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Asme PTC 38

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Asme PTC 38

ASME PTC 38

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Determining the

Concentration of
7
c

Particulate M a t t e r
in a Gas Stream

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Copyright ASME International

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Determining the
Concentration of PERFORMANCE
TEST
Particulate M a t t e r
CODES
in a Gas Stream
ANSI/ASME PTC 38 -1980

THEAMERICANSOCIETY OF MECHANICALENGINEERS
UnifedEngineeringCenter
345 East 47th Street
New
York,
N.V. 10017

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DATE OF ISSUANCE: November 7,1980
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No part of this document may be reproduced in any form,

in an electronic retrieval system or otherwisé,
without the prior written permissionof the publisher

Copyright ASME International

FOREWORD

The first of the ASME Power Test Codes related to the abatement of atmospheric pollution was
published in 1941 - PTC21, “Dust-Separating Apparatus.” That Codehasserved for many
years as a basic guide for evaluating the performance of apparatus designed for the removal of
particulate matter from combustion process flue gases. Experience with thatcode identified a
difficult measuring problem, a procedure for measuring theconcentration of particulate matter
in a gas stream. As recognized by those who have had experience with measurements of this
type, this involves many practical difficulties. In an effort to alleviate manyofthese difficulties,
the ASME published a Test Code concerned with this subject in 1957 - PTC 27, “Determining
Dust Concentration in a Gas Stream.” That Code, along with the earlier Code, has served until
very recently as the accepted basic guide for both the performance evaluationof particulate re-
moval apparatus and the determination of particulate matter in stack gas emissions for the con-
trol of air pollution and the assurance of compliance with applicable governmental emission
control regulations,
However, over the years, with the changes in particulate removal technology, such as the
great increase in the physical size of much o f the apparatus and the gas flows involved, along
with the increasing interest in very small particles and the need for accurately measuring much
lower particulate matter concentrations, it became apparent that both PTC 21 and PTC 27 were
not fully adequate for all the purposes to which they were being applied. Realizing that the
various physical and chemical properties of the particulate matter involved were usually a major
factor in the performance of the apparatus designed and installed for i t s removal, the ASME
published a Code on this subject in 1965 - PTC 28, “Determining the Propertiesof Fine Partic-
ulate Matter.” That Code has become the accepted guide for characterizing the properties of
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the particulate matter for meeting most of the~needsin this area of concern.
With the increasing public concern in the early 1970’s for environmental improvement,
and in particular air pollution control, new problems became apparent. Many regulatory agen-
cies in all levels of government either issued their own new test procedures for the measurement
of particulate matter in stack gases or adopted various t e s t procedures developed by other or-
ganizations and often mandated their use for regulatory purposes. Many of these test proce-
dures were later found to be unsuitable, both as to the practicability of their use in the field
and the validity of the test data which they produced. A major source of uncertainty in most of
these test procedures was the fact that, in addition to measuring the particulate matter actually
present in the gas stream, the test apparatus involved also converted certain gaseous compo-
nents of the gas stream to substances which were collected, measured, and reported as “particu-
late matter.” This situation led to serious problems in the establishment of valid criteria for
evaluating the performance of emission control apparatus for operational,commercial,and
regulatory purposes.
In an effort to eliminate as many of these problems as possible, ASME Performance Test
Code Committee 38 was organized in 1972 and given the task of developing test codes for the
measurement of fine particulate matter which would employ the best practical techniques of
currently known technology to meet the increasingly stringent requirements of those air pollu-

...
111

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ASME P T C * 3 8 8 0 m 0 7 5 7 b 7 0 0053808 L m

tion abatement activities concerned with the control of particulate emissions resulting from
combustion processes.
This Test Code is the result of several years of intensive effort by that Committee, with
the cooperation andassistance of other organizations, to evaluate the problems involved and
the technology available for accurately determining the concentration of particulate matter in a
gas stream by practicable means. Complete solutions to all problems involved in this complex
field of testing cannot be provided in a generalized Code. However, this Code is believed to be
the best compendium of data and guidelines available for this purpose and it covers the vast
majority of cases encountered. If properly used, it will provide the most valid test results
possible.
PTC 38 on Determining the Concentration of Particulate Matter supersedesPTC 27 on
Defermining Dust Concentration in a Gas Stream and should beused in conjunction with the
revised PTC 21 on Dust Separating Apparatus.
This Code was approvedby the Performance Test CodesSupervisory Committee on
March 20, 1980. It was approved by ANSI as an American National Standard on May 15, 1980.
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Copyright ASME International

ASME P T C * 3 8 BO m 0757670 0053804 '3 W

PERSONNEL OF PERFORMANCE TEST CODECOMMITTEE NO. 38

ON MEASUREMENT OF FINE PARTICULATE MATTER

W. A. Crandall, Chairman
J . D. Sensenbaugh, Secretary

W. E. Barkovitz, former Project Manager, Air Quality Division, American Standard, lncorpo-
rated, (Retired), Detroit, Michigan 48232
R. O. Blosser, Project Planning, National Council of the Paper Industry for Air and Steam Im-
provement, Incorporated, 260 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 1 O016
J . O. Burckle, Office of Air Programs, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, IER Laboratory,
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27721
D. Campbell, Manager, Energy Utilization Division, PSE&G Research Corp., Public Service Elec-
tric & Gas Company, 200 Boyden Avenue, Maplewood, New Jersey 07040
E. L. Coe, Ir., Manager, Advanced Technology, Western Precipitation Division, Joy Manufactur-
ing Company, 4565 Colorado Boulevard, Los Angeles,California 90039
W. A. Crandall, Research Program Director, PSE&GResearchCorp., Public Service Electric &
Gas Company, 80 Park Place, Newark, New Jersey07101
J. E. DeLange, Supervising Engineer, Detroit Edison Company, 2000 Second Avenue, Detroit,
Michigan 48226
J . A. Dorsey, Office of Air Programs, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, IER Laboratory,
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
R. B. Engdahl, former Staff Engineer, Battelle Memorial Institute, (Retired), 505 King Avenue,
Columbus, Ohio 43201
C. A. GallaeF, Vice President, Engineering Operations, Air Pollution Control Division, Wheela-
brator-Frye, Incorporated, 600 Grant Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15216
J . Greco, Chief Consulting Engineer,EbascoServices Incorporated, 145 Technology Park,
Norcross, Georgia 30092
V. W. Hanson, Director of EmissionStudies,Swanson Enviroomental,Incorporated,29623
Northwestern Highway, Southfield, Michigan 48034
B. F. Harper, Assistant Superintendent, Philadelphia Electric Company, 2301 Market Street,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 191O1
D. B. Harris, Office of Air Programs, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, IER Laboratory,
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 2771 1
W. C. L. Hemeon, Director, Hemeon Associates, 6025 Broad Street Mall, Pittsburgh, Pennsyl-
vania 15206
R. H. Johnson, Manager, Combustion Emissions Engineering, General Electric Company,Gas
Turbine Division, 1 River Road, Building 53, Schenectady, New York 12345
J . Katz, President, Precipitator Technology, Incorporated, 4525 Main Street, Munhall, Pennsyl-
vania 15120
E. D. Kennedy, Technical Division Supervisor, Monsanto Enviro-Chem Systems, Incorporated,
800 North Lindbergh Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63166
R. P. Perkins, Senior Consultant-Power, E. I.duPont, deNemours & Company, Louviers Build-
ing, Wilmington, Delaware 19898

V
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Copyright ASME International

A. A. Peterson,Manager of Physical Studies, UOP-Air Correction Division, Tokeneke Road,

Darien, Connecticut 06820
A. L. Plumley, Manager-Chemical Process Consultant, Combustion Engineering, Incorporated,
1000 Prospect Hill Road, Windsor, Connecticut 06095
J. D. Sensenbaugh,Manager,Chicago Environmental Control, KaiserEngineers, Incorporated,
35 East Wacker Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60601
E. P. Stastny, Manager, International Development, Environmental.Elements Corporation, P.O.
Box 1318, Baltimore, Maryland 21 203
J.
C. Stillwagon, Results Engineer, Babcock & -Wilcox Company, 20 South Van Buren Avenue,
Barberton, Ohio 44203
N. R. Troxel, Manager of Cottrell Environmental Sciences, Subsidiary of Research-Cottrell,
Incorporated, P.O. Box 1500, Somerville, New Jersey 08876
J.G. Wagner, Senior Supervising Engineer, Union Electric Company, P.O. Box 149, St. Louis,
Missouri 631 22

The following former committee members also made significant contributions to

the preparation of this Code prior t o their retirement from active committee work.
-Recognition is hereby extended to them for their past efforts.

J . A. Brink, Ir., PresidentandChairman of the Board, Brink Associates, Incorporated, 1243

Highland Drive, Moscow, Idaho 83843
H. M. Chapman, formerly with the Environmental Quality Control Division, Bethlehem Steel
Corporation, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18106
H. C. Dohrmann (Deceased), former Vice President, Research & Development, Buell Division of
Envirotech Corporation, 253 North Fourth Street, Lebanon,. Pennsylvania 17042
S. L. Morse, former Manager,FPGDResultsEngineering, (Retired), Babcock & Wilcox Com-
pany, 20 South Van Buren Avenue, Barberton, Ohio 44203
M. A. Stiller, Manager, Nuclear Operation Group, Union Electric Company, P.O. Box 149, St.
Louis, Missouri 631 22
A. B.Walker, Vice President, Cottrell Environmental Systems, Division of Research-Cottrell,
Incorporated, P.O. Box 750, Bound Brook, New Jersey 08805

vi
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Copyright ASME International

J. H. Fernandes, Chairman
C.B. Scharp, Vice-Chairman

D. W. Anacki A. S. Grimes S. W, Lovejoy

R. P. Benedict K. G. Grothues W. G. McLean
K. C. Cotton R. J orgensen J .W. Murdock
W. A. Crandall E. L. Knoedler L. C. Neale
R. C. Dannettel W. C. Krutzsch R. J . Peyton
J , S. Davis C. A. Larson W. A. Pollock
V. F. Estcourt A. Lechner J . F. Sebald
W. L. Garvin P. Leung J . C. Westcott
__r
F. H. Light
!

vii
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Copyright ASME International

Section O Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Section 1 Object andScope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

11 . Object of Test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Scope of Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.21 Concentration of Particulate Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.22 Gas Flow Measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.23 Particle Size Measurement ........................................ 2

Section 2 Description and Definitions of Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2.1 Description and Definitions of Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.2 Particulate Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.3 TestandRun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.4 Nomenclature and Units of Measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.5 TableofTerms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Section 3 Guiding Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

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3.1 Items of Agreement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.2 Tolerances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.3 Witnesses to a Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.4 Preliminary Runs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.5 Test Procedures-General Principles ................................ 8
3.51 Sampling Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.52 Flow Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.53 Number and Distribution of SamplePoints ............................. 9
3.54 Constancy of Test Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3 55 . Duration of Runs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.56 Frequency of Readings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.57 Procedure for Operating Samplers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Section 4 Instruments and Methods of Measurement ............................ 12

4.1 Instruments and Their Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.1 1 Necessary Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.1 2 lsokinetic Sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.2 Description of SamplingTrain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.21 Filtration Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.22 Flow Measurementand Control Section.............................. 13
4.3 Discussion of Sampling Trains and Their Components .................... 13
4.31 SamplingNozzle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.32a Filter Location and Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

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4.32b . Particulate Matter Filter Design ................................... 14
4.33 Gas Flow Metering ............................................ 14
4.33a Gas Flow Metering Devices ...................................... 14
4.33b Regulation of SamplingRate ....................................... 15
4.33c Use of Metering Devices ........................................ 15
4.34 Flow-Inducing Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.35 Manometers ................................................ 16
4.36 Condenser ................................................. 16 -
4.37 Thermometers and Thermocouples ................................. 16
4.4 Measurement of Gas Velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.41 PitotTubes ................................................ 16
4.42 Velocity Measurements ......................................... 16
4.43 Time Measurement ........................................... 17
4.5 .........
Filter Handling and Treatment of Collected Particulate Matter Samples 17
4.5 1 Filter Handling .............................................. 17
4.52 Weighing of Filters. . . . . . . . . .................................. 18
4.53 Dryingof Filters ............................................. 18
4.54 Removal and Processing of Deposits in Sample Probe ..................... 18
4.55 TotalSampleMass ............................................ 18
4.6 Selection and Designation of Instrumentation and Methods of
Measurement to BeUsed in Tests ................................ 18
4.61 Designation o f Test Apparatus .................................... 18
4.62 Designation of Methods of Test ................................... 19

Section 5 Computations of Results ........................................ 20

5.1 Density of Dry Flue Gas ........................................ 20
5.2 Moisture in Flue Gas .......................................... 20
5.3 Density of Wet Flue Gas. ....................................... 23
5.4 Velocity HeadMeasurementand Velocity Reading ....................... 24
5.5 lsokinetic Sampling ........................................... 24
5.6 Measured Flue Gas Sampled on a Dry or Wet Basis ....................... 26
5.7 Particulate Matter Concentration .................................. 26

Section 6 Report of Results ............................................ 27

6.1 Importance of Reports ......................................... 27
6.2 Reports and Their Content ...................................... 27
6.3 Recommended Reporting Procedures ............................... 27
6.31 Presurvey Report ............................................. 27
6.32 Gas Flow Measurement,Sampling.and Analytical Data ................... 28
6.33 OperatingData .............................................. 28 --`,,,,```,``,`,```,,`````,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

6.34 Calculations ................................................ 28

6.35 EmissionData ............................................... 28
6.36 Responsibility for TestResults .................................... 28

Section 7 Bibliography ................................................ 42

Section 8 Appendix .................................................. 44

8.1 Index to Appendix ........................................... 44

Copyright ASME International

ASME PERFORMANCE TEST CO,DE

Code for
DETERMINING THE CONCENTRATION OF
PARTICULATE MATTERIN A GAS STREAM

SECTION O - INTRODUCTION

0.1 This Code sets forth recommendedproceduresand the appropriate approved options should be clearly de-
devices for the measurement of particulate matter sus- fined or themechanismstated for establishingtheap-
pended in gases flowing in a duct or stack. While this Code proved option(s) appropriate to the particular test situa-
is oriented toward gases resulting from combustion proc- tion.
esses, i t s use for other gas streams is not precluded if test
parameters are compatible with those discussed here in.
0.4 Unless otherwisespecified, all references to other
Codes refer to ASM E Performance Test Codes.
0.2 To obtain valid test results it is absolutely necessary
that there is a full understanding o f the problems involved
in each test situation and that every effort is made to se- 0.5 Any test to determinethe particulate matter con-
lect and proper& employ the appropriate prodedures and centration in a gas stream should comply with the Code
apparatus for eachcase. Therefore, it is mandatory that on General Instructions. In particular, -the test objectives
this Code be studied in its entirety, with particular atten- shallbeagreed upon by the interested parties before the

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tion being given to the Appendix, Section 8, before plan- test is performed.
ning any test program.
0.6 Unless otherwiseindicated,thetechnicalterms and
numerical constants which are used in this Code have the
0.3 As this Codedescribesvarious options in respectto
meanings and values as defined in Section 2.
test apparatusand methodology which is appropriate to
various test situations, the choicebetweensuitableop-
tions must be made both on the basis of the nature of the
0.7 Section 4 of this Code on Instruments and Methods
test and theregulatoryand/or contractual restrictions
of Measurement describes instruments and methods which
which may be a part of the requirements for conducting
are likely to be required anddiscusses their application,
the tests.
calibration, sensitivity, accuracy, etc. PerformanceTest
Therefore,when the use of this Code is specified in Code 19, Supplements on Instruments and Apparatus, re-
commercial agreements regarding system performance ferred to in this Code are designated by the abbreviation,
evaluation or in source emission control regulations, either I & A.

Copyright ASME International

1 .I OBJECTOF TEST 1.22 Gas Flow Measurement

Determination of total gas flow may be based on mea-
The Test object is to determine the weight rate of flow surement of velocity pressure and gas density at represen-
of particulate matter carried in a gas stream confined in a tative points in the duct cross section, on actual combus-
duct or stack, The test object is accomplished by (a) mea- tion calculations (stoichiometry),or by datafrom cali-
surement of average weight concentrations of particulate brated gas metering devices. Alternate methods for mea-
matter in the gas stream, 'and (b) determination of total

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suring total gas flow rate may be used by agreement of all
gas flow rate. the concerned parties.
Data thus obtained may be utilized for such purposes
as the performance evaluation ofgas cleaning apparatus/
systems, compliance testing in conjunction with emission
control and performance regulations promulgated by regu-
latory agencies, etc. 1.23 Particle Size Measurement
The scope of this Code does not include the measure-
ment of particle size distribution. Test procedures for this
1.2 SCOPE OF TEST
purpose are contained in ASME Performance Test Code
28. While some in situ type samplers designed for the col-
1.21 Concentration of Particulate Matter
lection of particulate matter in various size fractions may
This Code prescribes methods for measuring the aver- have a limited capability for'determining total particulate
age weight concentration of particulate matter carried in a matter concentrations in a gas sample, data thus obtained
gas stream. Measurement on any other basis (e.g., particle should only be used for the measurement of particle size
count, dust spot, opacity, etc.) is beyond the scope of this distribution and not for theweight rate of flow of particu-
Cod e. late matter in the gas stream.

Copyright ASME International

2.1 This Codespecifies the testprocedures to beem- specifications,commercialagreements,andgovernmental

ployed in the determination of the concentration of par- regulations.The terminology and the units of measure-
ticulate matter in a gas stream and the total flow rate of ment contained therein may range from those considered
the gas. The terms used in connection with the test proce- to be the “accepted standards” for the intended purposes
dures are defined by the following: of such documents at the time they were written prior to
the promulgation of this Code to those based upon the S I
System which may be written subsequent to t h e promul-
2.2 PARTICULATE MATTER gation of this Code.

For t h e purpose of this Code, “particulate matter” is 2.42 It is preferred, in accordance- with ASME policy,
defined as finely divided material, other than uncombined that the SI System for units of measurements be utilized
water, suspended in a gas stream a t the prevailing tempera- whenever practicable in the application of this Code.
ture and pressure of the gas stream under consideration- However, it is realized that, at the time immediately fol-
such material being separable from the gasphase by filtra- lowing its promulgation, i t s major applications will be in
tion when using the agreed upon sampling apparatus and conjunction with specifications,agreements,andregula-
procedures describedin this Code. tions utilizing the previously acceptable nomenclature and
units of measurement. Therefore, to make this Code readi-
2.21 This definition is intended to exclude from consid- ly applicable to present and future situations, the formo-
eration those substances which may be formed outside the lae, tables and graphs and calculation of results are stated
stack or duct or in a sampling train on cooling the gas herein in accordance with presently existing goodengi-
stream to a lower temperature than prevails in the chan- neeringpractices - with provisionsbeingmade for the
neled gas. conversion of the Code to the SI System by the inclusion
of the definitions of pertinent SI units o f measurement,
2.22Themeasurement of particulate matter which may conversion factors from other units of measurement, and
form in theoutside atmosphere requires techniques which generalguidance in respect to the utilization of the SI
are outside the scope of this Code. System.

2.3 TEST AND RUN 2.43While a major effort hasbeenmade to standardize

the nomenclature and the related symbols used through-
2.31 A “Test,” as applied in this Code,meansthe entire out the Code, the unique nature of certain calculations in-
investigation. volved requires that special symbol notations be employed
in these calculations to avoidconfusion. Hence, both a
general
system of nomenclature and relatedsymbolic
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2.32 A “Run” is a subdivision of a “Test” consisting of a
complete set of observations and recorded data taken at notation is presented in this Section and, for the special
regular intervals for a period of time during which sam- cases wherethoseareinadequate or inappropriate for
pling of the gas stream was conducted. specialpurposes,specializedtables of nomenclature are
provided where applicable in this Code.

2.4 NOMENCLATURE AND UNITS OF MEASURE- 2.44 The use o f the SI Units with this Code is based upon
MENT ASME Guide SI-1, “Orientation Guide for SI (Metric)
Units,’’ Eighth Edition (Reference [ 111 in Section 7). Ex-
2.41 The nature of this Code is such that it will often cerpts from this publication are printed in Appendix L of
find application in conjunction with existing technical t h e Code to provide readily availableguidance with re-

Copyright ASME International

Table 2-l TABLE OF TERMS

Conventional Units SI Units Conversion Factors

Symbol Description
Units Name of Unit Units Name of Unit Conventional to SI

Length L Dimension or Distance in. inch m meter 2.540 E-02

ft foot m meter 3.048 E-01
mm millimeter m meter 1.000 E-03
cm centimeter m meter 1 .ooo E-02

Ma% wt Weight of material lb pound mass (avoir) kg kilogram 4.536 E-01

ton ton kg kilogram 9.072 E+02
gr grain (avoir) kg kilogram 6.480 E-OS
gm gram kg kilogram 1.000 E-03

Time t Duration of time set second 5 second 1 .ooo E+OO

min minute 5 second 6.000 E+Ol
hr hour S second 3.6 E+03

Gravitational Constant 9 Gravitational Constant g gravitational constant

ft/sec2 32.17 ftjse? m/s’ meters per second’ 9807 E+OO
cm/se? 980 cm/se? m/s” meters per second’ 9807 E+OO

Force F Force lb pound force N Newton, (kg * m/s’) 4.448 E+OO

pdl poundal N Newton, (kg + m/s’) 1.383 E-01
P E+OO
W kilogram force N Newton, (kg* m/s’) 9.807
dyne dyne N Newton, (kg * m/s”) 1.000 E-02

Area A Cross-sectional area in.’ square inches m2 square meters 6.452 E-04
ft2 square feet square meters 9.290 E-02
cm’ square centimeters ;: square meters 1 .ooo E-04

Volume Vol Volume, space or material ft3 cubic feet cubic meters 2.832 E- 02
gal gallons (U.S.) cubic meters 3.785 E-03
I liter cubic meters 1 .ooo E-03
ml milliliter cubic meters 1 .ooo E-06

Particle Size D Diameter of particle firn micron or micrometer m meter 1 .ooo E-06

Velocity V Velocity, object or material ft/sec feet per second m/s meters per second 3.048 E-01
in./sec inches per second 4s meters per second 2.540 E-02
cm/set centimeters per second 4s meters per second 1.000 E-02

Flowrate, volumetric Q Volumetric flowrate CFM cubic feet per minute m3/s cubic meters per second 4.720 E-04
GPM gallons per minute m3/s cubic meters per second 6.308 E-OS

Flowrate, mass G Mass flowrate Ib/hr pounds per hour kg/s kilograms per second 1.260 E-04
Ib/min pounds per minute kg/s kilograms per second 7.560 E-03

Temperature T Temperature, object or OF degrees Fahrenheit OC degreees Celsius a F - 32/l .8

material OR degrees Rankine “C degrees Celsius ’ R/l .8
OC degrees Centigrade “C degrees Celsius 1.000
OK degrees Kelvin “C degrees Celsius OK- 273.15

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Copyright ASME International

Conventiotial Units SI Units Conversion Factors

Term Symbol Description
T
Units Name of Unit Units Name of Unit Conventional to SI

Temperature Interval AT Temperature difference OF degrees Fahrenheit “C degrees Celsius 5.556 E-01
OC degrees Centigrade “C degrees Celsius 1.000 E-00

Pressure P Pressure, gas or liquid I b/in.’ pounds per square inch Pa Pascals, (N/m”) 6.895 E+03
in. H, 0 inches water gage Pa Pascals, (N/m’) 2.491 E+02
in. Hg inches Hg manometer Pa Pascals, (N/m’) 3.387 E+03
mm Hg millimeters Hg manometer Pa Pascals, (N/m”) 1.333 E+02
Atm Atmospheres Pa Pascals, (N/m’) 1.014 E+05
bar bars Pa Pascals, (N/m’) 1 .ooo E+05
CA
Density P Density of material Ib/ft” pounds per cubic foot kilograms per cubic meter 1.602 ,E+Ol
I b/gal pounds per gallon kilograms per cubic meter 1.198 E+O2
gm/cm’ grams per cubic centimeter kilograms per cubic meter 1 .ooo E-03

Viscosity 7) Viscosity, gas or liquid poise poise P poise, (0.1 Pa * 5) 1 .ooo E+OO

Concentration Cone Weight of material in I b/ft3 pounds per cubic foot kilograms per cubic meter 1.602 E+Ol
volume of gas or liquid I b/gal pounds per gallon kilograms per cubic meter 1.198 E-I.02
gm/cm3 milligrams per cubic meter kilograms per cbuic meter 1.000 E-06

Energy, thermal HV Heating value of fuel Btu British Thermal Unit J,orN.m Joule or Newton meter 1.055 E+03
Cal. calorie J,or N*m Joule or Newton meter 4.186 E+OO

Energy, electrical KWH Electrical energy kWhr kilowatt hour J,or N-m Joule or Newton meter 3.600 E+06

Electrical Power ‘W Electrical power W watt W, or J/s Watts or Joules per second 1 .ooo E+OO

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Copyright ASME International

SECTION 2 ANSI/ASME PTC 38 - 1980

spect to the basic system of units and their use. A thor- written. The appropriate SI units of measurements, to be
ough understandingof all the material contained in ASME substituted for the given units, arealsogiven along with
Guide SI-1 is essential to the proper use of the SI System. conversion factors for converting from t h e conventional
units to the SI units of measurement.
2.45 To maximize the usefulness and applicability of test In actualpractice, these terms’are usually used with
results in the future, it is recommended that all t e s t results
subscripts in formulae, graphs, and calculations to indicate
bereported,wheneverpossible, in SI Units as well a s in
their sepcific meaning for particular usage situations. The
the system of units originally deemed applicable for the nature of the subscripts may vary greatly, depending on
specific test(s) involved. the source of the publication and the nature of the mea-
surements involved. Hence, no standardizedsystem for
subscripts is included in t h i s Code.Wheneversubscripts
2.5 TABLE OF TERMS areused,however, their meanings should be clearly indi-
cated.
2.51 Table 2-1 contains a listing of the terminology and
nomenclature usedgenerally throughout the Code. Con- Note I : The column of ConversionFactorscontains,
version factors are provided for conversion of the stated on t h e left, the numerical value to be used in exponential
units of measurement to the SI System of Units. notation and, on the right, the exponent for a base of 10.
For example:2.540 E - 02 signifies that the factor is
2.52 Wheretheneed for different systems of nomencla- 2.540 x or 0.0254.
ture exists within the Code to define unique t e s t param-
Note 2: While it is realized that the term “mass” is
eters, the required nomenclature is listed in Tables accom-
more strictly correct thantheterm “weight” whenre-
panying the calculation proceduresinvolved.Provisions
forming to such units of measurement as pounds mass,
have been made for conversion of the units used to the SI
kilograms,grains, etc., themore commonly used term
System.
“weight” is used frequently in this Code to avoid confu-
This Table contains a listing of the terms commonly sion for those using it who are much more familir with the
used in the measurement of the concentration of particu- generally used term for this parameter. This does not pre-
late matter in a gas stream. The units of measurement clude the desirable practice of using the term “mass” vice
givenarethose in generaluse a t the time this Codewas “weight” whenever practicable and understandable.

