpdrys aodsirepés dorw i ofros 6 évip. Nowe Revise 26. and see Language Surveys (10), (14). Further comparative forms 93 Note the following irregular compuratives and superlatives: dyais Bedriww Pédriaros ‘good’, ‘better’, best’ pévas jcibw wéysoros “great “greats Cf. 76, and note the alternative comparison of dyadés. Note Comparaive sin (Jen may form the ee. 5. fhe poe pl ad the ‘ace pl foman alternative stem without the =e, where the vowel of the sen aid hat of the ending contact, @. BedsiofsJa=+Berris (4,5. mf; nomJce pln.) Bedelo(v)es-Bedrious (nom. ple mf.) Bedrio(v)as—>Bedsious (ave. pl. mf.) ‘94 Observe also that adjectives ending in -wv like kexoBa{jaw have compari tives and superlarives in -ovkorep-os -a -ov (comparative) soviarar-os = -ov (superlative) eg. eiBayovierepes ‘more lucky" «SBaipovderaros ‘most lucky, very lucky" Verbs Present optative active and middle wagoust, wavoineny 95 The forms ofthe present optative, active and middle, for non-con- cracted verbs areas follows: Active Middle rato — rav-oipqy raveofpeBa natwoire wat-ovabe Note Look for present stem with an -o init106A, Grammar, Vocabularies, Exercises ° Present opttive of contract verbs 196 The forms for contracted verbsin the ative areas follows. Note that the formsarise from contracting the vowel withthe endings-ofnr, -0fys, -ofy in the singular, ancontracts ryscdbqy econtratts rot-ofny —o-contracts 8q}-ofmv owotqy (-c-oi) — Bpd-oinw (-0-0iny) oroins (-<-0i7s) — Bnh-oins (-0-0in5) Byd-olm (-0-0%9) Bpeofuer (6.0400) Bpdeoire (-S-ocre) Byd-oie (-5-o10r) er (dour) Middle forms contract with the m , endings 25 in 95, eg. ru-duny, smoscolpy, Bq ofuny (sce also p. 260 (i)). and optetive 97 The opzative formsare used with the particle dv to expressa ‘polite’ request or agreement. Sometimes ‘polit’ requests are difficult to distinguish from a straight request. The best cranslaions involve using the English forms ‘would’, would like to’, ‘can’, or the simple future “will, e.g yess d wou; “Would you tell me? Would you like tofean youfwill you cell me?" yews &y ‘I would/would like to/eanwill tell you", Two verbs to watch for 98 Note dviorauat'l gee upand go, 1am leaving, emigrating’, thestem of which is dominated by -a- in the present: dviora-pas ‘eave’ et dviora-eat dnord-peba driora-ode Infinitive: &vioraoBau ‘to leave Participle: avord-per-os -m -v “leaving” CE. Bévacpas ‘Lam able’ (00) 99 Note droXées ‘I shall destroy, ruin, kill, Bear in mind the doh- stem for future reference. © Section Seven, 96-102 tos A common Gree construction 100 Note the Greek love of 2{-+participle, and the variety of possible translations it akes: ‘i Boudbjevos tora moves; (lit) ‘Wanting what do you do thi “wWhacdo you want when you do this? What do you havein mind in doing this? ‘What is your motive for doing this i madw robro Myeis; (Nt) "Sufterng what do you say this’, 16. "What did you suffer to make you say this [Note also that ndoxw basically means'T have something done to me’, so thata perfectly good translation would also be "What made you say this? 01 Revise efps I shall go" (64), and remember the infinitive form fvas Co go's nd the participle form lv “going” (iv ZoGaa tbr (iovr-)). These forms are not used ina future sense (ef. 74 (i) Nouns roa Uncontracted 3d type nouns decline as follows: Hlepuwds, Pericles (34) wos, ane en Boe Tepes (=Mlepuddens) Mephia. Tlepcdiovs ep, ‘These are restricted to proper names. Cf. also ‘Hpaxis, but contrast the contcacted Saxpdeys at 67. (For full nun survey, see Reference Grammer B, p 270.) Revise: Pres, parts. 