Unit I

The Study of A&P

Chapter 1 and Atlas A

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Fig. 1.3

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Monkey

Human

(a) (b)
b: © Tim Davis/Science Source
Fig. 1.4 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Organism

Tissue
Organ system Organ

Cell

Macromolecule
Organelle

Atom
Molecule
Fig. 1.5

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Normal

Pelvic kidney Horseshoe kidney

Normal
Variations in branches of the aorta
Fig. 1.6 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Room temperature
1
falls to 19°C (67°F)

C10° 15° 20° 25°

6 Room cools down

F 50° 60° 70° 80°

2 Thermostat activates
furnace
C10° 15° 20° 25°

F 50° 60° 70° 80°

5 Thermostat shuts
off furnace

4 Room temperature
rises to 20°C (68°F)

(a) 3 Heat output

Sweating

37.5°C
Core body temperature

(99.5°F) Vasodilation

37.0°C
Set point
(98.6°F)

Vasoconstriction
36.5°C
(97.7°F)
Time

Shivering
(b)
Fig. 1.7 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Person rises
from bed
Blood pressure rises Blood drains from
to normal; homeostasis upper body, creating
is restored homeostatic imbalance

Cardiac center
accelerates heartbeat Baroreceptors above
heart respond to drop
in blood pressure

Baroreceptors send signals

to cardiac center of brainstem
Fig. 1.8
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3
Brain stimulates
pituitary gland to
secrete oxytocin

4
Oxytocin stimulates
2 Nerve impulses uterine contractions
from cervix
and pushes fetus
transmitted toward cervix
to brain

1 Head of fetus
pushes against cervix
Fig. 1.9
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Down gradient Up gradient

(a)

High Low pressure

pressure

Blood flow down

pressure gradient

(b)

Dietary glucose Intestinal cells

Chemical flow down

concentration gradient

(c)

Cell membrane channel

Sodium ions (+)

Ion flow down

electrical gradient

(d)

Warm blood Skin Cool air

Heat flow down

thermal gradient

(e)
Table 1.1
Fig. 1.10 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

(a) X-ray (radiograph) (b) Cerebral angiogram (c) Computed tomographic (CT) scan

(d) Magnetic resonance image (MRI) (e) Positron emission tomographic

(PET) scan
a: ©U.H.B. Trust/Tony Stone Images/Getty Images; b: ©Zephyr/Science Source; c: © Miriam Maslo/Science Source;
d: © UHB Trust/Getty Images; e: ©ISM/Phototake
Fig. A.1 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Frontal
plane

Transverse
plane

Sagittal
plane

© McGraw-Hill Education/Joe DeGrandis, photographer

Fig. A.2
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(a) Sagittal section (b) Frontal section

(c) Transverse section

Table A.1
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Fig. A.3
Cephalic r. (head)

Facial r. (face)

Cervical r. (neck)
Upper limb:
Acromial r. Thoracic r. (chest):
(shoulder) Sternal r.
Axillary r. (armpit) Pectoral r.
Brachial r. (arm)

Cubital r. (elbow) Umbilical r.

Antebrachial r. Abdominal r.
(forearm) Inguinal r. (groin)
Carpal r. (wrist) Pubic r.:
Mons pubis
Palmar r. (palm)
External genitalia:
Penis
Lower limb: Scrotum
Coxal r. (hip) Testes
Patellar r. (knee)
Lower limb:
Femoral r. (thigh)

Crural r. (leg)
Tarsal r. (ankle)
Pedal r. (foot):
Dorsum
Plantar surface
(sole)
(a) Anterior (ventral) (b) Anterior (ventral)

Cranial r.

Nuchal r.
(back of neck)

Interscapular r.
Scapular r.

Vertebral r.

Lumbar r.
Sacral r.

Gluteal r.
(buttock)
Dorsum of hand

Perineal r.
Femoral r.

Popliteal r.

Crural r.