6
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ASME PTC*w38 B O W 0 7 5 9 6 7 0 0 0 5 3 8 2 0 2 m

SECTION 3 - GUIDING PRINCIPLES

tions thoroughly before making arrangements for con-

3.1 ITEMS OF AGREEMENT
ducting a test.
3.11 Where the purpose of a test involves the interests of
two or more parties, an agreement must be formulated in
advance of testing. 3.2 TOLERANCES
The following is a checklist of pertinent items upon This Codespecifiedthedesired conditions and proce-
which agreement should be reached by the parties to the dures for obtaining valid and accurate test results but the
test: definition of uncertainties in respect to overall test accu-
(a) The object orobjects of the t e s t (see paragraph racy and repeatability is not withinits scope.
1 .I).
(b) Date and time of the test. Ideal test conditions may be unobtainable in many test
(c) Thenumber,type,and location of sample trains situations. This Code provides guidance for dealing with

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and other instruments where alternates are permitted (see such non-ideal conditions so as to maximize the accuracy
paragraphs 3.51 and 3.53) andthe test procedures to be of the test results. Provisions to allow for uncertainties in
employed in their use. measurements, resulting from less-than-desirable test con-
(d) Number and location of all sampling points. ditions, must be agreed upon in advance by all parties to
(e) Method of determining and maintaining constancy the test. This agreement should be clearly stated in the
of process conditions during the test (see paragraph 3.54). test report.
(f) Gas flow rates in the duct(s) or stack to be tested.
(g) Method of determining total gas flow; whether by
combustion calculations,by processcalculations, or by
velocity head measurements (see paragraph 3.52). 3.3 WITNESSES TO A TEST
(h) Number and duration of runs (see paragraph 3.55).
(i) Duration of steady state operation before sampling 3.31 Accredited representatives of all partiesconcerned
is commenced (see paragraph 3.54) and, in the case of should be present to witness that all aspects of the t e s t are
new or modified installations, the minimal “shakedown” conducted in accordance with the agreements.
operational period required prior to testing.
(j) Designation of the procedures for making calibra- 3.32 Should an accreditedrepresentativeestablish to all
tions,weighings,and other appropriate measurements, parties that theobserved test proceduresand conditions
and selection of the laboratories for carrying out various will invalidate or prejudice the t e s t objectives, that por-
test procedures. tion of the t e s t results or the test run itself-shall bede-
(k) Maximum deviations of test measurementsand leted.
conditions between replicate runs that will be acceptable,
and the requirements for additional runswhere their de-
viations are exceeded. 3.4 PRELIMINARY RUNS

3.12 During actual site testing, the method of determin- One or more preliminary runsmaybe conducted for
ing the particulate matter concentration of gases must be suchpurposes as checkinginstruments andprocedures
adapted to the conditions of constructions and operation and/or making minor adjustments, the need for which was
encountered in each particular case. Unfortunately, ideal not evident during the preparations for the test. Any pre-
conditions areseldom found in field testing.Therefore, liminary run,whencompleted,maybedeclared, by mu-
the parties to the test should investigate the field condi- tual agreement, to bean official run.

Copyright ASME International

3.5 TEST PROCEDURES-GENERAL PRINCIPLES same Reynolds number to the diameter of an equivalent
cross-sectional area circular duct and is expressed and cal-
The major points in connection with the test (see para- culated as follows:
graph 3.11) having been agreed upon, it is then necessary
to prepare t h e detailed procedurefor the test. D = 4 X
‘Area
Perimeter
-
- 2 X m
(H W )
f
where
In planning the test, attention should beaccorded to
D = equivalent diameter
theproblem of obtaining a truly representativesample
H = height of flue or duct
over the total cross section of the duct in view of the ten-
dency of particles to stratify due to distortions of gas
W = width of flue or duct
flow. This problem is related to (a) the selection of a most
favorablesampling location, (b) the number and pattern Access and Service Facilities
of sampling points in the cross section, (c) the frequency Room for test setup and for free movementof the test
of readings, and (d) the number and duration of runs, See apparatus during the test should beconsideredwhen se-
Appendix H. lecting thesampling location. Staging for personneland
The function of the sampling device is essentially that apparatus a t the test location and access thereto shall con-
of withdrawing a portion of the particulate matter laden form to recognizedsafetycodes.Adequacy of lighting,
‘gas at such a rate and in such a manner that it represents electric power outlets, communication facilities, etc,,
a true sample of filterable material a t the point ofextrac- should also be considered.
tion. There can be a variety of designs that satisfy these
requirements by means of isokinetic sampling. Settled Particulate Matter
It is strongly recommended that prior to the test run Particulate matter buildup on the bottoms of horizon-
all pertinent information required for translating velocity tal ducts is often encountered and must beconsidered
’ head readings into isokinetic sampling rates be put inread- when establishing duct dimensions for velocity traverses
ily calculableform, preferably as easilyreadcharts, so andwhen sectionalizing the duct into samplingareas, A
that flue velocities read as a pretest procedureor read con- bottom profile formed under equilibrium flow conditions
currently with thetesting,canbe immediately translated canbeestablished with sufficient accuracy byprobing.
during the actual sampling run into isokinetic rates. Sug- This probing shouldbedone at sufficient frequency to
gested procedures for doing this are given in Appendix J . identify anychanges in the profile during the test. The

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profile of dust buildup must be shown on a cross-sectional
3.51 Sampling Location view of the duct if credit is to be obtained for the reduced
cross-sectional area.
Selection of Sampling Cross Section
Bottom particulate matter buildup not only affects gas
Care must be taken to select the best possible sampling
flow rate determination but often upsets particulate mat-
cross section of the duct. A straight run of duct preceding
ter concentration determinations because of particulate
the point of measurement is, of course, preferable. In any
flow alongthe bottom of the duct. It is therefore ex-
event,avoid locations nearsuddenchanges in area of
tremely important that the sampling probe be kept well
direction. Such changes may cause fluctuating particulate
above the buildup. The distance from the top surface of
matter stratification, or extremeturbulenceleading to
the buildup to the sampler nozzle should be one-half the
skewed or reversed gas flow. The use of vertical ducts,
distance between test zones. For example, if there is a 3 ft
wherepossible is preferable as this eliminatesthe prob-
distancebetween t e s t positions in thevertical direction,
lems of settled particulate matter in the duct. ln either
then the nozzle should be approximately 1% ft above the
horizontal orvertical.ducts, the preferred location is a t
surface of the buildup.
least 8 diameters downstream and 2 diametersupstream
from any flow disturbulence. Such a sampling point loca-
tion is often not available.Hence, in either horizontal or Low Velocity Streams
vertical ducts, the location of the test ports related to the
One may encounter duct arrangements where it is im-
number of duct diameters from any flow disturbance will
possible to make satisfactory measurements of velocity at
determine the number of sampling positions necessary to
the location required for particulate matter sampling be-
obtain valid test results. See Fig, 1 of Appendix H.
cause they are too low to beread by any of the recom-
Theterm“equivalent diameter” relates to the cross- mended instruments. In these circumstances some uncon-
sectionalarea of a rectangular duct which producesthe ventional procedures may be necessary (see Appendix E).

Copyright ASME International

ANSI/ASME PTC 38 - 1980 SECTION 3

3.52 Flow Measurement accuracy, a greater number of points maybeused if

desired.
The determination of a gas mass-or volume for the pur-
pose of establishing the rate of flow through a collection If many sampling points are involved, it may prove ad-
device, as it affects collection performance, should utilize vantageous to operate more than one sampler at a time.
the most accurate method available. A full understanding This canalsoprove helpful if information is desired, for
of the accuracy of velocity head measurementswhich can example, on several ducts serving a common gas cleaning
bemade to determine total gas flow shoulddetermine device as a measure of flow distribution between ducts.
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whether these flow rates for each test situation should be

established by calculation from fuel analysis and flue gas 3.54 Consfancy of Test Conditions
composition or from measurements of velocity head. In
many cases, due to less-than-ideal conditions for velocity Steady state operating conditions should be established
head measurement, flow determinations from combustion before the start of eachrun,especiallythose conditions
calculations have been found to be more accurate andthis which affect gas temperature and flow rate. The Pitot
method is preferred whereapplicable. In such cases the tube traverse or actualsamplingshould not be started
flow rates as determined by velocity headmeasurements until conditions havebecomesteadyandremainsteady
are usually higher than those determined by combustion for a t least 1/2 hr. Longer waiting periods may be required
calculations. to ensure equilibrium conditions when major changes in
operation aremade. Although constant operating condi-
Calculation procedure for gasmass per unit weight of tions are necessary to obtain the most reliable results, it is
fuel is given in PTC 4.1 - “Steam Generating Units,” para-
recognized that constant operating conditions sometimes
graph 7.3.2.02. Gas flow rate will require a knowledge of
fuel rate from a fuel metering device, or, in the case of a
...
cannot be maintained Variations in flow rate arebest
understood by those familiar with the process,and the
steamgenerator, the fuel rate canbeestablished from a
degree of variations acceptable should beestablished by
measured steam or water flow and a known or calculated
mutual consent. Flow variations are shown by variations
steamgenerator efficiency under test conditions. The
in fan power requirements, fan control settings, gas analy-
accuracy of gas flow rate established by this method will
ses, fuel input rate, or combinations of these parameters.
be the accuracy of measurement of gas weight per unit
They can also be determined by continuously monitoring
weight of fuel (PTC 4.1, “Probable Measurement Errors,”
the gas velocity at a single sample point or at individual
paragraph 3.03.5) and -the -accuracy of metering devices.
sampiing points during a run.
If possible, during the testing period, all process equip-
ment settings, fan settings, etc., should remain unchanged
3.53 Number and Distribution of Sample Points
to assure the consistency of test results. Process recording
Whether the flue or stack is circular or rectangular in chartsshouldbe included in the test repoit, if possible,
crosssection, samplingconnections andtraverse points with times of traverse and sampling clearlyshown. Checks
should beselected to permit sampling in zones of equal should bemade after t h e tests on the profiles of settled
area as illustrated in Appendix H. Since the arrangement particulate matter and on equipment settings to determine
of flues and stacks do not always lend themselves to per- that they remained essentially unchanged to assure that a
mit locating connections in a preferred relationship to valid test has been obtained. When soot blowing or other
turns andcross-sectionalchanges, thefrequency of tra- periodic process action is a part of normal operations, the
verse points and size of sampling areas will change depend- procedure for including suchaction, if desired, into the
ing upon this relationship. test program should be considered and full agreement ob-
tained from all parties as to how this will be done.
Appendix H provides guidance for determining the
number and location of sampling areas required for vari-
ous sampling situations, All data relative t o the selection 3.55 Duration of Runs
of sampling points and dimensioned drawings of both the
In general,samplingtimes at each point should be
sampling cross-sectional profile and the duct arrangement
equal increments of the total time.The total sampling
(showing sources of flow disturbance) shall be included in
time will be that necessary to insure collection of a weigh-
the test report.
able sample. Calculations shouldbe made for each installa-
Adherence to theseguidelines is recommended for tion to determine the sampling time necessary to obtain a
accurate, consistent sampling of particulate matter. Since sample weighable within the accuracy desired. It has been
a greater number of points will not impair the sampling demonstrated that an accurate, weighable catch can usual-

Copyright ASME International

SECTION 3 ANSI/ASME PTC 38 - 1980

ly be obtained during a 1 to 4 hr run at the discharge of measurements and can be useful if a check is desired on a
high efficiency collectioh systems. calculated combustion gas flow rate.
On certain cyclic operations it is impossible to main- If sample gas volumes are obtained by the use of a vol-
tain desired test conditions for an extended duration of ume meter, the integrator should be read at the exact time
run, and in such cases the maximum sampling time will be of the start and finish of sampling a t each sampling point.
limited by the cycle time. A complete traverse of points It is advisable to obtain readings a t regular intervals during
should bemade so that the total of the equal time incre- the run as a checkagainstthe total, and as insurance
ments for all traverse points should equal t h e cycle time. against unforseen interruption or termination of the test
Depending upon the length of the cycle, more than three run.
runsmaybe required to obtain consistent results. Some
cases may requirethesimultaneous use of two or more
sampling
systems. . 3.57 Procedure for Operating Samplers
There are certain general considerations inherent in the
use of any sampling device that should be observed to per-
3.56 Frequency of Readings mit obtaining accurate, repeatable results. Specific proce-
Wherethe Pitot tube, or velocity headmeasuringde- dures for different types of sampling devices should be
vice is an integral part of the sampler, velocity head read- recognized, understood, and followed.
ings shall be monitored continuously and the sample flow
Prior to the start of any run, the preweighed filter and
rate, as determinedby flowrater, rotameter, ororifice
entire sampling system should be inspected and tested to
meter, shall be maintained at the proper isokinetic sam-
besure all connections in the sampling system and in the
pling rate to match the velocity head reading.
manometer or gage connections are free of. leakage. This i s
It is advisable to take Pitot tube traverses prior to sam- particularly important where connections are interposed
pling to determine the flow pattern and make the proper betweenthe filter medium and the sample gas metering
selection of sample nozzle sizes to obtain isokinetic sam- devicesince, obviously, anyleaksahead of the metering
ple flow rates. When test runs are long in duration, it is de- device will cause erroneously high samplegas flow mea-
sirable to conduct a t least a partial traverse again after the surements and give a false isokinetic indication (see para-
sampling period to verify that flow rates and flow patterns graph 4.51). All apparatusused should be electrically
have not changed. If, during the sampling period, there is grounded to the ductwork or other good ground.
any indication by any process or test instrumentation that
The sampler probe shouldbe clearlymarked to indi-
operating conditions maybechanging, a traverse should
cate the direction of the sampler nozzle and to permit the
be made to determine if changes have occurred..
operator to recognize when the probe is at the predeter-
If the sampling flow is determined by a volume meter, mined samplingpoints.
the flow ratecanbeestablished immediately after the
The equipment beingtested should havebeen a t test
start of samplingby dividing themeterreading by the
conditions for an agreed-upon time before starting a run.
corresponding increment of the total sampling time. How- All parties involved should be aware that a test is proceed-
ever,even if an integrating meter is used, it is easier to

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ing and not alter operating conditions that will affect the
establish the flow rate by using a flowrater orrotameter in conduct of the test. Should any unavoidable changes
series with the meter. occur, the testingpartiesshould beadvised promptly SO
A record should be kept of flow rates, integrated flow the run canbe interrupted until test conditions are re-
measurements, gas pressures and temperatures at the sam- stored. Some changes may require starting a new test with
pling flow measuring device, at 5 min intervals, or at inter- new filters and clean equipment.
vals consistent with t h e sampling time a t each point, to- The plugs or caps closing the test ports should bere-
gether with an indentification of the sampling point loca- movedand theconnections thoroughly cleaned of any
tion (e.g., a t start and finish of each sampling interval loose or adhering deposit that may have accumulated. Be
whenthese intervals arelonger than 5 min but shorter sure t h a t any protective covering over the sampler nozzle
than 10 min), is removed. The sampling system should besealed to pre-
Where the sampler is equipped with an integral velocity vent any reverse flow during insertion of the probe. This i s
head measuring device, it is essential to record the velocity done by closing thevalve or clamping shut the hose to the
head and temperature readings in the duct. This informa- exhausting system. Where high pressure or drafts exists in
tion. is necessary to calculate the gas flow by velocity head a flue or duct at the sampling location, high flow veloc-

Copyright ASME International

ities will occurthroughtheopensamplingconnection, rate control valve closed,and simultaneously the sample
having an aspirating affect which canremove collected nozzle turned 180 degrees where possible, and the probe
particulate matter from the sampling system as the sam- removed. The exhausting system may be shut off during
pling nozzle passes through. Extreme care will be required the sampler removal from the test port to seal the system
during this period. and prevent loss of collected sample, However, this is not
recommended when the static pressure in the duct is nega-
Where the design of the sampling apparatus permits,ín-

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tive.
sert the sampler through the first sampling pore with the
nozzle facing downstream and allow the sampler to come The procedureshould be continued until all sample
to operating temperature. After the warm-up time; timing points have been traversed. This will constitute a t e s t run,
should be startedsimultaneously with facingthenozzle
After removal of the sampler from the final point, and
upstream and establishing isokinetic flow rate.
after obtaining a final reading of sample gas volume,
This sequence of actions should be performed as rapid- manipulatethe apparatus to recover quantitatively any
ly as possible. As soon as sampling conditions are stable, roose sample in the nozzle ahead of the filter medium.
temperatures, pressures, and velocity head readings should
Extreme care should beexercised to avoid contami-
be recorded and recording continued a t 5 min intervals or
nation by extraneous material.
at intervalsconsistent with thesampling time at each
point, It is recommended that the first sample point be After the sampler has cooled sufficiently to handle, it
the point of greatest insertion to permit quick warming of i s recommended that the entire samplerhead or filter
the total sample probe and to facilitate proberemoval holder andprobesexposed to thesample flow, properly
after the completion of samplingthrough eachsample encased or plugged,be transported to the laboratory or
port. other clean working area for samplerecovery (see para-
graph 4.5).
A t the appropriate time interval, the sampler should be
moved to the next sample point established for this con-
Sufficient replicate runs should bemade to comply
nection and the sampling rate adjusted for isokinetic rate.
with the pretest agreement on t h e number of, and agree-
Readings of temperature,pressure,and velocity heads
ment between, runs. An alternate procedure] having spe-
should continue at equal time intervals. The time interval
cial advantageswhen reviewing test results,involvesthe
at eachsampling point should be recorded, with theap-
simultaneous operation of duplicate samplers so that each
propriate readings, on the sampling datasheet.
sampler, starting a t an opposite end of the transverse path,
When the last sampling point a t a particular test port is covers the total number of sampling points in a run over-
completed, timing should bestopped,the sampling flow lapping the opposite or duplicate sampler.

Copyright ASME International

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4 .I INSTRUMENTS ANDTHEIR USE ture shall be 105°C minimum, higher if necessary, to meet
the requirements of specific samplingconditions.
(L) Orsat apparatus, or other instrumentation of equal
4.1 1 Necessary Instruments accuracy, for use in determining the analysis of the sample
gas.Suchananalysis is required to permit correction to
The required instruments are described in this Section.
design excess air or percent O2 basisand is necessary if
Beforeproceeding to select or construct instruments,
gas flow rates are to be determined by combustion calcula-
thosechapters of I & A dealing with these instruments
tions or other stoichiometric means. The Orsat apparatus
should be consulted for detailed information. Many of the
and i t s operation are described in I & A, PTC 19.10, Part
requiredconversion factors and corrections which have
IO, “Flue and Exhaust Gas Analysis.”
becomestandardized will be found in these chapters of
(M) Stopwatch with sweep second hand (or equivalent
I & A (Reference [ 6 ] ,Section 7).
timing devices).
The instruments and test apparatus requirements areas (N) Barometer.
follows: (O) Humidity measurementapparatus.Themeasure-
(A) Standard Pitot tubes or other calibrated devices ment of humidity and the apparatus required i s covered in
for making gas velocity measurements in the gas stream. I & A, PTC 19.18, Part 18, “Humidity Determinations.”
(B) Sampling apparatus consistingof nozzles, sampling Illustrations of typical instruments and test apparatus
probesand particulate matter collectors for proper sam- are contained in the Appendix.
pling of the gas streamand collecting the particulate
matter entrained therein. 4.12 lsokinetic Sampling
(C) Metering devices, usually orifices and/or gas meters, The sampling train canuse either of two methods for
for determining the gas sampling rateand volume. the maintenance of an isokinetic sampling rate.
(D) Exhausting devices for withdrawing the required (a) With the Pitot tube attached to the sampling probe
gas samples. so t h a t the sampling rateis continuously adjusted to match
(E) Thermometers or thermocouples with tempera- the variations of gas velocity at the point of sampling.
ture indicator for measuring the gas temperatures at the This is the preferred procedure.
sampling locations in the gas stream and at the orifices or (b) With the Pitot tube traverse conducted immed-
gas meters. iately prior to the actual sampling period for particulate
(F) Inclined manometers or gages of equalaccuracy matter so that the sampling rates for isokinetic flow are
for use with Pitot tubes in reading the velocity pressures. pre-calculated. This procedure may be used if the velocity
.(G)Inclined or vertical manometers or gages of equal fluctuations are small. See paragraphs 3.54 and 4.33b.
accuracy for indicating the pressure drop across the meter- The Appendix contains additional information on iso-
ing orifices. kinetic sampling and aids for establishing andmaintaining
(H) Manometers or suitable gages for measuring the isokinetic flow rates.
static pressure at discharge of the metering orifice.
( I ) Manometers or suitable gages for measuringthe
4.2 DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLING TRAIN
static pressure at the sampling location.
( J ) A balance of suitable precision for weighing the
4.21 Filtration Section
collected particulate matter samples.
(K) A drying oven suitable for removing moisture from The filtration section may be made up of the following
the samples and filters before weighing and a desiccator, components:
with fresh desiccant, t o hold the samples and filters while (A) A nozzle of acceptabledesign. See examples in
cooling after drying and before weighing. Drying tempera- Appendix B.

Copyright ASME International

ANSllASME PTC 38 - 1980 -. SECTION 4-

(B) A filter assembly,closecoupled to and immediately tration, and the desired weight of sample. The quantity of
following the nozzle,designed for operation within the gas required t o produce this weight is calculated from the
duct orstack gas stream. expected particulate matter concentration and the desired
(C) Where a back-up filter is used, it is preferably sample weight. The size of the nozzle is calculated to give
close-coupled to the nozzle and the primary filter so as to the same velocity to gases entering the nozzle as exists in
be completely immersed in the stack gas. gasespassing the nozzle (isokinetic flow), Thenozzle
(D) Connecting tube (probe) between the filter(s) and diameter should be as large as possible and should be of
flexible hose leading to the sample flow measurement and su.fficient size to secure, within a reasonable time, samples
moisture measurement sections. . large enough for accurate computation of particulate mat-
(E) Asan alternative to the in-stack type filter, the ter concentration. Nozzlessmaller than 0.2 in. diameter
primary filter (with back-up filter, if required) maybe are not recommended except for special conditions such
placed outside the duct or stack where temperature con- as high gas velocities. Typical nozzle designs are shown in
ditions or sampling site configuration prevents the u% of Appendii B.
an in-stack filter and appropriate precautions are-taken.
See paragraph 4.3. Where temperature conditions require 4.32a Filter Location and Design
external sample filtration, the sampling probe and tubing
I n a low volume sampling train, the in-stack filter has
and the filtering systemshouldbe maintained at a tem-
advantagesover all configurations and is largely free.of
perature well above the acid dewpoint or at sufficiently
disadvantages.Therefore, it is the preferred method of
high temperature to prevent condensation in the sample
filtration. (See Appendix A.)
flow path to the filter and on the filter.
If, due to excessive gas temperatures or for other rea-
4.22 Flow Measurement and Control Section sons, it is necessary to locate t h e filter outside~the gas
stream, special precautions are necessary to prevent errors
The flow measurementand control sectionincludes
due to condensation of sulfuric acid (acid dewpoint) or of
means for continuously monitoring isokinetic sampling
water (aqueous dewpoint) in the sampling probe and/or in
rate and for measurement of the totalquantity of gas
the filter assembly. This cancause corrosion problems
sampled. It can be comprised of various combinations of
and/or result in the formation of ‘“psuedoparticulate
the following components as diagramed in Appendix C
matter” which is not present in the gasstream at the
and discussed in paragraph 4.3.
sampling location.
(A) Condenser, or impingers in an &bath, following
the filtration section for the condensationof water vapor. The. quantitative recovery of the particulate matter
(B) Desiccator, containing desiccantsuch as silica gel which is deposited in the sampling probe and in the tubing
or Drierrite immediately following the condenser section. (if used)between @e probé and filter presents major
(C) Integrating gas meter immediately following the problems.Greatcare is required to insurecompletere-
desiccator, moval without loss or contamination. The particulate mat-
(D)integrating gas meter follawing the airtight pump. ter removed from the probe andtubing between the nozzle
(E) Orifice flowmeter, in place of integrating gas meter, and the filter must beadded to the particulate matter
ahead of vacuum source. removed by the filter(s) in the determination of the total
(F) Orifice flowmeter located after~anairtight pump quantity of particulate matter in the gassample. In these
and used in conjunction with (C) or (D) above. manipulations, the potential for error greatly increases
(G) Vacuum source, t o induce sample flow, which may with increased length of probe and tubing.
be either a pump or aspirator.
(H) Temperature andpressuregages on the metering The following is a listing of precautions which mustbe
taken when exterior filters are used.
devices and on the condenser.
(a) The sample probe and sample tubing from the noz-
Recommendedarrangements of these components in
zle to the particulate matter collector should be smooth
the sampling systems are illustrated in Appendix C.
with no interruptions. The probeshould be fabricated
from a material which is the most completgly resistant to
4.3
DISCUSSION OF SAMPLING TRAINS AND
corrosion or reaction in the environment being tested tö
THEIR COMPONENTS
avoid contamination of particulate matter which settles
out in the probe. Similar precautions should betaken in
4.31 SamplingNozzle
the selection of sample tubing.
The nozzle size is based on measurements or estimates (6) It is imperative that thetemperature of the gas
of gas velocities, the expected particulate matter concen- sample be maintained at or above thedewpoints (aqueous

13
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Copyright ASME International

and acid) or a t the gas temperature a t the sampling point Furthermore, the filter materialmust be completely
location until it passes through the particulate matter col- unreactive in respect to both the particulate matter and
lector(s). Thisrequires that the portionof probe and the gas to avoid contamination of the sample. Chemical
tubing external t o the stack or duct be heat insulated and reactions of acid gases with the particles or with the
provided with means for controlled heating. See Appen- alkaline filter fibers can“create” particles. With filters
dices A, B, and C. having mean fiber diameters less than lpm, the absorption
(c) A temperaturemeasuringdevice is required, SO of watervapor can
be rapid andappreciable during
installed that it provides a true measurement of gas tem- handling. Filter media which may possess catalytic proper-
perature through the filter. The temperature must be con- ties in respect to the oxidation of SOz should be avoided.
(See Section 7, References [23] and [24] .)
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tinuously monitored andrecorded to insuresatisfactory

performance of the heating system in maintaining the The filtration efficiency of the filter shall be adequate
required gas temperatures. to ensure thatat least 99 percent by mass of all particulate
(d) Extra care is required for the quantitative recovery matter in thefiltered sample is retainedon the filter.
of particulate matter whish is deposited in the probe and Selection and designation of the filter mediashould be
tubing. Flushing the interior with acetone, water, or other based either on the certified filtration efficiency of the
liquid is an uncertain technique for quantitative recovery. filter or upon the actual demonstrated performanceof the
The procedures most appropriate to the sampleand the filter under equal or more severe filtration efficiency tests.
samplingapparatusused must be carefully conducted to The final selection of acceptable filter mediashallbe a
remove the depositedsample as completely as possible matter of mutual agreement by all parties concerned.
without contaminating it with extraneous material on the
sampling train or in the atmosphere. Experience has indi- The filtration efficiency of a particulate filter media is
cated that particulate matter recovery problems can result a function of both. the nature and concentration of the
in -an “uncertainty factor” of considerablemagnitude, particulate matter concerned and of the duration and rate
especially with long probes. of sampling.Hence, arbitrary assignment of “filtration
efficiency” ratings to a particular filter media, based upon
The high volume sampling train also employs an exter-
somespecified rating procedure,canbeverymisleading.
ior filter, but is less vulnerable to the condensation prob-
In actual sampling practice, t h e true filtration efficiency
lems cited above. See Appendices A, B, and C.
achieved is usually far greater than would be indicated by
the nominal “filtration efficiency” rating assigned to the
filter media. This subject is thoroughly discussed in
4.32b Particulate Matter Filter Design Appendix D.

