Dr NGP INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Kalapatti, Coimbatore

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Laboratory Manual
ME 6511 – Dynamics Laboratory

Prepared by Reviewed by
A.JAGANATHAN, AP/MECH DR.K.RAVI KUMAR,PROF/MECH
D.VASANTH KUMAR, AP/MECH Academic Coordinator
M.NALLUSAMY, AP/MECH

APPROVED BY

HoD/MECHANICAL PRINCIPAL
 Dr NGP INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Kalapatti, Coimbatore

Department of Mechanical Engineering

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 INDEX

ME6511 – Dynamics Laboratory

Ex. Page
Date Title of Experiment Remarks
No. No.

1 Study of Gear Parameters

Experimental study of velocity ratio of a simple and

2
compound gear train

3 Kinematics of a slider crank mechanism

Motorized gyroscope – Study of gyroscopic effect and

4
couple

5 Cam Analysis

6 Balancing of rotating and reciprocating masses

7 Whirling of shafts

8 Single degree of freedom spring mass system

Transverse vibration of Free-Free beam –

9
Determination of natural frequency by dunkerley’s rule
Torsional vibrations – Determination of natural
10
frequency of a single rotor system
Watt Governor - Determination of range sensitivity,
11
effort

12 Determination of Moment of Inertia

 SUMMARY OF EXPERIMENTS

Marks Initial
Expt.
Date Name of Experiment P* R* V* Total of
No.
(25) (15) (10) (50) Faculty

1 Study of Gear Parameters

Experimental study of velocity

2 ratio of a simple and compound
gear train
Kinematics of a slider crank
3
mechanism
Motorized gyroscope – Study of
4
gyroscopic effect and couple

5 Cam Analysis

Balancing of rotating and

6
reciprocating masses

7 Whirling of shafts

Single degree of freedom spring

8
mass system
Transverse vibration of Free-Free
9 beam – Determination of natural
frequency by dunkerley’s rule
Torsional vibrations –
10 Determination of natural
frequency of a single rotor system
Watt Governor - Determination of
11
range sensitivity, effort
Determination of Moment of
12
Inertia

* P-Practical Assessment, R-Record Assessment, V-Viva voce

 Ex. No. : 01
Study of Gear Parameters
Date :

Aim:
The aim of this experiment is to get familiarize with the parameters of spur gear.
Gear Parameters:
Circular Pitch
The distance from a point on one gear tooth to the corresponding point on the next gear
tooth, measured along the pitch circle.
Circular Thickness
The thickness of a gear tooth, measured on the pitch circle.
Face
The surface of a gear tooth located between the pitch circle and the addendum circle.
Face width
The length of the teeth in the axial direction.
Flank
The surface of a gear tooth located between the pitch circle and the dedendum circle.
Top Land
The top part of a gear tooth, which extends above the pitch circle.
Bottom Land
The bottom part of the gear tooth, which extends below the pitch circle.
Pitch Circle
An imaginary circle on a gear that divides the gear teeth into top lands and bottom lands,
and into addendum and dedendum. The pitch circles of two gears in correct mesh contact
each other at the pitch point.
Base Circle
The circle on which the involute profile of the teeth is generated.
Addendum Circle
An imaginary circle that passes through the addendums of the gear teeth.
Addendum
The distance between the top land of the gear tooth and the pitch circle.
Dedendum
The distance between the bottom land of the gear tooth and the pitch circle.
Pressure Angle
The angle made by the sides of a gear tooth as they incline toward the top of the gear.
Module
Ratio of the pitch diameter to the number of teeth. Ordinarily, module is understood to
mean ration of pitch diameter in millimetres to the number of teeth.
Result
Various gear parameters are studied.
 Simple Gear Train

Compound Gear Train

 Ex. No. : 02 Experimental study of velocity ratio of a simple and
Date : compound gear train

Aim
To find the velocity ratio of the simple and compound gear train under observation.
Apparatus Required
1. Simple gear train
2. Compound gear train
3. Marker / Chalk
Theory
Two or more gears are made to mesh with each other to transmit power from one
shaft to another. Such a combination is called gear train. When there is only one gear on
each shaft, as shown in Fig. it is known as simple gear train.
The gear which rotates and transmits motion to other is called as driver and the
other gear is called the driven or follower.
Velocity ratio( 𝑖 ) :
The speed ratio (or velocity ratio) of gear train is the ratio of the speed of the driver
to the speed of the driven or follower and ratio of speeds of any pair of gears in mesh is
the inverse of their number of teeth.
Formula
For a simple gear train
N1 = Revolutions/Speed of driver in r.p.m.,
N2 = Revolutions/Speed of driven or follower in r.p.m.,
T1 = Number of teeth on driver,
T2 = Number of teeth on driven or follower.
�1 𝑇2
��� = =
�2 𝑇1
For a compound gear train
N1, N2, N3, N4 = Revolution/Speed of the gears respectively in r.p.m.,
T1, T2, T3, T4= Number of teeth on respective gears
Gears 1 and 2 are in contact hence the speed ratio will be
�1 𝑇2
= … … … … (��)
�2 𝑇1
Also
Gears 3 and 4 are in contact hence the speed ratio will be
�3 𝑇4
= … … … … (𝑖��)
�4 𝑇3
The speed ratio of the compound gear train obtained by multiplying eq. (��) and
(𝑖��)
�1 �3 𝑇2 𝑇4
��� = × = ×
�2 � 4 𝑇1 𝑇3
Observation
For Simple Gear Train
Sl. No. Parameters Value obtained �
Velocity ratio (��
T1 )
1
T2
N1
2
N2

For Compound Gear Train

Sl. No. Parameters Value obtained �
Velocity ratio (��
T1 )
T2
1
T3
T4
N1
N2
2
N3
N4

Calculation
 The speed of gear 2 and 3 will be same as it is in same shaft, hence
�2 = � 3
�1 𝑇2 𝑇4
��� = = ×
�4 𝑇1 𝑇3
Procedure
1. Count the number of teeth in every gears in the given gear train and tabulate it
2. Using the formulae calculate the speed ratio
3. Mark the point where the gears mesh with marker / chalk in the given gear train
4. Now rotate the driver gear to make one revolution, and note the revolution
made by the driven gear and record it.
5. Using the formulae calculate the speed ratio and verify the values.

