WATER SUPPLY & WASTE WATER ENGINEERING(Code : CET - 404) Full Marks : 70 Answer any five questions. Figures in the right-hand margin indicate marks, 1.(@) What is design period in designing water supply ‘Time : 3 Hours scheme ? R (b) What do you mean by the term per capita demand ? In a town or city for what purpose generally water is required ? 5 (©) The population of a town as obtained from census report is as follows : ‘Year _ | Population in thousand 1971 35.70 1981 46.60 1991 99.50 2001 156.00 2011 168.30 Estimate the population of the town by arithmetical, geometric and incremental increase method for 2030. v 2.(a) What do you mean by "Infiltration gallery" ?[2 (b) What is confined and unconfined aquifer ? Explain with the help of neat sketch. fa (c) Describe the various method of water distribution system. v 3.(@) What are the most common impurities mostly found in the natural water ? R (b) Sketch and describe in details the working of slow sand filter. [is (©) What do you understand by the term disinfection of water ? Why it is necessary to disinfect the water for public water supply schemes ? What should be the requirements of good disinfectants ? 0 4.(a) What is softening of water is necessary . 2 (b) Explain with neat sketch the working operation of a “trickling filter". 5 (©) Describe in brief the various physical and chemical characteristic of raw water supply. [7 5. (a) What is self cleaning velocity ? 2 (b) Discuss "Roof top rain water harvesting". What are the advantages from this technique? [5 (©) Draw and describe the terms of coagulation tank. uv 6. (a) What are the necessity of digestion ? R (b) Calculate the velocity of flow and the discharge through a sewer of 1 maid at a gradient 1 in 500. ‘Assume sewer running full, use manning's formula with N = 0.012. 5 (©) Write down the preventive measures to control wastage of water. Write down the maintenance and requirement of distribution system. [7 7. Write short notes on : Bwx4 (@ Man hole (ii) Oxidation pond (iii) Activated sludge process. (iv) Sewage sickness. [ANSWERS TO 2017(S)| 1.(a) What is design period in designing water supply scheme ? ‘Ans. The future period for which a provision is ‘made in the water supply scheme is known as the design period. Design period is estimated based on the following: Useful life of the component, considering, obsolescence, wear, tear, etc. (b) What do you mean by the term per capita demand ? In a town or city for what purpose generally water is required ? Ans, PER CAPITA DEMAND (RATE OF DEMAND) It is the annual average amount of daily water required by one person and includes the domestic use, industrial and commercial use, public use, wastes, thefts, ete= Per capita Demand in litres/day/head | Total yearly water requirement of the citty in Litres / 365xDesign population a= VASP (©) The population of a town as obtained from census report is as follows : Year _| Population in thousand 1971 35.70 1981 46.60 1991 99.50 2001 156.00 L_2011 168.30 Estimate the population of the town by arithmetical, geometric and incremental increase method for 2030. Ans. ‘Year | Population Inereesein ‘% increase in | (in thousand) | population( thousand) | population 197 = = 1981 [1090 30.53% 1991 51.90 137% 2001 3450 54.7% 2011 13.30 852% 0.90 + 51.90 +54.50+13.30 _ 4) gs 4 Population expectd in 2030 by arithmetical increase method. =P, +nx =168.30 + 232.65 = 233.60 thousands. {50.53% 711.37 x 54.77 x8.52 111.213 Population expected in 2030 by geometrical increased method oiry ( sazty =P,(1+-] =168.30{ 1+—— Bl +5) 100 = 750.78 thousands. 2.(a) What do you mean by "Infiltration gallery"? ‘Ans. Aninfiltration gallery is a structure including perforated conduits in gravel to expedite transfer of water to or from a soil. Infiltration galleries may be used to collect water from the aquifer underlying a river. (b) What is confined and unconfined aquifer 7 Explain with the help of neat sketch, ‘Ans. Aquifers come in two types which are shown, below: unconfined and confined. ‘Unconfined aquifers are those into which water seeps from the ground surface directly above the aquifer, Confined aquifers are those in which an impermeable dirt/rock layer exists that prevents water from seeping into the aquifer ftom the ground surface located directly above. Instead, water seeps into confined aquifers from farther away where the impermeable layer doesn't exist. &)) Describe the various method of water distribution system. Ans, Distribution system. For efficient distribution it is required that water should each to every consumer with required rate of flow, Therefore, some pressure in pipe line is necessary, which should force the water to reach at every place. Depending upon the methods of distribution, the distribution system is classified as follows : (i) Gravity system. ii) Pumping system. (iii) Dual system or combined gravity and pumping system, Gravity system : When some ground, sufficiently high above the city area, is available, this can be best utilized for distribution- system in maintaining pressure in water pipes. This method is also much suitable when source of supply such as lake, river or impounding reservoir is at sufficient height than city. The water flows in the mains due to gravitational force. As no pumping is required, therefore it is the most reliable system for the distribution of water. ump Clearwater ‘ran grat A, wate mn Fig. Gravity System of Distribution In this system usually pumping is not required at any stage. In case the source of water supply is lake situated at the hill, low lift pumping may be required 10jit the water upto the water treatment units. The water ‘will flow under gravitational force in the treatment units, and will be finally collected to the town again under govitational force. The designs of the distribution system pipes are done in such a way that water head available at the consumer's door is just minimum required, and the remaining head is fully consumed in frictional and other Josses. This will reduce the leakage and wastes to the minimum, But in this case the water will have to be pumped during fires. Pumping system : In this system water is directly pumped in the mains. Since the pumps have to work at different rates ina day, the maintenance cost increases. It is preferred tohave number of pumps and only the required numbers may work at various times to meet the varying demand, in place of providing pump of variable speed High lift ‘pumps are required and their operations are continuously watched. If the power fails, the whole supply of the town will be stopped. Therefore, it is better to have diesel pumps also in addition to the electric pumps as stand bye During fires, the water can be pumped in the required quantity by the stand- bye units also.But this system is not prefeerred than other systems, The required pressure ‘maintained in the pipe line is by direct pumping as shown in igure below. Fig Pumping System of Distribution Dual system. This is also known as combined gravity and Pumping system. The pump is connected to the mains 48 well as to an elevated reservoir, in the beginning ‘When demand is small the water is stored in the elevated Teservoir, but when demand increases. The rate of Pumping, the flow in the distribution system comes from both the pumping station as well as elevated reservoir. As in this system water comes from two sources one from reservoir and second from pumping station, it is called dual system. This system is more reliable and economical, because it requires uniform rate of pumping but meets low as well as maximum demand. The water stored in elevated reservoir meets the requirements of demand during breakdown of pumps and for the fire fighting. Fig. Dual System of Distribution Fig. shows this system with hydraulic gradient lines for minimum and maximum draft. This system is usually adopted everywhere. Following are the main advantages of this system : (a) The balance reserve in the storage reservoir will be utilized during fire, In case the fire demand is more, and if required the water supply of few localities may be closed. (b) This system is overall best system. It is economical, efficient and reliable. (0) This system has the advantages that during power faiture, the balance water stored in the water will be supplied to the town. (@) The pumps have to work at constant speed, without any variation in their speed. This increases the efficiency of the pumps and reduces the wear and tear of the pumps. The supervision, Operation and maintenance of these pumps is ‘much less as compared with the pumps working at variable speed. 3.