ANIMATED NOTATION IN MULTIPLE PARTS FOR CROWD

OF NON-PROFESSIONAL PERFORMERS

Anders Lind
NIME Proceedings Template
Department of Creative
Umeå University
Studies for LaTeX

S-901 87 Umeå, Sweden

Anders.lind@umu.se
⇤ † ‡
Ben Trovato G.K.M. Tobin Lars Thørväld
Institute for Clarity in
ABSTRACT Institute for Clarity in
and ensembles dedicated The Thørväld Group
to performing contemporary art music.
The Max Maestro Documentation
– an animated music notation system Documentation
– was Indeed, there are examples 1 Thørväld
where animatedCirclenotation have been
developed so as 1932 Wallamaloo
to enable Lane of artistic possibilities
the exploration P.O. Box 1212
addressed to non-professional Hekla, Iceland both in artistic and
performers
Wallamaloo,
for composition New Zealand
and performance practices within Dublin,
the fieldOhio
of 43017-6221
educational environments. larst@affiliation.org
Still, to my knowledge the Max
contemporarytrovato@corporation.com
art music, more specifically, to enable webmaster@marysville-
a large Maestro is unique in addressing a crowd of non-professional
crowd of non-professional performers regardless of their musical
ohio.comperformers and yet provides a diverse musical material after
background Lawrence limited rehearsals. Furthermore, the system is developed to
to perform fixed P. Leipuner
music compositions written Sean in Fogarty Anon Nymous
conduct a fixed composition in multiple parts in sync with an
multiple individual parts. Furthermore,
Brookhaven Laboratories the Max Maestro was
NASA Ames Research Center Redacted
developed in Brookhaven
order to facilitate concertLabhall performances where additional electronic music part. Two concert hall performances
National Moffett Field 8600 Datapoint Drive
of my compositions with different settings, which both
P.O. Box 5000
non-professional performers could be synchronised with California
an 94035 San Antonio, Texas 78229
lleipuner@researchlabs.org
electronic music part. This paper presents the background, the included the Max Maestro
fogartys@amesres.org are highlighted in this paper:
cpalmer@prl.com
content and the artistic ideas behind the Max Maestro system and (1.) Voices of Umeå III: Everybody Scream!!! – Music for
gives two examples of live concert hall performances at which electronics and a large crowd of non-professional performers
ABSTRACT
the Max Maestro was used. An artistic research approach with using
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Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2
This is the second footnote. It starts a series of three
4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). Copyright footnotes that add nothing informational, but just give an
remains with the author(s). idea of how footnotes work and look. It is a wordy one, just
NIME’18, June 3-6, 2018, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA. so you see how a longish one plays out.
13
Maestro with an aim of exploring new artistic possibilities for perform sounds made by non-professional performers: what do
me as a composer, more specifically, having crowds of non- hundreds of children humming “mmm” in their lowest possible
professional performers create musical textures found in pitch sound like? Or: how does a crowd of non-professional
contemporary art music as: various densities of performers screaming together with an electronic music part
polyrhythmic/polytempic textures and approximate pitch cluster sound? And so on. These artistic ideas of using large textures in
textures. Ryan Ross Smith highlights in his PhD thesis the ability multiple parts as musical material could be linked to the work of
of animated notation to “…represent complex, persistent composers such as Györgi Ligeti, Iannis Xenakis and Krystoff
(non)structures and layered, malleable tempi”. Smith also Penderecki. Ligeti coined the term micropolyphony. Xenakis
points out the democratization aspect of a music performance, talked about his sound-clouds, while Penderecki was working
which occurs when an animated score is accessible to performers with tone-clusters. These approaches invented in the 1960s,
of any ability [19]. His examples of compositions such as Study which are now common in contemporary art music, were the
no. 30 and Study no. 40 show how non-professional performers main artistic ideas for me to explore with the Max Maestro.
could perform intricate polyrhythmic and polytempic textures, Furthermore, animated notation was for my artistic visions
when conducted by animated notation. Most of the systems made thought to be the right approach, since it could both show
by various composers and researchers collected on performance instructions for large crowds of non-professional
the animatednotation.com site by Ryan Ross Smith are, however, performers and conduct a fixed composition in sync with an
mainly developed for professional musicians dedicated to additional electronic music part. The specific artistic ideas
performing contemporary experimental music. Most of them related to the development of the Max Maestro were divided into
were also created for solo performers or small ensemble settings. three sections:

3. RESEARCH SETTING 4.1.1 Performers: large crowd of non-professional

The research reported in this paper draws on insights mainly performers
generated through a broader artistic research project Within the field of contemporary art music, the compositions
entitled Voices of Umeå [11], which took place between 2012 are predominantly created for specialist highly-skilled and
and 2015. The project was geared towards exploring different classically trained professional musicians. They are often very
methods for how non-professional performers regardless of difficult to play and place great demands on the technical skills
musical background could participate in performances of of the performers. Of course, there are several advantages of
contemporary art music. The artistic outputs and publications having highly-skilled musicians for the performance of a new
created within the Voices of Umeå project included composition, but there could also be situations where the
performances of large-scale music compositions and the artistic musical idea might even benefit from having performers
development of novel technology innovations [e.g. 12; 21]. The from other backgrounds. For instance; a crowd of non-
Max Maestro was one of these novel technology innovations, professional performers would probably better suit performing
and Voices of Umeå III: Everybody Scream!!! was the grand textures of screaming voices than a professional choir, since the
finale composition within the project. The other composition, choir would probably not risk their voices in the same intuitive
which is also discussed in this paper, was performed as part of manner. Multiple layers of individual “simple-to-perform”
another research study, which emerged as a result of the findings sounds with an attended raw and naïve expression would
from the Voices of Umeå project. The aim of that study was to probably result in an interesting artistic output if performed by
develop the Max Maestro as an animated music notation non-professional performers. However, at least twenty
system. The research approach applied can be broadly individual non-professional performers – and preferably
characterized as artistic [e.g. 2; 6], since the aim has been to hundreds of them – were sought as needed to accomplish an
contribute new knowledge to the field of artistic practice by interesting artistic output, mainly because one of the overall
looking at the artistic results of two concert hall music artistic ideas included creating large musical textures divided
performances. More specifically, the research method is auto- into multiple parts. Having non-professional performers to
ethnographic, since I play a double role, both as a composer enhance an artistic expression was seen as a novel idea within
participating in the concerts and as a researcher looking at the the field of contemporary art music, at least when it comes to
concerts as data. The two specific performances were chosen as performing musical textures in multiple parts including large
data as they both featured the Max Maestro and non-professional groups/crowds of performers. Indeed, examples which could be
performers but had different points of departure in terms of the linked to the approach are Moths by Hasse [7], in which an
sound sources used. Audio recordings made of the concerts were audience whistles as directed by a conductor and a graphical
examined as the primary data for the study. Furthermore, my score, and La symphonie du millenaire by Chénard [3] in which
experiences of participating as a composer in the performances the audience members ring handheld bells at designated times.
were taken into consideration as complementary data. The The S.L.A.T.U.R collective member Áki Ásgeirssonæ’s
artistic output of the two performances was the main focus in the composition 268° for a large crowd of nine-year-olds is another
study of the empirical data. The examination was conducted example with a similar approach [1]. Jason Freeman is a
through the lens of myself, allowing my background, knowledge researcher who has worked a lot with audience participation,
and experience as a composer to affect the results. both with the role of influencing a musical performance [23]
and as actual performers [10]. Still, I would argue that the Max
Maestro is unique, since it was developed to conduct a fixed
4. THE MAX MAESTRO composition to be performed by novices divided into multiple
parts and yet to provide a diverse musical material after limited
rehearsals.
4.1 Artistic Ideas
The artistic ideas for the Max Maestro were a reflection of my
own artistic ideas, experience and knowledge as a composer, and
more specifically, the idea of creating musical textures in various
densities in multiple parts, by organising individual simple-to-