The filtering material is usually made in thimble, flat-

disk, sheet, or bag form so the particulate matter canbe
retained in or on the filter for drying and weighing. Fiber 4.33
Gas Flow Metering
or sintered ceramic or metallic thimbles are manufactured
in relatively small sizes with a filtering capacity of 0.5 to 4.33a Gas Flow Metering Devices
1.5 CU ft per minute. Flat disks,sheetsandbagscanbe Gas flow metering devicescanbe located at any con-
made of any size, their only limitations besides strength venient place in the samplesystemdownstream of the
being that theyshallbe of fine enough porosity t o give filter device(s) provided:
the required filtering efficiency, large enough to keep the (a) Gas tight connections are maintained between the
resistance to gas flow within the limits of the exhausting nozzle and the metering device.
device, and small enough to permit accurately determining (b) The device is installed to minimize turbulence (see
their increase in mass as a result of the particulate matter I & A, Part 5, Chapter 4).
caught. Since it is difficult to control the moisture content (c) The exhauster is airtight when the measuring device
of fabric filters, it is important to make the ratio of the
is located downstreamof the exhauster.
mass of the filter to the mass of the particulates caught as
(d) Any condensation prior to the device is measured
small as possible.
and compensatedfor.
Keeping this mass ratio small is very difficult if the par- (e) Gasesare dry entering the metering device ora
ticulate sample is taken downstream of an extremely high moisture correction is determined.
efficiency collector. Accordingly, in such a case it is par-
ticularly important to select a filter having the least initial The dimensional unit “micron,”abbreviated “N,” refers to a
mass which is practicable. dimension of 1 .O X meters.

Copyright ASME International

ANSI/ASME PTC 38 - 1980 SECTION 4

4.33b Regulation of Sampling Rate An indicating flow rate meter maybeused with an
integrating meter,
and the flow integrated by
time.
The rate of sampling is usually adjusted, by a valve in
Accurate time and flow rates must be used to ensure inte-
t h e samplingsystem suctionline, to maintain isokinetic
gration of the variousflow rates over thetest run.
sampling conditions. A Pitot tube near the sample poiat
indicates gas velocity in the duct and a flow measuring
4 . 3 3 ~ Use of Metering Devices
device in thesamplingsystemprovidesdata to indicate
the velocity in the nozzle. All indicating flow metersinstalled in the sampling
lines, for use as a guide in regulating the sampling rateor
Non-isokinetic sampling that deviates from true iso-
for measuring the quantity of gassampled, shall be cali-
kinetic conditions by morethank 1O percent is permissible
brated with a test device traceable to a National Bureau of
only upon the mutual agreement of all parties.With all
Standards flow measuring instrument. It is not sufficiently
particles present in the .gas stream less than 3pm in diam-
accurate to useaverage handbook values for the coeffi-
eter, deviations from isokinetic up to f 30 percent may be
cient of discharge when the orifices are small. Thin-plate
acceptable by mutual consent. It is recognized that when
orifices are usual, although thick orifices with well-rounded
the diameter of the largest particles present do not exceed
inlets may be employed if desired. The size of the orifice
lpm, errors in sample weight and composition^ resulting
depends on the rate of sampling. In general, the orifice
form non-isokinetic sampling rates are usually negligible.
should be small enough to give a deflection which can be
Hence, when this condition exists, non-isokinetic sampling
read accurately on the type of manometer usedand yet
may be considered for special circumstances by the mutual
not so small that the addedpressure drop will adversely
agreement of all parties concerned.
affect the operation of the exhausting device. If desired,
In situations wherethe velocity fluctuations arerela- thé-orifices can be sized to be used with the same inclined
tively small, a velocity traverse may be made immediately manometers as the Pitot tubes. For instructions regarding
prior to the sample traverse. This method is acceptable for the design, installation, and use o f these orifices, refer to
use in establishing isokinetic gas sampling rates if the gas I & A Part 5, Chapter 4, “Flow Measurements by Means
flowof the process is constant within a deviation of of StandardizedNozzlesand Orifice Plates,” or refer to
* 10 percent for the- timeduration of the Pitot tube PTC19.5 - 1972, “Interim Supplement on Instruments
traverse when compared to the particulate sampling per- andApparatus.” The metering devicecanbe located at
iod.Constancycan often be concluded by reference to any convenient place provided the precautions mentioned
the operating characteristics of the process and i t s exhaust herein aretaken.Whengasmetersarëused they shallbe
fan. This can be further substantiated by process recording calibrated at the beginning and end o f the test series and
charts andby monitoring of fan and process draft readings. whenever there is an indication that calibration may have
changed. Upon completion of each test, after removal of
If theserecordsare not readily available, amonitor
filter, it is recommended that the sampling train be
Pitot tube maybe inserted a t the representative position
purged with clean air to recover all moisture in the train
a t the t e s t location and velocity heads recorded at periodic
and ensure that corrosive flue gasdoes not remain in the
intervals during the sampling period. These periodic gas
train and gas meter. Flow indicators should be periodically
velocity measurementscanbecompared to single point
checked for cleanlinessand recalibrated at appropriate

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readings obtained during the traverse period, and isokinetic
intervals,
rates adjusted basedon the single point values.
Most gas metershavedials indicating % to 1 CU ft.
4.34 Flow-Inducing Devices
Theseare not considered practical for use in maintaining
isokinetic flow rates in ducts with varying velocity pres- The type of exhauster or vacuum producer is immater-
sures.However,gasmetersareavailable which have dials ial so long as it h-as adequate capacity. Blowers which pro-
which read to 0.02 CU f t andthesecanbeused with a vide a steady suction pressureand flow as well as air,
stopwatch to maintain isokinetic flow rate. water, and steam ejectors have been used. The selectionof
the exhauster for any particular test should be governed
Instantaneous flow rate indicators, such as differential
by the most Gonvenient energy source available.
manometers across an orifice, are preferred and should be
used with a graph or chart which relates gas velocity and Whentheexhauster is locatedupstream of the mea-
density to required sampling rate in order to reduce the suring device, the exhauster must bean airtight device to
time required to verify isokinetic conditions. Sample flow eliminate leakage of air or other fluids into the sample gas
rate should be adjusted to maintain isokinetic conditions flow. Specially constructed leakproof equipment is avail-
throughout the run. able for this service and is preferred, Reported errors are

Copyright ASME International

usually less with gas meters following thesepumps than moisture in the flue gas. On systems such as wet scrubbers,
with gas meters operating under h b l a n d varying suction other means must beused for flue gas moisture deter-
conditions. mination - suchas a condensersystem or anaspirated
psychrometer.
4.35 Manometers
The manometers used with the Pitot tubes shall be of 4.37 Thermometers and Thermocouples
the inclined type graduated to 0.01 in. Magnehelicgages
Thermometers,
thermocouples, or thermistors are
of comparableaccuracymayalsobeused provided that
permitted under this Code if used in accordance with 1 &
initial calibration checksare performed. The same type
A,19.3. If thermocouples areused in conjunction with a
canbeused for the orifice differential pressure reading if
pyrometer or potentiometer, a comparison check with a
the orifices are proportioned to suit. Inclined gages,
mercurythermometer or calibration with a standard
whether filled with water or some other liquid, shall not
thermocouple is advisable.
require special calibration if a gage of standard manufac-
ture is used. For description anduse of manometers and When thermal stratification of gases is evident, it is
Pitot tubes, refer to Test Codes for “Compressorsand recommended that the temperature of the flue gas shall be
Exhausters”(PTC 10); “Fans”(PTC 11), (to be pub- recorded at each sampling location. The temperature mea-
lished);and I & A,PTC 19.2 “PressureMeasurement.” suring device employed shall be attached to the Pitot tube
Whenusingmanometers containing a liquid other than in such a manner as not tointerfere with the end openings
water,careshallbeexercised that the density of the of the Pitot tube.Flue gas temperature as recorded or
liquid during the test is the sameas during calibration. monitored by process instrumentation shall not be used in
Correction for thedensity of such liquids for tempera- sampling. calculations, but shall provide a check to the
ture is often appreciable if the atmospheric temperature measurements at the test location.
differs greatly from 68°F.Whennecessary, the tempera-
ture correction for density shall be applied.
4.4 MEASUREMENT OF GAS VELOCITY
If the metering orifices aredesigned to give a large
deflection, water-filled vertical manometersmaybeused
4.41 Pitot Tubes
to measure their differential pressure. Similar manometers
canbeused to measure the pressure drop across the dust The Pitot tubes used for measuring the gas velocities in
separatorand the static pressure in the flue. The static the duct shall be of standard manufacture andcertified by
pressure at the discharge of the metering orifices shall be
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the manufacturer as to accuracy. Acceptable designsare

measured with manometers. The divisions of any vertical contained in “Flow Meters” (6thEdition) and in PTC
manometer scale shallbecheckedagainst a machinist’s 19.5 - 1972. Other designsareacceptable provided the
scale. Sometimes scales graduated to readpressure in total and the static pressure serving apertures are properly
inches of water are used with other liquids. If a barometer designed to yield a calibration factör of unity. A type of
is available, it should be read; otherwise a value of 29.92 velocity measuring device not meeting this criterion must .
in. Hg at sealevel, corrected to the elevation of the t e s t be calibrated under conditions simulating those of the test
point, shall be used. over thefull range of velocities for which it will be applied.
Wheregas velocity measuringdevicesare integral to the
4.36
.. . Condenser sampling probe, such devices must be calibrated.
If thedew point of the gases is above the metering
4.42 Velocity Measurements
temperature, a condenser should be employed, to prevent
condensation in metering devices. The condenser must Velocity measurementsare required to determine the
have sufficient storage capacity to hold the totalaliquid sampling velocity at each point where the sampling noz-
accumulation for a complete test run. The temperature of zles are to be positioned andseparately for determining
gases leaving the condensermust be measured, since this is the total quantity of gas passing the test section. See para-
the saturation temperature of the gases, which, together graph 3.51 for the method to be employed in determining
with the quantity of liquid water collected, may beused the points where these measurements should be made.
to calculate the total moisture in the flue gases.
The initial set of velocity pressurereadingsmaybe
In systemswhere moisture in the flue gas is derived taken after the gas flow and temperature conditions have
only from fuel and air moisture, an analysis of a properly become steady, but before the start of the test run. These
obtained sample of raw fuel will allow determinations of velocity pressurereadings, together with gas temperature

Copyright ASME International

readings taken at the same points, may be used in deter- 4.5 FILTER HANDLING -AND TREATMENT OF
m.ining the proper sampling rate.for each traverse point; COLLECTED PARTICULATE
MATTER SAM-
PLES
It is often advisable t o locate a Pitot tube adjacent to
the sampling nozzle, for obtaining velocity pressure read-
4.51 Filter Handling
ings during the samplingtraverse and to establish sampling
rates on the basis of these readings. However, they should The filter-medía used during a test run must be oven
be so spaced that induced turbulence does not cause. dried to a constant mass in a heating oven and desiccated
errors (based on prior studies to determine possible both before and after the run. The mass of sample col-
turbulence-induced interaction between samplenozzle lected on the filter will usually be quite small in relation
and Pitot tube). to the mass of-the filter. Therefore, it is mandatory that
all precautions be taken to assure that there is no contam-
Where velocity measuringdevicesare integral to the
ination of the filter media and/orsample or loss o f sample
samplingprobe,separate Pitot tubescanbeused in a
during handling.
traverse to explore thecross-sectionalarea velocity pat-
tern and obtain a preliminary gas flow rate for check pur- Filter specification data will generally define the best
poses. It may require more gas velocity measurements to filter m'edia for various test conditions. While the single
obtain a true gas flow than by the positions specified for mat-type filter offers the benefit~of lowtare massand
representatives samplingof particulate matter. high filtration efficiency, there can be handling problems
in high moisture content gas streams. The alundum thim-
If the gas flow rate at the various sampling points in ble is an effective inert filter but it has a high tare mass
t h e duct remain reasonably constant, as determined by and a potential for gas leakage around the edge (if impro-
the monitor readings, the initial set of velocity and tem- perly installed). However, if installed and used properly, it
perature readings by a separate traverse will suffice. If the will provide high collection efficiencies that are compar-
monitor Pitot tube readingschange during the sampling able to glass fiber mat without the need for back-up
period, correction to the isokinetic sampling rates must be filters. The following suggestions will ensure successful use
made,based upon the magnitude of the change. If any of the thimblefor many difficult sampling situations.
question exists during steady"state processes that the gas
flow rate changed appreciably during the sampling period, (I) Use of a medium porosity thimble.
then a complete Pitot tube traverse should be repeated at (2) Inspect thimbles for edgedefectsandsquareness.
the conclusion of the test run. If the deviation between (3) All new thimbles that pass inspection should be
the prior and concluding velocity traverses is greater than vigorusly brushed,insideand out, with a hard bristle
10 percent, then the test run shouldbe voided andan- brush.
other run conducted. In all cases, a partial traverse should (4) The edge~ofa new thimble should be lightly turned
be made a t the end of the run to verify that flow condi- on a fine sandpaper to insure good sealing, then cleaned
tions have not changed appreciably. A spare Pitot tube of sanding residue.
should beavailable in case of damage or trouble with (5) New thimbles should be fired in a muffle furnace
those in use. See paragraph 3.1 1 (d). for initialstabilization processing prior tonormal weighing
procedures to determine constant taremass.
(6) New thimbles should be initially used only for
4.43 Time Measurement
high concentration particulate matter sampling. They may
Any accurate clock or watch, with a sweepsecond beused for low concentration critical sampling after a
hand, is adequate for the time measurement requirements minimum of two uses on noncritical or high concëntration
of these tests. However, a stopwatch will provide greater samples.
accuracy and convenience. Not only shall a record be kept (7)-Thimblesthusprocessedshouldbeusedmany
of the duration of eachrun, but the movement of the times before discarding or as long as they remain in good
sampling trains frompointtopoint shallbe kept on physical condition. Cleaning procedures should leave the
schedule, and any outage time forthe samplingtrains shall thimble in a "semi-blinded" condition which will provide
be accurately recorded. If gás flow ratesare determined a minimum pressure drop of 2- in. Hg across a well pre-
from an integrating gas meter, a stopwatch is a necessity. pared thimble at normal sample gas flow rate.
( 8 ) Two soft asbestosgasketsshouldbeused to seal
Time recording should be coordinated between differ-
the edge of the thimble in the holder.
ent sampling locations and test personnel. This is especial-
ly important when relating test measurements to process Whikfilter leakagehasbeen found to be negligible
variables. whentheaboveproceduresand precautions areapplied,

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normal leak tests (with compensation for thermal ex- 4.55 Total SampleMass
pansion of the filter holders)must be performed when
The-total mass o f sample collected during a run is the
conducting sampling tests. Test the sampling system fòr
mass o f the particulate matter collected on the filter or
leakage under test conditions - verifying that nodecrease
filters used plus the mass of the dry residue obtained from
in vacuum occurs after a period of at least 1 min,
the evaporation of the acetone washings. A record shall be
kept of the individual masses as well as the combined mass
4.52 Welghing of Filters
and this should be included in the test report.
Weighing with a balanced-beamchemicalbalance is
recommended for the processing of filter mediabefore
and after sampling. The balance shall be capable of weigh- 4.6 SELECTION AND DESIGNATION OF INSTRU-
ing to the nearest 0.1 mg. It is recommended that one per- MENTATIONAND METHODS OF MEASURE-
son be assigned to processandweigh all samples during MENT TO BE USED I N TESTS
any given test program. The balance used shall be checked
periodically for the zero setting. This Code contains the information required for the
proper selection of the instrumentation, methods of mea-
4.53 Drying of Filters surement, and the t e s t procedures to be used for obtaining
valid test results under various test situations. Due to the
The filter media should be dried to constant mass in wide range of test situations which maybe encountered
a heating oven at a temperature which will not exceed the and the limits of applicability of certain items of ap-
temperature o f the tcst location. Heating for one hour at paratus and method of test, greatcare should be taken
1OS0C (220'F) is usually sufficient. Place the filter in a in the selection of the appropriate apparatus and methods
desiccator, containing freshdesiccant, for at least 20 of tests to be used in any given test program.
min or until the filter media reaches ambient room tem-
perature
beforeweighing.
Keep the time period for Therefore, in the use of this Code in conjunction with
weighingthe filter as short as possible. It is especially commercial agreementsand air pollution control regula-
important that approximately the same weighing time is tions, it is necessary that the appropriate test apparatus
used before and after each test and that the realtive hu- and methods of test t o beusedare properly designated,
midity ofthe weighing area be similar. or, asan alternative, the mechanisms for their designation
are provided in the pertinent Contracts and Regulations.
4.54 Removal
and
Processing of Deposits in Sample In any case, as a consequence of the provisions of the
Probe Contracts and/or Regulations involved, the test apparatus
and methods of tests to be used in a given test situation,
In most cases, the use of acetone rinsing (Reagent
or, for a givencategory of test situations,'should be
Grade) is the most effective way to remove particulate
clearly defined andagreed upon by all partiesconcerned.
matter deposited in the sample probe even though this is
an uncertain technique for quantitative sample recovery. The following i s provided for guidanceandassistance
The minimum amount of acetone required for complete in complying with the aforestated requirements whenthis
rinsing of the probe and other sample-exposedsurfaces Code is used in conjunction with commercial contracts or
should beused. The removal of loose deposited particu- air pollution control regulations.
late matter and the rinsing operation should be so con-
ducted that the possibilities for sampleloss and/or con- 4.61 Designation of Test Apparatus
tamination are minimized. Great care should be exercised
While it is desirable to designate the appropriate type
to insure that the ReagentGradeacetoneuseddoes not
of test apparatus to beused, it is practical to provide a
become contaminated in any way.
feasible amount of leeway in respect to thedetailed
Collect all loose particulate matter and acetone wash- design of all the components and their manner of incor-
ings in a thoroughly cleaned sample container and seal for poration in the samplingsystem.
transporting to the laboratory.
Appendix C contains illustrations of basicsampling
In the laboratory, transfer the contents of the sample system configurations which arerecommended by this
container quantitatively to a tared beaker and evaporate Code for various normal applications. Options are pro-
to dryness at ambient temperature andpressure.Desic- vided, both in respect to the filtration section and the gas
cate and dry to constant weight. Weigh and report results flow control section of the train, to meetvarious test
to the nearest 0.5 mg. requirements. Numerical designationshavebeengiven t o

18
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Copyright ASME International

ANSllASME PTC 38 - 1980 SECTION 4

each option. These can be used for designating the type of meaningful test results. The definition of the test program
sampling train to beused for particular test situations of should include, but is not limited to the following items.

0 concern. This can be supplemented by additional require-.

mentsand/or
the test.
guidelines as appropriate to the
nature of
(a) Operating conditions of the installation during the
tests.
(b) Number and duration of test runs.
(c) Number and location of sampling points.
(d)Methods for obtaining dataon operating condi-
4.62 Designation of Methods of Test tions during the test.
(e) Supplementary test data required and the means
After a study has been made of all the factors involved for obtaining such data.
in conducting a test on specific installations or categories (f) Procedures for handling test data and reporting
of process equipment, under the desired operating condi- test results.
tions, these factors should be utilized to define the nature (g) Manner of interpretation of test results for the
of the test program which will provide the most valid and purpose of the tests.

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Copyright ASME International

SECTION 5 - COMPUTATIONS OF RESULTS

This Section covers the computation of results and the preliminary

computations needed to operate the test apparatus.

5.1 DENSITY OF DRY FLUE GAS 30.36 kg

Or = = 1.345-3
m'/kg-mol
22.415 m
Thedensity will be required in converting velocity
head of the gas to feet per minute (meters per minute) and C3 0°C and 101.325 kPa (760 mm Hg)
CFM (m'/min) to pounds per minute (kilogram per min-
ute) or vice versa. The density of dry flue gas can be deter-
mined from the constituents in the flue gas. With an To adjust the density to any other temperature T, and
Orsat, the percentage by dry volume of carbon dioxide, pressure P, the density previously calculated is multiplied
CO2, and oxygen, 02,can be measured when a fossil fuel by the absolute temperature and pressureratios.
is burned (seePTC 19.10). The percentage of nitrogen, Density at desired conditions = Density at standard
N2, is determined by difference. If complete combustion conditions, multiplied by the temperature andpressure
can be assumed, the volume fraction of eachgas is multi- correction factors below.
plied by i t s respective molecular weight (MW) t o determine
the MW fraction. The sum o f the MW fractions is equal to
the dry flue gas MW. When the gas being sampled i s from a
(32°F + 459.67"F) and P in. Hg
noncombustion source, a knowledge of the constituents ( T +459.67"F) 29.92 in. Hg
present is necessary to determine what equipment is
needed to measure the concentrations. or
273.09"C P kPa
Example: and
( T + 273.1 5°C) 1 01.325 kPa
-
Gas % b y Vol. MW MW Fraction
5.94 C02
44.01 13.5
5.2 MOISTURE IN FLUE GAS
o2 5.2 32 .O0 1.66

--`,,,,```,``,`,```,,`````,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Nz 81.3 28.02 22.76
The moisutre in flue gas canbe calculated from the
30.36
Avg.
MW of
fuel analysis and the mositure in the air (refer to PTC 4.1,
dry flue gas
Section 7). There are two other prime methods for
The density, pfr is found by dividing the flue gas MW determining the moisture in the flue gas. The first is the
by the volume occupied by one mole of gas at the condi- wet-bulb and dry-bulb method (see Fig. 5-1). Information
tion desired. on this method i s found in Instrument and Apparatus
Supplement (I & A), PTC 19.18. When using the wet-bulb
One pound-mole (kg-mole) will occupy359.05 CU ft dry-bulb method, it is sufficiently accurate to use air-
(22.415 CU m at 32OF(OOC)
and29.92 in. mercury
watervapor humidity charts. Humidity is a function of
(101.325 kPa). the molecular'weight of the gas.Since the presence of
CO2 in the flue gas slightly increases the MW of the gas
30.36 lb there is less water vapor than determined with an air-water
= = 0.0846 ft3
359.05 ft3/Ib-mole vapor psychrometric chart. The water vapor pressure can
be calculatedusing wet-bulb and dry-bulb temperatures
C3 32°F and 29.92 in. Hg andan equation developed by W. H. Carrier. This equa-

Copyright ASME International

GAS DUCT

THIMBLE HOLDER 7
v 1

r WET-BULB
THERMOMETER

FLOW REGULATOR

F SHUT-OFF V A L V E

TO AIR ASPIRATOR
OR VACUUM PUMP
in.

bVACUUM GAUGE OR
Hq MANOMETER

DRY-BUL
THERMOMETER A - 1/2 in. SCH. 40 PIPE

-I
--`,,,,```,``,`,```,,`````,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
WICK

FIG. 5-1 MOISTURE DETERMINATION - WET/DRY BULB METHOD

Notes: 1. Critical dimensions only given for Wet/Dry Bulb Apparatus.
2. All tubing to be as short as possible,
3. The Wet/Dry Bulb Apparatus body must be provided with a wind barrier or insulation.

Copyright ASME International

TH1IMBLE HOLDER

\N F
f
L

SLOPE TUBING
TO CONDENSER D I A L OR GLASS STEM I

THERMO SHIELD

--`,,,,```,``,`,```,,`````,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
ICE BUCKET J
/ -

TO AIR ASPIRATOR
OR VACUUM PUMP

FIG. 5-2 MOISTURE DETERMINATION -CONDENSATE METHOD

Notes: 1 . Laboratory condenser with accumulator may be substituted for bottles in ice bucket.
2. All tubing to be as short as possible.
3 Gas pump may be located before gas meter.