Result
The velocity ratio of the given simple and compound gear train are calculated.
The velocity ratio (� � �) of simple gear train is =
The velocity ratio (� � �) of the compound gear train is =
 Slider Crank Mechanism
Observation
Acceleration
Velocity of
Velocity of Acceleration of
connecting
Displacement slider, of slider, connecting
Crank rod,
(mm) � � � � rod,
Sl. rotation �� �
(m/s2) �� �
No. 𝜃 �
(◦) �
(m/s) �
(rad/s)
(rad/s2)
����� ���ℎ𝑒 �ℎ� ��� �ℎ� ��� �ℎ� ��� �ℎ� ���

1
��
2
3
4
5

Calculation
 Ex. No. : 03
Kinematics of a slider crank mechanism
Date :

Aim
To study the kinematics of a slider crank mechanism also to determine and plot
1. The velocity and acceleration of the piston
2. The angular velocity and acceleration of piston
3. Crank angle vs. displacement of Slider
4. Crank angle vs. Velocity of Slider
5. Crank angle vs. acceleration of Slider
Apparatus Required
1. A working model of slider crank mechanism
Assumptions made
The crank rotates uniformly at 200 rpm clockwise.
Theory
One of the mechanism wide used in machine design is the slider-crank mechanism. It is
mainly used to convert rotary motion to a reciprocating motion or vice versa. The crank
and slider is connected by a coupler link called connecting rod. The stroke length of the
slider is twice that of the crank radius.
Formula
r = crank radius
l = length of connecting rod
θ = angle made by the crank with I.D.C
∅ = inclination of connecting rod
�
N = , which is known as obliquity ratio
�
𝑥 = displacement of slider
��� = velocity of slider
�� = acceleration of slider
���� = angular velocity of connecting rod
𝛼�� = angular acceleration of connecting rod
Displacement of slider
�𝑖�2 𝜃
𝑥 = �[(1 − ���
2�

��) +

Velocity and Acceleration of slider

Velocity of slider
�𝑖�2𝜃
��� = 𝜔�(�
𝑖�𝜃 )
2�
+
Acceleration of slider
 �
�� = ��2 �(���𝜃 +
�

𝜃
)
�
Crank angle vs. displacement of slider (Scale: )
the
exp
Displacement of slider

Crank angle

Crank angle vs. velocity of slider (Scale: )

the
gra
Velocity of slider

Crank angle

Crank angle vs. acceleration of slider (Scale: )

the
gra
Acceleration of slider

Crank angle
Angular velocity and Angular acceleration of connecting rod
𝜔�
��

𝜃
���� = … … … … . . (1)
(�2 − � 𝑖� 2 ��)1/2

−� �2�
1)��(�
−𝑖�
2

𝛼�� = … … … … . . (2)
(�2 − � 𝑖� 2 ��)3/2

Angular velocity of connecting rod

Since � 𝑖� 2 ��is small compared to� 2 , it can be neglected. Hence eq

(1)
becomes
𝜔�
��
���� =
𝜃
�
Angular acceleration of connecting rod
And eq (2) becomes
−��2 � 𝑖���(�2 −
𝛼�� =
1)
�3

Also unity is small compared to �2

, it can be neglected

�
−� 2
�
𝑖�
𝛼�� =
Procedure 𝜃
�

1. Bring the slider to the IDC position.

2. Make the slider to rotate at an angle of ��, and measure the displacement of
slider.
3. Vary the value of 𝜃 and measure the corresponding displacement of slider
made.
4. Use the theoretical formula and calculate the displacement of sider.
5. Calculate the required data using the formula.
6. Plot the graph between crank angle and displacement of slider.
7. Plot the graph between crank angle and velocity of slider.
8. Plot the graph between crank angle and acceleration of slider.
9. Graphical Method
Klien`s Construction – Velocity and acceleration diagram (Scale: )
 a. Draw OM perpendicular to OP; such that it intersects the line PC produced at M.
b. The triangle OCM is known as Klien’s velocity diagram. In this triangle OCM,
c. OM may be regarded as a line perpendicular to PO,
d. CM may be regarded as a line parallel to PC, and
e. CO may be regarded as a line parallel to CO.
f. The velocity diagram for given configuration is a triangle ocp
g. Draw a circle with C as centre and CM as radius.
h. Draw another circle with PC as diameter. Let this circle intersect the previous circle
at K and L.
i. Join KL and produce it to intersect PO at N. Let KL intersect PC at Q. This forms the
quadrilateral CQNO, which is known as Klien’s acceleration diagram.

Result
The kinematics of a slider crank mechanism is studied and the following are
determined and plotted.
1. The velocity and acceleration of the piston
2. The angular velocity and acceleration of piston
3. Crank angle vs. displacement of slider
4. Crank angle vs. velocity of slider
5. Crank angle vs. acceleration of slider
 Ex. No. : 04 Motorized gyroscope – Study of gyroscopic effect and
Date : couple