Tarsal r.
Calcaneal r.
(heel)
(c) Posterior (dorsal) (d) Posterior (dorsal)
(a-d): © McGraw-Hill Education/Joe DeGrandis, photographer
Fig. A.4
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Quadrants

Stomach
Right Left
upper upper 10th rib
quadrant quadrant

Right Left
lower lower Anterior
quadrant quadrant superior
spine

(a) (b)

Regions

Hypochondriac Liver
Epigastric Gallbladder
region region 10th rib
Subcostal line

Lumbar Umbilical Large

region region intestine
Small
Intertubercular intestine
line
Hypogastric
Inguinal region Urinary
region
Midclavicular bladder
line Urethra

(c) (d)
Fig. A.5

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Cranial cavity

Vertebral canal
Thoracic cavity:
Pleural cavity
Thoracic cavity Mediastinum
Diaphragm Pericardial cavity
Diaphragm

Abdominopelvic cavity:
Abdominal cavity Abdominal cavity

Pelvic cavity
Pelvic cavity

(a) Left lateral view (b) Anterior view

Table A.2
Fig. A.6

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Parietal pericardium Parietal pleura

Pericardial Pleural cavity
cavity Visceral pleura
Visceral
pericardium

Lung
Heart

Diaphragm
Diaphragm

(a) Pericardium (b) Pleurae

Fig. A.7

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Posterior

Back muscles
2nd lumbar vertebra

Kidney

Spinal cord
Liver
Renal vein
and artery Fat

Inferior
vena cava Dorsal mesentery
Aorta
Parietal peritoneum
Intestine
Visceral
peritoneum (serosa)
Peritoneal cavity
Omentum or other
ventral mesentery
Anterior
Fig. A.8

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Diaphragm

Liver
Lesser
Serosae
omentum
Stomach Pancreas
Greater omentum Duodenum
Large intestine
Dorsal
mesentery
Small intestine

Parietal peritoneum Visceral

peritoneum
Peritoneal cavity

Urinary bladder Rectum

(a) (b)
b: © MedicImage/Getty Images
Fig. A.9a Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Principal organs: Principal organs: Principal organs:

Skin, hair, nails, Bones, cartilages, Skeletal muscles
cutaneous glands ligaments

Principal functions:
Principal functions: Principal functions: Movement, stability,
Protection, water retention, Support, movement, communication, control
thermoregulation, protective enclosure of of body openings, heat
viscera, blood formation, production
vitamin D synthesis,
mineral storage,
cutaneous sensation,
electrolyte and acid–base
nonverbal communication balance

Integumentary system Skeletal system Muscular system

Principal organs: Principal organs: Principal organs:

Lymph nodes, Nose, pharynx, larynx, Kidneys, ureters, urinary
lymphatic vessels, trachea, bronchi, lungs bladder, urethra
thymus, spleen, tonsils

Principal functions: Principal functions:

Principal functions: Absorption of oxygen, Elimination of wastes;
Recovery of excess discharge of carbon regulation of blood
tissue fluid, detection of dioxide, acid–base
volume and pressure;
balance, speech
pathogens, production stimulation of red blood
of immune cells, defense cell formation; control
against disease of fluid, electrolyte,
and acid-base balance;
detoxification

Lymphatic system Respiratory system Urinary system

Fig. A.9b Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Principal organs: Principal organs: Principal organs:

Brain, spinal cord, nerves, Pituitary gland, Heart, blood vessels
ganglia pineal gland, thyroid gland,
parathyroid glands, thymus,
adrenal glands, pancreas, Principal functions:
Principal functions: testes, ovaries Distribution of nutrients,
Rapid internal oxygen, wastes,
communication, hormones, electrolytes,
coordination, Principal functions: heat, immune cells,
motor control Hormone production; and antibodies;
and sensation internal chemical fluid, electrolyte, and
communication and acid-base balance
coordination

Nervous system Endocrine system Circulatory system

Principal organs: Principal organs: Principal organs:

Teeth, tongue, salivary Testes, epididymides, Ovaries, uterine tubes,
glands, esophagus, spermatic ducts, seminal uterus,vagina, mammary
stomach, small and large vesicles, prostate gland, glands
intestines, liver, gallbladder, bulbourethral glands,
pancreas penis
Principal functions:
Principal functions: Production of eggs; site
Nutrient breakdown and Principal functions: of fertilization and fetal
absorption. Liver functions Production and delivery development; fetal
include metabolism of of sperm; secretion of nourishment; birth;
carbohydrates, lipids, sex hormones lactation; secretion of
proteins, vitamins, and sex hormones
minerals; synthesis of
plasma proteins; disposal
of drugs, toxins, and
hormones; and cleansing
of blood.

Digestive system Male reproductive system Female reproductive system