Copyright ASME International

ANSllASME PTC 38 - 1980 SECTION 5

tion is explained in detail in Vol. 33 of ASME Trans- condenser. The percent moisture in the metered flue gas is
actions (see Reference [ 171, Section 7). The equation is: equal to the partial pressure of water vapor divided by the
total pressure multiplied by one hundred (100).

M1 =%x 100
PC

(From PTC 19..18) Ml =percent water vapor in metered gas, by volume

P,,v =saturation pressure of water vapor in
P,, =vapor pressure of water in the apparatus, inches
HG
P,, =saturation vapor pressure at T,,,, inches Hg, from
steam tables
at T,
P, =absolute pressure at the exitof
the condenser
consistent
units

T, =temperature a t the exit of the condenser volume

1
Pi =average total pressure at T,, inches Hg
The dry-gas volume metered is equal t o the wet volume
Td =dry-bulb temperature, "F M1 .
measured by 1 - -
T , =wet-bulb temperature, "F 1O0
The volume of moisture collected in the condenser is
M =percent moisture by volume in the gas
usually measured in milliliters. The density of water is
P equal to one (1) gram per milliliter at the conditionof the
M =-!m. x 100
pi condenser. The volume of water collected is converted to
the volume as a gas at the conditions of the gas meter.

Example:
Total pressure at the wet-bulb thermometer is 27.64 =cubic feet of H 2 0 vapor collected in condenser at
in. mercury. The wet-bulb temperature is 120°F and dry- QI gas meter conditions
bulb temperature is 230°F.
VI =volume of lb-mole a t the gas meter inlet tempera-
ture and pressure
When a dessicant is employed a t the exit of the con-
denser to remove the remainingmoisture, the mass of
P,, =3.45 in. Hg
moisture is equal to the difference between the final and
(27.64 in. Hg.- 3.45 in. Hg) (230°F - 120°F) initial dessicant mass. The mass o f water is added to the
2 8 0 0 - 1 . 3 ~ 120°F mass of water collected in thecondenser for determining
the volume of water vapor in the sampled flue gas. The
P,, =2.44 in. Hg percent moisture in the flue gas sampled is:
2.44 in. Hg (Q1 +Qz) x 100
M = x 100
27.64 in. Hg Q5 + Q I + Q2

M =8.8%
M2 =percent water vapor in the total sampled flue gas
QI =volume of water collected in condenser
Q2 =volume of water in the metered gas
Water vapor can also be determined by the condensa-
tion method (see Fig. 5-2). This method canbe run in Q5 =volume of dry gas metered
conjunction with particulate matter sampling or sepa- Qs +QI+ Q2 = Q, = volume of wet gas sampled
rately. The temperature of the sampling line preceding the
condenser must be kept above the water dew point topre-
vent condensation. The temperature (T,) of the gas at the 5.3 DENSITY OF WET FLUE GAS
condenser exit must be measured if no desiccant is used.
Using only a condenser, the flue gas to the metering When the percent moisture in the flue gas has been
device is assumed saturated at the temperature leavingthe determined, the percent CO2,O2 and N2 on a dry basis is

23
--`,,,,```,``,`,```,,`````,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Copyright ASME International

SECTION 5 ANSI/ASME PTC 38 - 1980

adjusted to a wet basis. This is done by multiplying f s d = static pressure in the duct

P
,, = P, - f s d = Velocity head
1" %H20 times the dry gas percentage of CO2, 0 2 ,and
1O0 Pd = density of the gas in the duct Ib,/ft3
N 2 .The percent moisture from wet-bulb dry-bulb exam-
ple is 8.8 percent water vapor. This equation is valid for 50 ftlsec (15.24 m/sec) and
below.Above this value, the flue gas compressibility at
the measuring device should be accounted for. When the
Gas %by Vol. Dry % by Vol. Wet M W MW Fraction
velocity pressure is measured in incheswatergage, the
C02 13.5 X 0.912 12.3 x 44 5.41 equation reduces to:
O2 5.2 X 0.912 4.7 x 32 1.so
P
N2 81.3 X 0.912 74.2 x 28 20.78 V, = 1 8 . 2 7 2 ftlsec, or 1096% ft/min
H20 O 8.8
- x 18 1.58 Pd Pd
100.0 100.0
The average molecular weightof wet flue gas i s 29.27. 5.5 ISOKINETIC SAMPLING
The wet flue gas denisty if found by dividing the MW When a gas meter is used to measure total gas sampled,
by the volume of one pound mole (kilogram mole) at the
an orifice meter shouldbe used as a quick means of adjust-
conditions desired.
ing flow rate for isokinetic conditions. The orifice meter
shouldbedesigned according to criteriain the ASME
29.27
Density = PW = 359 ft3/lb+nol publication on Fluid Meters, Sixth Edition. The meter can
be calibrated against the gas meter in the samearrange-
= 0.0815Ib,/ft3 ment to beused for testing.The calibration shouldbe
C? 32°F and 29.92 in. Hg (760 mm done at five different flow rates.
Hg)
CFM x p,
or
-
- 29.27
22.415 m3/kg-mol
Kn = m
K, = orificecoefficient
= 1.306kg/m3
CFM = ft3/min ofgas passing through gas meter
C? 0°C and 101.325 kPa (760 mm po = density of gas, lb/ft3
Hg)
h, = orifice differential, incheswatergage

If only a gas meter i s used, then the flow must be mea-

5.4 VELOCITY HEAD MEASUREMENT AND VELO- sured for ashort interval of time and the flow rate adjusted
CITY READING accordingly; Whenan orifice meter is used to establish
isokinetic flow, the relationship of velocity head to
The velocity headmeasuringdeviceshouldhave a orifice differential is:
factor of one (1). If not, then the deviceshouldbe cali-
brated in the gas stream where it is to beused. The velo-
city head of a gasstream is the difference between the
total pressure (P,) and static pressure (fsd) in the duct.
The basic equation for velocity at a point (V,) is found in
If there is an. appreciable amount of water vapor in the
the ASME publication on Fluid Meters, Sixth Edition,
flue gas and a condenser i s used, then the equation above

,/
page 105.
should be corrected for the volume or mass flow change
when the water vapor is condensed.
V, = 96.26 - psd)
___
Pd A , = area of sampler nozzle, ft2 (m2)
Note: % in. or3/8 in. diameter nozzleshave
where been found suitable for most tests
V, = flue gas velocity, ft/sec To = temperature of gas at orifice, OF
P, = total pressure in the duct Td = temperature of gas in duct, OF

--`,,,,```,``,`,```,,`````,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Copyright ASME International

SAMPLER DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE -in. H20

0.1 5 0.25
0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.80 1.00

0.25
.-C
-5
.D 0.20
I
W
I-
a
II:
o
z 0.15
-I

5a
v)
v)
a
o
-I
a 0.10 I .o
z
2
O
2
0.08 ö.8

0.06 0.6
I
Pa
0.5 I
I:
--`,,,,```,``,`,```,,`````,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

100°F-
200 -
300 -
400 -
-
500
600 -- 0.2
700 y 1 BY THE NOZZLE-COEFFICIENT, K,
I
I
I I I I I
1 .o 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 8.0 10.0

SAMPLER DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE -in. H 2 0

FIG. 5-3 GRAPH FOR DETERMINING NOMINAL SAMPLING RATE

Copyright ASME International

SECTION 5 ANSI/ASME PTC 38 - 1980

Psd = absolute static pressure in duct, inches Hg where

P,, = absolute static pressure at discharge orifice pdg = density of dry gas, Ib/ft3
inches Hg
pwg = density of wet gas, Ib/ft3
The values of To, Td, Psd, Pso, Ao and K, are known,
or close approximations can be
made, before testing
The pounds of H 2 0 per pound of dry gas are equal to
begins,. A graph can be drawn relating orifice differential
(ho) to a constant timesthe velocity head pressure (Pvd).
- Wdg = lb H 2 0
lb dry gas
5.6 MEASURED FLUE GASSAMPLED ON A DRY
or
OR WET BASIS

(A) When a gas meter is used, the volume sampled on a

dry basis or wet basis is explained in paragraph 5.2.
(B) When the sampled flue gas is measured with a
where
calibrated orifice in the portion of the probe within the
flue, the flue gas is measured on a wet basis. When the ori- W, = total mass of wet gas sampled, lb
fice is outside the flue it should precede any condenser, if Wdg = total mass of dry gassampled, lb
a wet gas rate is to be measured.
,Q
, = total volume of wet gassampled, ft3
A graph can be drawn (see Fig. 5-3) assuming a coeffi-
cient (K,) of unity fromthe equation
ad, = total volume of dry gassampled, ft3

G=&G-iG

where
5.7 PARTICULATE MATTER CONCENTRATION
G = nominal gas samplingrate, Ib/min
The particulate matter concentration is determined
h, = orifice differential, in. H 2 0 from the combined mass of the filter catch and recovered
p , = density at the orifice, Ib/ft3 @ 29.92 in. Hg probe deposits which make up t h e total mass of the par-
ticulate matter in the quantity of gas sampled.
The nominal gas samplingrate multiplied by time
sampled at a point will be nominal gas mass sampled. The Particulate matter concentration is usually expressed as
sum of the nominal gasmasses of all the points sampled mass per weight of gas,mass per volume o f gas, or mass
(W;). The total per heat input. A table in the Appendix lists factors for
--`,,,,```,``,`,```,,`````,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

will equal the total nominal gasmass

corrected gas mass is: converting from a mass per lb basis to a weight per volume
basis or vice versa. When the concentration is expressed on

W, = K,, x W; x jT
29.92 in. Hg
a mass per mass basis, it is a ratio and can be expressed on
any consistent unit basis lb per lb, gr per gm, kg per kg,
etc.When the particulate matter concentration is to be
where
expressed on a mass per heat input basis, the following
K, = nozzle coefficient for the sampler, See Fig. can be used.
5 -3
W, = total pounds of wet gas sampled
Poo = average total pressure a t the orifice exit, in "
lb - lb particulate matterllb dry gas x Wg ' x IO6
lo6 Btu Btu/l b as-fired fuel
Hg
The poundsof dry base sampled ( W d g ) are lbdry gas
'S' = (see PTC 4.1, Section 7.3.2.02)
lb as-fired fuel

_. as-firedfuel, obtained from fuel analysis

Copyright ASME International

SECTION 6 - REPORT OF RESULTS

6.1 IMPORTANCE OF REPORTS (4) Identification' and description of the sampling

train and test proGedures used with information regarding
6.11 Most of the tests conducted in accordance with this the basis of their selection.
Codeare performed to obtain dataonprocessemissions (5) Outline of the manner in which the tests were con-
or the performance of emission control systems for opera- ducted with commentary on any deviation from normal
tion, commercial, and/or regulatory purposes. Therefore, action which may have been necessary. Include calibration
the accuracy and completeness of the t e s t reports are of procedures.
the utmost importance. (6) Test results - both the detailed tabulation of data
taken during the test and the calculated test results ob-
The test report may be subject to scrutiny with respect
tained therefrom.
to thenature and conduct of the tests performed. The
(7) Summary of test results correlated with pertinent
actual test data will probably be correlated with the de-
sign and operations of the emission source and emissions operating dataand other factorsinvolved.Commentary
control systems involved, Often, tests conducted for one on the test results and their significance may or may not
particular purposeare later utilized to provide useful in- be required, dependent upon the nature of the test assign-
formation differenth nature than that for which the test ment.
was originally conducted.

6.12 The purpose of this Section of the Code is to pro- 6.3 RECOMMENDED REPORTING PROCEDURES
\ride guidance with respect to what information should be
obtained during the test program and to recommend the The following is presented as a guide for obtaining and
formats for recording this information and presenting it in presenting the data necessary -to fulfill the test objectives.
a suitablemanner to meet the rigid requirements cited
These recommendations apply to a typical emission test
program. The great variation in the nature and conditions
above.
of any specific test program maynecessitate deviation
from theserecommended-procedures.However, in all
cases, the reporting procedure should be so planned and
6.2 REPORTS AND THEIR CONTENT carried out as to achieve the requirements of the above
stated criteria for the final test report.
A properly conducted test program should culminate
in a final test report which contains the following infor- 6.31 Presurvey Report
mation in a well organized format-as complete and accu-
In order to properly plan the test program, a prelimi-
rate as possible.
nary survey of the emission source and the test site should
(1) Reason(s) for conducting test and the information
be made. The information obtained during this presurvey
desired from the test results.
should provide considerablehelp in the selection of the
(2) Description of the emissionsource being tested,
proper testing procedures to be employed and the pre-
with data covering both the source itself (e.g., boiler, in-
paration of a more organizedtest plan,
cinerator, etc.) and all equipment which may directly or
indirectly affect test results (e.g., electrostatic precipitator, Thepresurveyshould include the acquisition of data
fans, etc.). on the design, operation, and physical arrangementof the
(3) Operating conditions of the emissionsourceand emissionsourceandtherelated equipment of concern,
all the other equipment and systems listed above, includ- This data can be obtained from a study o f pertinent de-
ing thenatureand flow rates of all material consumed signand operating data available from the owner, opera-
and/or emitted during the test period. tor, and vendors involved plus actual inspection of the test

27
--`,,,,```,``,`,```,,`````,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Copyright ASME International

SECTION 6 . ANSI/ASME PTC 38 - 1980

area.The availability andusefulness of installed instru- (2) Settingsandreadings of all controls and instru-
mentation, including meteorological, should also be inves- mentation, both electrical and mechanical.
tigated. (3) Observations regarding the actual operation of the
equipment involved - e.g., removal of fly ash from the
The use of a questionnaire or presurvey report form,
precipitator hoppers, malfunction of voltage controls, air
suitable for the type of emission source involved, canbe
and gas leaks, etc.
very helpful. Samples of such forms for combustion
(4) Meteorologicaldatawhichmay bear on the test
sources, incinerators, and industrial processes are shown in
results or whichmay bear upon the visual indication of
Figs. 6-1, 6-2, and 6-3 of this Section. These forms should
emissions and their transport from the source into the am-
beaugmented by appropriate process flow diagramsand
bient atmosphere.
scaledplanand elevation drawings of the equipment in-
volved, including the actual sampling site. A cross section
drawing of the'duct or stack at thesampling location, 6.34 Calculations
showing exact location of sampling ports, should be pre-
The calculation procedures used to compute the final
pared. Actual sample point locations should beadded to
test results are an important part of a test report. The test
this when determined.
procedures used, the conditions of the test, and the com-
putation facilities available can vary greatly and will deter-
6.32 Gas Flow Measurement,Sampling,and Analytical mine the methods of calculation and their presentation in
Data the report. The calculation section of a test report may
The wide variation in the type of source to be tested, vary in format - ranging from a computer printout oftest
the nature and conditions of the test, and the test proce- dataandcalculatedresults,accompanied by an example
dures employed necessitate a wide variation in the format of a typical set of calculations, to a complete set of man-
of the data sheetsand report formsrequired. Typical ually performed calculationspresented on appropriate
forms. One such form is shown in Fig. 6-1O.
forms for gas velocity and volume data, field sampling
meter data, and analytical data for the samples collected, The primary criteria in presenting all or representative
fuel burned, etc., are shown in Figs. 6-4, 6-5, and 6-6, re- calculations in a test report are that the nomenclature and
spectively. units of measurement used are defined and that the source
of all input data, unfamiliar formulae, constants, and con-
The datatakenshould not be limitedto only that
versionfactors are clearly indentified. Section 2 of the
which may seem essential to the current objectives of the
Code contains a Table of Terms which should be utilized
t e s t program. Any supplementarydataandobservations
which may later be useful should be included to the maxi- to the maximum extent possible in the tabulation of test
data and the calculation and presentation of test results,
mum extent practicable.

6.33 OperatingData 6.35 EmissionData

Again,thewide variation in the type of source to be Both a detailed report of the calculated emission data
testedandthe nature and conditions of the test necessi- obtained during the test and a summary of the emission
tate a wide variation in the format of the forms needed to test results, correlated with pertinent operating param-
record and report operating data, Typical forms for eters, are usually required in the final test report. A typi-
boilers, incinerators, and industrial processes are shown in cal form for presenting detailedemission data from a com-
Figs. 6-7, 6-8, and 6-9,respectively,These forms should bustion source is shown in Fig. 6-1 1 and a typical form
besupplemented by similar forms coveringthedetailed for presenting a summary of emission t e s t data, correlated
operating data for the other systemsand equipment in- with pertinent operating data, is shown in Fig. 6-12. Both
volved in the test - emission control systems,gas flow are subject to considerable variation to meet the require-
systems, etc. ments and conditions of a specific test program.
Whereemission control systemsareinvolved,such as
electrostatic precipitators, completeoperating data should
be taken. For example, in the case of electrostatic precipi-
6.36 Responsibility for Test Results
tators, the data obtained should include (but not be limit- Depending upon thenatureandrequirements of the
ed to) the following: test program, it may be necessary to assign the responsibil-
(1) Physical condition of equipment during and prior ity for obtaining valid test data and preparation of the re-
to the test period. ports to a specific party or parties. If this be the case, the

28
--`,,,,```,``,`,```,,`````,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Copyright ASME International

FIG. 6-1 SAMPLE PRESURVEY FORM FOR COMBUSTIONSOURCES

a. Name of Company

Address

on Phone t o Contact

Date of Survey BY

Entry Requirements

Location and Designation o f Boiler to Be Tested

Type of Boiler lo3 l b

steamlhr
Psig
Type of Fuel Pressure Steam

Btu Value Temperature "F

Sulfur Content, % by Weight

Fuel Composition-Proximate Analysis

Fuel Composition-Ultimate. Analysis

Type and Efficiencyof Air Pollution Control Equipment

Is Fly Ash Reinjected?

O
~~

Collection
Efficiency, % ~ ,

Approximate Opacity of Stack Gases, %

Normal Range of Steam Fluctuations To

Can Constant Load Be Maintained?

If So, How Long?

Conditions Under Which Boiler Can Be Tested:

--`,,,,```,``,`,```,,`````,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Maximum Steam Load

Expected Fuel Rate

Can This Be Measured?

Excess Air Rate

Ash Withdrawal Schedule

Soot Blowing Schedule

Provide complete sketches o f entire boiler and flee gas ducting. Indicate proposed lo_cationsof fest points, sampling port size, location of
fans, location of pollution control equipment, obstructionsa t samplingsite, necessary scaffolding, final exitstack dimensions, location of
electrical power, and type of sockets.

(Reference [30], Section 7)

O
29

Copyright ASME International

SECTION 6 ANSIIASME PTC 38 - 1980

FIG. 6-2 SAMPLE PRESURVEY FORM FOR INCINERATORS

Name o f Company

Phone Person €o Contact

Date of Survey BY

Entry Requirements

Location and Name of Unit to Be Tested

Type o f Incinerator

Capacity, tons/hr

Type of Air Pollution Control Equipment

Collection Efficiency, %

Normal Charging Rate

How Is Charging Rate Measured?

Operating Schedule

Type and Quantity of Auxiliary Fuel

Excess Air Rate

Overfire and Underfire Air Rates

Temperature o f Flue Gases at Proposed Test Points

Provide complete sketches o f entire incinerator and flue gas ducting. Indicate proposed locations o f test points, sampling port size, loca-
tion of fans, location of pollution control equipment, obstructions at samplingsite, necessary scaffolding, final exit stack dimensions, loca-
tion ofrequired electrical power, and type of socket.

Additional Desirable Information:

Refuse Analysis, if Available

Approximate Opacity o f Stack Gases

Normal Variations in Charging Rate

Residue Removal. Method

Where and How Temperature Are Measured Through System

(Reference [30], Section 7)

30
--`,,,,```,``,`,```,,`````,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Copyright ASME International

FIG. 6-3 SAMPLE PRESURVEY FORM FOR INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES

e Name
of
Address
Company

Phone Contact Person to

Date of Survey BY
Entry Requlrements
Type of Process
Location of Process
Operating Schedule
Process Description
Process Feed Rates

Expected Emissions
oncentrafion Type
Type and Efficiency of Air Pollution Control Equipment

Opacity of Exit Gases

Expected Stack-Gas Parametersat Test Location

-0 Temperature, "F

Pressure, psig
Volume, acfm
Composition, % H,O
% N,
% O,

AmbientConditions at Test Site(s)

Temperature
Noxious Gases
Weather Protection
Required Safety Gear
Provide complete sketches of entire process and exit gas ducting. Indicate proposed locationsof test points, sampling portsize, location of
fans, location of pollution control equipment, obstructions a t sampling site, necessary scaffolding, final exitstack dimensions, location of
electrical power, and typeof sockets, location and nature of water supply.
(Reference [30],Section 71

31
--`,,,,```,``,`,```,,`````,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Copyright ASME International

Test No.
VELOCITY TRAVERSE DATA
Location
Position, Reading, Ap Stack Inside Dimensions
Point inchesa inches of H, 0 &- TyoF
Stack Area = ft2

Barometric Pressure, Pb = in. Hg,

Stack Gauge Pressure = in. H,O

HO
Stack Abs. Pressure, Ps = in.* + Pb =- in. Hg

Stack GasTemp., T, = OF -I- 460 = “R

Molecular Weight of Stack Gas, Ms =

x9
1. I$ = 174cp
M*
G= ft/min

2. Volume = ft/min X ft* = ft3/min

Standard Volume at 70°F and 29.92 in. Hg:

3. fta/min X 7 X & = x534x-d sCFM

29.92
s

Date Recorder
Total
Average Date

aFrom outside of port to sampling point.

Pitot tube
Manometer
Thermometer

(Reference [ 301, Section 7)

--`,,,,```,``,`,```,,`````,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Copyright ASME International

Plan! Filter No.

Run Number Barometric Pressure, in. Hg

Location Assumed Moisture, %

Date Time Assumed Meter Temp., “F

Operator Stack Gauge Pressure, in. H,O

Sample Box Number Probe Tip Diameter, in.

--`,,,,```,``,`,```,,`````,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Meter Bar Number ‘C’ Correction Factor

AH@

’ Dry Gas Meter

Inlet Outlet Velocity Pump Box I m’pinger Stack

Time, Volume, Temp., Temp., Head Ap, Orifice AM, Vacuum, Temp., Temp., Temp.,
Point min. ft3 “F OF in. H,O in. H,O in. Hg “F “F OF

COMMSNTS: Leakage Rate @I- in. Hg = ‘03

(Reference [30], Section 7)

Copyright ASME International

WElGl-iT OF PARTICULATE MAITER COLLECTED

Total Final Weight

Field Container Tare Weight,
Weight, Gain,
Number w
mg w Plant

Pri. Filter Filter

Run, No.,
No. Container

Sec. Filter Location

No.
Received from Received by
Nozzle

No. Analyzer

Probe Wash
Date
...
No. Analyzed

No.

Total Weight of Particulate Matter Collected, Wp = x 2.2 x 10-S = lb

x 15.4 x 1o-3 = gr

I4 VOLUME OF MOISTURE COLLECTED

Final Initial Volumetric

Volume, Volume or Gain,

--`,,,,```,``,`,```,,`````,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
ml Weight ml
I

Impingers -200 ml

Silica Gel
Container
- g

No.

Total Volume of Water Collected, VT = ml X 0.047 = scf

(Reference [30] , Section 7)

Copyright ASME International

FIG. 6-7 SAMPLE FORM FOR BOILER OPERATING DATA

Test No. Date

Name o f Company

Location and Descriptiono f Boiler

Type 1000 lb
steam/hr
Type o f Fuel

Date Recorder

Time

Fuel Rate

SteamRate
1O00 Ib/hr

Com bustion % Excess Air

Air Rate, Flue Gas Analysis:
1 O00 Ib/hr % o,
% CO,
Stéam Pressure

Steam
Temperature

1.D. Fan, rpm Firing Data:

Oil Pressure (ifoil fired)
I.D. Fan, amps Oil Temperature (if oil fired)
Burner T i l t
Pressures, in. H,O Windbox Damper Settings

Furnace Outlet
Collector Inlet
1.0. Fan Inlet

Plume Opacity

Fuel Composition ( Ars Weighed), Ultimate Fuel Analysis

Btu/!b
% Moisture

% Ash

% Volatile Matter

%
' Fixed Carbon

(Reference 1301, Section 7)

35
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Copyright ASME International

SECTION 6 ANSI/ASME PTC 38 - 1980

FIG. 6-8 SAMPLE FORM FOR INCINERATOR OPERATING DATA

Test No. Date

Name of Company

Location and Designation of Unit

Type of Incinerator

Type o f Control Equipment

Type o f Grate

Grate Speed

Type o f Refuse Burned

Approximate Moisture Content

Data Recorder

I I I I I I I I

Avg. Tot. Avg.

Tot. Avg.

% o f Time
Afterburners
Are i n Operation ,if used. Plume Observer:
Rate Afterburner
Fuel to ,if used. Certification:
(Reference [ 301 ,Section 7)

36
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Copyright ASME International

ANSllASME PTC 38 - 1980 SECTION 6

FIG. 6-9 SAMPLE FORM FOR PROCESS OPERATING DATA

Test No. Date

Name of Company

Location and Description of Process

Capacity and Characteristics of Process and/or Product

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Raw Materials

Fuel Used

Time

Raw Material Feed Rate

Fuel Rate
Reactor Temperature
Reactor Pressure
Product Rate
Sidestream Rates

Recycle Stream
Rates

Exit Plume

(Reference [30],Section 7)

Copyright ASME International

FIG, 6-10 SAMPLE FORM FOR SAMPLING CALCULATIONS

Plant No. Calculated by

Run No. Checked by

Location Date

Meter Volume

Leakage Volume (Leakage rate X

sampling time)
Volume,
Net Sample Qm ft3

Average Meter Temperature, Tm OF + 460 = "R

Pm = Pb = in. Hg

Standard Sample Volume,

Oms = 17.7 X Qm X Pb -
-
-= 11.7 X X ft3

Equivalent
Moisture Volume, Q, = scf (Fig. 6-6)

Total Sample Volume, Qt = Qms + Q, = + -

- scf

Particulate Sample
Weight, Wp = gr (Fig. 6-6)

Concentration,
Particulate C = - gr/scf
Qt
Particulate Concentration,
100 -
dry basis Cd = C X -- gr/dry scf
100- W
where: W = % moisture in flue gas

Emission Rate,
Ib/hr, E = C X Qss X 0.00857 = X 0.00857 = lb/hr
where: Qs5 = total flue gas flow rate in ft3/min

VS
% Isokinetic, I = x 100 = %
Qt
i X A,
x5-
x -530 29.92
Pb
where:
t = sample time, min
A, = area o f samplenozzle, ft2
1/, = stack-gas velocity, ft/min (Fig. 6-4)

(Reference [ 301 , Section 7)

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Copyright ASME International

Flue Gas Particulate Matter

Test Steam Rate, Fuel Volume, Temp., % %

No. 1000 Ib/hr Rate scfma OF co* Hz0 gr/scf lb/l 000 lb lb/IO6 Btu

c!=
0

0
0
h-l
IJJ

aStandard cubic feet per minute at 7O’F and 29.92 in. Hg.