Aim
To determine the gyroscopic couple by experimentally and theoretically.
Apparatus required
1. Motorised Gyroscope
2. Measuring tape
3. Stop watch
4. Tachometer
5. Masses
Theory
Schematic arrangement of Gyroscope is as shown in the Figure. The motor is
coupled to the disc rotor, which is balanced. The disc shaft rotates about ‘X-X’ axis in two-
ball bearing housed in the frame No.1. This frame can swing about ‘Y-Y’ axis in bearings
provided in the yoke type frame No.2. While in a steady position, Frame No.1 is balanced.
The yoke frame is free to rotate about vertical axis ‘Z-Z’. Thus freedom of rotation about
three perpendicular axis is given to the rotor.
Axis of spin
The circular disc is revolving about an axis which is known as axis of spin. (In Fig. OX
is the axis of spin).
Precession
Precession is the rotation about the third axis OZ which is perpendicular to both the
axis of spin ‘OX’ and that of couple ‘OY’.
Axis of precession
The third axis OZ is perpendicular to both the axis of spin ‘OX’ and that of couple
‘OY’ is known as axis of precession.
Gyroscope
It is a body, which, while spinning about an axis, is free to rotate in either directions
under the action of external forces.
Examples: Locomotive, automobile and aero-plane making a turn. In certain cases
the gyroscopic forces are undesirable whereas in other cases the gyroscopic effect may be
utilized in developing desirable forces.
Gyroscopic effect
To a body, revolving (or spinning) about an axis say ‘OX’ (Refer fig.1), if a couple
represented by a vector OY perpendicular to ‘OX’ is applied, the body tries to precess about
an axis ‘OZ’ which is perpendicular both to ‘OX’ and ‘OY’. Thus the plane of spin, plane of
precession and plane of gyroscopic couple are mutually perpendicular.

The above combined effect is known as precession or gyroscopic effect.

Observations
Speed Mass Angle of
Sl. Time dθ ω ωp Tex Tth
N added rotation
No. [s] [rad s-1] [rad s-1] [kg m] [kg m]
[rpm] W p [kg] dt [°]
1

Calculation
Formula
Mass of rotor [W] - 5.3 kg
Rotor diameter [D] - .285 m
Rotor Thickness - 0.01 m
Distance between weighing pan and rotor disc - 0.09 m

For Experimental value

N - Speed of disc [rpm]
I - Moment of Inertia of Disc [kg m s2]
Tact - Actual gyroscopic couple [kg m]
ω - Angular velocity of disc [rad s-1]
ωp - Angular velocity of precession yoke about vertical axis [rad s-1]

𝑇��� = 𝐼 ω ω�
W D2
𝐼=
g8
2πN
ω=
60
dθ π
ω� =
dt 180
For Theoretical value
L - Distance between weighing pan and rotor disc [m]
Wp - Mass added on the pan [kg]
Tth - Theoretical gyroscopic couple [kg m]

𝑇�ℎ = W� �
Procedure
1. Start the motor by slowly and wait till the disc attains a constant speed
2. Measure the speed using a tachometer
3. Add mass (say.5 kg or 1 kg) on the pan and start the stop watch to note the time (dt)
required for precession (dθ)
4. Take the reading for different load and speed.
5. Calculate the gyroscopic couple.
Result
The gyroscopic couple is determined by experimental and theoretical method and
the values are verified.
 Type of the cam and follower

Angular position Displacement [n]

[θ] ° mm
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
360
 Ex. No. : 05
Cam Analysis
Date :

Aim
The aim of this experiment is to analyse the given cam and follower and to obtain
the following,
1. Motion curve
2. Cam profile
3. Jump speed
4. Effect of follower weight and spring force on jump speed
Apparatus required
1. Cam analysis machine
2. Dial Gauge
3. Cam and follower
4. Non-contact type tachometer
5. Weights
Theory
A cam is a rotating machine element which gives reciprocating or oscillating motion
to another element known as follower. The cam and the follower have a line contact and
constitute a higher pair.
A cam analysis machine is sown in figure.
Cam Jump
Due to inertia of the follower beyond a particular speed during a part of cam
rotation the follower may lose contact with the cam. This phenomenon is known as cam
jump.
Jump speed
The speed at which the jump phenomena occurs is called the jump speed.
Formula
Base circle diameter = m
F - Spring Force [N or kg m s-2]
k - Spring stiffness 3.5 x 102 [Kg/m]
L - Free length of spring [m]
l - Compressed length of spring [m]

g - Acceleration due to gravity [m s-2 ]

F = k (L – l) x g
Procedure
To draw the motion curve and profile of cam
1. Select any one pair of cam and follower.
2. Fix the follower to the Push rod and the fix Cam to the cam shaft.
Motion curve of cam (Scale: )
Displacement

Angular position

Cam profile (Scale: )

 3. Keep the cam at the lower most position. ( Nose of the cam in downward position )
And now tighten the follower in such a way that the follower and cam are in just
contact.
4. Fix the Dial Gauge to the Stand and rotate the base plate, in order to touch the
displacement rod of gauge. See that the gauge is showing zero position.
5. Also, note while fixing the cam position the angular scale pointer is at zero and even
the dial gauge pointer at zero position. ( Rotate the outer ring of gauge to make the
pointer at zero position )
6. Now, gradually go on rotating the cam shaft by hand through 30 0 or 450, and note
down the dial gauge reading at this position. Likewise readings are to be taken upto
3600. Note down the observations in Table.
7. Draw the motion taking  in x- axis and displacement value in y-axis to get the
motion curve of cam.
8. To draw the cam profile
a. Draw the base circle
b. Divide the circle corresponding to the readings obtained for drawing cam
motion.
c. And draw lines from the centre of base circle w.r.t  values used for motion
curve.
d. Mark the displacement values from the base circle on corresponding 
values.
e. Join the points smoothly to obtain the cam profile
To determine the jump speed of the cam
1. The speed of cam rotation is gradually increased
2. At the time of jump to occur the follower is seen to lose contact with Cam.
3. When jump occurs, the follower starts pounding on the cam surface giving a
good thumping sound.
4. The speed at which the jump occurs is called as jump speed.
To determine the effect of follower weight on jump speed
1. Keep the initial spring compression at a certain position and observe jump speed
for given cam and follower.
2. Then add weights to the follower and find the jump speed.
3. Continue this for various weights and obtain the jump speeds.
4. Then plot a graph between follower weights vs. jump speed.
To determine the effect of spring compression on jump speed
1. Measure the initial free spring length before starting the experiment and
observe the jump speed for zero spring force.
2. Then compress the spring by rotating the spring seat and lock the lock nut firmly
to spring seat. Measure the compressed spring length and continue the
experiment.
3. Find the jump speed.
Effect of follower weight on jump speed

Sl. Weights Added Jump speed

No. kg rpm
1 0
2
3
4
Follower Weight

Jump Speed
Effect of spring compression on jump speed
Initial length of Compressed
Sl. Spring Force [F] Jump speed in
spring [L] length of spring [l]
No. N or kg m s-1 rpm
m m
1
2
3
4
Spring force

Jump Speed
 4. Similarly go on increasing the spring force, and observe the jump speed and fill
the readings in observation table.
5. Plot graph between spring force vs. jump speed.