48-54 Reference Grammar I Def. art, Language Survey (12) ° Exercises for Section Seven (@) Words 1. Deduce the meshing ofthe words on the right from those onthe let aBuctes wbdBtenue drleropa —spavdoraoes os dfiboyos oF Biyosinparées § Squoxparla106 A, Grammar, Vocabuleries, Exercises veue ipquerda pari pértoros hums our okirgs rode —roliredwy woherinds 4 6 xalends xadenatiw xetp amxepio (b/c) Morphology and Syntax ‘Translate the whole passage into English, putting the bracketed words into the genitive case: A, dada ris airibs dor (oBror dé méeues) xal (airy dnopla)s Bob fjropes, e805" rs, atria (rosr0 73 mpayna).yyip nhs nha (BépeBos )xai (Bos) 1d révre néAeyov wal rp (of friropes) Sway, ris yipotn ole rep} r6ya) (abrote); 4 E22 ob abrlovs (rabra rd zpdyyara) ipedua rts popes Epa, DR Bldriarovs (&Opernox). del yipydyorran nepi( v3 whiBos) cai (4 bhi), aaieabrot, B. val AA e089 Adyoust. xaxév yp 3 (oBrovotdsBpes )=j0os nad oi8cls xelpwr (frp). oli riropes RouPvovrat (9 ewehyota) wa (r8ucaorspior). 2. Convert these verbsinto the polite form (optative +4) and erandate: @ ples (©) droxpirg () deo (0) edebers (2 Bovrépeba (g) aasouot (2) relbeobe (0) $poper 3+ Translate these sentences and contrat the use ofthe preposition in cach pair: 6 févos tot 708 Buguod naberas ‘700s én robs woheyous éedpyerau. ise epson es viv dyopin per’ nov $a. werd BU vara dwdvequ els vie obnian. 13 rhoion wel wap ip voor cogioris nodAa xpuara Séyeras mapa rv wade . 5 ais npootS pane mpd Suds, Buaksueros bd rod whBous. . 4 2 yor) fofetras 3 dove bud ry véaov. 4, Compare Dionysodoros unfavourably with Euthydemos using the words listed below and thee formulae: Aronattapes cect | 4,1) | Bibodjuew xeon Bi9Snpos salts, uéyas, xaxobalue, cippan, dya8és, wipes, 086s Section Seven 107 (@) English into Greek 1, Translate into Greek: 1. The man’s slave goes up to the chapiode and grabs his hand, 2, Who is responsible for those shouts, which are very loud? 3. You ate 2 sophist and worth nothing. ‘4. Why are the politicians richer chan the people of the city? Tell me! 5. We suffered many bad experiences, but fought against the Persians for freedom, 2. Translate into Greek: pixaiorotis Look! Isee 2 slave running towards us. Whose slave are you? Stave Asithappens Iam slave of Evelpides, your friend. pix, Would you please say what you want, and for what reason you ran to stave I will. For I must, 3 Buelpides ordered, ask you to wait, pix, Then I shall wait. Hullo, Euelpides and Peisetaicos. Why are you leaving the city? Where are you off to? peiserainos We have to go away to a new and more useful city. ‘Test Exercise Seven als rs, Bb r0 in wohery ohious le, poatBpaye mpis rie Auxassrohe kai, AaBpevos ris xepbs,wévew éxChevey.éneiraol soy rraiba méyubavres, dre Bichnibns eat Tesoéraipo, io Svres ro8 Aixaiorddews npooedBérres jondtovre Aexauénohv. 388 SueaténoNs od etBcis rf Pouddpevar dx roi dareus dndpxorrat, {pero not dmiévat Beavootvrac nai rior évexa. éxeios 8a drexpivayra Sr. Bet abrots Nedeloxonsvyiay {qreir, cipérras 82 olxey, AuxaiénoNss 58 ‘Bbauovcordras veto rs 'ABipas xai Beriea réw “ABruy ofBeutan hor. apiro probe pare ob Bivaro vives inna olorarrat {Encsra dxobeas rd ep rav Barn aa rob buxacrypiou al ray Bars, duodyroes. of ps yp Bocaaral abate aBuoteres ros dyabots, 01 5 rjropes (tis okay) Eroxor Bias Oelporres 13y Bjyov wat cixoinriporres ofuiv ob $idoiol duxatondhews dows. abrds Be, apts Span 8 rs 7 recs ea r0 Bou al edrior fyosjeos Tv ciptrny, Burocize ovovSés rowiatas ty 7 exwdnoig. GM'S ashes, dabei ryotuevos robs 6v8pas wai wdhpous, abrds ob eBothero werdvas wer” e708, aX