(a) ua ie ant est common impuries mostly Ans. The most common impurities found in impur natural water are 7 7 Dissolved gases : O,, CO,, HLS, ete.Inorganic salts : Ca”, Mg", K*, CO,-, Cl, SO, Organic salts. Inorganic suspended impurities - clay and sand Organic suspended impurities - oil, vegetable and animal material. Microscopic matters - Bacteria, algae, fungi etc. (b) Sketch and deseribe in details the working of slow sand filter. Ans, Ans, These are watertight shallow tanks about 2.5 m to 4 m deep and having surface area 100 sq.m to 2000 sq.m. in plan. These tanks contain 60-90 com thick bed of sand (filtering media) supported on 30- 60 cm thick gravel bed. The effective size of filter media and its uniformity coefficient will be as described earlier. Generally three to four layers of gravel having thickness of 15-20 em are used. The coarsest gravel is placed in the bottom and the smallest size gravel is used in the topmost layer. The size of the bottom layer gravel is 40- 60 mm the size of the intermediate layer 20-40 mm and 6 mm to 20 mm (if two intermediate layers are used). ‘The size of the topmost gravel layer is 3-6 mm. The gravel is supported on a bed of concrete sloping towards a central longitudinal drain connected by a system of open jointed under-drains. Fig. shows the plan and sections at various places. scLongitudinal drain way tl (a) Plan showing under-drainage system of slow sand filter Open joint cement concrete under drains bed (b) Enlarged section at AB showing details or under-drains. ‘Open joint under drains. ee concrete ae ‘under drains bed (c) Enlarged section at CD showing details of under-drains. Inlet. The inlet of the slow sand filter consists op a chamber fitted with sluice valve or one equilibrium float valve Mostly the inlet pipe is carried vertically in the body of the filter with the mouth of the inlet pipe flush with the water level. Under drainage system — The gravel is laid on the top of the under-drainage system constructed in the bottom of the filter to collect the filtered water. The under-drainage sysetem mainly consists ofa central drain which is conneeted by lateral pipes as shown in Fig. (), (b) and (c). The lateral s are constructed with the open jointed pipes, usually placed 3.5 m apart on the bottom of the floor sloping towards the main central drain. These laterals collect the filtered water through the gravel bed and discharge it into the main drain which carries it to the clear water reservoir. If the size of the filter is large ‘more than one main drains are constructed in the side or intermediate positions. Depth of water - There is no hard and fast rule for the fixation of water depth. It varies in different countries, but the depth of water equal to the thickness of the filtering media has been found to give best results in India, Outlet Water after passing through the filter bed is collected in the outlet chamber, where a regulating arrangement is provided to obtain-a regular discharge from the filter. The regulating arrangement may consist ofa telescopic pipe or adjustable weir operated by means ofa float, so that the depth of mouth of outlet pipe from the water level inside the outlet chamber should always remain constant, Miscellaneous appurtenances — In addition (0 the arrangements described above, some miscellaneous appurtenances are also used in the filters. In some filtes vertical air pipe is provided inside the sand layer Compressed air is passed through this pipe and it helps in the proper functioning of the filter sand, by removing the mud clogs by stirring them. Some devices 2° provided to control the water depth above the san dbed for efficient functioning of the filter, at constant level Flow gauge is also provided to measure the flow of the ‘water, Other equipments to measure rate of filtratio® loss of head. Loss of head or resistant offered in beginning is less and increases with the time. Whe the rate of filtration reduces to the specified limit of 0.7 1 1.2m, the cleaning of the filter is done.Operation of Filter — The sedimentation tanks enters the slow and fier tough a submersible inlet. This water is uniformly distributed over the sand bed without causing any disturbances, The swater passes through the filtering media at an averas rate of 100 to 200 lit/m*/hr, This rate of fltation is continued until the difference between the water level on the filter and in the outlet chamber is slightly less than the depth of water above the sand. The difference between the water above the sand bed and in the outlet chamber is called loss of head. During filtering as the filtering media gets clogged due to impurities which stay in the pores, the resistance tothe passage of water and loss of head also continuosuly increases. When loss of head reaches its permissible limit the working of filter i stopped, and abovut 2-3 cm sand from the top of bed is scrapped and replaced with clean, sand before putting back into service to the fileter. The scrapped sand is washed with water, dried and stored for return to the filter at the time of the next washing. (©) What do you understand by the term disinfection of water ? Why it is necessary to disinfect the water for public water supply schemes ? What should be the requirements of good disinfectants ? ‘Ans, Water may be treated differently in different communities depending on the quality of the water that enters the treatment plant. Typically, surface water requires more treatment and filtration than ground water because lakes, rivers, and streams contain more sediment and pollutants and are more likely to be contaminated than ground water. Some water supplies may also contain disinfections by-products, inorganic chemicals, organic chemicals, and radio nuclides. Specialized methods for controlling formation or removing them can also be part of water treatment. To learn more about the different treatments for drinking water. 4.(a) What is softening of water is necessary ? ‘Ans. Ans, The reduction of hardness or softening is also concerned with water supply engineering. The Purpose of reducing hardness is : 1 To reduce the soap consumption - For ordinary domestic use hardness has no effect on human health usless it is excessive (ie. of the order of 200 - 300 ppm); 2. To reduce work in laundries ; 3, To increase the efficiency of filtration; 4, To prevent the scale formation in steam boilors; 5. To aid in removal of colour, iron and ‘manganese; 6. Torrender the water non-corrossive ; and 7. To improve cooking of food etc. (b) Explain with neat sketch the working operation of a "trickling filter". ‘Ans, A trickling filter is a type of wastewater treatment system first used by Dibden and Clowes It consists of a fixed bed of rocks, lava, coke, gravel, slag, polyurethane foam, sphagnum peat moss, ceramic, of plastic media over which sewage or other wastewater flows downward and causes a layer of microbial slime (biofilm) to grow, covering the bed of media. Aerobicconditions are maintained by splashing, diffusion, and either by forced-air flowing through the bed or natural convection of air if the filter medium is porous. Working : Trickling filter is an attached growth process ie. process in which microorganisms responsible for treatment are attached to an inert packing material. Packing material used in attached growth processes include rock, gravel, slag, sand, redwood, and a wide range of plastic and other synthetic materials. High Rate Trickling Fitter Revolving Arms oe 2 1 ‘Stone medi 15 25m ~ Pd — Tosetke Process Description + The wastewater in trickling filter is distributed over the top area of a vessel containing non- submerged packing material. + Air circulation in the void space, by either natural draft or blowers, provides oxygen for the microorganisms growing as an attached biofilm. During operation, the organic material present in ater is metabolised by the biomassattached to the medium. The biological slime Brows in thickness as the organic matter abstracted from the flowing wastewater is synthesized into new cellular material, The thickness of the aerobic layer is limited by the depth of penetration of oxygen into the microbial layer. The micro-organisms near the medium face enter the endogenous phase as the substrate is metabolised before it can reach the micro- organisms near the medium face as a result of increased thickness of the slime layer and loose their ability to cling to the media surface. The liquid then washes the slime off the medium and @ new slime layer starts to grow. This phenomenon of losing the slime layer is called sloughing, * The sloughed off film and treated wastewater are collected by an underdrainage which also allows circulation of air through filter. The collected liquid is passed to a settling tank used for solid- liquid separation. (©) Describe in brief the various physical and chemical characteristic of raw water supply. Ans. Physical examination The physical examination consists in finding out the temperature, turbidity, colour, taste and odour ofa sample of water. ( Temperature — For drinking purpose, the temperature of water should not be beyond 27°C (i) Turbidity — It is an indication of apparent colour of water due to presence of suspended inorganic matter like silt, clay etc. This is expressed by the amount of suspended matter in parts per million (ppm) by weight in water, as ascertained by optical observation. The standard unit of turbidity is that produced by 1 part of finely divided silica in million parts of distilled water. Turbodity may be thus measured on this standard silica scale, The turbidity may also be measured by immersing a standard platinum wire 1.0mm in diameter in the sample of water under standard lighting conditions and nothing the exact depth at which it disappears from view, while seeing through naked eye. It is also measured by jackson Turbidity meter. For less turbodity meter. For less turbidity (5-100ppm), the Baylis Turbiditymeter is used. (iii) Colour - The colour of. water is due to substance inthe true solution or in colloidal suspension This is measured by comparing water with standarg solutions of platinum cobalt or standard coloured glas, discs. In case of colour also, the unit of colour is thay produced by 1.0 mg of platinum ina litre of distill water, The maximum permissible colour for drinking purposes is 20 units or 20pm o platinum-cobalt scale. The colour is harmless but it cannot be allowed more than 20pm, as the consumer feel repellant. According to IS : 3025 . 