Result
The jump speed the given cam is: rpm
The effect of follower weight on jump speed is obtained from the plot between
follower weights vs. jump speed.
Conclusion from plot

The effect of spring compression on jump speed is obtained from the plot between
spring force vs. jump speed.
Conclusion from plot
 Balancing of rotating masses set-up

Balancing of reciprocating masses set-up

 Ex. No. : 06
Balancing of rotating and reciprocating masses
Date :

Aim
The aim of the experiment is to understand the concept of balancing and,
1. Balance a shaft with masses
2. Balance reciprocating mass in 4 cylinder engine
Theory
Balancing of rotating masses
Whenever a certain mass is attached to a rotating shaft, it exerts some centrifugal
force, whose effect is to bend the shaft and to produce vibrations in it. In order to prevent
the effect of centrifugal force, another mass is attached to the opposite side of the shaft,
at such a position so as to balance the effect of the centrifugal force of the first mass. This
is done in such a way that the centrifugal force of both the masses are made to be equal
and opposite. The process of providing the second mass in order to counteract the effect
of the centrifugal force of the first mass, is called balancing of rotating masses.
Balancing of reciprocating masses
The high speed of engines and other machines is a common phenomenon now-a-
days. It is, therefore, very essential that all the rotating and reciprocating parts should be
completely balanced as far as possible. If these parts are not properly balanced, the
dynamic forces are set up. These forces not only increase the loads on bearings and
stresses in the various members, but also produce unpleasant and even dangerous
vibrations. The resultant of all the forces acting on the body of the engine due to inertia
forces is known as unbalanced force or shaking force. If the resultant of all the forces due
to inertia effects is zero, then there will be no unbalanced force, but even then an
unbalanced couple or shaking couple will be present. Balancing the inertia forces and
unbalance couple is known as balancing of reciprocating masses.
Calculation / Observation
Mass – M Distance – d Couple – C Angle – θ
Mass No
[kg] [m] [kg m] [°]
5 M5= C 5=
1 M1= C 1=
4 M4= C 4=
2 M2= C 2=
 Balancing of Rotating Masses
Apparatus required
1. A dynamic balancing apparatus
2. Required masses
3. Steel rule / Measuring tape
Balancing machine set-up
The following diagram shows the position of masses in shaft. The mass value for
each slots in given in table below.

Mass Number Mass [g]

1 187
2 182
3 179
4 170
5 161
Formula
C – Couple [kg m]
M – Mass [kg]
d – Distance [m]
𝐶 = �× �
Procedure
1. Select the masses as per the given data.
2. Position the “M5” at 0° as the reference.
3. Now draw the couple polygon
a. Draw horizontal line with dimension equal to mass no“C 1”
b. Take the dimension equal to “C4” in compass and draw an arc
c. Take the dimension equal to “C2” and draw an arc from another end
d. Connect horizontal line with intersection point to form a triangle
e. Measure the external angle as shown in figure

Couple Polygon
Couple Polygon (Scale: )

Force Polygon (Scale: )

4. Now draw force polygon,
a. Draw a horizontal line of dimension M1
b. Draw a parallel line to C4 of dimension M4
c. Draw a parallel line to C2 of dimension M2
d. Join the line to form a polygon as shown in figure
e. Measure the angles
5. As per the angles obtained from force and couple polygons fix the masses
accordingly in the shaft with reference to “M5”.
6. Observe the vibrations on the frame by rotating the shaft using the motor.

Force polygon
Calculation / Observations

Distance
Reci. Weight Crank
Force from Couple
Cly. No. ‘w’ Radius ‘R’
[kg m] cylinder ‘L’ [kg m2]
[kg] [m]
[m]
1
2
3
4
 Balancing of reciprocating masses
Apparatus require
1. Reciprocating mass set-up
2. Masses
3. Speed regulator
Experimental Set-up
4 cylinder in-line engine model
Weight of Reciprocating Parts = 0.985 kg
Connecting Rod Length - 300 mm
Crank Radius - 100 mm
Stroke Length - 200 mm
Formula
F – Force [kg m]
C – Couple [kg m2]
R – Crank radius [m]
W – Mass [kg]
L – Distance [m]
𝐶 = 𝑊 × �× 𝑅
�= 𝑊 × 𝑅
Procedure
1. Select any three cylinders and fit known weights.
2. Take any one cylinder as a reference and measure the distances from that
cylinder. (Say Cyl. No.1 is as reference and then from Cyl.1 measure the distance
of Cyl.2, 3 & 4 accordingly)
3. Now, after finding the W, R, L values, fill the observation table and draw the
Couple Polygon by considering any one cylinder in horizontal position out of
three cylinders (i.e. 2, 3 & 4th Cyl).
4. From the couple polygon find out the crank angle of Cyl. 2, 3 & 4.
5. Draw Force (W x R) Polygon by knowing the angles of cylinders 2, 3 & 4. From
this force polygon you will get the crank angle of Cyl.1.
6. Plot the space diagram for angular positions of cylinders 1, 2, 3 & 4.
7. As per these crank angles fix the crankpin positions and lock it firmly with the
locknut. Use the setting gauge to support the central disc while locking it. After
locking of crankpin is over remove the setting gauge, before starting the
experiment.
8. Ensure that the pistons are freely reciprocating in the cylinders by rotating the
crankshaft manually. There should not be any tightness of piston in the cylinder,
it should reciprocate freely in cylinder without any effort.
9. Now, gradually increase the speed with the help of speed controller up to you
observe minimum vibrations of the frame No.1. This condition is dynamic
balancing of reciprocating Masses.
Couple polygon (Scale: )