14
4.1.2 Sound sources: Easy-to-use instruments music practice.] [16]. The Max Maestro has two different
(human voice, single percussive sounds) versions of graphic interfaces, one for the human voice and one
The idea was to use “simple-to-perform” instruments as musical for single percussive instruments. The differences between the
sound sources in compositions involving the Max Maestro, two relate to the number of individual parts and more extended
mainly to enable anyone regardless of their musical background modulation instructions in the version for the human voice, since
to participate in the performances. However, it was also seen as the sound source used is capable of adjusting pitch and duration.
artistically interesting and challenging to work with “simple-to- The behaviour of the Max Maestro is controlled with a midi
perform” sounds so as to create interesting musical structures. controller device, which means you can run the Max
For instance – How to create varied and interesting musical Maestro live in real time in order to test musical ideas with a
textures with only the sound of handclaps? The limitations of the group of performers. However, for the two compositions
sounds were deemed likely to inspire and facilitate their reported in this paper the midi was first recorded into a music
innovative use and result in interesting artistic expressions. The sequencer program and then played back into the Max
two different sound sources for the compositions featured in this Maestro to finally be recorded into a single video file using
paper included: The human voice in Voices of Umeå III: Quicktime and a screen video capture function. The additional
Everybody Scream!!! and handclaps in Put your hands together. music part was embedded in the single video file containing the
animated music notation of the Max Maestro.
4.1.3 Musical Material: Polytempic/ polyrhythmic
4.2.1 The Max Maestro for human voice
textures, Static and moving approximate pitch The fundamental atomic components of an animated score
cluster textures, Noise textures, Rhythmic accents according to the terminology of Ryan Ross Smith often consist
Polytempo is a term used to describe music in which two or more of a static atomic symbol as a node or attack line and a dynamic
different tempos occur simultaneously [4]. The idea is to apply atomic symbol, which will move against the static node [18].
the parameter of tempo in similar ways, applying the In the Max Maestro, the static atomic symbol for each part is a
compositional techniques of polyphony when creating coloured rectangle (1) and the dynamic atomic symbol for each
polytempic music [9]. Classic examples of the implementation part is a simple animated ball (2), which moves from left to right
of polytempic structures in musical compositions can be found within the rectangle. The moment the ball reaches the right wall
in Gruppen, by Karl-Heinz Stockhausen and Rituel in memoriam of the rectangle is the point of contact (3), which instructs the
Bruno Maderna, by Pierre Boulez. Other examples include performer to trigger a sound. The fundamental sound to be
composers such as Conlon Nancarrow, Henry Brant and John triggered is instructed by the text (4) and symbol (5) on the right-
MacCallum. Static and moving approximate pitch cluster hand side of the rectangle. The text instructions include sounds
textures refers to textures when a thick stack of several on consonants, vowels and short percussive sounds as tongue
continuous pitches (close to each other) are played clicks and different letter combinations as Ta´, Da´, Ke´ and so
simultaneously. The term was originally invented by American on. A symbol under the text indicates the duration of the sound
composer Henry Cowell and can now be seen as very common to be triggered: a dot means a short percussive sound and a line
in contemporary art music. Noise textures refer to the technique indicates a long sustained sound. When a dot is present the ball
of making noise sounds with traditional instruments or the disappears immediately after the point of contact with the right-
human voice, which are also very common in contemporary art hand wall, and when a line is present the ball is glued to the wall,
music, since introduced by classical composers such as Helmut which indicates the duration of the sound to be sustained until
Lachenmann, John Cage, r. Murray Schafer and Luciano Berio. the ball finally disappears. The dynamics of the sound to be
Making rhythmic accents in this case means to accentuate the produced is determined by the size of the ball: a tiny ball calls
musical material of an electronic music part. for soft dynamics and a large ball calls for loud dynamics. The
instructions for pitch are approximate and in relation to the voice
register of the individual performer. The vertical placement of
4.2 Graphic Interface the ball on the wall determines which approximate pitch to use
for each triggered sound, where up means high pitches and down
The Max Maestro animated music notation system was created means low pitches. Eight parts with individual performance
in the visual programming environment Max/MSP/Jitter [13]. It instructions are available in the Max Maestro version for the
is an application with a graphic interface, which could be run as human voice, where each part is given a numbered coloured
a patch within the Max/MSP/Jitter program, but also as a stand- rectangle (6).
alone application. The graphic interface of the Max
Maestro resembles the graphic design of a videogame. Graphic
balls are animated to give musical instructions to the performers.
Musical instructions include when to trigger a sound and at
which dynamics, pitch and duration. The instructions given
when to trigger a sound are very accurate, while the instructions
for dynamics, pitch and duration are approximate within a
limited frame. The graphic interface was more inspired by
intuitive music video games such as Sing star [17] or Guitar
hero [5] than traditional or extended/experimental music
notation systems; mainly because of the fact that the target group
of non-professional performers, which may include
schoolchildren and a cross-section of the population, are
generally more familiar with videogames than musical notated
scores and as Rui Rolo puts it: [… fun games increase
learners’ motivation and foster collaboration, crucial issues in Figure 2. Close-up of one individual part of the Max
Maestro for human voice

