RATIFICATION PAGE

Compleate report of Human Anatomy and Physiology practicum with title “

Color Blind Testing” that arranged by:

Name : Andi Nurhidayah

Id : 1114040171

Class : ICP A

Group :4

After chacked by assistant and coordinator assistant, so this report was accepted.

Makassar, June 2014

Assistant Coordinatory Assistant

Firdau S.pd Firdau S.pd

 CHAPTER I
INTODUCTION

A. Background
In many conversations, people are called upon to describe others solely
on the basis of their appearance: Who was it that showed up late for the meeting?
Which character in the movie said that? The new guy—what does he look like
again? In such cases, the best information to use is that which is most diagnostic
in distinguishing the target from other individuals—for example, hair color,
height, gender, and race. We propose (and anecdotal experience suggests) that
people vary in their willingness to use certain descriptors: Although having red
hair and being Black might be equally diagnostic in a particular setting, we
suggest that many individuals are more reluctant to use race than hair color in
their descriptions. The present investigation explored how White individuals
behave in situations in which the desire to appear unprejudiced leads to efforts to
appear color-blind.

B. Purpose
The purpose of this experiment is to find out if probandus has a color
blind or not.
C. Benifit
Student can find out if probandus has a color blind or not.
 CHAPTER II
PREVIEW OF LITERATURE

Color blindness is a term in use to describe the perception of color vision

abnormalities. The disorder is caused by the absence of a group of cone cell in the
retina color receiver. People who are not colorblind or less able to distinguish two
different colors. It can be found with Ishihara test. On the Ishihara test used a series
of color image (Lecture team, 2014).
Gregor Mendel (1822–1884) was an Austrian monk who made revolutionary
discoveries about inheritance patterns in pea plants. For his discoveries, Mendel is
known as the “father of genetics.” Mendel found that the transmission of traits, such
as purple versus white flowers, from one generation of pea plants to another can be
explained by discrete units he called “heritable factors.” He concluded that each pea
plant has two heritable factors for a characteristic, such as flower color. He proposed
that, during the production of gametes, or sex cells, each gamete receives one of these
factors. Then two gametes combine to produce the next generation so that each
member of the next generation of pea plants has two heritable factors. Mendel’s
“heritable factors” are now called genes. The genes an organism has for a given trait
is called the genotype. The expression of the genes as traits is called the phenotype
(Stephens, 2008).
Environmental effects can interact with gene expression to determine the
phenotype of many traits. Even genetically identical twins can have different
phenotypes because of environmental effects. For example, in addition to genes,
height is affected by nutrition, and skin color by exposure to the sun. Knowledge of
environmental effects can be used to improve our genetic potential and to prevent
harmful effects. For example, a healthy diet can promote growth or help prevent
diabetes, and not smoking can reduce the risk of developing cancer (Shier, 2007).
In the retina (the light-sensitive tissue lining the back of the eye), there are
two types of cells that detect light: rods and cones. Rods detect only light and dark
and are very sensitive to low light levels. Cone cells detect color and are concentrated
near the center of your vision. There are three types of cones that see color: red, green
and blue. The brain uses input from these three color cone cells to determine our
color perception. Color blindness can occur when one or more of the color cone cells
are absent, nonfunctioning, or detect a different color than normal. Severe color
blindness occurs when all three cone cells are absent, and mild color blindness occurs
when all three cone cells are present, but one cone cell functions abnormally to detect
a different color than normal (Anonymousa, 2014).
Most colour blind people are able to see things as clearly as other people but
they unable to fully ‘see’ red, green or blue light. There are different types of colour
blindness and there are extremely rare cases where people are unable to see any
colour at all. The most common form of colour blindness is known as red/green
colour blindness and most colour blind people suffer from this. Although known as
red/green colour blindness this does not mean sufferers mix up red and green, it
means they mix up all colours which have some red or green as part of the whole
colour. For example, a red/green colour blind person will confuse a blue and a purple
because they can’t ‘see’ the red element of the colour purple. See the example of
pink, purple and blue pen cases below to understand this effect (Anonymousb, 2014).
 CHAPTER III
PRACTUKUM METHOD