Force polygon (Scale: )

Space diagram (Scale: )

Result
Need for balancing and effects of unbalance is studied experimentally.
The given system of rotating mass is dynamically balanced and operated
successfully.
The given system of reciprocating masses is dynamically balanced and operated
successfully.
 Ex. No. : 07
Whirling of shafts
Date :

Aim
The aim of the experiments are,
1. To study the phenomenon of whirling of shafts and to understand the critical
speed of shafts.
2. To determine the critical speed of the given shaft.
Apparatus required
1. Whirling of shaft apparatus
2. Speed regulator
3. Tachometer
Theory
When a shaft with unbalance rotates the resulting centrifugal force makes the shaft
to vibrate. When the shaft rotates at speed numerically equivalent to natural frequency
the vibrations becomes high and shows up as whirling of shaft.
Critical speed
The speed at which the whirling shows up is the critical speed. In other words the
speeds numerically equal to the multiples of natural frequency is called critical speed. It is
exhibited by different mode shapes as in the figure below. Critical speeds should be
avoided in machines to prevent the machines from damages.
Mode
A mode of an oscillating system is a pattern of motion in which all parts of the system
move sinusoidal with the same frequency and with a fixed phase relation.
Node
Node is the point in which the displacement is zero.

Shaft

1st Mode
0 Node

2nd Mode
1 Node

3rd Mode
2 Node
Calculation / Observation
1st Mode – Nc 2nd Mode – Nc
Trial End Condition
(rpm) (rpm)
Theoretical Fixed – Free
Experimental Fixed – Free
Formula
�� – Critical speed (rpm)
� – Frequency (Hz)
D – Diameter of the shaft (m)
L – Length of the shaft (m)
E – Young’s Modulus (N/m2)
I – 2nd moment of inertia of the shaft (m4)
W – Weight of the shaft per unit length (N/m)
g – Acceleration due to gravity in (m/s2)
k1, k2.. – Constant “k” for first mode, second modes respectively

�𝐼 �
�= �√
𝑊� 4

�� = 60 �
-3
D = 4 x10 m
L = 1.0 m
E = 2.060 x 1010 N/m2
I = 3.068 x 10-10 m4
W = 0.15 Kg/m = 1.47 N/m
g = 9.81 m/s2
k1 = 2.45
k2 = 9.80
Procedure
1. The desired shaft are fixed between the bearings and the holder is locked (the
diameter of the shaft used for the experiment can be changed as per the
requirements).
2. Electric supply is given to the motor and speed is increased manually. The speed
of the rotating shaft can be measured by using a tachometer.
3. As the speed increases and reaches critical speed, the shaft starts whirling and
nodes are formed.
4. The speed at which first and second node is formed is measured and tabulated.
5. The above procedure is repeated for various diameters between supports. The
readings are then tabulated.

Result
The whirling of shafts phenomenon is studied. The theoretical and experimental value of
critical speed for the given shaft is obtained.

Theoretical critical speed (Nc) =

Experimental critical speed (Nc) =

Observation / Calculations
Calculation of spring stiffness and verification of hooks law
𝑊
Mass added – Deflection of �� = F= × ��
Trial No. 
W [kg] spring -  [m]  [kg]
[kg/m]
1
2
3
4
5
Mean �
�
 Ex. No. : 08
Single degree of freedom spring mass system
Date :

Aim
The aim of the experiment on a spring mass system with single degree of freedom
is to,
1. To find the stiffness of spring
2. To find the natural frequency of spring mass system
3. To verify the laws of spring
Apparatus required
1. Helical spring
2. Mass
3. Stop watch
4. Measuring tape
Theory
Hooke's law states that the force ‘F’ needed to extend or compress a spring by some
distance ‘’ is proportional to that distance. That is
� = �

Where k is a constant factor characteristic of the spring called stiffness.
Natural frequency
Free vibrations of any elastic body is called natural vibration and the frequency is called
natural frequency. Natural vibrations are different from forced vibration which happen at
frequency of applied force.
Formula
Calculation of spring stiffness
�1 + �2 + � 3
�� =
�
𝑊
�� =

Where n = 1, 2, 3... 
�� – Mean stiffness (kg/m)
� – Number of trials
𝑊 – Mass added (kg)
 – Deflection of spring (m)
Calculation of natural frequency of spring mass system
For theoretical value
𝑊
𝑇�ℎ𝑒 = 2𝜋 √
�� �
1
�
�ℎ𝑒 = 𝑇𝑡ℎ𝑒
Observation / Calculations
Calculation of theoretical and experimental natural frequency
Theoretical Method Experimental Method
Mass No of Time taken
Trial
added - 𝑇�ℎ𝑒 – ��ℎ𝑒 – oscillations for n 𝑇����� �
�����
No.
W [s] [Hz] –n oscillations
[kg] – [n]
– –
1
[s] [Hz]
2
3
4
5
Mean �
�ℎ𝑒 Mean �
�����
 𝑇�ℎ𝑒 – Time period (s)
��ℎ𝑒 – Natural frequency (Hz or cps)
� – Time taken for �oscillations (s)
� – No of oscillations
� – Acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/s2)
For experimental natural frequency
�
𝑇����� =
�
1
�
�����
𝑇�����
Veri fic atio n of ho ok ’s
l aw =

� = �

� – Force needed to extend the spring (i.e. the mass added) (kg)
� – Spring stiffness (kg/m)
 – Deflection of spring (m)
Procedure
1. Fix one end of the helical spring to the screw provided to the horizontal bracket. Fix
the Weight pan to the other end of the spring and tighten the nut tightly to hold the
pan properly. Ensure it is not loose as it will come out while performing experiment.
2. Measure the free length of the spring before putting the weight.
3. Put some, say 1Kg mass on the platform and note down the deflection.
4. Stretch the spring through some distance, about 20 to 30 mm and release it.
5. Note down the time required (s) for ‘n’ (10 or 20) oscillations.
6. Determine the actual time period.
7. Repeat the above procedure for different mass 1, 2, 3 kg etc.