15
 expression. Primarily, extended techniques for the human voice
were used for the composition rather than something we could
call normal singing. For example, the crowd were instructed
to: – sing approximate pitches, – speak in various amplitudes
(including whispering), – make noise sounds (hiss on “s”, “sch”
“f”), – use of isolated syllables/phonemes, – scream, make vocal
glissandi and so on. An attempt was made to use the human voice
as a musical instrument making isolated sounds rather than
communicating a text with a melody of different pitches.
Electronically pre-processed sounds of voices were mixed with
the crowd in the live performance. The artistic idea was to
combine these two opposite musical elements: – the human
voices as the natural acoustic sound source and – the electronic
Figure 3. Screenshot of the Max Maestro for human voice in voices as the processed electronic sound source into a new
eight individual parts. musical body. The composition had a total duration of forty-five
minutes and was organised in eight movements, where four of
them were conducted by the animated notation of the Max
Maestro. The premiere of Everybody Scream!!! was performed
4.2.2 The Max Maestro for single percussive sounds
by a crowd of approximately two hundred residents of Umeå,
The fundamental behaviours of the second version of the graphic
mainly children/ young people between the ages of eleven and
interface meant for single percussive sounds are practically the
fourteen. The crowd was divided into eight parts, which were
same as in the version for the human voice. The differences relate
given individual performance instructions from the animated
to the number of individual parts and the available modulation
notation. Two rehearsal sessions with a total length of
instructions for the two versions. In this version, the approximate
approximately three hours had been held with the crowd, which
pitch and duration control of the sounds are not included, but as
during rehearsal was divided into separate groups. The whole
a consequence the available space of the graphic interface
crowd was first gathered together for the grand rehearsal only
enables more individual parts. The parts are divided between the
two hours before the premiere performance. The visual output
numbers from one to eight and then further divided within the
of the Max Maestro was projected onto the upper left- and right-
eight coloured rectangles into a, b and c, making a total of
hand sides of the balcony of the stage in the concert hall. One
twenty-four individual parts. The performer/s within a part only
output was also shown on a computer screen not visible to the
triggers their percussive sound when a ball reaches the right-
audience.
hand wall in parallel to their defined letter in their defined
numbered coloured rectangle. As in the version described
previously the dynamic of each percussive stroke is determined 5.1.2 Reflections
by the size of the ball. The audio recording of the concert hall performance showed that
the crowd conducted by the Max Maestro was able to perform
polytempic textures in various densities, static and moving
approximate pitch cluster textures, noise textures and rhythmical
accents. As a composer, I would like to highlight the polytempic
textures in various densities and dynamics in movement four,
where the crowd made sounds on isolated syllables and
consonants. Another section of special interest to me was found
in movement one, which ends with a dynamic climax and a
canon where the crowd performs glissandi figures from low pitch
to high pitch in sync with the electronic music part. Furthermore,
movement six contained static and moving approximate pitch
cluster textures with the performers humming on “mmm”, which
I found interesting as musical textures. However, one reflection
was that in rehearsal the performers had an instinct to connect
Figure 4. Screenshot of the Max Maestro for percussive the instructions of pitch to dynamics, conducted by the Max
sounds in twenty-four individual parts. Maestro. If the pitch was conducted to be a glissando from low
pitch to high pitch, the natural instinct was also to follow with
performing from low to high amplitude even if the dynamics
5. EXAMPLES FROM TWO CONCERT were conducted to be the same during the same particular
HALL PERFORMANCES glissando figure (the size of the ball was the same). Although
after making the performers aware of this natural instinct during
the rehearsal and being able to rehearse these figures, the
5.1 Voices of Umeå III: Everybody sounding result became better. Another reflection I made during
Scream!!! the rehearsal and the concert hall performance was that the
crowd was really focused and had no issue with creating
expressive sounds using their voices. A thing that I learned
5.1.1 Artistic Intentions during the Voices of Umeå project was that people could really
In Voices of Umeå III: Everybody Scream!!! the idea was to feel inhibited by using their voices to the extreme, but the
compose musical textures as described in an earlier section, animated notation of the Max Maestro seemed to overcome this
consisting of layers of individual “simple-to-perform” sounds barrier. Furthermore, the huge number of performers within the
performed by a crowd of non-professional performers. The crowd both added effect to some material such as the static and
individual sounds were supposed to have a raw and naïve moving pitch cluster textures and the high density polyrhythmic