1964, if 1.245g of potassium chloroplatinate and 1.0g of cobalt chloride are dissolved in distilled water and then the solution is diluted to 1.0 litre, the same has a colour of $00 Hazen units. (iv) Taste and odour — The taste and odour in water are due to mineral salts, tarry substances, industrial waste, domestic sewage, etc. The odour is expressed as a nuber which is called “Threshold Odour Number" the number indicates the maximum dilution to be made ofa sample, ie. 100cm? of fresh water have to be added to Sm? of a sample of water to produce no effect of odour in it, the Threshold Odour Number is 8. If more thar 8c of a sample of water is added to 100cm? of fresh water, the odour is produced. ‘The water should be served to the consumers which is free of objectionable taste and odour, Chemical examination — These tests are conducted for the following : (Total solids ~ These are generally present in the range of 600-1 S00ppm, Mostly the total solids consist of chlorides nitrates and compounds causing hardness. The permissible limit is 500-1 000 ppm but these should be preferably less than SOOppm. The amounts of suspended, dissolved and colloidal solids are determined separately and then added. The suspended solids are obtained by filtering the sample through a fine filter and weighing the dried material on the filter. The dissolved and colloidal solids are obtained by evaporating the filtered sample of water and weighing the residue, (ii) Chloride — Specially, the test is conducted for sodium chloride. If the proportion of sodium chloride is more than the specified in a certain sample, the sewage contamination may be expected although presence ofsodium chloride may be due to salune water or mineral deposits also. The chloride content may be determined by adding silver nitrate solution of known concentration and potassium chromate (indicator) to a sample of water containing chlorides. The permissible limit of chlorides is 250ppm. For conducting the test (IS : 3025 - 1964), 100ml of sample is taken for titration. It is placed on a celain basin. Ine mililitre of potassium chromate solution pared by dissolving 5g of potassium chromate solution water and making upto 100ml is added and the sample is titrated with standard silver nitrate solution (prepared by dissolving 7.491 of silver nitrate in distilled water and making upto 1000ml) (ii) Hardness — The hardness of water is caused by bicarbonates, carbonates, sulphates, chlorides and nitrates of calcium and magnesium. the hard water is not unfit for drinking unless the hardness is excessive but it consumes more soap in laundries and forms deposits (boiler scales) in the boilers. Too soft water is tasteless. The hardness is usually expressed in ppm of calcium carbonate (Ippm = 14.29 British degrees = 17.16 Americal degrees = 10 French degrees = 17.86 German degrees = 2.5 Russian degrees) present in water. It may be determined by the ‘soap test’. The standard soap solution is added in the sample of water and the mixture is agitated vigrorously and five minutes are allowed for lather formation. The different of total amount of soap solution and the lather factor gives the hardness, The total hardness of water is the sum of concentrations of al the metallic cations except the alkali cations. According to IS : 3025-1964, there are two methods of determining total hardness,. viz sodium ethylene diamine tetra-acetate (EDTA) and analytical methods. The carbonate hardness (caused by carbonates ‘and non-carbonates except alkali metals) is equal to total alkalinity (as CaCO,) if total hardness is greater than total alkalinity and equal to total hardness if total hardness is equal to or less than total alkalinity. The Ron-carbonate hardness (caused by salts other than carbonates and bicarbonates except alkali metals) is qual to total hardness minus total alkalinity. WATER SUPPLY & WASTE WATER ENGINEERING (iv) Dissolved Oxygen (DO) - The amount of ‘oxygen present in water absorbed by 10% solution of potassium permanganate at 27°C for 4 hours shows the quantity of carbonaceous matter of organic origin. The organic pollution is undesirable is purified water. For details, IS : 3025-1964 may be refered. (v) Alkalinity ~ It is caused by carbonates, bicarbonates and hydroxides of soldium, calcium and magnesium. Mostly the waters are alkaline due to common presence of salts. The alkalinity makes water tasteful and helps in coagulation and does not affect pipes. However, excessive alkalinity interferes with coagulation. The alkalinity is expressed in pp, in terms of equivalent calcium carbonate present ina sample of water, This may be determined by titrating the sample against standard acid using methyl orange indicators. (vi) Nitrogenous compounds ~ These are like ammonia nitrites and nitrates. Their presence in water indicates te organic contamination. For test, the known amount of water is boiled with standard solution of potassium permanganate which results in the breakdown of least stable nitrogenous compounds, and ammonia is formed. The amount of this ammonia which is called albuminioid ammonia or albuminoid nitrogen is noted which should not exceed 0.02ppm. The nitrites and nitrates are formed due to oxidation of organic matter. Their presence indicates that the water was polluted simetimes back. (vii) pH value or hydrogen-ion concentration — The pH value of water indicates hydrogen-ion concentration in water and is the logarithm of receprocal of their weight measured in grammes per litre of water. On electrolysis, the water is dissociated into two types of kons, i.e. positively charged hydrogen ion (H*) and negatively charged hydroxyl-ion (OH) causing acidity and alkalinity respectively. The natural water contains equal strength of both. The presence of acids and alkalies causes more hydrogen ions and hydroxyl ions respectively, The pH values of acidic water varies from 0 to 7 and that of alkaline water between 7 and 14 while neutral water has a value of 7. Mostly the fresh waters have a pH value of 6-8.The pH value of sample is determined by addition of certain indicator which gives a particular colour. This, colour of particular intensity will be an indication of a particular pH value. The colour is then compared with that of standard comparators of known pH values. In the acidic range, the indicators are thymol blue, brown phenol,ete and in the aljakine range, these are phenol red, phenolphthalein red etc. (viii) Iron and manganese - These are usually simulaneously present in natural water and are not, objectionalbe if present upto 0.3 ppm. ‘Vary small amounts of iorn, i.e, above 0.3 ppm cause some taste, colouration of clothes, plumbing fixtures and floors, etc and incrustation in water mains. The iron is, also introduced due to corrosion of water mains. ‘The managanese occurs generally in smaller amounts. It is also oxidized into a sediment which stimulates organic growth, clogs pipes and causes disclouration of clothes etc. The iron and manganese may be determined by adding certain colouring reagents to the sample of water and to the solutions of known amounts of iron and manganese, The colour of the sample is compared with colours of known solutions and the amounts of iron and manganese is determined. (ix) Solube mineral impurities — Nearly all the natural waters contain some percentage of dissolved mineral matter. We have become accustomed to drinking waters having certain common impurities. But all the salts impact certain taste if present in greater amounts, e.g. sodium chloride (common salt) gives taste if present above 200ppm. The water containing more than 3000 ppm of sodium chloride will be undrinkable, Similarly, sulphates of sodium and magnesium if present above 500ppm impart noticeable taste. In general, itis difficult to suggest any permissible limit (for total dissolved mineral impurities as this will demand upon the characteristics of the minerals present in water. Some public health standards have recomended a range of 500-1000ppm.) (x) Residual chlorine — The residual chlorine in ‘a sample gives an indication of the fact that the bacteria are reduced to a safe limit. It may be determined by adding orthotolodin solution in a sample of water. The yellow colour of the sample ensures the presence of residual chlorine. It may also be determined by adding potassium iodide and starch solutions to a sample of water. The blue colour appearing is neutralized by titrating with 10% normal soldium thiosulphate.solution and the amount of chlorine is examined. The minnimum amount of free chlorine should be 0.05-0.10 ppm at all points in the distribution system and 2-0.3 ppm during water- borne diseases. (xi) Acidity - The total acidity may be determined by adding 3 drops of phenolphthalein indicator to 100mo. of the sakple and titrating with standard sodium hydroxide solution. The mineral acidity may be determined by adding 2 drops of methyl orange indicator to 100ml, of the sample and titrating with standard sodium hydroxide solution. (xii) Sulphates — According to IS : 3025 - 1964, there may be two methods for determing sulphates, viiz, gravimetric method (in which sulphates in the sample are precipitated by barium sulphate) and EDTA method (in which a measured excess of standard barium chloride is estimated by titration against EDTA solution). 5.