(Reference [ 301 , Section’ 7)’

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Copyright ASME International

SECTION 6 ANSllASME PTC 38 - 1980

FIG. 6.12 SAMPLE FORM FOR SUMMARY OF EMkSIiIN TEST DATA
Test No.
Date
Name
Address
Process Tested

l . Sampling Station
2. MaterialCollected
3. Operating Condition
4. Avg. Flue Gas Velocity,
ft/min
5. Avg. Flue Gas Temp., "F
6. Area of Duct, ft'
7 . Gas Flow Rate, scfm
8 . Sampling Nozzle Diam.,
in.
9. Avg. Meter Sampling Rate,
ft3/min
1 O. Testing Time, min
11. Avg. Meter Temp., o F
12. Sample GasVol.-
Meter Cond., c3
13. Sample GasVol.-
Standard Cond., scf
14. WaterVapor
Condensate, ml
Volume, scf
15. Total Sample Gas
Volume, scf

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16. Weight Collected,
gräms
17. Total Weight,g
18. Concentration, gr/scf
19. Concentration, gr/scf
@ 12% CO,
20. Concentration, %
by volume
21. Concentration, ppm
by volume
22. EmissionRate, Ib/hr
COLLECTOR EFFICIENCY
23. Material t o Collector,
I b/hr
24. Loss t o Atmosphere,
Ib/hr
25. Efficiency, %
Test Conducted by
Analysis by
Calculations by
(Reference [ 301, Section 7)

Copyright ASME International

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~ __ ~~ ~~ "_ ~ 1
ANSIIASME PTC 38 - 1980 SECTION 6

final test report should be certified or validated in a man- In all cases, the final test report should clearly identify
ner appropriate to the circumstances involved and in ac- all the personnel and organizationsinvolved in the con-
@ cordance with the mutual agreements of parties concerned. duct of the test and the determination of test results.
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Copyright ASME International

SECTION 7 -. BIBLIOGRAPHY

[ I ] Performance Test Code21 --“Dust Separating Appa- Part 23, ASTM D-2928-71, AmericanSociety for
ratus,” ASME, (1941). Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
[2] Performance Test Code 27 - “Determining Dust [ 161 “Standards of Performance for New Stationary
Concentration in a Gas Stream,” ASME, (1 957). Sources,” 40 CFR Part 60, Environmental Protec-
(31 Performance Test Code 28-“Determining the Prop- tion Agency,FederalRegister, Vol. 36, No. 247,
erties of Fine Particulate Matter,” ASME, (1 965). Dec. 23, 1971 and all supplements issued thereto.
[4] Crandall, W. A., “Determining Concentration and [ 171 “Rational Psychrometric Formulae -Their Relation
Nature of Particulate Matter in Stack Gases,” ASME to the Problems and Meterology and Air Condition-
Paper 71-WA/PTC 8. ing,” W. H. Carrier, Transactions o f the ASME, Vol.
[5] Performance Test Code 1 - “General Instructions,” 33, 1005 (1911).
ASME (1970). [I81 “A Contribution to the Problems of the Action of
[6] Supplements on Instruments andApparatus,ASME Sulfuric Acid ontheDew Point Temperature of
(latest editions) Flue Gases,” P. Muller, Chem.Eng.Tech.,Vol. 31,
PTC 19.1 - “General Considerations” 345 (1959).
[19] “The Determination of Sulfur Trioxide in Flue
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PTC 19.2 - “Pressure Measurement”

PTC 19.3 - “Temperature Measurement” Gases,”H. Goksoyr and K. Ross, /. lnst. Fuel, Vol.
PTC 19.10 - “Flue and Exhaust Gas Analysis” 35, 177 (1 962).
PTC 19.1 2 - “Measurement of Time” [20] “The Relationship Between Acid Dew Point and
PTC 19.1 8 - “Humidity Determinations” SulfurTrioxide Content of Combustion Gases,”
[7] “Fluid Meters,” 6th Edition, ASME (1971), and In- H. Goksoyr and K. Ross, Thornton Research Center
terim Supplement. Shell Research, Ltd. (1 962).
[8] Performance Test Code 4.1 - “Steam Generating [21] “The Determination of SulfurTrioxide and Acid
Units,” ASM E (1 964). Dew Point in Flue Gas,”E. S. Lisle and J. D.Sen-
[9] PerformanceTestCode 10 - “Centrifugal Mixed senbaugh, Combustion Vol. 36, No. 7, 12-19 (1965).
and Axial Flow Compressors and
Exhausters,” [22] “A Review of Fire-Side Corrosion in Utility and In-
ASM E (1965). dustrial Boilers,”A. L. Plumley, J . Jonakin, and
[ 1O] Performance Test Code 11 - “Fans,” ASME (1946), R.E.Vuia,CanadianChemicalProcessing 51, 52
revision to be published. June and 70 July (1967).
[ll] ASME Guide SI-1, “Orientation and Guide for Use [23] “Oxidation of Sulfur Dioxide in Stainless Steel and
of SI Units,” 8th Edition, ASME. lnconel Sampling Probes,” C. P. Fenimore, Combus-
[I 21 “TestProcedure for Determining Performance of tion and Flame, Vol. 18,469 (1 972).
Particulate Emission Control Equipment,” Industrial [24] “Chemical Composition of Particulate Air Pollu-
Gas Cleaning Institute, Stamford, Connecticut. tants from Fossil-Fuel Combustion Sources,” L. J.
[I31 “Methods for Determination of Velocity, Volume, Hellenband e t al., NTlS Document PB-210-009,
Dust, and Mist Content of Gas,” Bulletin WP-5D 7th March 1973.
Edition, Western Precipitation Division of Joy Manu- [25] “On the Filtration of Alundum Thimbles and Other
facturing Company, Los Angeles, California. SamplingFilters,” Bulletin 25 (January 11, 1973),
[14] “Standard Methods of Test for Average Velocity in Hemeon Associates, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Duct (Pitot Tube Method),”ASTM D-3154-72, [26] “ASHRAE Guide and Data
Book,” American
AmericanSociety for Testing andMaterials, Phila- Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air Condi-
delphia, Pennsylvania. tioning Engineers.
[ 151 “Standard Methods for Sampling Stacks for Particu- [27] Hemeon, W. C. L., andBlack, A. W., “StackDust
late Matter,” in 1973 Book of ASTM Standards, Sampling: InStack or EPA Train,” journal of the

Copyright ASME International

ANSI/ASME PTC 38 - 1980 SECTION 7

APCA, Vol. 22, No. 7, July 1972, Air Pollution Coal Utilization Research Association, Leatherhead,
Control Association, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. England 1961.
[28] Gnyp, A. W., Price, S. J. W., St. Pierre,C.C.,and [33] ‘Gerhart, P. M., Nuspl, S. P., Wood, C. O., and Love-
Steiner, J., “An Information Searchand Evaluation joy, S. W., “An Evaluation of Velocity Probes for
of Factors Affecting Stack Sampling,” 1970, Indus- Measuring Nonuniform Gas Flow in LargeDucts,”
trial Research Institute, University of Windsor, ASMEPaper 78-WAIPTC-1(supplemented by “Air
Windsor, Canada. andGas Flow Measurement usingtheFecheimer
[29] Burton, C. L., “Quantitation of StackGasFlow,” Probe” - an in-house Babcock & Wilcox document
Journal of the APCA, Vol. 22, No. 8, August 1972, written by S. L. Morse, March 29, 1968-obtainable
Air Pollution Control Association,
Pittsburgh, from the Babcock & WilcoxCompany,Barberton,
Pennsylvania. Ohio).
[30] “Administrative and Technical Aspects of Source 1341“New Stationary SourcesPerformanceStandards;
Sampling for Particulates,” EPA 450/3-74447, Electric Utility Steam GeneratingUnits,’’ 40 CFR
August 1974, US. Environmental Protection Agen- Part 60, Environmental Protection Agency, Federal
cy,Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 2771 l . Register, Vol. 44, No. 113, June 11,1979.
[31] “Federal Register,” Vol. 40, No. 194, October 6, [35] “Standards of Performance for New Stationary
1975 (pages46252 and 46253), U.S. Environmental Sources; Kraft Pulp Mills,” 40 CFR Part 60, Envìron-
Protection Agency,Research Triangle Park, North mental Protection Agency,FederalRegister, Vol.
Carolina 27711. 41, No. 187, Sept. 24, 1976 (contains EPA Method
[32] Hawksley, P. G. W., Badzioch, S., and Blackett, J . 17).
H., “Measurement o f Solids in Flue Gases,” British
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Copyright ASME International

SECTION 8 - APPENDIX

8.1 INDEX TO APPENDIX

Subject Designation

A Design and Selection of Sampling Trains

B Sampling Probesand Particulate Matter Collection
Apparatus
C Particulate Matter Sampling Systems
D Filtration Efficiency of Filters for Fine Particulate
Matter
E Sampling in Low Velocity Gas Streams
F Particulate Matter Collection and the Effect of Con-'
densed SO3
G Typical Gas Velocity and Particulate Matter Concen-
tration Profiles
H Methods for Determining Number and Location .of
Sampling Areas
Instrumentation for Determining Gas Velocity
Designand Construction of Field Operating Graphs
Graphs and Tableso f Useful Data
SI System for Units of Measurement

APPENDIX A

DESIGN AND SELECTION OF SAMPLING TRAINS

A wide variety of apparatusassembliescanbe envi- ience as to portability, assembly,and handling during

sioned, all of which would be equally capable of accurate operation when used in a wide variety of sampling situa-
sampling of particulate matter in a normal gas stream. The tions and in their relative potential for inducing accidental
differences between them will be in their relative conven- or systematic error.

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Copyright ASME International

ANSI/ASME PTC 38 - 1980 APPENDIX A

Individual preferences,based on personal familiarity B. LOW VOLUME SAMPLING TRAIN WITHEXTER-

with a particular apparatus or other subjective criteria, IOR FILTER
will havesome influence in theselection of sampling
apparatus. Nevertheless, there are important differences of In this type of train, the sample probe extends from
a practical nature between them which are important to the interior of the duct being sampled to an outside filter.
recognize.Theseare set forth in the following compari- Th-e sample gas flow rates are usually in the range of !h to
sons of the three principal categories of sampling train 1% CFM, using sample probe tubing of !4 in. to 5/8 in. in
design: diameter.
A. High volume samplingtrain.
B. Low volume sampling train with exterior filter. Advantages
C. Low volume sampling train with in-stack filter.
(1) Where the very high stack gas temperaturesexceed
the limits of the sample filter assembly (filter media, gas-
kets, machine threads, etc.) or where R is desired, in spe-
cial investigations, to cool the samplegas, this canbeac-
A. HIGH VOLUME SAMPLING TRAIN complished easily in the train by the passage of the gas

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through t h e exterior sample tubing between the stack or
Sampling trains in this category may handle, typically, duct and the sample filter assembly. Auxiliary cooling sys-
5-10 to 40-50 CFM, using sample probe tubing o f % in. to tems, if required, will besmaller in size andhave lower
1% in. diameter. The filters are usually located outside of coolant media requirements.
the duct or stack.

Advantages Disadvantages
(1) The high ratio of sample gas flow rate to sampling (1)The major disadvantage of this type of sampling
system wall area minimizes the errors due to loss of par- train is that relatively appreciable quantities of the partic-
ticulate matter on the tubing wallsbetween the nozzle ulate matter in the sample gas"are inevitably deposited in
and the filter. Hence, the special precautions necessary to the sample probe tubing between the nozzle and the sam-
avoiderrors from this causeare minimized to some ex- ple filter assembly{and these must be quantitatively re-
tent. covered from @e' tubing andadded to the material col-
(2) Heat losses from the samplegasstream in passing lected in the filter. There is an inherent error in this ma-
through the connecting tubing, for the samereason,are ri-ipulation for samplerecoverywhich is aggravated in
small relative to the total heat content of the samplegas , 'those cases where long sample probe tubing is employed
stream - making it easier to maintain the temperature of,,' and where the particulate matter concentrations are low.
the gas stream above the dewpoint. (2) The low ratio of sample flow rate to the wall area
(3) A null pressurenozzlecan .be applied to thechar- results in very rapid cooling, and if not prevented, may re-
acteristically large diameter tubing more successfully than duce gas temperature below the dewpoint and create cor-
to the small tubing. rosion of the tubing material (evenstainless steel), plug
(4) The greater quantity of sample collected per unit the filter with condensed water, or create pseudo-particu-
of time reduces the relative magnitude of errors resulting late matter - e.g., sulfuric acidaerosol from sulfur tri-
from sample handling, weighing, etc. oxide or, possibly, sulfuric acid from the oxidation of sul-
fur dioxide within the sampling train due to the nature of
Disadvantages the samplegas, the particulate matter, and the surface
conditions to whichthe sample is exposed within the
(1) I t s greatermassand bulk may be inconvenient as
train.
to transportation and to manipulation during the test,
(3) The potential problems listed above require the
especially where very long sample probe tubing is required
use of auxiliary facilities to heat the connecting tubing
as in the case of large diameter stacks.
anddevices for temperature control which canbe quite
(2) Where cooling of the gasstream is required, the
cumbersome to handle andoperate, particularly where
auxiliary cooling apparatus required may be an added in-
long sample probe tubes are necessary.
convenience due to i t s larger size and coolant media re-
quirements. Such cooling may be required to protect the Despitethedisadvantages of low volumesampling
filter assembly against excessive temperature or t o provide trains with exterior filters, thereare two test situations
a cooled sample for special research investigations. where their use can bejustified.

Copyright ASME International

APPENDIX A ANSI/ASME PTC 38 - 1980

One situtation is where the flue gas temperature is . (2) Thein-stack filter would not yield data on the
higher than can be tolerated by the filter assembly. In this conce,ntration of particulate matter formed as a result of
case, the gassample temperature is lowered to tolerable cooiing the flue or stack gases. This would actually be an
levels by exterior cooling prior to filtration. advantage when it is desired to measure only the concen-
tration of the particulate matter actually existing in the
In another situation, two filters would be used - one,
flue gas stream.
an in-stack filter, and theother, an exterior filter, with
(3) Thermal expansion of the filter holder during high
facilities for accurately controlling the sample gas temper-'
temperature sampling may create gasleakage problems if
ature between the two filters. This arrangement might be
adequate precautions are not taken.
used in special studies to measure the presence of conden-
sible vapors. The in-stack filter would yield data on con-
centrations of particulate matter actually in the flue gas
and the exterior filter, always maintained at temperatures D. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
above the aqueous dewpoint, could collect liquids and
solids formed by condensation in the sampling system be- (1) Thedetailed specification of one particular Sam-
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tweenthe two filters. This type of study is outside the pling train and the procedurefor i t s use i s not a guarantee
scope of this Code. of valid test results,and therefore is not an appropriate
foundation for test codes - particularly for their use in
connection with governmental regulations and commercial
C. LOWVOLUME SAMPLINGTRAIN WITH IN-STACK
agreements. This has been demonstrated in numerous pub-
FILTER
lished experiences in the field of stack sampling.
(2) All types of sampling trains (high-volumeand low-
This is the sameassemblyas that of category B above
volume, with in-stack and/or exterior filters) shouldgive
in respect to sample flow rates and the size of tubing -
the same test results if onecopessuccessfully with the
differing in that the.filter holder, of compact dimensions,
error-inducing hazards listed below in the approximate
can be easily inserted through a sample port and be posi-
order of their relative importance.
tioned inside the duct or stack during sampling - com-
(a) -Overcome difficulties in sampling a large duct area,
pletely immersed in the main gasstreamand maintained
with the inherent tendency toward particulate matter stra-
automatically at the gas stream temperature.
tification, by all techniques available to insure a represen-
tative sample.
Advantages
(b) Maintain the temperature of the filter and the up-
(1) Substantially all the particulate matter is deposited streamsample probe tubing above the aqueousandacid
directly in the filter since there is scarcely any tubing be- dewpoints- using the appropriate instrumentation to veri-
tween the point ofentry of the sample gas stream and the fy the accomplishment of this objective. Simply heating
filter proper. t h e chamber enclosingthe filter is not anacceptable
(2) Because the filter is automatically maintained at means for accomplishing this.
the same temperature as the flue gas, no auxiliary appara- (c) Insure quantitative recovery o f all material depos-
tus is required for regulation of the temperature of the ited in the nozzle, probe, and tubing preceding the filter -
filter andsample probe tubing. This results in a smaller avoiding potential losses (due to manipulative problems)
and lighter weight sampling train, unencumbered with a or spuiious material (due to corroiion, su'lfate formation,
temperature control system which would require atten- or contamination). These problems are enhanced by long
tion during the test. tubing and high dewpoints.
(d) Maintain an isokinetic sampling rate and an effec-
Disadvantages tive system for i t s monitoring.
(e) Obtain reliable measurement of total gas flow, es-
This type of sampling train has fewer significant disad-
pecially in large area ducts and where there is a tendency
vantages than those of the other two types - and for this
toward maldistribution of velocities.
reason is the one favored in this Code.
(1) Sampling situations may be encountered where the Note: Sampling train configurations, along with auxil-
gas temperatureexceeds that which can be tolerated by iary apparatus for all of the types of trains discussed, are
the filter and filter holder, as alluded to previously. illustrated in Appendix C.

Copyright ASME International

APPENDIX B
. .
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SAMPLING PROBES AND

PARTICULATE MATTER COLLECTION APPARATUS

There are many different types of sampling probes and

particulate matter collection apparatus available for use in
the collection of gas-entrained particulate matter from a
stack or duct. This Code provides guidance for the selec-
tion ofthe most appropriate sampling system components
for use in any particular sampling situation.
On the following pages are illustrations of typical sam-
pling probesand particulate matter collection devices
which are commercially available. Further information re-
garding these sampling system components and their use
can be obtained from the manufacturer.

Copyright ASME International

APPENDIX B ANSI/ASME PTC 38 - 1980

'I rnax. RADIUS

tt
30 deg.

"B"
90 deg.

I-
l
X

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I

i
ttt
END VIEW
"B" I I "A"

Notes: l. The area upstream of this 90" sector shall be free of obstructions between planes A-A and B-B.
2. No portion of probe shall project upstream of nozzle entrance within adistance from nozzle centerline
of 15 cm or 5 nozzle diameters, whichever is greater.
D = NozzleDiameter Y = 4 X D (Minimum)
R = 2 X D (Minimum) X = 6 X D (Minimum)

FIG. B-1 RECOMMENDED DESIGN FOR SAMPLING NOZZLE TIP

Copyright ASME International

w e Part Identityand Function

Complete Assembly, including Alundum Thimble

A Probe Tips (1/4,3/8, & 1/2” ID nozzles: 1 each)
B Fitting (adapts nozzles t o holder)
C Asbestos Gaskets
D Guide Ring
E Housing
F Alundum Thimble
G Clamp
H Adapter (adapts holder to probe)

FIG. B-2 ALUNDUM THIMBLE PROBE

Copyright ASME International

MAGNEHELIC
~ I
""_
!"""""-m"
- I l
PANEL BOARD

STATIC "1 I L"

FECHEIMER

PIPE COUPLING
/-(ADDITIONAL PIPE
AS REQUIRED TO
BASIC SAMPLER OBTAIN NECESSARY
PROBE LENGTH)

TO
VACUUM SOURCE

PERFORATED
DISTRIBUTION
GELMAN
TYPE "A"
FILTER PAPER CAN LTER FI

PERFORATED
FECHEIMER
INLET
HOLES
LOCKWASHER
& NUTS

(ALTERNATE-END CAP WELDED TO PERFORATED CYLINDER)

FIG. B-3 IN-STACK FILTER ASSEMBLY USING PAPER FILTER MEDIA

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Copyright ASME International

ANSI/ASME PTC 38 - 1980

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APPENDIX B

Suitable for useas InStack Primary Filter,

Back-up Filter, or Exterior Filter

FIG. B 4 TYPICAL HOLDER FOR FLAT ROUND FILTERS

Copyright ASME International

e
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FIG. B-5a BCURA CYCLONE PROBE - INTERNAL TYPE, INCLUDING FILTER

FIG. B-5b BCURA CYCLONE PROBE - EXTERNAL TYPE, INCLUDING FILTER

Key to Figs. B-5a and B-5b

(1) Hopper for collecting large particles (2) Cyclone (3) Samplingnozzle (4) Filter housing (5) Filter,packed with glass wool,
forcollectingparticulatematter (6) Filter by-passpressure tube (7) 4-in. B.S.P. socketwelded to wall of flue(8) Probeholder
(9) Tapping for measuringcyclone pressure drop when filter is used (10) Tapping for cyclone pressure drop when filter is omitted
Note: See Reference [32] in Section 7.

a
52

Copyright ASME International

APPENDIX C ANSI/ASME PTC 38 - 1980

Type 7. (Low Volume) Type 2. (Low Volume)

I'
PRIMARY

L A
BACK-UP
FILTER TO FLOW F I LTER TO F LOW
CONTROL CONTROL
SECTION PROBE SECTION PROBE
* *
THERMOCOUPLES THERMOCOUPLE
D e Y
L

d MAMOMETERS
Recommended for general use - low particulate matter
concentrations.
MANOMETERS
Recommended for general use - higher p a r t i d alte matter
concentrations.

Type 3. (Low or High Volume) Type 4 . (Low Volume)

f.4
THERMOCOUPLE THERMOCOUPLE
PRIMARY
NOZZLE

-TO ÇLOW
CONTROL
SECTION
FILTER
NOZZLE

HEATED PROBE
I - ,*,- I - , . ', s.,-,- I

FILTER
A&\ THERMOCOUPLE
PITOT TUBE
m
FI LTER

' I
J
I I

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MAMOMETERS MANOMETERS
Recommended for use only when in-stack filters cannot Acceptable for special cases (higher particulatematter
be used due to high gas temperatures or other special con- concentrations) when an exterior heated filter is required.
siderations. Type 1 in-stack filter may be used when particulate mat-
ter concentrations are low.

FIG. C-I SAMPLE TRAIN CONFIGURATIONS - FILTRATION SECTION

Copyright ASME International

ANSI/ASME PTC 38 - 1980 APPENDIX C

Notes t o Fig. C-I

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1. In all of the above drawings “S’’-Type(Stauscheibe) Pitot tubesare shown. However, Standard-Type
Pitot tubes may beused.instead. In either case, proper calibration i s required as specified i n this Code.

2. Pitot tubes are shown as integral parts o f the Sample Train as continuous moniforing o f gas vefocity at the
sampling point is usually required. If it canbeestablished that the gas velocity at each sampling point
does not vary by more than +lo% during a test run and that point-to-point velocity gradients are not
great, gas velocity data may be obtained by detached Pitot tube traverses made both before and after the
run. However, this can be done only byagreement o f all parties concerned.

3. The Type 3 configuration, when used for high volume sampling, may not require heaters for the probe
and for the external filter assembly if sample gas temperature can be maintained above the dewpoint tem-
perature through the filter.

Copyright ASME International

--`,,,,```,``,`,```,,`````,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- APPENDIX C ANSI/ASME PTC 38 - 1980

Alternate A Alternate B

F LOW INDICATOR
CONTROL

PUMP OR

TER
MANOMETER
CONDENSER

Gas Meter located after Pump Gas Meter located before Pump

Alternate C

F LOW
CONTROL
VALVE 7
PUMP OR
\TOR

SECTION
aØL,
FLOW
INDICATOR

No Condenser and no Gas Meter

FIG. C-2 SAMPLE TRAIN CONFIGURATIONS - FLOW CONTROL SECTION

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RECOMMENDED USE OF SAMPLING TRAINS FOR BASIC PROCESSES AND VARIOUS GAS CONDITIONS
Sampling of Particulate Matter Emissions

PROCESS

Sampling
Fossil Fuel Cement Iron & Steel Incineration Other
Train No.
Pulv. Stoker Wet Dry Open Blast Under Over
Oil Coolers BOF Sinter Scarf.
Coal Coal Process Process Hearth Furnace 8OO’F 8OO’F

1. X X X X X X X X X X X X - Relate
to
Gas
2. X x - X X x - X X X X X Conditions
. Below

(1) - - - - (1) 0) (1) (1) (1) 0) (1) x

Note: (1) Train No. 3 can be used when wet scrubbers exist.
i

SPECIFIC GAS CONDITIONS

Sampling Column 1 Column 2 Column 3 Column 4 Column 5 Column 6 Column 7 Column 8 Column 9 Column 10
\ Train No.
200°F to 200’ F to 400’ F to 500” F to
< ZOOoF 500°F 500” F 800°F 8OO’F Saturated Very Low
<S% H,O < 10% Hz0 > 10% H,O 1535% H,O 535% H,O Over 8oo”F Moist Ambient
<lOOmg <lOOmg <lOOmg <lOOmg >lOOmg Conditions Temperature

1. X X X X

2. X X X

3. X X X

The Sampling Train Nos. indicated above refer to the “Sample Train Configurations - Filtration Section” shown in Fig. C-l.