Result
Longitudinal vibrations of spring mass system was studied and the frequency is
determined theoretically and experimentally the value follows,
� �ℎ𝑒 =
� ����� =

Hook’s law is verified experimentally.

Observation / Calculation
Theoretical Experimental
Weight No of Time taken
Trial
Attached �𝐿 �𝐵 � oscillations for n 𝑇��� ������
No
W (kg) (Hz) (Hz) (Hz) n oscillations [Hz]
[s]
��
1
[s]
2
3
4
Mean �
�ℎ𝑒 Mean �
�����
 Ex. No. : 09 Transverse vibration of Free-Free beam – Determination of
Date : natural frequency by dunkerley’s rule

Aim
To determine the natural frequency of a free-free beam with point loads by
dunkerley’s rule.
Apparatus required
1. Stop watch
2. Measuring tape
3. Masses
Theory
If a mechanical wave propagates through a medium, the medium particles oscillate
along a direction perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the wave, the wave is
called a transverse wave.

Illustration: When one end of a horizontal rope is tied to a hook and the other end
is moved up and down, then waves are propagating in the rope along its length known as
transverse waves.
Dun ker le ys’s ru le
1 1 1
= 2+ 2
� �
2
L �B
� - Natural frequency of given beam (considering the weight of the beam) with
central load
�L - Natural frequency of given beam (neglecting the weight of the beam) with
central load
�B - Natural frequency of beam alone
The inverse square of frequency of a system with its self-weight and point load is
equal to the summation of inverse of frequency of beam due to self-weight and inverse
square of point load acting on the system.
Formula
For theoretical natural frequency
E - Young’s Modulus (N/m2)
W - Weight attached on the beam (kg)
L - Length of the beam (m)
T - Time period (s)
t - Time taken for n oscillation (s)
n - Number of oscillation
g - Acceleration due to gravity in (m/s2)
Calculation
 1 1 1
= +
�2
�
L
2
�
B
2

� - Natural frequency of given beam (considering the weight of the beam)

with central load
�L - Natural frequency of given beam (neglecting the weight of the beam)
with central load
�B - Natural frequency of beam alone
48 E I g
�L = √ 2 3
4π L W

π EIg
�B = √
2L2 Wb 2

Wb - Weight of beam per unit length

I - M.I. of beam section m4
E = 2.060 x 1010 N/m2
g = 9.81 m/s2
Weight of beam
𝑊� =
Length of beam
b h3
𝐼=
12
Weight of beam = 1.370 kg
Length of beam = 1.065 m
Section of beam (b x h) = .025 x .006 m
For experimental natural frequency
𝑇�����– Time period (s)
������– Natural frequency (Hz or cps)
� – Time taken for �oscillations (s)
� – No of oscillations
�
𝑇��𝑥� =

�
1
�
�����
𝑇�����
Procedure
=

1. Adjust the position of hanging weight so that it is in centre of the beam.

2. Pull the platform and release it to set the system into natural vibrations.
3. Find periodic time T and frequency of vibrations f by measuring time “t” for “n”
oscillations.
4. Repeat experiment by adding masses on weight platform.
Result
The natural frequency of the given beam with point load is determined using the
dunkerley’s rule and verified with by experimental method.
�
�ℎ𝑒 =
�
����� =
Observation / Calculation
Time of n= Time Period Frequency
Sl. L Additional mass
Oscillation [s] [s] [Hz]
No. [m] added [kg]
t1 t2 tavg Tth Tex fth fex
1
2
3
4
5
Mean
 Ex. No. : 10 Torsional vibrations – Determination of natural frequency
Date : of a single rotor system

Aim
To determine the natural frequency of a single rotor system with torsional vibration.
Apparatus required
1. Shaft connected with a disc
2. Measuring tape
3. Stop watch
4. Masses
Theory
Torsional vibration is angular vibration of an object—commonly a shaft along its axis
of rotation. Torsional oscillation occurs when a restoring torque acts on a body which is
displaced by turning it about its axis.
Formula
For experimental calculations
𝑇�����– Time period (s)
�
�����– Natural frequency (Hz or cps)
� – Time taken for �oscillations (s)
� – No of oscillations
�
𝑇����� =

�
1
�
�����
𝑇�����
For theoretical calculations
=

Wa - Additional mass per set = 0.43 kg

Kt - Torsional stiffness of shaft [kg m]
Ip - Polar MI of shaft [m4]
I - MI of flywheel [kg m s2]
G - Modulus of rigidity of shaft = 0.8x1010 kg/m2
D - Diameter of disc = .25 m
d - Diameter of shaft = 0.004 m
W - Mass of the disc = 6 kg
L - Length of the shaft in m
𝑇�ℎ - Theoretical time period [s]
��ℎ - Theoretical frequency [Hz]
G Ip
Kt =
L
πd4
Ip =
32
W D2
I =
g 8
[
k
g

m
]

[
m
4

]
[
k
g

s
2

]
Calculation
 I
Tth = 2π√ [s]
Kt
1
fth = [Hz]
Tex
Procedure
1. Clamp the disc properly to the shaft
2. Allow the disc to oscillate and measure the time taken for n oscillations without
weights
3. Put some mass on the flywheel on opposite sides.
4. Allow the disc to oscillate.
5. Note down the time required for ten oscillations.
6. Repeat the experiment 2-3 times to avoid error.