(a) What is self cleaning velocity ? Ans. The silting of sewers can be avoided by generating such high velocities that would not permit the solids to settle down, i.e. the velocity should be such as to cause automatic self-cleansing effect. Such a self cleansing velocity, i.c. the velo-city which willeven scour the deposited particles of a given size, must be developed in the sewers. (b) Discuss "Roof top rain water harvesting": What are the advantages from this technique ? Ans. Roof Top Rain Water Harvesting Rooftop Rain Water Harvesting is the technique through which rain water is captured from the roof catchments and stored in reservoirs. Harvested rain water can be stored in sub-surface ground water reservoir by adopting artificial recharge techniques to meet the household needs through storage in tanks. The Main Objective of rooftop rain water harvesting is to makewater available for future use. Capturing and storing rain, water for use is particularly important in dryland, hilly, urban and coastal areas. In alluvial areas energy saving for Im rise in ground water level is around 0.40 kilo ‘watt per hour. ‘Advantages of Rain Water Harvesting 1. Provides self-sufficiency to your water supply 2. Reduces the cost for pumping of ground water 3, Provides high quality water, soft and low in minerals 4, Improves the quality of ground water through dilution when recharged to ground water 5, Reduces soil erosion in urban areas 6. The rooftop rain water harvesting is less expensive 7. Rainwater harvesting systems are simple which can be adopted by individuals 8. Rooftop rain water harvesting systems are easy to construct, operate and maintain 9, Inhilly terrains, rain water harvesting is preferred 10. In desert, where rain fall is low, rain water harvesting has been providing relief to people (©) Draw and describe the terms of coagulation tank. Ans. tee ne Coagulation is performed in a rapid-mix tank : The objective of a rapid-mix tank is to destabilize the colloids. Depending on the coagulant type and dosage of coagulant the rapid-mix tank provides a reactor to : Primary Sedimentation Tank + Clarifier is used for reducing turbidity by reducing smaller suspended solids(colloids) in the water. * A clarifier contains 3 type of processes, i.e. mixing, flocculation of smaller solids and setting. + To settle down, colloids matters need to be coagulated to form larger particles by chemical (coagulant). ‘+ Addition of coagulant is usually done in the rapid mixing tank (pre-mix tank) that work under fast and intensive agitation. + Clump of larger solids are then settle down in a clarifier and is blown-down from the bottom of the clarifier, Sludge tank + In the sludge tank the sludge is continuously agitated in order to prevent settlement of sludge. « Each tank has capacity of 224m and can hold for 8 hrs, + Main purpose of the tank is to hold sludge for transfer to filter press. + From sludge tank the sludge is pumped to filter press by filter press feed pump. 6.(a) What are the necessity of digestion ? ‘Ans. Digestion is very important as this is the procedure that breaks the organic matrices and release then into the qqueour phase for spectors copy determination. (b) Calculate the velocity of flow and the discharge through a sewer of 1 m laid at a gradient 1 in 500. Assume sewer running full, use manning's formula with N = 0.012. Ans. Data given Diameter of pipe = 1m Hydraulic gradiant, S = 1/500 N=0.012 ‘Sewer is running full 2. Velocity of flow, where R=m 2 1 Lyii( iy vowve(saa)a) (es) = Val (© Write down the preventive measures to control wastage of water. Write down the maintenance and requirement of distribution system. Ans. Preventive measures to control wastage of water© Water your lawn only when it needs it © Deep soak your lawn - water long enough for the moisture to soak down to the roots © Water during the cool parts of the day - early morning is generally better than dusk since it helps prevent the growth of fungus © Don't water the gutter - position sprinklers so water doesn't land on paved areas © Plant drought-resistant trees and plants that need. less watering © Puta layer of mulch around trees and plants © Use a broom, not a hose, to clean driveways and sidewalks © Don't run the hose while you wash your car © Tell your children not to play with the hose and sprinklers © Check for leaks in pipes, hoses, faucets, and couplings Basic requirements of successful operation & maintenance(O & M) of a water supply system include: Availability of Detailed Completion Plans and Operators’ Manuals: At least five sets of the records of ‘Completion plans of all components, Operators’ Manuals of each machineries and equipment must be made available; one set is kept in the Head office, one set at the site offices and other sets in the sub-offices. All these Sets must be corrected and pdated whenever additions or alterations are made to any of the structures and equipment in the water supply systems. Understanding the Plant : A thorough knowledge of the plant, the processes and functions of each of equipment, operating procedures and schedules of preventive maintenance by the operators as well as the engineer-in-charge of the Water Treatment Plant, pumping station and transmission and distribution system is essential. Schedules of Operation and Preventive maintenance : A detailed schedule of unit operations and routine preventive maintenance to be carried out daily, weekly, monthly and annually is worked out and a copy of the same is made available with each of the operators. The schedules should also be exhibited on the wall near the equipment. The schedules of unit ‘operations may have to be altered to suit changes in raw water quality, hours of availability of power, breakdowns and up-set conditions etc. The responsibility of the specific preventive maintenance work should be assigned to each of the operators. Schedule of Inspection of Machinery : 4 systematic regular schedule of inspection of machinery and equipment, their lubrication and servicing programme must be prepared and provided to the operators. Appropriate supervisory control should be exercised. Training : The personnel who are already available or chosen to carry out the activities of O&M may have to be trained through special courses or by “on the job training” to ensure that these personnel are thoroughly trained to carry out the actions required in the plan of maintenance. This training is essential from time to time so as to keep them conversant with the latest technological advances in the field and to prevent experimentation by operating personnel to meddle with equipment since often these operating personnel may not be capable to take up the required maintenance. On the job training is preferred to class room lectures. The supervisors can be trained initially and then they can later train their operators. With proper training the existing operation and ‘maintenance staff can do the operation and maintenance work without any extra expense. Staff Position : Appropriate charts indicating the operating and supervisory staff actually in position should be maintained at the WTP, pumping stations and at each office for review. The job description of operating personnel shall clearly define the limits up to which these Personnel can carry out normal maintenance. The job description of the Supervisor jManager shall include the Tequirement that they shall ensure that the operating Personnel conform to these limits and thus ensure the safety of the equipment, Records of Equipment and Machinery : For each piece of equipment and machinery records (Log book and History book) should be maintained in which all details of the equipment and activities such as Servicing, lubrication, replacement of parts, operating hours on each day and other pertinent data are recorded. The O&M plan programme contains as to what should be done and when. But to decide as to how long the equipment is to be allowed to be kept in service requires information as to when it was installed, what is its normal life ete. Good history record system shall include the following minimum information to ensure the required maintenance.+ Name of equipment and it’s location. « Number available or installed «+ Serial number + Type and class + Date of procurement installation + Cost of procurement and installation + Name of manufacturer with address and telephone number. + Name of distributor/dealer if purchased through them with address. and telephone number. + Name of servicing firm with address and telephone number. + Major overhauls: Details with date, nature and cost + When next overhaul is due. + Date, type and cost of repairs and replacement + Cost of spares and cost of labour for repairs. Records of Water Quality : Complete records of physical, chemical and bacteriological analysis of water-samples collected at strategic locations at least twice ina year from source to the consumers’ taps should be maintained and reviewed. Charts could be prepared for important water quality parameters (for example turbidity, Fe residual chlorine etc.) and any changes as compared to standards must be taken note ot for taking corrective measures. Records of Key activities of O and M : advisable to maintain records of certain key activities such as daily and cumulative supply of water over the years, quantity of water treated and the quantity of water supplied. Overall Supervision and Inspect supervision and inspection of O&M acti essential to ensure efficient functionint Components of the water supply system. Good Housekeeping : Buildings, other stru and equipment should be maintained in good condition. Exterior of concrete surfaces are colour washed and metallic parts are painted annually. The environment of the WTP and pump houses must be maintained clean, tidy and pleasing, by developing good garden and trees. It is jon : Overall ivities are g of all \ctures 7. Write short notes on : () Manhole Ans. Cement slope line Cement. concrete (Benching) ‘A monhole is defined as the construction mode to connect the ground level with the hole or opening made in the sewer line so that a man can easily. Conveniently and safely enter through it and carry out the usual maintenance operation. Manholes are constructed for giving access into the sewer for inspection, cleaning, rapairs and maintanance. A manhole essentials consists of (a) a working chamber (b) an access shaft (c) a strong cover on the top flush with the road level. The working chamber has such a size so that necessary examination and cleaning can be done easily. The access shaft provides an access to the working chamber. This shaft is formed by earbelling the working chamber on three sides at top as shown in fig, so that cover frame can be fitted in the opening. The minimum internal dinuensions on the access shaft are 0.5 x 0.5m. 650 cm diam H cover Depth of ‘manhole Line concrete (ii) Oxidation pond Ans. Stabilisation ponds are open flow-through earthen basin, specifically designed and constructed totreat sewage and biodegradable industrial wastewaters. Such ponds provide comparatively long detention Periods extending froma few days to several days, during which time the wastes get stabilised by the action of natural