drFABe udvos Vocabulary Nepadocoenerinn§ auateis ignorance pm) pendant of ‘Cloud-cuco land (18) erdoxouar accompanySection Eight (ee Vocabulary for Section Eight A ghee tocschorber Capon 3 bea) Bo-p ashout (oir xpopes) Bt well alright ok Srna (Bpapar-).n6 drama, nesoduiuerdidpdnne 21 1006): youlafer ond era foryour ke Ply G8) Grr unckyftlivowred — Zaatan.8 Soest) Sronrea unlucky gerwith man dharyouste ties tombom? () rarobaigondilping Sent) aeracdéys is toi he pcreoniras eile (earn) recount tas aris tote alence {fat Fyne) ma wome ip twit be Anspéater( gen) infront 6 Xamthiastd) re mAB.es tw ehecrowed of before hassa-er whationst —ypdcouas uieeraploy Gearssé spectator,membet pelos ebew being many ‘ofthe audience) (oes ris Bewras) Vocabulary to be learnt Spd Spay) ply ‘hs 3b) Beard spear, member of (na) Vocabulary for Section Eight B foe over Foucor-or quietly) ereny sttentrernri-mope (earamyor) homosenl potipoping ome siking Sroua(brper-).r6 name Zope here’ _Cyerniocalécnarr) fer uate) radren rhode tothe Giivipwr-dow tousaking eta (aw-),8 do 60) dene Setion Bight A-E. nye te Thndics heey Tovotros raat ‘preirafy) efsuchs ind ike this rGdbipt whem Vocabulary to be learnt Gnu wpschove Fowxoror gut paral ropa (Sper). 26 mame i) orp dds wie, weed steering tothemaser Torarp! ethefaer tige come! $e love $0-86r-90 8 lover of sence (ed) sabre rovaton rote) ethickind of nih aied tipn ome! 109 fdbsrfeor-ovloverofdice, indie 48b-forct-o loving strangers howpable @nAgfoner 5 Phioxenos (24) (avoid komosea) Vocabulary for Section Eight C roerddoe persuade, Aopen peopenity ide. 4 cooryard a) Bava dvacnebares hima "ceyingto persuade hin) (cher tne) chord rmuedi-y drumand a Bephowc tip okenard Find bardvo bear BBoreNan(Bichvcea:), “8 Baelyleon 3) (Lonther fk) vedas wre Demor(en ‘weal hed og men) Budfuw beajuror deoes auia tee when paorae,d lover (td) Badorons 3 juorin the jacourt (i) Gipegreel adoor apéte ourofdoors ab. siedown ‘airs forhermore ‘Ficos d.fanel (rong wwhihihe ating peBlegees the eign) sapofarritaw ieroduceito ‘he Korybenicriesfe mpeg irae ‘dose kinds od he Beating f ums) srago-nadbew dream seperypiie witeslongide nexby ‘nerds being many and ge (geri oda seltpdphos) ritedmat daring hedsy Tirrenr-b during he night ‘Vocabulary to be learnt Grameen prmadeov om apis pe abby, id hard er Suc beejorsmatee Jndement Hlmronas(iEO2-) goo, dobro rnb ke lows ae Buris ‘se nete sodeaureis piles with bars seylporrs wtheold man rebieacrypy the ‘awecoure rérrorethisiee (fer iewerstee) sBaguid yourson (ater ‘sie rehepretre wihiion here Sp efor oyoutol) ‘ing fdepiderse 8 love ot benga jurat in hecoore of the Bina (18) dancin (Osondean-),8 Prion (3) CLover of Kleon) wit bee when sine ‘eatin stdour ‘abil sitdeur rotor mech (gem) ner10 A, Grammar, Vocabularies, Bxerciee Vocabulary for Section Eight D Saf (drort-.6 lord (3a) wang. dares smoke oof royou(e) Boj ashourller prac) comingovtifer penne) dh wetched (ae) deel tome sake (3) ryote 76 00k 30) fecoye to meat kat Dare inwerd te vs ovchom? gl) Sradba ron) here ‘ppody) Bait to De daves eras (iserey-) meet, unger. § device cheme whip bratomen afer hance pn 3) are) frvow intends, you tome 73 @ioveldais Philoleon cal) se-a-ar lke (he perp) Pen Srehe§ olen) Piloehdars Piokleon Hrcireebeidnovow Sleping erro) Inwd even(3) sod: quar vi, employ (rds xr) sbanenct chimmey (3) Vocabulary to be learnt snobijoreel§ widh much ‘urgency Gerry urge) oben makes nie inf (oane-),8 prinesod, — pldasphava par ing 30) Caster) Wa raid ive eiispaint ray bdeea raw (radar) writes ebeppy Vocabulary for Section Eight E peor