A. Time and Place

1. Day/Date : Tuesday/June 2014
2. Time :10.20 a.m – 13.20 p.m
3. Place : Laboratory of Biology on floor east of FMIPA UNM
B. Tools and Materiala
1. Tools
a. Pen
2. Materials
a. Probandus
b. Color blind user (Ishihara books)
C. Worked Procedure
1. Two members of the group become probandus and comparators.
2. The tools used are the Ishihara test for color blindness, which consist of 14
color images.
3. Put the test device at a distance of 75 cm from probandus and comparators in
an indirect sufficient sun light. The tools should be removed so that an angel
perpendicular to the line of sight.
4. Then a row of testers showed an image from number one to fourteen. Every
time they see a picture, in 3 second, they mentioned what they seen in the
picture.
 CHAPTER IV
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
A. Result of Experiment

No. Probandus seen Comparison seen Notes

1. 12 12 Normal

2. 8 8 Normal

3. 5 5 Normal

4. 29 29 Normal

5. 74 74 Normal

6. 7 7 Normal

7. 45 45 Normal

8. 2 2 Normal

9. - - Normal

10. 16 16 Normal

11. Normal

12. 35 35 Normal

13. 96 96 Normal

14. Normal

B. Discussion

People with normal cones and light sensitive pigment (trichromasy) are
able to see all the different colors and subtle mixtures of them byusing cones
sensitive to one of three wavelength of light - red, green, and blue. A mild color
deficiency is present when one or more of the three cones light sensitive pigments
are not quite right and their peak sensitivity is shifted (anomalous trichromasy -
includes protanomaly and deuteranomaly). A more severe color deficiency is
present when one or more of the cones light sensitive pigments is really wrong
(dichromasy - includes protanopia and deuteranopia). Protanomaly is referred to as
"red-weakness", an apt description of this form of color deficiency. Any redness
seen in a color by a normal observer is seen more weakly by the protanomalous
viewer, both in terms of its "coloring power" (saturation, or depth of color) and its
brightness. Red, orange, yellow, and yellow-green appear somewhat shifted in hue
("hue" is just another word for "color") towards green, and all appear paler than
they do to the normal observer. The redness component that a normal observer
sees in a violet or lavender color is so weakened for the protanomalous observer
that he may fail to detect it, and therefore sees only the blue component. The
deuteranomalous person is considered "green weak". Similar to the protanomalous
person, he is poor at discriminating small differences in hues in the red, orange,
yellow, green region of the spectrum.
Dichromasy - can be divided into protanopia and deuteranopia (two out of
100 males): These individuals normally know they have a color vision problem
and it can effect their lives on a daily basis. They see no perceptible difference
between red, orange, yellow, and green. All these colors that seem so different to
the normal viewer appear to be the same color for this two percent of the
population. For the protanope, the brightness of red, orange, and yellow is much
reduced compared to normal. This dimming can be so pronounced that reds may
be confused with black or dark gray, and red traffic lights may appear to be
extinguished. They may learn to distinguish reds from yellows and from greens
primarily on the basis of their apparent brightness or lightness, not on any
perceptible hue difference. The deuteranope suffers the same hue discrimination
problems as the protanope, but without the abnormal dimming. The names red,
orange, yellow, and green really mean very little to him aside from being different
names that every one else around him seems to be able to agree on.
 And according to our observation result, this probandus is normal.
According Ishihara test, probandus can answer with exactly. So probandus not in
monochromasy, dichromasy, and trichromasy.
 CHAPTER V
CONCLUTION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclution
According to the experiment, so we can conclude that the probandus has
not a color blind. Because after tested which used Ishihara book, probandus can
answer with exactly. There are three type of color blind, monochromasy,
dichromasy, and trichromasy.
B. Suggestion
As suggestion that can be delivered on this experiment are:
1. Before doing this experiment we have to checked out all of the tools and
materials that we would used and in doing this experiment we should have
enough time so we could observed with accurate observation.
2. For the apprentice should take attention for the instruction of assistant while
doing experiment and be more patient to the assistant.
3. For the assistant should give explanation or give the apprentices some guide
about what they should do in observation and making of complete report of
experiment.
 BILBIOGRAPHY

Anonymousa. 2014.”Colorblind”. http://www.colourblindawareness. Accessed at

June 15th 2014.

Anonymousb. 2014.”Blindness”. http://www.geteyesmart.org/ . Accessed at June 15th

2015.

Lecture team. 2014. Practicum Guidebook of Human Anatomy and Physiology.

Makassar: UNM press.

Shier, David. 2007. Hole’s Human Anatomy &Physiology , Eleven edition. New York:
McGraw-Hill Company.
Stephens, Seeley. 2008. Anatomy &Physiology , Elight edition. New York: McGraw-
Hill Company.