forces. Stabilisation ponds may be classified as aerobic, anaerobic and facultative. ‘The term oxidation pond was originally referred to that stabilisatio pond which received partially treated sewage; whereas the pond that received raw sewage was used to be called a sewage lagoon, but in recent years, the term oxidation pond has been widely used as a collective term for all types of ponds, and most Particularly the facultative stabilisation ponds. (iii) Activated sludge process. Ans, . The activated sludge process is a type of wastewater treatment process for treating sewage or industrial wastewaters using aeration and a biological floc composed of bacteria and protozoa. The general arrangement of an activated sludge process for removing carbonaceous pollution includes the following items: * Aeration tank where air (or oxygen) is injected in the mixed liquor. * Settling tank (usually referred to as "final clarifier" or "secondary settling tank") to allow the biological flocs (the sludge blanket) to settle, thus separating the biological sludge from the clear treated water. Treatment of nitrogenous matter or phosphate involves additional steps where the mixed liquor is left in anoxic condition (meaning that there is no residual dissolved oxygen). (iv) Sewage sickness. ‘Ans. When sewage is applied continuously on a piece of land, the soil pores or voids may get filled up and clogged with seawage matter retained in them. When once these voilds are clogged, free circulation of air will be prevented and anaerobic conditions will develop within the pores. This phenomenon of soil getting clogged is known as sewage sickness of land. [Sub Code : CET - 404] Full Marks : 70 Time :3 Hours ‘Answer any five questions. The figures in the right-hand margin indicate marks, 1.(@) Explain the principle and operation of an oxidation pond. 2 (0) Write down the different appurtenance’s in distribution system. 5 (©) The population of a town as obtained from census report is as follows : Year Population in thousand 1980 22.6 1990 278 2000 33.6 2010 39.8 Estimate the population of the town by arithmetical, geometric and incremental increase method for 2030. 0 2. (a) What is yield of a well ? R (®) Explain any two methods of forecasting population. 65 (©) Describe the various methods of water distribution system. v 3.(a) What do you mean by cone of depression? [2 (b) Explain the type of water demand. 5 (©) Write down the constructional features and working principle of Rapid Sand Filter. [7 4. (a) What do you mean by disinfection ? 2 (b) Write the physical tests of water briefly. [5 (©) Draw the flow diagram of water treatment system and describe each unit, 7 5.(a) Define Sewage. R (b) Determine the velocity of flow in a circular sewer of diameter 150 cm. Laid on a slope of 1 in 500 While running full by using Chezy’s formula. The value of C = 70, 5 (©) Draw the flow diagram of secondary treatment of sewage and describe each unit. 0 6.(a) What is Sewerage ? p (b) Explain manhole with neat sketch, b (©) Define sewage farming and the condition of Sewage farming. What are the preventive measures to avoid sewage sickness ? 07.(a) Differentiate between grit chamber and detritus tank. 2 (b) Write the comparison between conservancy system and waste carriage system. (5 (©) Write down the features of sanitary work. [7 ANSWERS TO 2016(S) 1.(a) Explain the principle and operation of an oxidation pond. ‘Ans. The oxidation pond offers a simple and most. economical method for treatment of tentiles waste in combination with domestic sewage, especially for warm. climates provading in this country. Pretreatment of wastes for colour removal will be more advantageous from the point of view of light peretration. Pond depths in the range of 0.9 to 1.2m with retention period in the range of 10 to 30 days are considered suitable () Write down the different appurtenance’s in distribution system. ‘Ans. After complete treatment of water, it becomes necessary to distribute it to a number of houses, estates, industries and public places by means of a etwork of distribution system. The distribution system onsists of pipes of various sized, valves, meters, pumps, istribution reservoirs, hydrants, stand posts ete .The pipe lines carry the water to each and every street, road. Valves control the flow of wate rthrough the pipes. Meters are provided to measure the quantity of water consumed by individual as well as by the town. Hydrants are provided to connect the water to the fire fighting equipments during fire. Service connections are done toconnect the individual building with the water line passing through the streets. Pumps are provided to pump the water to the elevated service reservoirs or directly in the water mains to obtain the required pressure in the pipe lines. The following are the requirements of good distribution system. (i) It should convey the treated water upto the consumers with the same degree of purity. (ii) The water should reach to every consumer with the required pressure head. iii) Sufficient quantity of treated water should reach for the domestic and industrial use. (iv) The distribution system should be economical and easy to maintain and operate. (v) It should be able to transport sufficient quantity of water during emergeney such as fire-fighting. (vi) It shold be reliable so that even during breakdown or repairs of one line water should reach that locality from other line. (vii) During repair work, it should not casuse obstruction to the traffic. (viii) It should be safe against any future pollution, The pipe lines as far as possible should not be laid below the sewer lines. (ix) The quantity of the pipes laid should be good and it should not burst. (x) It should be water-tight and the water losses due to leakage should be minimum as far as possible. Distribution System — For efficient distribution it is required that water should reach to every consumer with required rate of flow. Therefore, some pressure in pipe line is necessary, which should force the water to reach at every place. Depending upon the methods of distribution, the distribution system is classified as follows. (i) Gravity system ii) Pumping system (iii) Dual system or combined gravity and pumping system. (©) The population of a town as obtained from census report is as follows : Year Population in thousand 1980 2.6 1990 278 2000 33.6 2010 398 Estimate the population of the town by arithmetical, geometric and incremental increase method for 2030, Ans. ‘Year | Population [Increase in | %increase (thousand) | Population | in Population | (thousand) 1980 | 22.6 = = 1990 | 27.8 32 23% 2000| 33.6 58 20.86% _ | 2010] 39.8 62 18.45%Wosouauned See 5.2+5.8+6.2 esae Population expected in 20: it ci ino ua pe in 2030 by arithmetical =Pit nx =398+2% 5.73 = 51. 26 thousands. r= ¥23x 20.86 x18.45 = 20.68 Population expected in 2030 by geometrical x= 73, increased method = a1 + 100, =394(1 +38) 100 = 57. 96 thousands. 2.(a) What is yield of a well ? Ans. The volume of ground water extracted by gravity drainage from a saturated water bearing material is known as the yield. (b) Explain any two methods of forecasting population. ‘Ans. The future population may be estimated by the methods described below for the given data. 1. Arithmetical mean method : Here, we assume that actual increase in population is constant. This may be taken either as an increase in the last decade or may be taken as an average of the increase in the 2 or 3 decades. Lt Ky tent hy a P=P.nx 2. Uniform percentage growth method or geometrical increase method : In this method, the percentage increase (ratio) from decade to debate is constant, 1K, XX, XX, This method is suitable when the city is young and rapudly increasing. 3. Incremental increase method : In this method, we claculate the average s incremental increase. ‘The present population (say, for the year 1964) is taken and to this is added the average increase per decade ang the average incremental increase per decade which wit give the population in next decade and this proces i repeated for each decade tll the population inthe desireg decade is determined. Thus, Population in 1974 = 676887 + 60694 + 3843 = 741424 Population in 1984 = 741424 + 60694 + 3843 = 805961 Population in 1994 = 805961 + 60843 + 3843 = 870498 (© Describe the various methods of water distribution system. Ans, Distribution system. For efficient distribution it is required that water should each to every consumer with required rate of flow. Therefore, some pressure in pipe line is necessary, which should force the water to reach at every place. Depending upon the methods of distribution, the distribution system is classified as follows : (i) Gravity system. (ii) Pumping system. (iii) Dual system or combined gravity and pumping system, Gravity system : When some ground, sufficiently high above the city area, is available, this can be best utilized for distribution- system in maintaining pressure in water pipes. This method is also much suitable when source of supply such as lake, river or impounding reservoir is at sufficient height than city. The water flows in the mains due to gravitational force. As no pumping is required, therefore it is the most reliable system for the distribution of water. Pune source ot Fig. Gravity System of Distributionaay an In this system usually pumping is not required at any stage. In case the source of water supply is lake situated atthe hill, low lift pumping may be required to lift the water upto the water treatment units, The water will flow under gravitational force in the treatment units, and will be finally collected to the town again under gravitational force. ‘The designs of the distribution system pipes are done in such a way that water head available at the consumer’s door is just minimum required, and the remaining head is fully consumed in frictional and other losses. This will reduce the leakage and wastes