Result
The natural frequency of torsional vibration of a single rotor system is found
experimentally and theoretically.
��ℎ𝑒 =
������ =
Calculation / Observation

Sleeve Radius of Angular Controlling

Sl. Speed N Height
displacement rotation r Velocity  Force F
No. [rpm] h [m]
X [m] [m] [rad s-1] [kgf]
1
2

4
 Ex. No. : 11
Watt Governor - Determination of range sensitivity, effort
Date :

Aim
To determine the controlling force of the governor and to draw the following
characteristics curve.
1. Speed vs. Sleeve Displacement
2. Force vs. Radius of Rotation
Apparatus required
1. Universal governor apparatus
2. Non-contact type Tachometer
Theory
The function of a governor is to regulate the mean speed of an engine, when there
are variations in the load e.g. when the load on an engine increases, its speed decreases,
therefore it becomes necessary to increase the supply of working fluid. On the other hand,
when the load on the engine decreases, its speed increases and thus less working fluid is
required. The governor automatically controls the supply of working fluid to the engine
with the varying load conditions and keeps the mean speed within certain limits.
The governors may, broadly, be classified as Centrifugal governors and Inertia
governors. The simplest form of a centrifugal governor is a Watt governor, as shown in Fig.
It is basically a conical pendulum with links attached to a sleeve of negligible mass. The
arms of the governor may be connected to the spindle in three ways.
Formula
Length of each link [L] = 0.125 m.
Initial height of Governor [ho] = 0.105 m.
Initial radius of rotation [ro] = 0.120 m.
Mass of each ball [W] = 0.6 kg.
𝑥
Height, h = ℎ� − 2 [m]
h
= Cos –1 [°]
L

The radius of rotation

r = 0.05 + L Sin  [m]
Angular Velocity ‘’ = 2N/60 [rad s-1]
W
Controlling force ‘F’ = 2 r [kgf]
g
Calculation

Force vs. Radius of Rotation (Scale: )

Controlling force

Radius of rotation

Speed vs. Sleeve Displacement (Scale: )

Sleeve displacement

Speed
Procedure
1. Arrange the set-up by using the proper linkages provided.
2. Tighten the bolts and nuts properly.
3. Switch on the main supply and gradually increase the speed of the motor. Due
to this the centre sleeve rises from the lower stop aligning with the marking on
the scale. This is initial lift of the sleeve.
4. Note down the readings of the sleeve position and speed for this initial lift. Speed
of the motor is to be measured by using tachometer
5. Then increase the speed in steps to give suitable sleeve movement and note
down the readings of sleeve displacement and the corresponding speed. All the
readings are to be entered in a tabular observation table.
6. Slow down the governor and then switch off the main supply.
7. Draw plots between
a. Speed vs. Sleeve Displacement
b. Force vs. Radius of Rotation

Result
The controlling force of the watt governor is determined and the characteristic
curves are drawn.
 Ex. No. : 12
Determination of Moment of Inertia
Date :

Aim
The aim of the experiment is to determine,
1. Moment of inertia of fly wheel and axil system
2. Moment of inertia of a connecting rod
3. Moment of inertia of a rod by bifilar system
4. Moment of inertia of a rod by compound pendulum method
Theory
Mass Moment of Inertia
Mass moment of inertia (sometimes called just "moment of inertia") is responsible
for providing resistance against changing the rotational speed of a rotating body. The mass
moment of inertia is represented by “I” in mechanical and structural design calculations.
The general formula for calculating the mass moment of inertia can be given as:
I = ∫ r² dM
I – Mass moment of inertia
dM – A very small mass parallel to the desired axis.
r – Distance of the small area from the axis.
The unit of mass moment of inertia is kg m2.
The mass moment of inertia is the rotational analogy of mass. That means, in all the
rotational equations of angular momentum, angular kinetic energy, force etc. the mass
moment of inertia (I) should be used.
Area Moment of Inertia
Area moment of inertia or second moment of area or second moment of inertia is
used in beam equations for the design of shafts or similar members. Area moment of
inertia is the property of a section. Like mass moment of inertia, area moment of inertia is
also represented by “I” but the units of the area moment of inertia are different than that
of the mass moment of inertia.
The general formula for calculating the area moment of inertia can be given as:
Ixx = ∫ y² dA
Ixx – Area moment of inertia about X axis
dA – A very small area parallel to the X axis
y – Distance of the small area from the X axis
The unit of area moment of inertia is m4.
Calculation / Observation
Fall height, d =_
Mass attached to Time taken for No. of Moment of
string [kg] fall [s] revolutions Inertia [kg m2]
Sl. No.
m1 m2 t1 t2 n1 n2 �
� �
�

1 𝑒𝑥 𝑒𝑥

2
 1. Determination of mass moment of inertia of fly wheel and axil system
Apparatus require
1. Fly wheel and axle setup
2. Stop watch
3. Measuring tape
4. Mass attached to string
Formula
For experimental calculation (Method 1)
m - Mass attached on string [kg]
d - Fall height (Height from shaft to floor) [m]
t - Time taken for fall [s]
n - Number of revolutions made by fly wheel
� - Linear acceleration [m/s2]
τ - Torque [kg m2/s2]
T - Tension [kg m/s2]
r - Radius of axil [m]
 - Angular acceleration [rad/s2]
2�
�= 2
�
𝑇 = �(�− � )
𝜏 = �𝑇
�= �𝛼
� �
� �
2 1−
� �𝑒��
2 − ��1
For theoretical calculation
M - Mass of flywheel [kg]
=
R - Radius of flywheel [m] 𝛼