FIG. C-3 SAMPLE TRAIN CONFIGURATIONS -SELECTION GUIDE

--`,,,,```,``,`,```,,`````,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Copyright ASME International

APPENDIX D

FILTRATION EFFICIENCY OF FILTERS FOR FINE PARTICULATE MATTER

In theabsence of specific knowledge about the filtra- characterized by a unique and uniform particle size, com-
tion efficiency of any particular filter medium it is temp- monly 0.3 micron (0.25 to 0.35 microns) and in that re-
ting to draw inferences from data culled from the litera- spect are in marked contrast to industrial and other dust
ture of fine particle technology. In reviewing suchdata or aerosol clouds which arealwayscomposed of widely
it is important to restrict one’s observations to those data heterogeneous particle sizes.
that arebased on weight determinations .md weight effi-
ciency of the filter media tested. Filtration Efficiency of Various Filter Media
Two test methods, other than thosebased on weight, Measurements offilter or precipitator PerfOtTnanCe
are common in the literature of fine particle technology, using DOP aerosols do not represent, even approximately,
and they bear no relation to each other. These are the 0.3 the filtration efficiency of filters described on a mass basis,
micron DOP particle cloud method,evaluatedby light mainly becausethemass fraction of 0.3 micron particles
scattering,and the dust spot method, evaluated by light in industrial particle clouds is insignificantly small; they
transmission measurements. areoverwhelmed by the presence of largerparticles, in-
cluding flocculated clusters of smaller particles which be-
Dust Spot have like larger particles.
A greatdeal of t h e data on dust spot efficiencies ap- In both of these two methods the fine particle fraction
pears in the literature dealing with aircleaning perfor- dominates the measurementwhereas the large particle
mance and “high efficiency”venti1ation air cleaningequip- fraction dominates weight measurements. The different
ment, ¡.e., some filters andespecially two stage electric filtration efficiencies are illustrated in the following table,
precipitators (Penney type, not Cottrell). Air cleaning effi- which shows filtering characteristics of several ventilation
ciency of these devices i s rated on thebasis of “dust spot” air filters. It is adapted from a tabulation in the ASHRAE
measurements. This refers to the use of ambient air with Guide & Data Book, chapter on “Air Cleaners” (number-
i t s normal complement of fine particulate matter as the ing varies annually). (See Reference L261.)
test stream.Samples of air entering the precipitator and
from thecleaned air streamare simultaneouslydrawn
through equal size circular areas of white filter paper at
metered rates for a measured period of time. The opacities Table D-1 Filtration Efficiency o f Various Filter Media
of resulting dark spots on the filter paper are measured by
light transmission, the optical densities calculated and the Efficiency rating of air filtering media depends on the test
method employed, illustrated by the performance data be-
two values compared. low on several filters used in ventilation-air cleaning.
The quantities of particulate matter represented by the
optical densityconsistoverwhelmingly of theparticles Filtration efficiency based on
smaller than 1-2 microns because these are the ones having Dust 0.3 micron
the greatest opacity effect. The few largest particles exert Mass -
spot DOP
a negligible effect on the opacity although they account Thin paper-like sheets
dominantly for the weight of the mixture. (glass or cellulose fibers) SO-90% 20-35% 0.0%
Mats o f 5-10micron fibers,
DOP Yi-% in. thick 90-95 40-60 15-25
Mats of 3-5micron fibers,
During the years since 1949, an immensely useful tech-thick%-Yi in. 95 60-80 35-40
nique has been available and widely used in laboratory re- Mats o f %-2 micron
search, the generation of monodisperse clouds of dioctyl glass fibers N A 75-90
* 90-98
phthalate (DOP) aerosol and light scattering instrumenta- *“Not Applicable.” Close t o loo%, therefore weight efficiency
tion for measurement of their concentration. They are basis is impractical.

--`,,,,```,``,`,```,,`````,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Copyright ASME International

ANSIlASME PTC 38 - 1980 APPENDIX D

As emphasized elsewhere in this Code, other characteris- Filters are obtainable from a large number of vendors -
--`,,,,```,``,`,```,,`````,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

tics of the filter media must also be considered in the se- in a wide range of materials and configurations. The full
lection of the filter to beused in a particular test situa-
@ tion. As wellaspossessing adequatefiltration efficiency,
the filter must also be unaffected (chemically and physi-
specifications of all filters (filter media and filter holder)
should be studied carefully in the technical literatureavail-
able from the vendors to insure suitability for purposes
cally) by the gas being sampled a t the temperatures to be intended. The selectionof thefilter to beused should
encountered. Furthermore, it must be inert in respect to be a matter for mutual agreement ofallparties to the
its effect on the materials being filtered. test.

Copyright ASME International

APPENDIX E

SAMPLING I N LOW VELOCITY GAS STREAMS

Sometimes duct arrangementsmaybe encountered

where the logical cross section for m e a s m m m of partic-
ulate matter concentrations is in streams where velocities
are too low to .be measured by recommended instruments
- for example,discharge from a scrubber immediately
into a low velocity tower or filtered gas discharge from a
pressure-type bag filter dust collector without a stack.
The best remedy in such a situation would be the addi-
. tion of a duct through which gas would be channeled at
measurable velocities. Such additional fluesneed not
necessarily accomodate the total gas flow.
Where this procedure is impractical, the total gas flow
maybe determined at anothersection of the system
where the velocities are high enough to be measured; and
from this determination of total gas flow and the cross-

--`,,,,```,``,`,```,,`````,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
sectionalarea in the low velocity section,onecalculates
the average velocity over the total low velocity flow area.
Sampling in t h e low velocity flow area is then conduct-
ed at a constant flow rate determined by the calculated
average velocity obtained while traversing the area a t the
required number o f points defined according to the con-
ventional procedures.
Theconsequences of t h i s samplingprocedure, as to
potential error, result from the fact that at some points,
sampling will be lower and at other points will be greater,
than isokinetic rates. If the variation in velocity is judged
not excessive, the resulting average concentration maybe
acceptably accurate, especially where the particulate mat-
ter is free of large particles.

Copyright ASME International

APPENDIX F

PARTICULATE MATTER COLLECTION AND THE EFFECT OF CONDENSED SO3

The greater part ofthe sulfur released from fuel during TABLE F-1 EXPERIMENTALRESULTS -
combustion processesappears in the product of combus- AIR VS. SYNTHETIC FLUE GAS
tion as SO2 which passes unaffected as a gas through par-
ticulate sampling equipment. However, a small percentage Gas Volume, H2S04, ppm
is oxidized to SO3 which in cooler flue gas, reacts with Composition Liters Added Recovered Difference
vapor phase water to form sulfuric acid.
Air 56.1 30.2
. 30.5 + 0.3
If the gas temperature in the sampling probe falls be- Air 55.7 24.6 24.2 - 0.4
low the dew point, the sulfuric acid may condense andin- Air 55.7 26.9 26.7 - 0.2
creasethe quantity of particulate matter collected. This Air 55.9 24.1 23.3 - 0.8
increasemay occur by reaction of the sulfuric acid with Air 55.9 28.2 27.6 - 0.6
fly ash particles or with-the sampling equipment to form Air 55.9 10.7 10.7 - 0.0
additional. solid compounds or by condensation followed
-
Avg. Diff. - 0.3
by agglomeration of fly ash particles.
It follows that by maintaining the metal and gas tem- Sfg (1 1 56.1 28.7 28.5 - 0.2
peratures of the sampling equipment above the acid dew Sfg (1 55.7 29.4 28.9 - 0.5
point the above problems will be eliminated thus avoiding Sfg (1 ) 55.9 29.1 28.5 - 0.6
a positive error in the determination of particulate matter Sfg (1 55.9 28.2 28.3 + 0.1
loadings. Sfg (1 55.7 27.6 27.2 - 0.4
Sfg (2) 55.7 27.7 27.4 - 0.3
Acid dew point is defined as the temperature at which
Sfg (3) 55.7 28.6 28.2 - 0.4
the combustion gasesare saturated with sulfuric acid and
Sfg (2) 55.9 10.5 10.3 -
- 0.2
the dew point to sulfuric acid concentration relationship
was determined using the condensation sampling method. Avg. Diff. - 0.3
In a special laboratory apparatus (Fig.. F-1) known quanti- (1) Synthetic flue gas containing approximately 2000 ppm sulfur
ties of sulfuric acidwereadded to both air and flue gas dioxide.
(2) Syntheticflue gas containingapproximately 750 ppm sulfur
streamsand thencollected in a speciallydesigned con- dioxide.
denser maintained at a temperature between the acid dew (3) Syntheticflue gas containingapproximately 150 ppm sulfur
point and the water dewpoint. Sulfuric acid was thus con- dioxide.
densed while all other flue-gas constituents remained in
the flue gas (see Table F-I).
The agreement of dew point determination of this type
with thermodynamically calculated data is shown in Fig.
F-2. Note: See References [ 181 through [24] in Section 7.

61
--`,,,,```,``,`,```,,`````,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Copyright ASME International

SULFURIC ACID
IN

S G P5

RESISTANCE WIRE

OVERFLOW

EVAPORATOR

GAS
SAMPLE 4”

--`,,,,```,``,`,```,,`````,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
OUT

FRIT TRIOXIDE
COLLECTOR

FIG. F-1 CALIBRATING APPARATUS FOR SULFUR TRIOXIDE COLLECTOR

FIG. F-2 DEW POINT AS A FUNCTION OF H,SO, CONCENTRATION

Copyright ASME International

ANSI/ASME PTC 38 - 1980 APPENDIX G

APPENDIX G

TYPICAL GAS VELOCITY AND PARTICULATE MATTER CONCENTRATION PROFILES

As indicated in this Code,gas velocity and particulate (b) Stoichiometric gas flow ratecalculation, based
matter concentration canvary greatlybetweenvarious uponchemicalanalyses of the fuel burned and of the
points in a cross section of a duct. This.-
situation
-. . .- .
.
is greatly gases in the duct passing the test points.
aggravated by bends and restrictions in the gas flow path. I

Unfortunately, this situation occurs frequently in field (c) Modified gas flow rate calculation procedure using
tests o f actual equipment. Pitot tube gas velocity data. I n this procedure,isobaric
Two sets of diagrams are included here to illustrate this lines were drawn on a cross section diagramof the duct -
situation. their locations determined from Pitottube data which had
previously been plotted thereon. Total gas flow rates were
The first set illustrates the nature and magnitude of the then calculated by summing up the products of the areas
variation o f gas flow velocity and the rate of transport of between the isobars and the estimated average gas velocity
particulate matter (product of gasflow rate and particulate in eachsucharea - the size o f the areas determined by
matter concentration) at various points in crosssections means of a planimeter measurement of each of the cross
of typical duct and stack configurations. section drawings.
The second set shows gas velocity distribution profiles
obtained duringactual field tests on large steam generating
units. Total gas flow rates, computed by three different The differences between the gas flow rates, as calcu-
’procedures, are shown for each example; The procedures lated by these three procedures, illustrate the inherent
used were: difficulty o f obtaining accurate gas flow rate test data
(a) Conventional gas flow rate calculation procedure from Pitot tube velocity traverses under the frequently
using Pitot tube gas velocity data applied to “equal areas” prevailing adverse flow conditions prevailing in typical
for each test point. flue gas ducts.

63
--`,,,,```,``,`,```,,`````,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Copyright ASME International

APPENDIX G ANSI/ASME PTC 38 - 1980

INLET
__+

GAS
VELOCITY -
-
3' O"
1
EMISSION

CHIMNEY STACK

FROM BOI
LER
T AVERAGE GAS VELOCITY = 39 ft/sec
AVERAGE
EMISSION PER UNIT
AREA = 3.5 Ib/sq. ft-hr

AVERAGE VELOCITY = 42 ft/sec

AVERAGE EMISSION PER UNIT AREA= 27 Ib/sq. f t h r

FIG.G-IGASFLOWVELOCITYANDTHERATEOFTRANSPORTOF
PARTICULATE MATTER

--`,,,,```,``,`,```,,`````,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Copyright ASME International

STACK

/ \ U
--`,,,,```,``,`,```,,`````,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

4' - 4"
O
GAS VELOCITY EMISSION
(LOOKING UPSTREAM)

AVERAGE GAS VELOCITY= 43 ft sec

AVERAGE EMISSION PER UNIT AREA= 3.0 Iblsq. fthr

FIG. G-1 (Cont'd)