to the minimum. But in this case the water will have to be pumped during fires. Pumping system : In this system water is directly pumped in the mains, Since the pumps have to work at different rates, in a day, the maintenance cost increases. It is preferred tohave number of pumps and only the required numbers may work at various times to meet the varying demand, in place of providing pump of variable speed.High lift pumps are required and their operations are continuously watched, If the power fails, the whole supply of the town will be stopped.Therefore, it is better to have diesel pumps also in addition to the electric pumps as stand bye.During fires, the water can be pumped in the required quantity by the stand- bye units also.But this system is not preferred than other systems. The required pressure maintained in the pipe line is by direct pumping as shown in figure below. enka Fig Pumping System of Distribution Dual system. This is also known as combined gravity and Pumping system. The pump is connected to the WATER SUPPLY & WASTE WATER ENGINEERING mains as well as to an elevated reservoir, in the beginning when demand is small the water is stored in the elevated reservoir, but when demand increases. The rate of pumping, the flow in the distribution system comes from both the pumping station as well as elevated reservoir. As in this system water comes from two sources one from reservoir and second from pumping station, it is called dual system. This system is more reliable and economical, because it requires uniform rate of pumping but meets low as well as maximum demand. The water stored in elevated reservoir meets the requirements of demand during breakdown of pumps and for the fire fighting. enna sees, sane eamrbnd 7 nue BE ae 4 Fig. Dual System of Distribution Fig, shows this system with hydraulic gradient lines for minimum and maximum draft. This system is usually adopted everywhere. Following are the main advantages of this system : (a) The balance reserve in the storage reservoir will be utilized during fire. In case the fire demand is more, and if required the water supply of few localities may be closed. (b) This system is overall best system. It is economical, efficient and reliable. (c) This system has the advantages that during power failure, the balance water stored in the water will be supplied to the town. (@) The pumps have to work at constant speed, without any variation in their speed. This increases the efficiency of the pumps and reduces the wear and tear of the pumps. The supervision, operation and maintenance of these pumps is much less as compared with the pumps working at variable speed.an O| 3.(@) What do you mean by cone of depression ? Ans. Cone of depression : During pumping from an well the original water table forms a curved surface in the form of an inverted one. The one is known as cone of depression. () Explain the type of water demand. Ans. Following are the various types of water demant ofa city of town. (i) Domestic water demand. (i) Commercial and Industrial demand. ii) Fire demand. (iv) Demand for public uses. (¥) Compensate losses demand. Domestic water demand : The total consumption in this demand, generally amounts to 55 to 60% of total water consumption the break up of 135 It/day/person, Commercial and Industrial demand — Commercial building and commercial centres include office building, waterhouse, stores, hotels, shopping centers, health centres, schools, temples, cinema house, railways and bus stations etc. The water requirements of commercial and public places may be upto 45 It/day/ capital. Fire demand Demand to public uses - Provision of 5% of the total consumption is made while designing the water works for a city. (©) Write down the constructional features and working principle of Rapid Sand Filter. Ans. Seog way Aprrmeresmamangy oy Inlet vale] tees Waste water Inlet valve channel Gutters ‘Compressed fine sand air pipe Course sand =A eat Pebbles Waste water channel Main fitered water Motlecting C-LPIPE Water ier Section through a rapid sand filter. ; “ fe figure clearly shows the constructions ’ is IS of on ‘apid sand filter. It is essentially consis af ae f : tight basin of masonary or cone atel pen we ht rectangular f an open water tigl = cost of an open, at he eae tank varies from 2.5 to 3.5m. The surface of each fier is kept between 10 r to 80 m?. The filter media consis, layers of effective size varying of ou om, having uniforalyco-eective vi D,, ranging from 1.2to 1.8. The finer variety should by near top and coarser variety near bottom. The base material consists of gravel of thickness of 60-90 cm Usually 5-6 layers of 10-15 cm each are used, The size of the coarser gravel is about 40mm and that of smalles is 30 om. The gravel must be packed in uniform grading for propper and efficient function of filter. Operation : The water from coagulation sedimentation tank enters the filter unit through inlt pipe and is uniformly distributed on the whole sand bed, ‘Water after passing through the sand bed is collected through the under drainage system in filtered water well The outlet chamber in this filter is also equipped with filter rate controller. In the beginning the loss of head is, very small. But as the bed gets clogged, the loss of head increases and the rate controller adjusts it to a limt. ‘Where the limits reached the rate of filteration becomes very low and the filter and rerquires its washing rapid sand filters remove suspended matter, colur, odour and bacteria from water. The maximum turbidity of raw water should not be more than 35-40 ppm. This filter cannot remove bacteria completely, threfore filtered Water must be disindected. The rate of filtration is usually 3000-6000 litres/m?/hour. 4.(a) What do you mean by disinfection ? Ans. The filtered water which is obtained either from slow sand filter or rapid gravity filters may contain some harmful disease causing bacteria in it, These bacteria must be killed in order to make the water safe for drinking. The process used for killing these bacteria is known as disinfection. (b) Write the physical tests of water briefly. Ans. The physical examination consists in finding ut the temperature, turbidity, colour, taste and odour of a sample of water. @ Temperature — For drinking purpose the temperature of water should not be beyond 27°C. (@ Turbidity — It is an indication of apparent colour of water due to presence of suspended inorganic mater like silt, clay etc. This is expressed by the amountey ofsuspended matter in parts per million (ppm) by weight in water as ——-* by optical observation. The gandard a of turbidity is that produced by 1 part of fnely divided silica in million parts of distilled water. qurbidity may be also be measured by immersing a sandard platinum wire 1.0 mm in diamter in the sample of water under standard lighting conditions and nothing the exact depth at which it disappears from view, while sesing through naked eye. It is also measured by Jackwon ‘Turbiditymeter. For less turbidity (5-100 ppm) the Baylis, Turbiditymeter is used. (ii) Colour - The colour of water is due to substances in the true solution or in colloidal suspension. This is measured by comparing water with standard solutions of platinum-cobalt or standard coloured glass, discs. In case of colour also, the unit of colour is that produced by 1.0 mg of platinum in a litre of distilled water, The maximum permissible colour for drinking purpose is 20 units or 20 ppm on platinum- cobalt scale. The colour is harmless but it cannot be allowed more than 20 ppm as the consumer feels repellant. According to IS : 3025 - 1964, if 1.245 g of potassium chloroplatinate and 1.0g of cobalt chloride are dissolved in distilled water and then the solution is diluted to 1.0 litre, the same has a colour of 500 Hazen units. (iv) Taste and odour — The taste and odour in Water are due to mineral salts tarry substances, industrial wastes, domestic sewage ete. The odour is expressed as a number which is called “Threshold Odour Number”. The number indicates the maximum dilution to @ made ofa sample, ic. if 100 cm of fresh water have to be added to 8 cm? of a sample of water to produce no effect of odour in it, the Threshold Odour Number is 8. If more than 8 cm of a sample of water is added to 100 cm? of fresh water, the odour is produced. The water should be served to the consumers Which is free of objectionable taste and odour: WATER su LY _& WASTE WATER ENGINEERING (©) Draw the flow diagram of water treatment system and describe each unit. ‘Ans, Enourmous amount of good water is lost in leakages, wastes, thefts, etc. in every water supply scheme, In order to control these losses and to reduce them to minimum, itis desirable tothoroughly study the factors on which these losses depend. The various factors con which these losses depend and the measures to control them are summarised. (i) Water Tight Joints : The joints in the water mains and pipes generally leak due to bad plumbing, leading tohigh wastage of water. The leakage of water canbereduced by careful and better plumbing withconstant maintanance, and thereby keeping the joints water tight. the meters when installed in individual house connections should also be periodically checked, so as to ensure that they do not leak. (i) Pressure in the Distribution System : As pointed out earlier, high pressure in the distribution pipes leads to higher leakage losses. So much so that an increase in pressure from 20m head of water to 30 m head of water may increase the leakage by about 20 to 30 percent. Hence, in order to keep the leakage less, it is desirable to keep the pressure in the pipes to a minimum possible value (say upto two or at the most three story height). Multistoryed buildings may be encouraged to develop their own storage. (iii) System of Supply : In intermittent system of supplies, the leakage losses are reduced since they do not occur for all the 24 hours but occur only for a few hours during the period the supply is restored. However, it cannot be said with certainty that intermittent supply reduces losses, because in that case, people generally waste more water by throwing the old stored water and also by leaving their taps open, as explained earlier.