beter Byes satin ‘OBeeerissd Odyseus4) ree open decbetya(lacboys) csape Use bpeindreednerpig-e poe tome Gronrpére (érocpaue) run Uedyro bringoutlesdout One Nosnan amy Yuloven 8 males) séraw ofall “Anocbpo-con-s, 6 the nes,é fn) Rkan— napaceces-opae devie, sonofRurawsyhone(ed) (3) repre lomicnene} ra below.urderneath—_sobondy fiom which tect vie Mowe hewillecapenotice "county? scifnlbos pick-sddle "(at ofdarBa) Teiysarenap-icn case rail bor sone 3) problems Ft moped) v6 dodofearh(sb) nei nolonger ode sll Siro nd ne (a8) mop-i--& foul ex oyou) Berainye Iwouldbeable fav ie afer vinee):my ood shoo? (ope of8ereue) (afirton) ony wich yrokdaneos ete tae vere fstfihe ‘rgeny Ge mow suring thi fn ‘month (1) (marker) gently O Section Eight A-E, 103, ieee crpoude,8 pare (3) exept wih Your hands évep-f themarket place sobering witthener ‘Vocabulary to be learnt lsc) beter Arorpiqs(Enebpne) on sour yeh shin kin Redeye (Befye) expe Hsp (Ukeyey-) leading 16 Owe? Odyseusiefer “uondraron) Hoefer fom beneath fe-ree he wil ange (a 0f 86-4} Yule 5. male) poets loner ap for polled Sperone, Her Ge spine (nepaex-) sive, provide ‘ehafer aos (0) bing ‘gerd (geri dyndcionce eke pak ee sel et erin grin edo emp dt) O Grammar for Section Eight A-E Summarys Dat. (all eypes), and usages tpwrder, MeBdons Nounsjadjectives Datives 303 The forms of the dative singular and plural across the range of ‘noun and adjective types you have met are 2s follows: oa 3 boys Toya ee oe ee ar ae ee ee fe ches)Section Bight A~B, 103-104 ra ah pS ead - | Uaioe) Noes (i) Dative singulars all end in «(whether subscript or not). (Gi) Dative plurals al end in -is or cn(). (But note Syiv, Spr.) (iii) Type 3 stems in -ove= have dat. pl. in-ovas (eg. participles like nas with stem rravovr- and dat. pl. nasouor), Those in -avr- have dat pl. in aos. _fiv) Type 3's with single consonant atthe end ofthe stem ether drop icin the dat. pl (Cy, stem Ayer, dat pl. Ryder) oF lei coalesce (hag, stem gudar, det. pl $idags (=$0Aax-01)). Uses ofthe dative 104 The most common uses ofthe dative are as follows (i to express English indirect object pheases introduced by " roiré wos mapéyee ‘he offers this tome! Aye rois Bedrass “speak fo the spectators (i to express the idea of possession with the ver dor por nanip (lic) ‘there i “have a father! (ii) to show the means by which something isachieved, usually expressed by the English ‘by’ or ‘by means of" or "with, .g. uddrroer tiv yépovra rots Buerdous ‘we guard the old man withthe (iv) to show the way in which something is done (eather like an adverb), usually expressed by the English with" again, e.g. ‘rokAj oxoubi ‘with much enthusiasm, enthusiastically" (0) Note the ewo expressions: (@) adroie rote xavdyAiows ‘baggage and all’ (0) Ady mdr. Spy 8E.... Sin word ... butin fac ‘outwardly something appears co be the case, but the reality is very different, (vi) Certain verbs take the dative, e.g xpdonae ‘Tse, have to do with! ‘reiDoas ‘Lobey, trust in’ Lunéeras ‘Lfllon, attack” wbe'veg.14 A, Grammar, Vocabularies, Exercises ° Eeruyydv “I meet Fropee ‘follow’ Bone’ por ‘it seemsto me? (vil) Certain adjectives take the dative, eg, Guoios “resembling, like (to) (op Wi preps én("on, for the purpose of” ‘mapé "with, neat" ampés “neat, in addition to! ‘o6» “with the help of” (cf, Reference Grammar F, p. 290, and Language Surveys (10), (11)) ‘Time phrases Intime phrases, the acusative case expresses time throughout, or during which something happens (English ‘for), adecBes Skyy ri Syudpar “he sleeps for the whole day" ‘The genitive case expresses time within