Copyright ASME International

GAS VELOCITY
~~~ \ EMISSION

TO
CHIMNEY

+STACK

FROM BOILER 1. 1-1 -

5' O"I-

AVERAGE GAS VELOCITY = 33 ftlsec

AVERAGE EMISSION PER UNIT AREA= 1.3 Iblsq. ft-hr

GAS VELOCITY EMISSION

VELOCITY
GAS EMISSION
I

1.1 1.1
1.2
1.9

0.9
1.2 1.6 1.8

0.9 0.9 1.3 1.7

0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
>

--`,,,,```,``,`,```,,`````,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

AVERAGE GAS VELOCITY = 39 ftlsec

AVERAGE EMISSION PER UNIT
AREA = 1.2 Iblsq. ft-hr

FROM NO. 2
-ROMNO.l
- - ". I. D. FAN
I. D. F A N

FIG. G-1 (Cont'd)

Copyright ASME International

ANSllASME PTC 38 - 1980 APPENDIX G

AVERAGE GAS VELOCITY = 43 f t h e c

AVERAGE EMISSION PER U N I T A R E A = 3 . 0 Ib/sq. ft-hr

FIG. G-2

--`,,,,```,``,`,```,,`````,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Copyright ASME International

APPENDIX G ANSI/ASME PTC 38 - 1980

W
TO FAN

AVERAGE GAS VELOCITY = 45 ft./sec

AVERAGE EMISSION PER UNIT AREA= 4.6 Ib/sq. ft-hr

TO MAIN FLUE

VELOCITY GAS
--`,,,,```,``,`,```,,`````,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

IO' -0"

I.D. F A N
AVERAGE GAS VELOCITY= 52 ft/sec
AVERAGE EMISSION PER UNIT AREA= 2.2 Ibhq. ft-hr

FIG. G-2 (Cont'd)

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STACK

PRECIPITATOR I-1

--`,,,,```,``,`,```,,`````,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
.-

--_ . ..I 1 -_,_,., $q’-O” - ,,-, _” _-__

FIG. G-3 GAS VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION PROFILES UNDER ACTUAL TEST CONDITIONS

Copyright ASME International

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51'-6"
4 l
, #I 3'~5" , ,a 3'-5" , ,,
6'-IO" 6'-IO" 6'-IO"
+30'1.6-1o*,d *I-‘[‘l* *,4-q“1-610--114
13-l/2"
I + , T T T T T T T T T
+ +
4

13-112" ’
North Precipitator Inlet
ACFM by velocity head 7,119,353
ACFM from fuel and gas analysis 1,078,25 6
ACFM by velocity head (area weighted) 1,064,5 13

T T T T T T T T T

SECTION A-A

South Precipitator Inlet

ACFM by velocity head 1,204,250
ACFM from fuel and gas analysis 1,072,307
ACFM by velocity head (area weighted) 1,104,925

Fld. G-3 (Cont’d)

--`,,,,```,``,`,```,,`````,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Copyright ASME International

PREilPlTATOR
INLET

FIG. G-4

--`,,,,```,``,`,```,,`````,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Copyright ASME International

b+ (*)
-1 :
9m
:
4
whl
SECTION A-A

South Precipitator Inlet

ACFM by velocity head 996,030
ACFM from fuel and gas analysis 840,617
ACFM by velocity head (area weighted) 844,000

FIG. G-4 (Cont’d)

Copyright ASME International

‘2 !I’-9

““Cl*’ ,:- II i

FIG. G-S

--`,,,,```,``,`,```,,`````,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Copyright ASME International

APPENDIX G ANSI/ASME PTC 38 - 1980

1 1 "2"

LEFT FLUE

I-

--`,,,,```,``,`,```,,`````,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+

I-

RIGHT FLUE

Mechanical Collector Outlet

ACFM by velocity head 1 ,I 85,604
ACFM from fuel and gas analysis 1,015,667
ACFM by velocity head(area weighted) 1,090,852

FIG. G-S (Contld)

Copyright ASME International

MECHANICAL L
COLLECTOR
--`,,,,```,``,`,```,,`````,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

k-“--”

-Ic
FIG. G-6

Copyright ASME International

T T T T T T T T

n
SECTION A-A
cl
cl=
Air Heater Outlet
ACFM by velocity head 292,940
ACFM from fuel and gas analysis 241,900

--`,,,,```,``,`,```,,`````,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
ACFM by velocity head (area weighted) 239,783

T T T T T T T T T T T T 0
0
b-l

K
I3
5
b-l

cii 11 EQUAL SPACES @ 37”= 33’-11” z

A wA4---
5 3 7’-0” 5
0 *

Mechanical Collector Outlet

ACFM by velocity head 289,080
ACFM from fuel and gas analysis 241,900
ACFM by velocity head (area weighted) 242,480

FIG. G-6 (Cont’d)

Copyright ASME International

ASRE P T C * 3 B 80 m 0759670 0053890 1 m

ANSI/ASME PTC 38 - 1980 APPENDIX H

I APPENDIX H

METHODS FOR DETERMININGNUMBER AND LOCATIONOF SAMPLINGAREAS

The number and location of sampling points required

t o obtain valid averagegas flow data andrepresentative
samples of t h e particulate matter in the gas stream varies
with the conditions at the test site.
In general, when the sampling cross section is located
at least 8 equivalent diameters downstream and 2 diam-
eters upstream of any flow disturbance, 12 sample points
should be adequate. Figure H-1 is a guide for determining
the numberof sample points required when sampling large
ducts and when the sampling cross section is located closer
to upstreamand/ordownstream flow disturbances. For

--`,,,,```,``,`,```,,`````,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
F
smallerducts, a lesser number of sample points maybe
I used, but in no case should less than 4 sample points be
used for ducts having a diameter of 2 ft or less. Explora-
tory Pitot tube traverses, to determine velocity distribu-
tion, will indicate if more or less sample points are required
to obtain representative sampling data.
Figure H-2 provides guidancefor dividing a rectangular
or circular duct into equal sampling areas or zones where-

&a in the gas velocity and the particulate matter concentra-

tion determined by sampling at the center of eacharea
shallbeconsidered the average conditions prevailing for
the area. The number of samplingpoints, or sampling
areas, to be used in laying out the sampling area profile is
determined as above.
In certain special cases, it may be necessary or desirable
to deviate from the above criteria. This should only be
done after attainment of sufficient data for the situation
involved in respect to velocity and particulate matter con-
centration profiles to justify such action. If such action
can then be fully justified, the tests may be conducted
with the full approval of all the partiesconcerned. The
background for such action, along with complete back-up
data, should be fully discussed in the test report.

a
I
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T3"-----"~
ASME P T C * 3 8 8 0 I0 7 5 9 6 7 0 0053873 3 m
APPENDIX PTC 38 - 1980

NUMBER OF DUCT DIAMETERS UPSTREAM*

(DISTANCE A )
0.5 1 .o 1.5 2.0 2.5
50 c

40 -

-
*FROM POINT OF ANY TYPE OF
DISTURBANCE (BEND, EXPANSION, CONTRACTION, ETC.)

O
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

--`,,,,```,``,`,```,,`````,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
NUMBER OF DUCT DIAMETERS DOWNSTREAM*
(DISTANCE B)

FIG. H-1 METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE NUMBER OF SAMPLE POINTS

Copyright ASME International

ANSI/ASME PTC38 - 1980 APPENDIX H

..........
. . . . . . . . . a

A-CROSS SECTION OF RECTANGULAR DUCT

NOTE: 0 INDICATES POINTS

OF LOCATION OF
I
SAMPLING TUBE
B-CROSS SECTLON OF CIRCULAR DUCT
(USE OF 20 SAMPLING POINTS ILLUSTRATED)
--`,,,,```,``,`,```,,`````,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Formulafor determininglocation points in circular duct

where r p = distance from center of duct to pointp

R = radiusofduct
p = sampling point number. To benumbered
fromcenterofductoutward. All four
points^ on same circumference have same
number.
n -= total number of points
Note: rp will be in same units as R .
Example: Duct radius= R ; 20 points total.
Distance to point 3 = r 3 .
r, = jT=JiGF
r, = 0.707R

FIG. H-2 METHOD FOR SUBDIVIDING DUCT INTO MEASURING AREAS ORZONES

Copyright ASME International

APPENDIX I

INSTRUMENTATION FOR DETERMINING GAS VELOCITY

A variety of instruments are available for the measure-

ment of gas velocity in a duct or stack, The selection and
use of these instruments are discussed in the Code.
Onthe following pagesare illustrations of themost
commonly usedtypes of Pitot tubesand another instru-
ment for this purpose, the Fecheimer probe.

--`,,,,```,``,`,```,,`````,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Copyright ASME International

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’r
”

\
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
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STANDARD PITOT TUBE TYPE ‘*.s* (STAUSCHEIBE) PITOTTUBE

1 I2 in.
5 in.= 16D 2 l/2 in. = 8D

I4 *I4 ‘P-1

- STAINLESS STEEL
l/8 in. dia.’
TUBING
CONICAL TIP
5/1#6 in. OD. -J

5132 in. R.
HEM’ISPHERICAL
TIP

8 HOLES, 0.04 in. dia.

‘T EQUALLY SPACED AND
SECTION FREE FROM BURRS.
“A-,,,”

STATIC PRESSURE

INNER TUBE
l/8 in. 0. D. x 21 B &S GA. TUBING

K OUTER TUBE
5/16in.O.D.x18B&SGA.TUBlNG

TOTAL PRESSURE

FIG. I-1 PITOT TUBES FOR DUCT GAS VELOCITY DETERMINATION

--`,,,,```,``,`,```,,`````,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Copyright ASME International

APPENDIX I ANSI/ASME PTC 38 - 1980

TOTAL PRESSURE LINE

(IMPACT -i-STATIC)

STAT'IC PRESSURE

OF FLOW
CYLINDER

C TOTAL PRESSURE HOLE

C
STATIC PRESSU CROSS SECTION OF
HOLES FECHEIMER PROBE
HEAD

PROBE DESIGN

STATIC PRESSURE TAPS

--`,,,,```,``,`,```,,`````,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

STATIC PRESSURE

ALTERNATE
INSTRUMENTATION
CONNECTION

J@ " '
INSTRUMENT

COMPONENTS BALANCE
NULL
BALANCE
NULL

FIG. 1-2 FECHEIMER PROBE - FOR AIR ANDGAS FLOW MEASUREMENT

(See Reference [33], Section 7, for description of operating principles)

Copyright ASME International

APPENDIX J
--`,,,,```,``,`,```,,`````,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF FIELD OPERATING GRAPHS

quired gas flow rate correspondingto isokinetic sampling,

lsokinetic Sampling System
G1 *

The following discussiondescribes a particulate sam- The lower charts,Graphs B and C , are the operating
pling system, to assure isokinetic sampling, which is based lines for the indicating (orifice) flowmeters, the rates of
on the fact that variations in gas velocities and gas temper- which are given also in mass units. The alignment of the
atures are the only values that need to be monitored close- two graphs permits rapid selection of the flowmeter set-
ly during the sampling operation. In contrast, all of the ting, (hf,) required t o comply with the demands indicated
other parameters exert a relatively small influence so that by Graph A.
their magnitude canbe predicted with a high degree of
precision. This provides the basis for the design of a sim-
ple “Operating Graph” which dictates flowmeter settings I. Graph for Required SamplingRate, GI
required during the test.
There is alwayssome departure from isokinetic flow The required samplingrate for isokinetic flow is ex-
rates regardless of the guidance system and the procedures pressed in mass units and transformed as indicated in the
used-one’s objective is to minimize that gap. The systems following:
described in this Section arecapable of a high degree o f Required Ib/min (G) = (Ib/ft3) (ft3/min)
conformity with the isokinetic sampling rule. A departure
of 2 to 3 percent is common, but it can almost always be
less than 5 percent.

= 1 096 ( A , , ) d P X
Construction of an Operating Graph
Construction of Graph - Required Operating Rate
The procedure described below involves preparation of
field operating graphs. One graph indicates required sam- The value of ps, density o f the stack gas at temperature,
pling rates in mass units while the other, also in mass units, T,,
I. is:

indicatesthe flowmeter settings required to deliver the - MW, x 492 x - 29.92

ed
- 359 460 + T, (2)
proper flow.
Construction of the first graph is based on prediction Example 7: Graph A, Fig. 1, is an example in which a
o f two of the three factors which determine gas density - fixed value of 30 for apparent molecular weight (MW,)
apparent molecular weight and pressure. It iseasily possi- and an absolute pressure of 29.92 in. ( e d ) were predicted.
ble to predict gas densities within 10 percent, and since With these values fixed, the expression for stack gas den-
flow rate through an orifice flowmeter is proportional to sity is:
the square root of density, this means that the sampling
= 30 .
- 49 2
rates indicated by the graph would, in this extreme case,
359 460 + T,
be well below the allowable 10 percent departure from
isokinetic flow.
The operating graph illustrated by Graph A (Figs. J-1
and J-2) expresses the gas sampling rates required,in mass When this is inserted in equation (l),we obtain the fol-
units, for a ‘/4 in. probe (0.00034 ft2 area) as a function of lowing equation for use in the construction of the graph:
velocity pressure (h,) and gas density (P%). A measure-
ment of the velocity pressureandgas temperature in the
Required Ib/min, G, =
field indicates immediately, accordingto the graph, the re- ’O3’ A o J46dl: T, (3)

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APPENDIX J ANSI/ASME PTC 38 - 1980

Substitute the appropriate value of probe area ( A O , Flowmeter gas densitieswhich pertain to moist stack
ft’), then various values of temperature and plot them on gasesare further identified by the additional letter -m
log-log paper as illustrated in Graph A, Fig. J - l . (moist); andthose pertaining to flowmeter gases which
follow a drying system, by the letter -d (dry).
Symbols

--`,,,,```,``,`,```,,`````,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
As indicated in the l i s t of symbols, G represents sample II, Flowmeter Graphs
gas flow rate and p , gas density. In the development of re-
lationshipsbelow, it is necessary to refer to theseand Having constructed the graph for “Required Sampling
other quantities a t different placesand different condi- Rate,” it remains to provide a graph for the indicating
tions: in the duct or stack, flowmeter gas (dry), flowmeter flowmeter which measures sample flow, one of whose co-
gas (moist), etc.; and at different tinm, ¡.e., beforeand ordinates is also Ib/min, the other hfm, ¡.e., the meter
after the test, A system of subscript labels is employed to reading.
aid in keeping the identity of particular quantities clear
and distinct. The use of an orifice flowmeter which indicates flow is
necessary to implement these samplingprocedures. This
Subscripts -1 and -2 flowmeter provides instantaneous indication of flow rate
and if one plots its calibration curve in weight units, pro-
The label -1 attached to any quantity indicates a value vides graphical means whereby the sampling flow require-
that was selected for use before the test. The quantity so ments can be read from the graph; and a basis also for ad-
labeled is variously referred to as “predicted,” “planned,”
justing the flow rate while referring to the flowmeter indi-
“assumed,” and the value used in a statement of “intend-
cator.
ed” sampling rate. Itsraison d’etre is simply to distinguish
these quantities which were estimated or assumed before The two common positions of the flowmeter are
the test, from the values available.later from the test data (A) downstream from a condenser-dessicantsystem,and
itself, ¡.e., “correct” values. (B) preceding all elements of the train except the sample
filter, and maintained at elevatedtemperatures to avoid
The post-test “correct” values are labeled -2 and their
condensation. Each requires a different type of graph.
primary application is for calculation of “departures from
isokinetic sampling.” (A) Flowmeter Following aCondenser - Graph B,
Fig. j-I
G-Values
Where the train has a condenser precedingthe flow-
Thesymbol G representssampling rate of the raw,
meter, only the dry gus portion of the flow (Gfm-ld) will
moist stack gas (“planned” or “correct”) as represented
be indicated by the flowmeter. The remainder (Gcond-1)
by Graph A in Figs. J-Iand J-2. is removedbythecondenserandthe following relation-
Thesubscript -fm designates flowmeter flow rates. ships apply:
There are two sampling train arrangements affecting this
label. One places the flowmeter a t a point following a con- Required sample -
-
Metered dry gas + H20
denser and drier, which removes all moisture. In that case flow rate flow rate
condensation
rate
the flowmeter handles dry gas and this is indicated by the
addition of the letter -d (for dry) in the subscript.
In anotherarrangementthe flowmeter is located to
Note that: Gcond-1 -
- lb H 2 0 . lb dry gas
measure a sample of raw, moist stack gas before any con- lb dry gas min
densation can occur, and this is indicated by the addition-
al letter -m(for moist) in the subscript.

The same identification symbol (m or d ) is used to dis-

tinguish the molecular weight of moist stack gas (MW,)
from that of dry gas a t a flowmeter (MWd). These equations imply the practical fact that the con-
denserdesiccantsystem is intended to remove all of the
Gas Density - p moisture represented by H l .
Stack gas densitiesare identified by t h e subscript -S The resulting flowmeter graph for numerous values of
and densities of gas passing through the flowmeter by -fm. M l is shown as Graph B, Fig. J-l.

Copyright ASME International

Where humidity is zero the values o f Gfm-Id are the and also any significant pressure difference between stack
same as G , (Graph A), For positive values of water con- árid flowmeter (& Vs em)
that may occur due to pressure
0 tent, M L , the correct flowmeter setting, Gfm-Id, is a value
1
drop across the sample filter. Pfm is the average predicted
flowmeter pressure during the run.
displaced from G I by the fraction
1+M,
~

Suppose the flowing gas in the stack is predicted to

haveanaverage molecular weight of 30, and to be at an
(B) Flowmeter at Elevated Temperature
absolute pressure of 29.92 in, Hg, averagepressure drop
(Omitting Condenser) - Graph C, Fig. J-2
across the filter during the run is predicted to be 1 in. Hg.
It maybe convenient in some cases~toemploy a sam- Flowmeter gas density, pfm-lw, is then
pling train which maintains the temperature of the flow-
30 492 28.92
meter abovethe dewpoint, and which dispenses with a pfm-lw = 359 x 460 f Fm X- 29.92
condenser altogether.
In suchanarrangement a different type of operating
graph illustrated by Graph C, Fig. J-2, is employed.
Substituting this value of flowmeter gas density in
It can be used wherever the flowmeter temperature is equation (7) gives:
maintained above the dewpoint, including those arrange-
ments which dispose the flowmeter within the stack and
thus maintain it at stack temperature. It i s also applicable
to highvolumesamplingtrains wherethere is minimal Each value of flowmeter temperature, tfm,which i s to
cooling of gases before the flowmeter. berepresented in the finished graph, is inserted in equa-
The principles and procedures for construction of such tion (8), followed by plotting values of Gf,,,-lW and hfm.
a graphare illustrated in the following description, and The flowmeter graph resulting from these operations
Graph C. appears in Fig J-2as Graph C in.the assembly with Graph
A previously described.
Construction of Graph C

O First, derivean equation re[ating flowmeter delivery,

Gfm, to flowmeter setting, hfm, based on the flowmeter
Alternate Graph
When the sample train flowmeter is at elevated temper-
calibration line, which will beused to drawseveral tem-
atures, it may be desirable to use an alternate operating
perature lines as illustrated in Graph C, Fig. J-2.To accom-
graph, The construction and use of such a graph is de-
plish this, derive the value of K in the following equation
scribed below. It can be used where thestack temperature
for weight flow rate through the orifice meter.
and pressure are known and remain reasonably constant.
The use of the graph is illustrated by Fig. J-3 where an
example of an application is shown for an assumed stack
gas temperature and pressure. The design of the graph is
Example 2: The value of K i s found by using data given based upon the following relationships:
by the calibration line.
Pitot tube; V = 1096
Let the flowmeter of Graph B, Fig. J-1, serve in the
present application. Select any point forvalues o f Gfm-lw
L e t Qs = volume rate of gas sampled at
and hf, , e.g., 0.073 and 2.0, respectively, from the100°F
stack conditions and Qfm = volume rate
line (pfm-lW = .O71 is density at 100°F). Then -
of gas sampled at orificeconditions.

From which -

The basic value of pfm-lw i s the density of the stack

but
gas, adjusted for any difference in temperature Gm,
O
85
--`,,,,```,``,`,```,,`````,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Copyright ASME International

Provided by IHS under license with ASME
- = . ,W.
Licensee=Foster Wheeler/9993086004, User=MartÃ-nez, Diego
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.
Not for Resale, 02/21/2014 08:47:48 MST
"
ASME P T C * 3 8 8 0 m 0 7 5 7 6 7 0 0053877 8 W I

APPENDIX j ANSI/ASME PTC 38 - 1980

It is, however, appropriate to calculate and report the

magnitude of the departure from isokinetic rates for each
run, indicated by the ratio:
Actual moist gas sampling rate
Correct moist gas sampling rate
Methods of calculation aregiven in the following for
the two types o f sampling trains.

(A) Flowmeter Following a Condenser-Desiccant Unit

The sampling rates are givenby the sum o f two streams:
that represented by the condensationrate, Gmnd, plus the
dry gas rate measured by the flowmeter, Gfm.

Actual Sampling Rate

For anygivensampler configuration, A o and K are
Planned moist gas sampling rate= Gfm-ld + Gcond-l
constant, so that it is only necessary to consider the vari-
(9)
- and -.
Gm ed
ables
T, &m The planned dry gas sampling rate, Wfm-ld, wasbased
on pre-test estimates of dry gas density at the flowmeter,
When constructing the graphs for a given test, the stack
Pfm-ld. The following equation uses the known gas den-
temperature, T,,.and pressure, /&, may be measured prior
sity, Pfm-2-J to derive actual dry gas flow.
to the start of the test, and the planned flowmeter differ-
ential hfm, will then only depend upon Gm, e m , and h,, Actual moist gas = Gfm-2d
.. -k Gcond-2
. ~ . ~ ~

which canberead from instruments while sampling, and sampling rate (1 0)

corrections to the sampling rate graphically calculated, so i-
Gcond-2
as to continuously maintain isokinetic conditions. Devia-
tions from isokinetic will be quite small, as they will be The averagevalue of plannedsamplingrates, Gfm-ld
caused only by unexpected variations in the duct temper- and the values making up density' of dry gas at the flow-
ature and pressure. meter, pfA-1 and pfm-2, are obtained directly from the
test log sheets. The quantity of collected water, Gcond-2,
The attached example is based upon the following as-
is the measured quantity for condenser and desiccant.
sumed values:
Ao = 0.001 sq ft Correct Sampling Rate
K = 0.95 The correct sampling rate, W,, is represented by equa-
tions (1) and (2) using the correct values of moist stack
T, = 800"R (340OF) gas molecular weight, MW,, and absolute pressure in the
&d = 30 in. Hg stack, e d - 2 , which together with temperature, determine
the density ps.
Note that for added convenience, the correction lines
for em,
the absolute pressure a t the orifice meter, could
Correct moist gas
have been labeled with the static pressure (negative) actu-
sampling rate
ally measured at the orifice meter, as the barometric pres-
sure must be known in any case.
Individual values of required samplingrates will have
beenrecorded on the log sheets from which the average
value, W,, will be calculated for present purposes.
111. Calculating Departures from lsokinetic Sampling
The density corrections indicated in equation (11) are
--`,,,,```,``,`,```,,`````,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Theresults of particulate concentration derived from as follows:

runs where sampling was performed within ì O percent of
isokinetic ratesare valid results, and no adjustment is re-
quired.

Copyright ASME International

The departure from isokinetic rates i s now given by the The equation forms below illustrate the use of test data
ratio - in the calculation of departure from isokinetic sampling:
Actual sampling rate -
- Equation (10) (1) Correct (isokinetic) sampling rate = G2
Correct samplingrate Equation (12)

(B) Flowmeter at Elevated Temperatures

During the sampling which employs the type o f operat-
ing graph illustrated by Graph C, the flowmeter tempera-
ture is intended to be constant. If there beany fluctua-
tion, the flow would be immediately regulated, changing
the flowmeter indicator setting hfm (ordinate in Graph C)
by an appropriate amount.
In either case the “actual” sampling rate would be no Actual (moist gas)
different from the “planned” rate. Therefore as indicated (2) sampling rate
on the Graph C abcissascale, the metered gas flow rate
Wfm-1w is the same as W,, ¡.e.:

Planned Actual Required

Sampling = Sampling = Sampling
- Measured
- Measured
dry gas rate ” cond. H 2 0

Rate Rate Rate

-
Gfm-lw - Gfm-2w = Gt = Gfm-2d Gcond-2
The correct sampling rate previously described, equa-
tions (1l ) and (12) above, applies equally in this system:

Correct sampling rate = G~ = ~~4‘~Pd-1

(13)

From which the departure from isokinetic sampling is

given by the ratio:

- Actual sampling rate

Correct sampling rate

= -G, - Equation (13) w21 -

(3) % lsokinetic = - x 100 =- %
G2 Equation (12) [#I I

--`,,,,```,``,`,```,,`````,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Copyright ASME International

APPENDIX J ANSI/ASME PTC 38 - 1980

LOG SHEET DESIGN

Implementation of this systemrequiressystematic recording o f test

data. Following is a list of data required to be recorded in the field log
sheet.
--`,,,,```,``,`,```,,`````,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Data Symbols
Data or samples for subsequent determination
molecular weight
Dry gas composition: C O Z ,O z , N2,etc. M Wd
Moisture content: H 2 0 M Wm
Spot measurements, stack
Gas velocity pressures h"
temperatures Gas T,
Barometric pressure
and
stack static pressure 4d-2

Operating data from graph, etc.

Sampling times
Planned moist gas sampling
rate,
Graph A G1
Planned dry gas sampling
rate,
Graph B Gfm -1 d
Flowmeter static pressure @m-2
Flowmeter temperature Tm-2

Copyright ASME International

Graph A

Required gas flow rate for % in. probe:

A, = 0.00034 ft’
G, = 1096A,

Graph B

Dry gas flow requirements and settings of orifice flowmeter

for compliance with G, and M ; based on gas density at flow-
meIer,
Pfm-ld = 0.075 Ib/ft’
This graph is based on a predicted gas density o f 0.075 Ib/ft’ .
Thisprediction is not always applicable in cases when the
negative pressure. is large and variable.

REQUIRED GAS FLOW RATE, G1 - Ib/rnin.

0.2 0.5 o-.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
1.o

0.8
o,
I
.-6 0.6
I
5
r
cì 0.4
-o2
2 0.3
[r
W
m
3
0.2
k
O
k
a

0.1 /IO

8.0

oh( 6.0
I
.-i
I
E 4.0
.
I-
r

6 3.0
t;
z9 2.0
--`,,,,```,``,`,```,,`````,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

1 .o
.o2 .O5 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

DRY GAS FLOW RATE, Gfrn - I d =

1 +M,
-- G1
Iblrnin.

FIG. J-1 OPERATINGGRAPHS

Copyright ASME International

APPENDIX J ANSI/ASME PTC 38 - 1980

Graph A

Required gas flow rate for % in. probe.

A,, = 0.00034 ft2
G, = 1096A,,J-

Graph C

Orificeflowmeterfor operation at elevatedtemperatures

(above dewpoint).

Predicted pfm-lm -
- 39.7
460 + T,

REQUIRED GAS FLOW RATE, GI - Ib/min.

,132 .O3 .O4 .o6 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
1 .o

0.8

o,
I 0.6
C
I-

0.4
c
3
z
Q 0.3
a
UI
[r

--`,,,,```,``,`,```,,`````,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
W
m-
=) 0.2
I-
F
i?
n

0.1
1 .o
8.0

6.0

o,
I
4.0

li
'y 3.0
Y-
E

2.0

1.o
.O2 .O3 .O4 .O6 .O8 0.1 0.2 0.3. 0.4
METERED GAS FLOW RATE, Gfm Iw - - Ib/min.
FIG. J-2 OPERATINGGRAPHS

Copyright ASME International

A0 = 0.001 ft* = 0.95 in. H,O

f’v
K = 0.95 Tfm = 240°F
T, = 8OO’R (34O’F) Pfm = 25 in. Hg
P,d. = 30 in. Hg Read hfm = 1.30 in. H,O

U.5 1 .u 1.5 2.0 0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0

VELOCITY HEAD BY STD. PITOT TUBE - hy, H20 ORIFICE METER dP - hf,.,,, in. H20

FIG. J-3 ALTERNATE OPERATING GRAPH

--`,,,,```,``,`,```,,`````,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Copyright ASME International

Symbols

V = flue gas velocity, ft/min Gf,-2d = flowmeter sampling rates, dry and moist gas,
ps = stack gas density, Ib/ft3 and
respectively, that actually prevailed during
Gfm-2m sampling,
using flowmeter gas density
ps-l = predicted gas density at stack conditions,
Pfm-2m Or Pfm-2d
Ib/ft3
Gcond-l = partial sampling rate due to condensation of
ps-2 = actual gas density at stack conditions, lb/ft3
water in condenser preceding flowmeter
pfm - 1 d = dry gas and moist gas predicted gas densities, (predicted)
and
respectively, a t flowmeter conditions, used
Gcond-* = partial sampling rate due to condensation of
Pfm-lm in planning the Operating Graph
water in condenser preceding flowmeter
Pfm-Pd = dry gas the moist gas densities, respectively, (measured)
and at flowmeter conditions that actually pre-
hf, = flowmeter pressure differential, in. H 2 0
pfm-2m vailed during the t e s t
h, = velocity pressure,stackgas, in. H 2 0
= planned
sampling
rate (moist stack
gas),
Ib/min, based on’ predicted values pf A o = sampling nozzle opening area, ft2
and indicated by the Operating Graph A M = stack gas humidity, lb HlO/lb dry gas
G2 = correct sampling rate (moist stack
gas), T, = stack gas temperature, “F ,

Ib/min, based on measuredvalue o f stack

gas density, ps-2
G, = flowmeter gas temperature, OF