(iv) Unauthorized Connections : Water is Sometimes stolen through unauthorised Connections, which must be detected and checked by heavily punishing the defaulters, so as to keep the a C= Chezy's constant 5 @y Define Sewage. H= Hydraulic wear radius = D/4 when runningfu), Anns. Sewage is a water-carried waste, in solution or suspension, that is intended to be removed from a Community. It consists of mostly of grey water black Given C = 70, D = 150 cm water, soaps and detergents, toilet paper etc. (b) Determine the velocity of flow in a circular sewer of diameter 150 em. Laid on a slope of 1 in 500 while running full by using Chezy’s formula. The value of C = 70, where V = Self clearing velocity. = Slope of channel. Ans. Flow digestion tank 6.(a) What is Sewerage ? — ‘Ans. Sewarage is the infrastructure that conveys sewage. It encompasses coponents such as receiving drains, man-holes, pumping stations, storm overflows and screening chambers of the combined sewer or a sanitary sewer. () Explain manhole with neat sketch. Ans. ‘Cement. concrete (Benching)‘A monbole is defined as the construction mode ction to connect the ground level with the hole or opening made in the sewer line so that a man can easily, Conveniently and safely enter through it and carry out the usual maintenance operation, Manholes are constructed for giving access into the sewer for inspection, cleaning, rapairs and maintanance. A manhole essentials consists of (a) a working chamber (b) an access shaft (c) a strong cover on the top flush with the road level. ‘The working chamber has such a size so that necessary examination and cleaning can be done easily. ‘The access shaft provides an access to the working chamber. This shaft is formed by earbelling the working ‘chamber on three sides at top as shown in fig, so that cover frame can be fitted in the opening. The minimum, internal dimensions on the access shaft are 0.5 x 0.5m. Ting conerete (© Define sewage farming and the condition of sewage farming. What are the preventive measures to avoid sewage sickness ? ‘Ans. In case of sewage farming the stress is laid on the use of sewage effluents for irrigating crops and increasing the fertility of soil. The pre-treatment of sewage in removing the ingredients which may prove harmful and folic to the Plants is necessary. ‘When sewage is applied continuously on @ piece of land, the soil pores or voids may get filled up and clogged with sewage matter retained in them. The time taken for such a clogging will, of course, depend upon the type of soil and the load present in sewage. But when once these voids are clogged, free circulation of air wil be prevented and anaerobic conditions will develop within the pores. Due to this the aerobic decomposition of organic matter will stop, and anaerobic decomposition will start. The organic matter will thus, of course, he mineralised but with the evolution of foul gases like hydrogen sulphide, carbon dioxide and methane. This phenomenon of soil getting clogged is known as sewage sickness of land in question. In order to prevent the sewage sickness of a land the following preventive measures may be adopted. (@ Primary Treatement of Sewage ~ The sewage should be disposed of only after primary treatment, such as screening, grit removal, and sedimentation. This will help in removing settleable solids and reducing the B.OD. load by 30% or so and as such, soil pores will not get clogged, quickly. (ii) Choice of land — The piece of land used for sewage disposal should normally be sandy or loamy. Clayey lands should be avoided. (iii) Under-drainge of soil — The land on which the sewage is being disposed of can be better drained, if a system of under-drains (i.e. opened joined pipes) is laid below to collect the effluent and this will also minimse the possibilities of sewage sickness. (iv) Goving rest to the land - The land being used for disposal should be given rest, periodically by keeping some extra land as reserve and stand-by for diverting the sewage during the period the first land is at rest. Moreover, during the rest period, the land should be throughly ploghed, so that it gets broken up and aerated. () Applying shallow depths - The sewages should not be filled over the area in larger depths, but it should be applied in thin layers. Greater depth of sewage on a land does not allow the soil to receive the sewage satisfactorily, and ultimately results in its clogging. ‘A swwage-sick land can be improved and made useful by throughly ploughing and breaking the soil, and ‘exposing it to the atmosphere, 7.(a) Differentiate between grit chamber and detritus tank.Ans. Grit chambers are long narrow tanks that are designed to slow down the flow so that solids such as sand, cofee grounds and egg-shells will settle out of the water. Grit causes excessive wear and tear on pumps and other plant equipments. Detritus tank is a setting tank in a sewage- treatment system for collecting sediment without interruptius the flow of sewage. (b) Write the comparison between conservancy system and waste carriage system. Ans. Dry or conservancy system The fecal matter in this systemis collected in pails which is then removed to some convenient site away from the inhabited area and buried underground in shallow trenches which are covered with alternate layrs of dry earth, as it possesses the property of de-odouring (to deprive of bad smell) and oxidizing the organic matter. In the localities where agriculture is an ‘occupation, the excreta is mostly used as manures. There are certain objections to this system, because (i) It is insanitary, (ii) the passage of the nightsoil carts through densely inhabited areas creates a nuisance in the atmosphere, (ii) non-revoval of excreta for several hours from the vicinity of the buildings, (iv) the emptying of nightsoil carts at various places in densely inhabited areas and consequent liberation of offensive gases, (v) insanitation due to carriage of sullage in open drains and (vi) risk of epidemics due to improper disposal of nightsoil, Water carriage system — In this system the soil fecal matter is removed along with the sewage water in underground sewers. There is always avariation in severage system due to size of the town and the occupation of the inhabitants, Sometimes the storm water is occupation of the inhabitants. Sometimes the storm Water is also allowed in flow into the sewers due to space for its removal in open drains. Generally, in small towns the excereta and domestic sewage are separated from the storm water and in large cities the sewage along with industrial wastes and storm water are removed together. ‘The main advantages of water carriage system are (@ removal of sewage in closed conduits without any nuisance, (ii) less risk of outbreak of epidemics because of giving treatment to sewage before final isposal (iii) healthy conditions due to flushing of excreta immediately after using water closet, and (iv) absence of offensive gases in the inhabited area ‘The modern water-carried sewaerage system jg preferred to the old conservancy system, because of its following advantages. (i) The water carriage system is more hygienic, because in this system, the society’s wastes have not to be collected and carried in buckets, or carts, as is required to be done in the conservancy system. The free carriage of night soil in carts or as head load, which is required in the conservancy system, may pose health hazards to sweepers and other residents, because of the possibilities of flies and insects transmitting dieases germs from these accessible carts to the resident's diease germs from these accessible carts to the resident's foods and eatables, whereas in modern sewarage system, no such danger exists, because the polluted sewage is carried in closed conduits, as soon as it is produced. (ii)In the conservancy system, the waste products are generally buried underground, which may sometimes pollute the city’s water supplies, if the water supply pipes happen to pass through such areas or the wells happen to draw water through such areas, (ii) In the conservancy system of sanitation, the entire day’s human faces are collected and then disposed of in the morning once a day. Thus, from this type of latrines, pungent smells may continue to pollute the surroundings for the entire day. But since in the water, carried system, the human exereta is washed away as soon as it is produced, no such bad smells are produced. Moreover, in the conservancy system of sanitation, the waste waters from bath rooms, wash basins, kitchen sinks etc is carried through open road side drains as this is supposed to be not so foul, since it does notcontain human exfcreta. But these road side drains are generally abused by children or adults for passing their stoos, particularly at night hours, thus creating foul and more unhygienic conditions. No such problems exist in the water carriage system. (iv) In water carriage system, the sewage is carried through underground pipes (popularly called sewers) which owing to their being underground do not occupy floor area on road sides or impair the beauty of the surroundings. The road side frains carrying foul liquid in the conservancy system, will no doubt pose such problems. (v) The water-carried system may allow the construction of latrines and bath-rooms together populary called water-closet (W.C), thus occupying lesser space with their compact designs. This system is also very helpful for multistoryed buildings, where the toilets, one above the other can be easily constructed, and connected to a single vertical pipe. Inspite of