1
𝐼�ℎ = ���2
2
Procedure
1. The length of the cord is carefully adjusted, so that when the weight-hanger just
touches the ground, the loop slips off the peg.
2. A suitable weight is placed in the weight hanger
3. The other end of the cord is loosely looped around the peg keeping the weight
hanger just touching the ground.
4. The flywheel is given a suitable number (n) of rotation so that the cord is wound
round the axle without overlapping.
5. The height (d) of the weight hanger from the ground is measured.
6. The flywheel is released.
7. Start the stop watch.
8. The weight hanger descends and the flywheel rotates.
9. The cord slips off from the peg when the weight hanger just touches the ground.
By this time the flywheel would have made n rotations.
Calculation
 10. Stop the stop watch when the weight hanger touches the ground.
11. The time taken is determined as t seconds.
12. The number of rotations (n) made by the flywheel during this interval is counted.
Result
The moment of inertia of the fly wheel is determined.
���ℎ = _
��𝑒�� =
Calculation / Observation
No of Time Radius of Moment
End Time
Sl. No. oscillation period Gyration of Inertia
condition taken
s tn k I
1 Small End

2 Bigger End

Mean Moment of Inertia

 2. Determination of mass moment of inertia of a connecting rod
Aim
To determine the radius of gyration and moment of inertia of a connecting rod.
Apparatus required
1. Connecting rod
2. Knife edge and support
3. Measuring tape
4. Stop watch
Formula
h1 - Distance from centre of gravity G from the top of small end bearing [m]
h2 - Distance from centre of gravity G from the top of large end bearing [m]
t1 - Time period of oscillation when suspended from small end [s]
t2 - Time period of oscillation when suspended from large end [s]
L1 - Length of equivalent simple pendulum when suspended from small end [m]
L2 - Length of equivalent simple pendulum when suspended from large end [m]
d1 - Diameter of small end [m]
d2 - Diameter of big [m]
k - Radius of gyration [m]
g - Acceleration due to gravity [m/s2]
m - Mass of connecting rod
� 1
2
�1 = �( )
2𝜋
� 2
2
�2 = �

( )
2� �
� 1 �2
ℎ1 + ℎ2 = + � … … … … … … … … … (1)
2
+
2
Radius of gyration whens suspended from small end bearing
�2 = ℎ1 (�1 − ℎ1 )
Radius of gyration whens suspended from big end bearing
�2 = ℎ2 (�2 − ℎ2 )
Equating above two equations of k,
ℎ1 (�1 − ℎ1 ) = ℎ2 (�2 − ℎ2 ) … … … … … … … … … (2)
Equating (1) and (2) we get the value of ℎ1 and ℎ2 using it �value can be found.
Once value of �is found, use the following formula to find ��.
𝐼=� � 2

Procedure
1. Measure the centre-to-centre distance of connecting rod. Also measure inner
diameter of both side of connecting rod.
2. Measure the weight of connecting rod and flywheel.
3. Attach small end of the connecting rod to the shaft.
4. Give oscillation to the connecting rod.
5. Measure the time for five oscillations and calculate the time period (t1).
Calculation
 6. Remove the connecting rod from the shaft and again attach the big end of the
connecting rod to the shaft.
7. Again measure the time for five oscillations and calculate the periodic time (t2).
8. Calculate the moment of inertia of the connecting rod.

Result
Thus the moment of inertia and radius of gyration of the given connecting rod is
found.
�=
𝐼=
 Suspension Point


Reference
(neutral) axis

Chord

Axis of rotation
l
Chuck
Centre of Gravity Beam
CG (L, M, I)

b
L

Calculation / Observation
No. of Moment of
Sl. No. � Time taken Time period
oscillations Inertia - 𝐼
1
2
3
4
 3. Determination of mass moment of a rod by bifilar suspension
Aim
To determine the moment of inertia of a given rod by bifilar suspension method
Apparatus.
Formula
� - Length of cord
𝐼 - Moment of Inertia
� - Mass of object
� - Acceleration due to gravity
� - Distance between suspended points
𝑇 - Time period
4 𝐼 � 1/2
𝑇 = 2𝜋 [ ]
��� 2

Procedure
1. Attach the first chord to the main frame and measure its length, then attach the
second chord to the main frame with the same length as the first one. (l should
include both the chord’s length and the chuck’s height)
2. Insert a slender rod through the middle hole of the beam, to provide as an axis
of rotation for the beam.
3. Hold the slender rod in place and give the beam a small displacement from one
of its ends in the transverse direction. The beam should oscillate in the
horizontal plane only.
4. Measure the time elapsed to complete ten oscillations T.
5. Release the chords then re-attach them at another length l, and repeat steps-2,
3 & 4.
6. Repeat step-5 four more times to get l and T.
Result
The moment of inertia of the given rod is found by bifilar suspension method.
𝐼= _
Calculation / Observation

Sl. No. L(m) OG(m) n t(s) T (s) kex(m) kth(m)

1
2
 4. Determination of moment of inertia of rod by compound pendulum method
Aim
To determine radius of gyration and the moment of inertia of the given rod by
compound pendulum method.
Apparatus required
1. Compound pendulum
2. Stop watch
3. Measuring tape
Formula
Moment of Inertia
𝐼 = �� 2

For theoretical Value

L
kth =
2√3
L - Length of the suspended pendulum (m)
kth - Radius of gyration-theoretical value (m)
For Experimental Value
2
kex +OG2
T = 2π √ g (OG)
kex - Radius of gyration-experimental value (m)
T - Periodic time (s)
�
=
�
t - Time taken for n oscillation (s)
n - Number of oscillation
OG - Distance of CG of radius from support (m)
L - Length of suspended pendulum (m)

Procedure
1. Rod (Compound pendulum) is supported in one of the hole on the knife edge.
2. OG is determined by noting down the length of supported pendulum.
3. The bar is allowed to oscillate and ‘T’ is determined by knowing the time for ‘n’
oscillation.
4. The experimental procedure is repeated with different positions.
5. The value of k is determined experimentally and theoretically.
6. Using the formula find 𝐼 experimental and theoretical.
Result
The radius of gyration and moment of inertia of given rod is found.
� �ℎ =
� 𝑒�� =
� � �ℎ =
� � 𝑒�� =