which something happens (English ‘in the course of, or simply ‘in, e.g. ‘ns vuxrds epivet “he judges in the night, in the course of the night’ ‘The dative case expresses the point of time at which something happens (English ‘a, on’), eg. 1 Sorepaig deer ‘he lefton the next day Note A visual representation may help: the accusative case (‘during’) may be considered asa line the dative case ("point at which’) asad the genitive cate ‘asa circle © (the action ie taking place somewhere within the circle but one doet’t know where.) Verbs More optatives, épwrds, avBdva 105 You have already seen how -a- dominates certain verbs in the indicative, e.g. Sévaya: 90 and deforquat 98. It continues to dominate in the optative, e.g, Snafu, Bina, Sivaero etc (Cf. 95) 106 Note the past of dpurdus ‘ask is fpduny ‘I asked’ (stem 2p-). Distinguish this stem from ép-éu 'T shall say’ (Furure of Ady). ° Section Eight A-B, ro4~107 ns 407 The principal parts of Navédous are Beery (aarp ).8 - Translate the sentences, then change und - sya xaxér got dumeaeiras, xaxoBaiyon = Aayey piv bv 19 ade ob8els dpetverw dork 100 waxpés, fpyiy 82 oBSels AanBéve“Tescape the notice of ‘jor (Gat) “Tahal escape the noice of ElaB-ov (or) “Teseaped the notice of* ° Exercises for Section Eight A-E (b/c) Morphology and Syntax Give the dative singular and plural of the following nouns: Sebparros, Bor, dnopia, dip, yr}, més, Baotheds, yépay, vatrns id dative singulars into plurals or vice-versa, as appropriate: fori warp wor, ndvv norpds cv xepur. Aye 16 bears viv 106 ipduaros Mor néoy npodonie. - Boats xpdncbe weydhas. f. ev rots noiais truxor Brees of vasa ols nededover 3. ds neBeoBa, Ts bona 16 Banus ud rf weipdobe GvaeiBew tui rosry 26 Myr 19 8 borepaig 6 vids Wiuke ray arden nadw els rip olklav rot peyddors Bucrioss. (4) English into Greek ‘Translate into Greek: This spectator's name is Philoxenos He is speaking to you and to the spectators ‘They will find sitting in the court hard to beat. {shut my father in by using many slaves. The politicians persuaded the people with fine words, Vocabulary for Section Eight F Alorace getepl(e) Serdsmabeitew ever st cockere 8) (avtoraras) ‘ening Svayndinu force compel rp bat Sars Saye covers Granta holdon,srit ——urdabas tobecome ang ‘round Cobmoueliverbune) 30 diyou after hort wile |16 A. Grammar, Vocabularies, Exeries Brcko togives judgment Hefryacat you(s) brought Gudi-u) eut(aorofie-géru) SurforouarIwillbesble (at, &-iora Isl brieg out ef Birgu) (fev ofdeina} Sarfory you's) willbezbe (st of a) sede) alow Frc wake op Bou Laan fat. of ea) saviyapos 6. prosetor (22) Baw wii, want) dabei worse Ledge (tbo) cory OnaBnah od. 8 pay) dpe wih diicly Incas tobring ($iprsifvercor) 2BBe here ber eat bese) Heon inlepouble rx ‘chin (x90) Sue nevertheless owever deepen todscover (beoponanE-nip-on) ‘Vocabulary to be learnt eopin(dvape-) wat had exp (vere) cy ons om (often: capex tl) aedp bar Bll hee Baie Ge ever atin}; Haar pon for X(t) re teile eof) He (toa-) bow (oy) ext Bones) dads (rom where Sou wha Pes =ebBime noryet rapéCHEen) fom ore everthing see) fom (+-gen.)(nai-onas) miata obey (2et-opail-n bun) orfgres t92eton (nots) in (wvp- Jord fewbraner oo ‘W392 pbeon 8 Way (20) goeeh§ en-soup (3) apf isncesry fore (ce) ) jae reverie boevet wl (itty oe) 10h tency fw ae) (ia) Vocabulary for Section Eight G eodnare fen! pay ston!) (Bead) Hewiyrcare fexhoul(h) (eedipalt irra) xoue-oe listen py ieabe pray Ql) stenton!