these advantages of the modern water- carried system, it has not been possible to completely replace the old conservancy system, mainly because huge capital funds (of the order of Rs. 5000 to 7500 per person) are required for the construction of such a system. Besides the huge initial investments, the RMO expenses are also high, which make it difficult to replace the simpler and cheaper conservancy system. Moreover, for the functioning of sewrage system, sample amount ‘of water must be made available to the people, and hence, reliable and assured water supply must, first, be installed, before installing the sewarage system. (©) Write down the features of sanitary work. Ans. Sanitation : Ventilation, lighting and heating are interrelated things, which are required in the environmental sanitation. Everyone knows that fresh air is required for all human beings. If in a room of the building, the supply of fresh air is stopped, it will produce headache, a sense of depressions, sleepness, lassitude, loss of appetitie and overall inability to concentrate the attention. Such conditions sometimes occur in stuffy theaters or other places of public meeting also. Therefore, it is most necessary to have proper Ventilations in the buildings and prevent the stagnation of the air at any place. The efficiency of working depends on the atmospheric temperature and pressure. During summer ‘when the external temperature is more than that of blood, less food is required and the working efficiency of persons is decreased. On the other hand during winter, to maintain the blood heat more food is required and the secretion of urine is decreased. These all increase the overall efficiency. That is why people of cold counties are more hard working than that of hot climate. The health of people also depends on the humidity in the atmosphere. Moist climate favours the growth of disease bacterias, therefore, it is not good for health. Similarly very dry air is also not good for health. The moisture content in the air should suit the skin for healthy living, Everybody knows that light is compulsory everywhere for the wokring. Sunlight has many beneficial effects upon the health of human beings. In cold countries people use to take sunbath for their health. The efficiency of working also depends on the intensity of light. In dim light it becomes difficult to work and headache starts. Similarly very bright light effects the eyes. Modern medical authorities strongly recommended the sufficient light in the buildings for health conditions of human body. 2015(S)(NEW) [CET - 404] Full Marks : 70 Time : 3 Hours Answer any five questions. Figures in the right-hand margin indicate marks. 1.(@) What do you mean by BOD ? R (b) Differentiate between slow sand and rapid sand filter. cd (©) Explain the minor methods of disinfection of water. 7 2. (a) Define gravity system of distribution of water.[2 (b) Explain manhole and different types of manhole. 6 (c) The population statistics pertaining to a town are given below. Estimate the population expected in 2060 by arithmetical and geometrical increase method. 0se x Year [1980 [19902000 | 2010 | 2020 Population [140,000 | 2, 00,000 |3,20,000 [3, 80,000 [4, 50,000 3.(@) Explain the term per capita demand, 2 (b) What are the physical tests carried out to examine water ? [5 (©) Explain briefly about the Primary treatment of sewage. 7 4.(@) Define sewage sickness. 2 (b) Describe briefly various types of water demand. 5 (©) Ina recuperation test, the following results were obtained : 0 Initial depression head = 10m Final depression head = 6 m Time of recuperation = 6 hrs Diameter of well =4m. Calculate the specific capacity of well and yield under the head of 3 m. 5.(a) Define plain sedimentation. R (b) Explain break point chlorination, 5 (©) Write down briefly about various types of sewer appurtenaces. v7 6.(a) Define disinfection of water. R (©) Explain about the surface sources of water supply. 5 (©) Describe briefly the various types of sewers with respect to the material in which they are constructed. fi 7. (a) Define flocculation. R (b) Describe sludge digestion tank. 65 (©) Describe briefly different types of sewarage system and discuss merits and demerits of each system. v7 ANSWERS TO 2015(8) 1.(a) What do you mean by BOD ? Ans. The extent of organic matter present in water sample can also be easily estimated by supplying oxygen to this sample and finding the oxygen consumed by the organic matter present in water. This oxygen demand is, known as Biochemical Oxygen Demand. (b) Differentiate between slow sand and rapid sand filter. Ans. Comparison between slow and rapid gravity filters oa aaa Requires very large area ‘Requires small area Le mms tain = sre Sekeckean Shrew tenn Eeaersere Seem =a eee Spies —— en " Soom soe sae ne — 6. Rate of fiation 100-180 litevewour 4,000 ~ 5.000 lites how 7. Sizeofoneunit 30m 60m 6mx8t08m= 10m 8 Distibution Uniform ‘Smaller atop and coun bottom 9. Underdinge Open jointed pipes or Manifold and pipe lenis, system dis covered with blocks vtifed tile blocks, the ieelr filter bot, the porous plate botam cone Fide and valley btom 10, Period of leaning 1103 months 24 0 48 ous 11 Method of leaning Scrpping 23 cm sand By bck washing with water from the surfice and Lunde pressure, with or wit replacing it with new sand out compressed ai apition before washing with water 12, ‘Sted envision Not required Mos xen 13. Losofted —1Sem 1075 em 2miodm 14, Penettion of Very sll, ona diy Iyer 2 mio 4m very deep imgcticn——surtace 15, Amount of water 021 06% of fered water 210 49% offered water ashing 16, Ovenll cos of Mor, bese lage land and. Cheap and economic vot rach panty of mates we rege 17, Cottier Sil More '%, Eficieny _Effcem in removal of tactria Cannot remove al baci bacteria and suspended mater disinfection necesay Removes colour, ean (©) Explain the minor methods of disinfection of water. Ans. Due to small size of bacteria it is not possible {0 ensure their complete removal from water by physical and chemical means alone and for potable water Suppliers, it is necessary to ensure the death of harmful micro-organisms by disinfection, ~ The methods of disinfection of water is discussed below : @® Chlorine : Chlorine and its ‘compound is widely used for the disinfection of water because of the following advantages : ~ It is readily available as gas, liquid or power. ~ Itis cheap, ~ It is easy to apply to its high solubility.= It is very toxic to micro organisms, — Ithas several secondary uses, e.g., - oxidation of iron, manganese and H.S, destruction taste and odour. Italso has some dis-advantages : = It is @ poisonous gas and must be carefully handled. — It can give rise to taste and odour problems particularly in presence of phenols. = Suspended materials may shield bacterial from action of chlorine. (i) Ozone : — Ozone (O,) is an allotropic form of oxygen produced by passing dry oxygen on air through an electrical discharge by passing dry oxygen on air through an electrical discharge {(5000 — 20,000 V), (50 ~ 500 H,)}.. ~ Itisaninstable, highly toxic flue gas with pungent odour of new mown hay. — A powerful oxidizing agent it is an effcient disinfectant and useful in bleaching colour and removing tasks and odours. — Like oxygen it is only slightly soluble in water and because of its is table form it leaves no residual. (ii) Heat : ~ Disinfection by heat is very effective but costly and impairs polatability of water by removing do and dissolved salts. ~ There is no residual effect. (iv) Ultraviolet and nuclear radiations : ~ Micro-organisms are fairly sensitive to radiation damage due to the toxic effects of energy absorption their limited use is the fact that radiation is readily absorved by water leaving a thin film, ~ There is no residual effect. (¥) Silver : ~ Colloidal silver was used by the Romans to preserve the quality of water in storage jars, since at the concentration of about 0.05 mg/l, silver is toxic to most micro-organisms. ~ The cost become excessive for other than very small suppliers. (vi) Bromine = Bromine has similar disinfection properties live chlorine and is sometimes used in swimming pools where residual tends to be less irritating to the eyes than chlorine residuals. 2.(a) Define gravity system of distribution of water. ‘Ans, Gravity system of distribution of water can be defined as the process of supply of water from the source to destination through channels by the help of ‘gravity, it means from higher elevation to lower area. () Explain manhole and different types of manhole. ‘Ans. Manholes are masonary or R.C.C. chambers constructed at suitable intervals along the sewer lines, for providing access into them. Which helps in joining sewer lengths and also help in their inspection, cleaning and maintenance. If the manhole covers are perforated, they may also assist in ventilating the sewers. Classification of Manholes : Depending upon their depth, the manholes may be classified as : 1, Shallow manholes 2. Normal manholes 3. Deep manholes A shallow manhole is about 0,7 to 0.9 min depth, and is constructed at the start of branch sewer or at places, which are not subjected to heavy traffic. Such a manhole is provided with a light cover at its top, and is called an inspection chamber. A normal or medium manhole is baout 1.5m in depth and is constructed either square (Im * 1 m) or rotangular (1.2 m x 1 m) in cross-section. Its section is, not changed with depth, as is done in deep manhole. Such a manhole is provided with a heavy cover at its top. ‘A deep manhole is having depth more than 1.5m. The section of such manhole is generally not kept the same. The size of the upper portion is reduce by providing an offset, as shown in figure. Steps etc, are provided in such a manhole for facilitating descending into the manhole, and to enable the workers to go upto its bottom, Such a manhole is provided with a heavy cover at its top.