16
textures, while other material as the rhythmic accents were isolated rhythmic accents. The composition continued with low-
harder to get distinct and precise. Especially rhythmical material density textures at soft dynamics performed by the audience
to be executed in sync with the electronic music part was shown together with the electronic music part. The individual hits of the
to be difficult to perform as intended. However, considering the twenty-four-part audience were spatially spread in the physical
forty-five-minute duration of the performance, a very short room of the concert hall. Moreover, the handclap textures were
rehearsal time was needed for the non-professionals to perform further varied at different densities and dynamics performed by
their musical material when conducted by the Max Maestro. various groups in the audience. Quiet spontaneous laughter could
be heard in the audio recording at some spots and my experience
from the concert hall was also that the audience seemed engaged
and thrilled to be part of the performance. As in the performance
of Voices of Umeå, my experience from the concert hall was that
the animated notation of the Max Maestro seemed to get the
audience to focus on the performance. In the middle of the
performance, a polytempic texture appeared. The audience
performed eight different pulses at various tempos
simultaneously with the polytempic texture of the electronic
music part. The more pulses that appeared simultaneously in the
music, the more indistinct the hits came together as a result.
However, this is not surprising since it is quite hard to perform
hits at a regular pulse, within a texture where various tempos are
performed simultaneously. My experience from the concert hall
Figure 5. Concert Hall Performance of Voices of Umeå III: was that the audience was confused by the different tempos, and
Everybody Scream!!! my reflection was that they were not used to the artistic approach.
Furthermore, the polytempic section in the composition was
finally dissolved into a rhythmical beat in one common tempo.
5.2 Put Your Hands Together The audience was enhancing the beat by clapping rhythmical
accents mainly at the first bars of the beat. However, as in the
performance of Everybody Scream!!!, it seemed hard to follow
5.2.1 Artistic Intentions the fixed straight beat of the electronic music part. The hits of
In Put your hands together the ambition was to explore the the audience were not performed totally in sync with the
artistic possibilities of using the sounds of handclaps as the only electronic music part, but the result was still acceptable. Finally,
sound source for the composition. The electronic music part the composition reaches its climax with a high-density texture at
consisted of recorded and electronically pre-processed sounds of loud dynamics performed by the audience divided into twenty-
various handclaps, which was presented in two channels to be four individual parts together with the electronic music part. The
mixed with the live sounds of the handclaps from the concert hall performance ends with a final hit of the audience followed by a
audience. Furthermore, the concert hall audience was divided short diminuendo handclap texture sound of the electronic music
into twenty-four individual parts so as to facilitate various part.
densities of polyrhythmic and polytempic textures conducted
by the Max Maestro. Spatialisation of sound was also a
parameter for the composition, having the sounds of handclaps
from the twenty-four parts of the audience moving in the
physical space of the concert hall. The animated music notation
of the Max Maestro was projected onto the back of the stage
visible to the audience, showing each individual part when to
trigger a handclap and at what dynamics. The premiere of Put
your hands together took place in the spring of 2016. The
composition had a total duration of six minutes. The concert hall
audience was approximately two hundred people with a diverse
background in terms of gender, age and most likely musical
skills. Before the concert, I gave a five-minute introduction with Figure 6. Concert Hall Performance of Put Your Hands
instructions on how to interpret the animated music notation Together
of the Max Maestro.