() (Sead) (aigeps) pie (Snt-),4 chamberpet Pkabas toca 0) (sitquai Beno) drew gen) widow 1B. comel(6)(Gpxanaidus) fenh goamays) (aardoropastivonys) Apion itplenes dst) Sprcouas begat putt) ens eorer leave medal) sai8h wallallsighe (you ‘now! e (tia) tibon voting (2a) (iw) have my stenten) derpiew rot sealseye Bie! Bryaed feck sernyapise 20 bipaltreyeor) prosecute slepp-a, 4 water-lock ) 16 coptat) ifaw outwit Ayu) enlon-c inno way tree everything loom.) sors sllfnom pm) sé wall at lien) save-at spl) (me sideobe obey! gl) (2eb-oualerl-ban7) sad obey!) (eat-in bam) abi) excep Sep loup) fe) Bibs. f vor (2) voting pele O Section Bight A-E, 108-109 ny Vocabulary to be learnt Gexonon begin ingerpa) — dpe Repent Resp (ipop) ranont—asaon ny (sarr) ll fowa(t gen) beau forthe "nase bleh ‘ake ofsaly placed aie eA been) exept the noun wip (oupe). x4 farh) O Grammar for Section Eight F-G Summarys Aor. inf. act. and mid, Aor. imper. act.and mid. (in. ei, efut,of80) bp, tear, Beivos, was Verbs Abristinfintives, active and middle: wasoas, nascaodet “to sop’, AaBeiv, AaBéoBa ‘to take? 4108 You have already met present infinitive (infinitives based on the present stem). Greek also has infinitives based on che aorst stems (weak and strong). Theitformsare as follows: Weok crit ective: waéa-as “to Sop" Weak crit middle: naso-aoBax “to top’ Nowe Take the weak aoris stem ond for ative verbs add -a, for middle verbs add aoBas. Note the dominance ofthe -(aJa~ ending inthe sem ogatn (cots indicatives 4168 ond 69) Strong corist active: aB-cte “to take’ Strong corist middle: MaBedofas ‘co take! Note Take the song aorist stem (without augment) and for active verbs edd ei, Jor middle verbs ad -toBa. Observe that the endings (except for accent) are ust the ‘seme asthe endings forte present infiitives ative and middle, BUT THE STEM IS DIFFERENT. (Cf. present infintives at 74 and strong aoristpartiples at 82-4.) Aspect in the infin 109 The difference in meaning between present and aorist infinitivesis not one of time, but one of aspect (efon participles at 79 (ii). Both navewv and ‘matoat mean ‘to stop’, but the present infinitive carries che idea of process with118 A, Grammar, Vocabularies, Exercises ° it (keep on stopping’), the aristIooks at the action asa simple event, But cis distinction is often a very fine one and ‘rules as such are very difficule to make. Ikis fr better to observe closely actual Greek usage. Aorist imperatives, active and middle: waioox, ratoat stop!” AaBé, AaB “tae!” 110 You have already met present imperatives (1e 6), which are based con dhe present stem. There are alo imperatives based on the aorist stem. Their forms ae a follows: Weak aorist imperatives active: . i ‘sop! pl. nasa-are ‘stop! ‘Weasaorietinperatives middle: naia-as “stop!” pl. rase-ao8e “sop!” Note Again observe the dominance of -(¢ Ja- in the aorst stem. Nove particularly Hy the singular imperative form in -(o ov. ‘Strong aoris imperatives active: s. NaB-é “take!” pl. AdBuere “ake!” Strong sorst imperatives middle: s. NaBeoo “take!” Note ‘As with song ari partipes 82-4) and strong aotst infinitive (108), he endings ofthe strong aor inperatives are identi! to those for prevent imperatives, but based onthe crit ter. ‘Observe that you have been meeting some song ari imperative all through the cows inthe forms: 286 ‘come!’ (4300) ind ‘sy! (eizov) {Bob “bok!” (elB0r, mile) Aspect the imperative 111 Again, the distinction bewween present and aorist imperatives i fone not of time but of aspect (ef 109 and-79(i)):* equally, iis sometimes very ifficult indeed to tell he difference between the two, oF decide exactly why 4 writer used this, eather chan hat, imperative at any one time (Aristophanes seems 10 use dpe and Eveyce “bring!” quite indiscriminately). The distinction, ‘when i can be made, is between an instruction to do something and keep on doing i (present imperative), and one to do something, but just once (sori imperative). * Desde how could one hav» petimperaive?! © Section Bight F-G, 109-116 9 el tc ethane vey ated et et ey fain igi Te ns ean hee king ht of ie si a ete none pos One Le en impera poets te east nto onde Four imperatives , 1112 Nore the imperative forms of «ui ‘Lam’, eas shall go", ofa ‘T know": apt tus oa 5. Tabu'be! ‘He'go” ielinoet SL ton ire gol fore ‘know _ Nib the imperative fos of ean eoase RECUR bow ; 113 Observe the ircegular verb $épu: Béprw “Tea, carry, pak up with fon ft, “tsall beat" . . Greynvoy (dveye-) oF fveye-a (2or) “bore, carried Ekeore infinitive “be permed fo! and Beards + infinitive ‘clever av tha You have already met Be (—=xpi), which means ‘must, ought and ukes an aceusative and infinitive (79) sahcea dative (not aceusatve) ofthe person, e.g cart 7 dvds tgedbe the Bands permitedjallowed to go out the man may go outs Tag Note aio Beards+inf.='clever ating ¢.g, Beds Miya ‘lever speaking’ Adjectives ‘nig rica név (mavr-) all, very’ wx6 Observe that ads goes exactly lke an aorist participle of the rraioas type (ee 78) i: wis (orm) te far (var) °ee eee 120A. Grammar, Vocabularies, Exercises Exercises for Section Eight F-G (bic) Morphology and Syntax 1, Write down the aorist of these verbs. Then construct the aorist infiives ravopas $épus bpden Greases —ylyvoyas —metBoy.ae rou — avBdvey — rinrew Bixko ayBarw Deyo dfucréopan 2, Translate these imperatives, Give in brackets the person and aspect (i. Spl pres aor): padre, Ny, bad, Gebyere, Lire, Epa, Bidar aS, uetvare, yevob, apiccode, Eneyne, tre, GoBetobe, mBot, elpere, nature, Bob, wadoct 3. Put the verb in brackets into the present or aorist infinitive 26 requested, and ransaze the sentences 2, PotAouas (Buxdn) (ais &y rf olalg, NN” 8 vids ode 86 we (Bixdben) (presene) 2068. b. bei jus mdvoas (Zeus) (present) ls rp dyopy ©. a xph 0 (sds) ore 4. Hears Podondon (narmyopdes) (present). ©. 6 vids obe lave xiv narépa (ays) (aor) els 18 Bucaoripio. £ is redow 06, ndrep, (&xosas) lsorst) neo nv Nb per; 8 h 3 k 1 Bid 11 ob Bothy (2cpipw) (a0rist) OdoeAéawa, &sjulove: Bei ve Bucaory (yyvoqes) (2orist) dv 7h ode. xp abrods (yavBévw) (20rist) rots 706 Bpdyaros yous Botherai abrés (AayBows) (presert) név7a rév wiobdv napa 706 vlad, ctx édow abrév (dgueméopas) (present) eis 78 Suxaeriipioy. |. eon por bv BABe ead (RaysBiver)(s0tst) wévra r3e pio by wat (ZoBen) Goris) (d) English into Greek ‘Translate into Greek: Father, you must stay here and give judgments Ik will be possible for you all co sell your mules Everything is here except the fire. Bring out the torches, slaves! “Out with ic, what were you looking for when you ran ou? What? Everything.” Section Eight Hey Vocabulary for Section Eight H Syabaienfde poodle (int) Alferd sna fromehe ‘deme inane (3) ipo (2) convict ce a (on) eos Inton(o) Chem) Gudérepoc-at-a both aoa Bis ging ere) Tocehe defence hyfaeotar wo mskerhe Sefoerspech bad woot! woot! (8 agin, moreover yoebea,§ indictment charge Ga oiepan indie (ee) for ven) Buxannedsed court Tegal mater 2b) ates proveute Wea wish ae (0) Vocabulary to be learnt hearin (44cm af erent) Gnoheyouar a oe ask aspeh in nsw ae ves indent, che, asta) inde charge Bnifow opeexpect (to) Bararfover todeccve (Usoneriw) a ouside Fevioranuer knowhow (1) (it) adorns jurrinthe Blaincoue (id) (earacfaiowler-

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