5.2.2 Reflections 6. CONCLUSION

The performance started with single rhythmical accents This paper has presented the content and the artistic ideas of the
performed at loud dynamics by various groups in the audience. Max Maestro and reported from two live concert hall
The accents set the start and end points of some granular texture performances at which the Max Maestro was used. The aim of
patterns of the electronic music part. As in the performance of this study has been to contribute new knowledge to the field of
Everybody Scream!!!, the rhythmical accents conducted by the animated music notation, more specifically, presenting a
Max Maestro were hard to perform totally in sync. The audio multiple part animated notation system developed to conduct a
recording showed that the handclap hits conducted by the large crowd of non-professional performers. The findings from
animated notation were performed within an approximate this study have shown that the animated notation system of the
Max Maestro could conduct musical material as polytempic/
timeframe of 200 milliseconds and probably less. However, the
large number of performers not performing the hits in total sync polyrhythmical textures, static and moving pitch cluster textures,
actually made the artistic output quite fascinating in the context: noise textures and rhythmic accents in sync with an electronic
long sounding percussive handclap hits, at least when it came to music part. Indeed, the Max Maestro would not be able to
conduct the non-professionals to perform every single sound as

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accurately as a professional musician interpreting a detailed [11] A. Lind. Large-scale music compositions and novel
score. Still, the approximate notation of the Max Maestro gives technology innovations – Summarizing the process of
instructions to make sounds within a limited frame, which in this Voices of Umeå, an artistic research project. HumaNetten,
study has been shown to facilitate in my opinion interesting (37), 2016, 107–139.
artistic outputs. The study has also shown that some [12] A. Lind and D. Nylén. Mapping everyday objects to digital
improvements need to be made to the Max Maestro regarding materiality in the wheel quintet: polytempic music and
animated instructions for rhythmical material to be performed to participatory art. In proceedings for Nime 2016 in Brisbane,
a common beat. To resolve this issue future experiments will be Australia.
made with the animated notation to also display a pulsating [13] Max/msp/jitter. <https://cycling74.com/products/max/>
tempo of the beat by, for instance, adding a bouncing feature to [14] S. Mckenna. Animated graphic notation – paper at
the ball or blinking feature to the whole screen of the Max ISEA2011 Istanbul (International Symposium on
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engage and have the performers focus in both of the concert hall [15] S. Mckenna and K. Redmond. Dabbledoomusic – animated
performances highlighted here. The use of game-like elements notation application for children. 2012
with performance instructions more resembling a videogame <http://www.dabbledoomusic.com>
than a traditional score most likely contributed to the high-level [16] R. Rolo. Singstar - applying to music education. In t.
of engagement [22]. Since the ability of the performers to focus Bastiaens & m. Ebner (eds.), proceedings of edmedia:
is crucial to an artistic result introducing gamification as an world conference on educational media and technology
element of the animated notation was here seen as a strategic 2011 (pp. 3192–3201). Association for the advancement of
decision. Still, the aim of the Max Maestro is not to replace the computing in education (aace).
traditional notation system and the professional performers, but [17] Sing Star. (2004), <https://singstar.com>
to enable new and unique expressions with non-professional [18] R.R. Smith. An atomic approach to animated music
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Maestro was shown to be very intuitive to follow and to facilitate Notation and Representation. 2015.
the performances with a short rehearsal time, it is possible to [19] R.R. Smith. A practical and theoretical framework for
include it in large audience participation settings. However, I understanding contemporary animated scoring practices
encourage new research within the domain of animated music (Doctoral dissertation, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute).
notation in order to further explore possibilities for new artistic 2016.
expressions when including a large crowd of non-professional [20] R.R. Smith. < http://animatednotation.com>
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7. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS computing systems, 3003–06
I would like to thank all the people who participated in the [22] G. Wang. Game design for expressive mobile music.
performances mentioned in this paper: Voices of Umeå III: Everybody In New Interfaces for Musical Expression. 2016.
Scream!!! And Put Your Hands Together. [23] N. Weitzner, J. Freeman, S. Garrett & Y.L. Chen.
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[3] M. Chénard. The millenium symphony: a work for the 9. Appendix
beginning of time; part i: the musical challenge. La scena Relevant video documentation from the concert hall performances and
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[4] J. Greschak. Articles on Polytempo. 2001.
<https://archive.li/E7Rf9> Voices of Umeå III: Everybody Scream!!! (movement 4-8).
[5] Guitar hero. (2005). <https://www.guitarhero.com> Concert hall performance.
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Artistic research: theories, methods and practices. Academy
of Fine Arts, Helsinki, Finland and University of Put Your Hands Together. Concert hall performance.
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[7] J. Hasse. Moths – for a few hundred whistlers. (1986)
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[8] C. Hope, L. Vickery, A. Wyatt, & S. James. The Decibel movement 1-3). Concert hall performance.
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notation and representation (TENOR 2015). IRCAM, Paris. The Max Maestro (for human voice)
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