Psd = absolute pressure in stack, in. Hg (baromet-
MW, = molecular weight, moist stack gas
ric pressure plus induced pressure)
MWd = molecular weight, dry gas
pf, = absolute pressure at flowmeter, in. Hg
Gfm-1 d = flowmeter sampling rates, dry and moist gas,
pfm = static pressure a t flowmeter, in. Hg
and
respectively, as planned,
based on predict-
Gfm-lm ed flowmeter gas density, pfm-l
--`,,,,```,``,`,```,,`````,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Copyright ASME International

APPENDIX K

GRAPHS AND TABLES OF USEFUL DATA

Contained herein arevariousgraphs and tables of useful data fre-

quently used during the planning and execution of field tests and in the
calculation of test results. Included are the following:

Fig. K-1 Psychrometric Chart - Low Temperatures

Fig. K-2 Psychrometric Chart -Medium Temperatures
Fig. K-3 Psychrometric Chart - High Temperatures
Fig. K-4 Table of Conversion Factors
Fig. K-5 International Atomic Weights
Fig. K-6 Combustion Constants
Fig. IC-7 Temperature Conversion Table
Fig. K-8 Conversion Factors - Gas Flow Rates
Fig. K-9 Relationship Between Velocity Headand Velocity
Fig. K-1O Relationship Between Nozzle Size and Flow Rate

--`,,,,```,``,`,```,,`````,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Copyright ASME International

--`,,,,```,``,`,```,,`````,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
POUNDS OF WATER PER POUND OF DRY AIR

FIG. K-l PSYCHROMETRIC CHART - LOW TEMPERATURES

Copyright ASME International

Provided by IHS under license with ASME Licensee=Foster Wheeler/9993086004, User=MartÃ-nez, Diego
No reproduction or networkingQpermitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 02/21/2014 08:47:48
Q
QMST
,,`---
150
z
3
II
145

I35

130

125 i
m
0

0
-cl

FIG. K-2 PSYCHROMETRIC CHART -MEDIUM TEMPERATURES

Copyright ASME International

L 0.26 ;
\ Y \

\ I, I \ I \ I \ I \
k-o.26 %
--`,,,,```,``,`,```,,`````,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

\ \ \Y?1,‘-0.06 0.06

FIG. K-3 PSYCHROMETRIC CHART - HIGH TEMPERATURES

Copyright ASME International

Gas Flow Rates

CFM m3/min m3/s Ib/hr Ib/min kg/min k/s

1 .ooo 2.832 E-02 4.720 E-04 -
3.531 E+Ol 1 .ooo 1.667 E-02 - - -
2.119 E+03 6.000 E+Ol 1 .ooo -
- - 1 .ooo 1,667-E-02 7.560 E-03 1.260 E-04
6.000 E+Ol 1 .ooo 4.536 E-01 7.560 E-03
- ,- 1.323 E+02 2.205 E+OO 1 .ooo 1.667 E-02
- - 7.938 E+03 1.323 E+O2 6.000 E+Ol 1 .ooo
-
Concentration of Particulate Matter in Gas Gas Pressure

lb/l 000 ft’ grains/ft’ mg/m’ mm Hg in. Hg in. H,O Atmospheres

1 .ooo 7.000 E+OO 1.602 E+04 1 .ooo 3.937 E-02 5.353 E-01 1.316 E-03
1.429 E-01 1 .ooo 2.288 E-03 2.540 E+Ol 1 .ooo 1.360 E+Ol 3.342 E-02
6.243 E-05 4.371 E+O2 1 .ooo 1.866 E+OO 7.348 E-02 1 .ooo 2.458 E-03
- - 7.600 E+02 2.992 E+Ol 4.071 E+02 1.000

Correction for Moisture Content of Gas Gas Densities

When M = wt H,O/wt dry gas, p, in Ib/ft3

to correct particulate matter concentration: Gas Mol Wt 60' F, 30 in. Hg 68’F, 29.92 in. Hg
Wet Gas + Dry Gas, multiply by (l+M) 0, 32.00 0.0846 0.0831
Dry Gas+ Wet Gas, multiply by l/(l+M) N2 28.01 0.0744 0.0731
co, 44.01 0.117 0.115
Heating Value of Fuels CO 28.01 0.0740 0.0727
H,O 18.02 0.0476 0.0468
Btu/lb kcal/kg 5.556 E-01 Air - 0.0766 0.0752
kcal/kg Btu/lb 1.800 E+OO
--`,,,,```,``,`,```,,`````,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Copyright ASME International

APPENDIX K ANSI/ASME PTC 38 - 1980

FIG. K-5 INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC WEIGHTS

(Based on Carbon = 12.00)

Atomic Atomic Atomic Atomic

Symbol Number Weight Symbol Number Weight
Actinium Ac 89 [227] * .Mercury Hg 80 200.59
Aluminum Al 13 26.9815 Molybdenum Mo 42 95.94
Americium Am 95 [243] * Neodymium Nd 60 144.24
Antimony Sb 51 121.75 Neon Ne 10 20.183
Argon Ar 18 39.948 Neptunium NP 93 [237] *
Arsenic As 33 74,921 6 Nickel Ni 28 58.71
Astatine At 85 [210] * Niobium Nb 41 92.906
Barium Ba 56 137.34 Nitrogen N 7 14.0067
Berkelium Bk 97 [249] * Nobelium No 102 [254] *
Beryllium Be 4 9-0122 Osmium os 76 190.2
Blsmuth Bi 83 208.980 Oxygen O 8 15.99940
Boron B 5 10.81 1 Palladium Pd 46 106.4
Bromine Br 35 79.90gb Phosphorus P 15 30.9738
Cadmium Cd 48 1 12.40 Platinum Pt 78 195.09
Calcium Ca 20 40.08 Plutonium Pu 94 [242] *
Californium Cf 98 [251] * Polonium Po 84 [210] *
Carbon C 6 12.01115 Potassium K 19 39.1 02
Cerium ce 58 140.12 Praseodymium Pr 59 140.907
Cesium Cs 55 132.905 Promethium Pm 61 [I471 *
Chlorine CI 17 35.45 3b I
Protactinium Pa 91 [231] *
Chromium Cr 24 51 .996b Radium Ra 88 [226] *
Cobalt Co 27 58.9332 Radon Rn 86 (2221 *
Copper Cu 29 63.54 Rhenium Re 75 186.2
Curium ' Cm 96 [247] * Rhodium Rh 45 102.905
Dysprosium DY 66 162,50 Rubidium Rb 37 85.47
Einsteinium Es 99 [254] * Ruthenium Ru 44 1O1 .O7
Erbium Er 68 167.26 Samarium Sm 62 150.35
Europium Eu 63 151.96 Scandium Sc 21 44.956
Fermium Fm 1O0 [253] * Selenium Se 34 78.96
Fluorine F 9 18.9984 Silicon si 14 28.086a
Francium Fr 87 [223] * Silver Ag 47 1O7.87Ob
Gadolinium Gd 64 157.25 Sodium Na 11 22.9898
Gallium Ga 31 69.72 Strontium Sr 38 87.62
Germanium ' Ge 32 72.59 Sulfur S 16 32.064O
Gold Au 79 196.967 Tantalum Ta 13 180.948
Hafnium
Helium
Hf
He
72
2
178.49 Technetium Tc 43 L991*
4.0026 Tellurium Te 52 127.60
Holmium Ho 67 164.930 Terbium Tb 65 158.924
Hydrogen . H 1 1.00797° Thallium Ti 81 204.37
Indium In 49 114.82 Thorium Th 90 232.038
Iodine I 53 126.9044 Thulium Tm 69 168.934
Iridium Ir 77 192.2 Tin Sn 50 118.69
Iron Fe 26 55.847b Titanium Ti 22 47.90
Krypton Kr 36 83.80 Tungsten W 74 183.85
Lanthanum La 57 138.91 Uranium U 92 238.03
Lead Pb 82 207.1 9 Vanadium V 23 50.942
Lithium Li 3 6.939 Xenon Xe 54 131.20
Lutetium Lu 71 174.97 Ytterbium Yb 70 173.04
Magnesium Mg 12 24.31 2 Yttrium Y 39 88.905
Manganese Mn 25 54.9380 Zinc Zn 30 65.37
Mendelevium Md 101 [256] * Zirconium Zr 40 91.22
*Value in brackets denotes the mass number o f the isotope o f longest known half life (or a better known,one for Bk, Cf,
Po, Pm, and Tc).
aAtomic weight varies because o f natural variation in isotropic composition: B, *0.003; C, ~0.00005;H, *0.00001; O,
*0.0001;S1,~0.001;S, *0.003.
b Atomic weight is believed to have following experimental uncertainty: Br, tO.O02;CI, *0.001; Cr, tO.001; Fe, t0.003;
Ag, *0.003. For other elements, the last digit given for the atomic weight i s believed reliableto * O S . Lawrencium, Lw, has
been proposed as the name for element No. 103, nuclidie mass about 257.

98
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-
l
FIG.K-6 COMBUSTIONCONSTANTS
is
ForlOO%Total Air E
Moles per mole of Combustible or For 100% Total Air ?i
HeatofCombustion Cu Ftper Cu FtofCombustible Lb per Lb of Combustible 5
SpGr Btu perCu Ft Btu per Lb Required Required
Molecular Lb per Cu Ft Air = Gross Net Gross Net for Combustion Flue Products for Combustion Flue Products z
No. Substance Formula Weight Cu Ft perLb l.OOOa (High) (Low) (High) (Low) 0, '% Air CO, H,Q N, 0, N* Air CO, H,O N, g

1 Carbon * 12.01 - - - - 14,093 25,094 1.0 3.76 4.76 1.0 - 3.76 ; :2.66 8.86 11.53 3.66 - 8.86 A
2 Hydrogen 2.016 0.0053 187.723 0.0696 325 275 61,095 51,623 0.5 1.88 2.38 - 1.0 1.88 1 7.94 26.41 34.34 - 8.94 26.41 :
3 Oxygen 32.00 0.0846 11.819 1.105: - - - 3 - - - _ - - . - - - - - 0
4 Nitrogen (atm) 28.01 0.0744 13.443 0.9718 - - - - - - - - _ - - - - - -
5 Carbon monoxid e 28,Ol 0.0740 13.506 0.9672 321 321 4,347 4,347 0.5 1.88 2.38 1.0 - 1.88 I0.57 1.90 2.47 1.57 - 1.90
6 Carbon Dioxide 44.01 0.1170 8.548 1.5282 - - - - - - - - _ - - - - -

Paraffin series
7 Methane 16.04 0.0425 23.552 0.5543 1012 911 23,875 21,495 2.0 7.53 9.53 1.0 2.0 7.53 3.99 13.28 17.27 2.74 2.25 13.28
8 Ethane 30.07 0.0803 12.455 1.0488 1773 1622 22,323 20,418 3.5 13.18 16.68 2.0 3.0 13.18 3.73 12.39 16.12 2.93 1.80 12.39
9 Propane 44.09 0.1196 8.365 1.5617 2524 2322 21,669 19,937 5.0 18.82 23.82 3.0 4.0 18.82 3.63 12.07 15.70 2.99 1.63 12.07
10 n-Butane 58.12 0.1582 6.321 2.0665 3271 3018 21,321 19,678 6.5 24.47 30.97 4.0 5.0 24.47 3.58 11.91 15.49 3.03 1.55 11.91
11 lsobutane 58,12 0.1582 6.321 2.0665 3261 3009 21,271 19,628 6.5 24.47 30.97 4.0 5.0 24.47 3.58 11.91 15.49 3.03 1.55 11.91
12 nPentane 72.15 0.1904 '5.252 2.4872 4020 3717 21,095 19,507 8.0 30.11 38.11 5.0 6.0 30.11 3.55 11.81 15.35 3.05 1.50 11.81
13 lsopentane 72.15 0.1904 5.252 2.4872 4011 3708 21;047 19;459 8.0 30.11 38.11 5.0 6.0 30.11 3.55 11.81 15.35 3.05 1.50 11.81
14 Neopentane 72.15 0.1904 5.252 2.4872 3994 3692 20,978 19,390 8.0 30.11 38.11 5.0 6.0 30.11 3.55 11.81 15.35 3.05 1.50 11.81
15 n-Hexane 86.17 0.2274 4.398 2.9704 4768 4415 20,966 19,415 9.5 35.76 45.26 6.0 7.0 35.76 3.53 11.74 15.27 3.06 1.46 11.74
Olefin series
16 Ethylene 28.05 0.0742 13.475 0.9740 1604 1503 21,636 20,275 3.0 11.29 14.29 2.0 2.0 11.29 1.42 11.39 14.81 3.14 1.29 11.39
17 Propylene ,42.08 0.1110 9.007 1.4504 2340 2188 21,048 1.9,687 4.5 16.94 21.44 3.0 3.0 16.94 3.42 11.39 14.81 3.14 1.29 11.39
18 n-Butene 56.10 0.1480 6.756 1.9336 3084 2885 20,854 19,493 6.0 22.59 28.59 4.0 4.0 22.59 3.42 11.39 14.81 3.14 1.29 .11.39
19 lsobutene 56.10 0.1480 6.756 1.9336 3069 2868 20,737 19,376 6.0 22.59 28.59 4.0 4.0 22.59 3.42 11.39 14.81 3.14 1.29 11.39
20 nPentene 70.13 0.1852 5.400 2.4190 3837 3585 20,720 19,359 7.5 28.23 35.73 5.0 5.0 28.23 3.42 11.39 14.81 3.14 1.29 11.39
Aromatic series
21 Benzene 78.11 0.2060 4.852 2.6920 3752 3601 18,184 17,451 7.5 28.23 3,5.73 6.0 3.0 28.23 3.07 10.22 13.30 3.38 0.69 10.22
22 Toluene 92.13 0.2431 4.113 3.1760 4486 4285 18,501 17,672 9.0 33.88 42.88 7.0 4.0 33.88 1.13 10.40 13.53 3.34 0.78 10.40
23 Xylene 106.16 0.2803 3.567 3.6618 5230' 4980 18,650 17,760 0.5 39.52 50.02 8.0 5.0 39.52 5.17 10.53 13.70 3.32 0.85 lo,53
Miscellaneous gases
24 Acetylene 26.04 0.0697 14.344 0.9107 1477 1426 21,502 20,769 2.5 9.41 11.91 2.0 1.0 9.41 i.07 10.22 13.30 3.38 0.69 10.22
25 Naphthalene 128.16 0.3384 2.955 4.4208 5854 5654 17,303 16,708 2.0 45.17 57.17 10.0 4.0 45.17 1.00 9.97 12.96 3.43 0.56 9.97
26 Methyl alcohol 32.04 0.0846 11.820 1,1052 868 767 10,258 9,066 ::i 1:::; 1:::; 1.0
2.0 3.0
2.0 11.29
5.65 ‘.50 4.98 6.48 1.37 1.13 4.98
27 Ethyl alcohol 46.07 0.1216 8.221 1.5890 1600 1449 13,161 11,917 !.08 6.93 9.02 1.92 1.17 6.93
28 Ammonia 17.03 0.0456 21.914 0.5961 441 364 9,667 7,985 3.75 2.82 3.57 - 1.5 3.32 I.41 4.69 6.10 - 1.59 5.51
SO, SO*
29 Sulfur* 32.06 - - - 3,980 3,980 1.0 3.76 .4.76 1.0 - 3.76 : 1.00 3.29 4.29 2.00 - 3.29
30 Hydrogen sulfide 34.08 0.0911 10.979 1.1898 646 595 7,097 6,537 1.5 5.65 7.15 1.0 1.0 5.65 1.41 4.69 6.10 1.88 0.53 4.69
31 Sulfur dioxide 64.06 0.1733 5.770 2.2640 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
32 Watervapor 18.02 0.0476 21.017 0.6215 - - - - - - _ - - - -
33 Air - 0.0766 13.063 1.0000 - - - - - - _ - - - - - >
z
*Carbon and sulfur are considered asgasesfor molal calculations only. All gas volumes corrected to 60°F and 30 in. Hg dry. 1
Note: This table is included by courtesy of the American Gas Association and the Industrial Press.The format and data are taken principally from "Fuel Flue Gases," 1941 Edition, American Gas E
x
Association,with modifications,especially in the four columns labeled “HeatofCombustion,” using data from “Gas Engineers Handbook,The Industrial Press, 1965." R

Copyright ASME International

APPENDIX K ANSllASME PTC 38 - 1980

FIG. K-7 TEMPERÁ~URE CONVERSION TABLE

'C to 'F - Use center column t o right column

" F to 'C - Use center column to left column

-60' t o t 59' 60' to 330' 340' to 990" .I 000' to 1600' 1670' to 2330' 2340' to 3000"
C F C F C F C F C F C F
.51 -60 - 76 15.6 60 140.0 171 340 644 538 1000 1832 909 1670 3038 1281 2340 4244
-46 -50 - 58 16.1 61 141.8 177 350 662 543 1010 1850 926 1680 3056 1286 2350 4262
-40 -40 - 40 16.6 62 143.6 182 360 680 549 1020 1868 920 1690 3074 1292 2360 4280
-34 -30 - 22 17.1 63 145.4 188 370 698 -554 1030 1886 926 1700 3092 1297 2370 4298
.29 -20 - 4 17.7 64 147.2 193 380 716 560 1040 1904 931 1710 3110 1303 2380 4316
-23 -10 14 18.2 65 T49.0 199 390 734 565 1050 1922 937 1720 3128 1308 2390 4334
-17.7 o 32 18.8 66 150.8 204 400 752 571 1060 1940 942 1730 3146 1315 2400 4352
-17.2 1 33.8 19.3 67 152.6 210 410 770 576 1070 1958 948 1740 3164 1320 2410 4370
-16.2 2 35.6 19.9 68 154.4 215 420 788 582 1080 1976 953 1750 3182 1326 2420 4388
. 16.1 3 37.4 20.4 69 156.2 221 430 806 587 1090 1994 959 1760 3200 1331 2430 4006
-15.5 4 39.2 21.0 70 158.0 226 440 824 593 1100 2012 964 1770 3218 1337 2440 4424
-15.0 5 41 .O 21.5 71 159.8 232 450 842 598 1110 2030 970 1780 3236 1342 2450 4442
-14.4 6 42.8 22.2 72 161.6 238 460 860 604 1120 2048 975 1790 3254 1348 2460 4460
.13.9 7 44.6 22.7 73 163.4 243 470 878 609 1130 . 2066 981 1800 3272 1353 2470 4478
-13.3 8 46.4 23.3 74 165.2 249 480 896 615 1140 2084 986 1810 3290 1359 2480 4496
-12.7 9 48.2 23.8 75 167.0 254 490 914 620 1150 2102 992 1820 3308 1364 2490 4514
-12.2 10 5 0.0 24.4 76 168.8 260 500 932 626 1160 2120 997 1830 3326 1371 2500 4532
.11.6 11 51.8 26.0 77 170.6 265 510 950 631 1170 2138 1003 1840 3344 1376 2510 4550
-11.1 12 53.6 25.5 78 172.4 271 520 968 637 1180 2156 1008 1850 3362 1382 2520 4568
-10.5 13 55.4 26.2 79 174.2 276 530 986 642 1190 2174 1014 1860 3380 1387 2530 4586
-10.0 14 57.2 26.8 80 176.0 282 540 1004 648 1200 2192 1019 1870 3398 1393 2540 4604
- 9.4 15 59.0 27.3 81 177.8 288 550 1022 653 1210 2210 1025 1880 3416 1398 2550 4622
. 8.8 16 60.8 27.7 82 179.6 293 560 1040 659 1220 2228 1030 1890 3434 1404 2560 4640
. 8.3 17 62.6 28.2 83 181.4 299 570 1058 664 1230 2246 1036 1900 3452 1409 2570 4658
. 7.7 18 64.4 28.8 84 183.2 304 580 1076 670 1240 2264 1041 1910 3470 1415 2580 4676
. 7.2 19 66.2 29.3 85 185.0 310 590 1094 675 1250 2282 1047 1920 3488 1420 2590 4694
. 6.6 20 68 .O 29.9 86 186.8 315 600 1112 681 1260' 2300 1052 1930 3506 1427 2600 4712
. 6.1 21 69.8 30.4 87 188.6 321 610 1130 686 1270 2318 1058 1940 3524 1432 2610 4730
. 5.5 22 71.6 31 .O 88 190.4 326 620 1148 692 1280 2336 1063 1950 3542 1438 2620 4748
- 5.0 23 73.4 31.5 89 192.2 332 630 1166 697 1290 2354 1069 1960 3560 1443 2630 4766
. 4.4 24 75.2 32.1 90 194.0 338 640 1184 704 1300 2372 1074 1970 3578 1449 2640 4784
. 3.9 25 77.0 32.6 91 195.8 343 650 1202 708 1310 2390 1080 1980 3596 1454 2650 4802
. 3.3 26 78.8 33.3 92 197.6 349 660 1220 715 1320 2408 1085 1990 3614 1460 2660 4820
. 2.8 27 80.6 33.8 93 199.4 354 670 1238 719 1330 2426 1093 2000 3632 1465 2670 4838
. 2.2 28 82.4 34.4 94 201.2 360 680 1256 726 1340 2444 1098 2010 3650 1471 2680 4856
- 1.6 29 84.2 34.9 95 203.0 365 690 1274 734 1350 2462 1104 2020 3668 1476 2690 4874
- 1.1 30 8 6.0 35.5 96 204.8 371 700 1292 737 1360 2480 1109 2030 3686 1483 2700 4892
- .6 31 87.8 36.1 97 206.6 376 710 1310 741 1370 2498 1115 2040 3704 1488 2710 4910
O 32 89.6 36.6 98 208.4 382 720 1328 748 1380 2516 1120 2050 3722 1494 2720 4928
.5 33 91.4 37.1 99 210.2 387 730 1346 752 1390 2534 1126 2060 3740 1499 2730 4946
1.1 34 93.2 37.7 100 212.0 393 740 1364 760 1400 2552 1131 2070 3758 1505 2740 4958
1.6 35 95 O. 38 100 212 399 750 1382 765 1410 2570 1137 2080 3776 1510 2750 4982
2.2 36 96.8 43 110 230 404 760 1400 771 1420 2588 1142 2090 3794 1516 2760 5000
2.7 37 98.6 49 120 248 410 770 1418 776 1430 2606 1149 2100 3812 1521 2770 5018
3.3 38 100.4 54 130 266 415 780 1436 782 1440 2624 1154 2110 3830 1527 2780 5036
3.8 39 102.2 60 140 284 421 790 1454 787 1450 2642 1160 2120 3848 1532 2790 5054
4.4 40 1 04 .O 65 150 302 426 800 1472 793 1460 2660 1165 2130 3866 1538 2800 5072
4.9 41 105.8 71 160 320 432 810 1490 798 1470 2678 1171 2140 3884 1543 2810 5090
5.5 42 107.6 76 170 338 438 820 1508 804 1480 2696 1176 2150 3902 1549 2820 5108
6.0 43 109,4 83 180 356 443 830 1526 809 1490 2714 1182 2160 3920 1554 2830 5126
6.6 44 111.2 88 190 374 449 840 1544 815 1500 2732 1187 2170 3938 1560 2840 5144
7.1 45 113.0 93 200 392 454 850 1562 820 1510 2750 1193 2180 3956 1565 2850 5162
7.7 46 1 14.8 99 210 410 460 860 1580 827 1520 2768 1198 2190 3974 1571 2860 5180
8.2 47 116.6 100 212 413 465 870 1598 831 1530 2786 1204 2200 3992 1576 2870 5198
8.8 48 118.4 104 220 428 471 880 1616 842 1550 2822 1209 2210 4010 1582 2880 5216
9.3 49 120.2 110 230 446 476 890 1634 849 1560 2840 1220 2230 4046 1593 2900 5252
9.9 50 122.0 115 240 464 482 900 1652 853 1570 2858 1226 2240 4064 1598 2910 5270
10.4 51 123.8 121 250 482 487 910 1670 860 1580 2876 1231 2250 4082 1604 2920 5288
11.1 52 125.6 127 260 500 493 920 1688 864 1590 2894 1237 2260 4100 1609 2930 5306
11.5 53 127.4 132 270 518 498 930 1706 871 1600 2912 1242 2270 4118 1615 2940 5324
12.1 54 129.2 138 280 536 504 940 1724 876 1610 2930 1248 2280 4136 1620 2950 5342
12.6 55 131.O 143 290 554 510 950 1742 882 1620 2948 1253 2290 4154 1626 2960 5360
13.2 56 132.8 149 300 572 515 960 1760 887 1630 2966 1259 2300 4172 1631 2970 5378
13.7 57 134.6 154 310 590 520 970 1778 893 1640 2984 1264 2310 4190 1637 2980 5396
14.3 58 136.4 !60 320 608 526 980 1796 898 1650 3002 1270 2320 4208 1642 2990 5414
14.8 59 138.2 :65 330 626 532 990 1814 904 1660 3020 1275 2330 4226 1649 3000 5432

1O0
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No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS \ MST
Not for Resale, 02/21/2014 08:47:48
FIG. K-8 CONVERSION FACTORS -GAS FLOW RATES

Desired 1 I

1 %>CL 1 1 1 60 1 3600 1 35.31441 ?,1'!,818'1 ??!??2 1 999.973 1 !?*8,9,8 1 1 ; IO6 1 6., X 1.~O7 1
A 1u- n IU’ & Ill-
M' 21.189 16.667
min 0.0167 1 60 0.5886 35.3144 x 1o2 16.667 999.973 1 x lo6
x IO3
I M3 t 2.778 t 16.667 t _ I 98.90 I _ -- I I 97.777 I -17777 t 1
I-- -F;;- I - u,, .”
In-? I x,. ..,
1n-; I
I 1 ,,\a”
1 ;;-;A ,I 0.5886 I) 35.3144 ,A,”
I ;.;,i ,I 16.667 *I, &I”
,';,$ 1
i-4 x1.699
. .666
104
ft' 3 28.317 16.9896 2.831:
se c x 10-3 1.699 101.94 1 60 3600 28.316 x,. ll-9
,” Y
r. In4
.” x IO6
fP 4.7195 28.317 16.667 47.193 4.7195
min x 10-4 x 1o-3 1.699 ' 60 x IO-* 28.316 x IO2 2.8317
x 1o-3
fP 7.8658 4J195 28.317 2.778 16.667 7.866 4.7195
TF x 10-6 x lo+ x lo- x 1o-4 x lo+ 1 0.4719 78.658
x 1o-3 x 102
L 1.000027 6.00016
set
7--
x 10-3
._ x 1n-*
. . .-
3.6 ;';','-f 2.11896 127.138 1 60 1000.027 16.667
I. I”
I

L I .6667 1.000027 6.00016 5.886 35.316 1

min x 10-5 2.1 .._e.r
IL(Yb I1 x1.6667
1o-2 I1 16.667 1000.027
x lo- x lo2 x 1o-4 x lo-
cm9 3.5314 2.11 89 1.277 9.99973 5.9998 16.667
I -Gz 1 x 10-6 6 x lo+ 3.6X lo- x ,n-s x If I-" x 1o-3 x 3o-4 x lo-* 1 x lo+
cm3 1.6667 5.886 0.35 31 2.11887 5.9998 9.99973
1 x 10-6 6 X IO-' ., an-2 ., en-4 6. 1
min x lo+ x lo- x10. b-4 , .IA .,u-n-3
I A 1u- ) & IU 1

To convert a value from a given unit to a desired unit, multiply the given value by the factor opposite the given units and beneath the
desired unit.

--`,,,,```,``,`,```,,`````,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Copyright ASME International

--`,,,,```,``,`,```,,`````,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
HAT IS THE VELOCITY OF A GAS STREAM
HEN THE VELOCITY HEAD IS 1.4 cm OF
LIQUID HAVING A DENSITY OF 1.2 gm/cm3?
I
THE DENSITY OF THE GAS STREAM IS LM
1.2 1.2- ’
0.002 gm/cm3. .I,.
1 .o I I I IIll I
0.8 ANS: 1300 cm/set
0.6

l-l--t
WHAT IS THE VELOCITY OF A GAS STREAM
WHEN THE VELOCITY HEAD IS 0.036 cm OF
A LIQUID HAVING A DENSITY OF 0.8 gm/cm3?
THE DENSITY OF THE GAS STREAM IS 0.006 gm

VELOCITY HEAD, h, (cm) VELOCITY, km/set)

FIG. K-9 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VELOCITY HEAD AND VELOCITY

Copyright ASME International

FLOW RATE (M3/unit time)

--`,,,,```,``,`,```,,`````,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

0.00001 0.00005 0.0001 0.0005 0.001 0.095 0.01

I I I I I I I

FLOW RATE @/unit time)

FIG. K-IO RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NOZZLE SIZE AND FLOW RATE

103

Copyright ASME International

APPENDIX L

SI SYSTEM FOR UNITS OF MEASUREMENT

The following material is excerpted from ASME

Guide SI-1 “Orientation and Guide for Use of SI
(Metric) Units” (Reference [ l l ] ) .
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4SME Guide S I - I

ASME
Orientation and Guide
for Use of
S I (Metric) Units

Eighth Edition
March 15, 1978

SECTION 1. BACKGROUND AND POLICY

The 1967 Regional Administrative Conference passed the following resolu-

tion:“Form a working committee to propose and implement constructive
solutions to problems associated with conversion to themetric system.”
In 1968a Special Committee on Metric Study was established by the
Council of ASME. This committee has held a series of meetings which culmi-
nated in the following Council policy:
1. 1970-The ASME anticipates the displacement of the usage of U.S.
customaryunitsbythe usage of SI* (metric) units in many fields.
2 . 1970-The ASME believes that both US.customary and the SI systems
of units, modules, sizes, ratings, etc., will continue in use in the foresee-
able future.
3. 1970-Because of the increasing international commitment of U.S. engi-
neering and U.S. industry and commerce, the ASME recognizes the
need for an accelerated growth in the capability in and between both
systems by the mechanical engineering profession.
4. 1970-The ASMEwill encourage and assist the development of this
“dual capability”by specific and positive actions, including thefol-
lowing:
(a) Contribute to the continuing development of the International
System, particularly to meet engineering requirements.
(b) Developand disseminate data to facilitate conversion and insure
correspondence between the U.S. customary and SI.
(c) Provide and promote education in the fundamentals and applica-
tion of both systems.
(d) Encourage and guide the use or inclusion of SI units as appropriate
in Codes and Standards and other ASME publications.

*International System

104

Copyright ASME International

(e) Work with ANSI to develop andimplement U.S. national poli-

cies regarding internationalStandardization.
5 . 1970-The ASMEwill continueto .support the National. Bureau of
Standardsofthe Department- ofCommerce in ifs “Metric Study,”
pursuant to Public Law 90472. Its membership will be kept informed
of all significant NBS actions.
6. 1972-Forthepurpose of moving forwardthe ASME will maintain
close liaison with legislative’activities concerned with increased use of
the International Metric System (SI).
7. 1973-The Society encourages the initiation of a coordinating volun-
tary national program of conversion to SI usage.
8. 1973-As of July 1, 1974, SI units (in addition to any ofher units) will
be required in ASME papers and in revised, reaffirmed and new engi-
neering standards-
9. 1974-The ASMEwill cooperate fully withthe American National
Metric Council (ANMC), and other societies and agencies to nlinimize
duplicafion of effort.
10. 1 9 7 7 4 1 units shall be included in standards at the appropriatetime as
determined by industry, government, public and society needs consis-
tent with national plans for coordinating and managing development of
SI standards.
The ASME Metric Study Committee maintains contact with the National
Bureau of Standards and various technical societies involved in thechange to
SI and has developed educational material and reports to the membership.
The. committee also developed society positions on metric legislation.^ The
U.S. Metric Study Report was submitted to Congress for study and imple-
mentation in July, 1971. This report recognized that “engineering standards
haveservedas a keystone in our domestic industrial development, as they
have in other industrialized nations.” It notes that only a small portion of
U S . standards are coordinated by the American National Standards Institute
(ANSI)which representsthe U.S. ontheInternationalElectrotechnical
Commission (IEC) and in the International Organization for Standards (HO). . .
Many IEC and IS0 recommendations are not compatible withU.S. Standards.
Thereportfurther states: “If U.S. practices are tobe reflected ininter-
nationalrecommendations, active participation on the drafting committee
is essential.” With the trend touse the International Systemof Units “further
national standards which do not include SI units are not likely to receive due
consideration in the development of international standards.”
Since dimensional specifications in different metric countries are incom-

--`,,,,```,``,`,```,,`````,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
patible as frequently as those in countries using the inch unit for measure-
ment “a change to SI does not by itself make standards compatible.” There-
port continues, “a few dimensional specifications based on the inchand U.S.
engineering practices are used internationally and have been incorporated in
IEC and IS0 recommendations. Likewise, there are afe.w specifications based
on metric units used throughout the world including the U.S.” The report
states that a change in both metric and nonmetric countries is required to
achieve international standardization. A review of practices incorporated in
standards could result in new practices and standards “which will conserve
raw materials, improve the quality of products and reduce costs.’’
ASME is a chartersubscriber to the American National Metric Council and
several members of the ASME Metric Study Committee serve or have served
on the ANMCBoard of Directors, Metric Practice Committee,and sector
committees.

105

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APPENDIX L . - ANSI/ASME PTC 38 - 1980

SECTION 2. HISTORY OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM

As our technology grewin thenineteenthcentury, it became apparent

there was a great need for international standardization and improvements in
the accuracy of standards for units of lengthand mass. As a result, in1872 an
international meeting was held in France and was attended by representatives
of 26 countries including the United States. Out of this meeting came the
international treaty, the Metric Convention, which was signed by 17 countries
including the United States in 1875. The treaty:
(a) Set up metric standards for length and mass.
(b) Established the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (abbre-
viated from the French as BE”:-PM for French “Poids et mesures”
meaning “weights and measures”).
(c) Established the General Conference of Weights and Measures (CGPM)
which meets every six years.
(d) Set up an International Committee of Weights and Measures (CIPM)
which meets every two years and which implements the recommenda-
tions of the General Conference and directs the activities of the Inter-
national Bureau. The 1960 meeting of CGPM consisting then of 40
members, modernized the metric system. This revision is the Interna-
tional System of Units (SI)*, The expression used hereafter “SI
Units,” “SI Prefures” and “supplementary units’’ are the results of
Recommendation 1 (1960) of the C E ” . The sixth base unit listed in
Table 1 was proposed as a Resolution by CD” in 1969 and was
adopted by the 14th CGPM in 1971.

SECTION 3. SI BASE U N I T S

(a) Unit of length is the meter** which is the length equal to 1 650 763.73
wavelengths in vacuum of the radiation corresponding to the transition
between levels 2p10 and 5d5 of the krypton-86 atom. (In conformance
with SI practice the number of wavelengths is written in groups of three
digits without commas.)
(b) Unit of mass is the kilogram which is equal to the mass of the interna-
tionalprototype of the kilogram, locatedatthe BIPM headquarters.
(c) Unit of time is the second which is the duration of 9 192 631 770peri-
ods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two
hyperfine levels of the ground s€ateof the cesium-133 atom.
(d) Unit of electric current is the ampere which is thatconstantcurrent
which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite
length, of negligible circular cross section, and placed 1 meter apart in
vacuum, would produce between these conductorsaforce equal to
2 X lom7newton per meter of length (newton is a derived unit).
(e) Unit of thermodynamic temperature is the kelvin which is the fraction
1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water.
The SI unit of temperature is the kelvin. The Celsius temperature scale

*“LeSystème International d’unités,” 1970, OFFILIB, 48 rue Gay-Lussac, F. 7 5

Paris 5 (revised edition 1972).
**Meter-This is the spelling recommended by the ASME Metric Study Committee for
use in ASME publications. The alternate spelling, “metre,”may be used at the discre-
tion of the author.

106

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Copyright ASME International

(previously called Centigrade) is the commonly used.scale for tempera-

ture measurements, except for some scientific work where the thermo-

O dynamic scale is used. The Celsius scale is not in itself part of SI, but a
difference of one degree on that scale equals one kelvin. Zero on the
thermodynamic scale is 273.15 kelvin below zerodegrees Celsius.The de-
gree symbol is associated with Celsius temperature (to avoid confusion
with the unit C forcoulomb) but not with the kelvin. Thus 2OoC =
293.15 K on the thermodynamic scale but a temperature difference of
1°C = 1 K.
(0 Unit of substance is the mole which is the amount of substance of a sys-
tem which contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in
0.012 kilogram of carbon12:
(g) Unit of luminous intensityis the candela whichis the luminous intensity,
in the perpendicular direction, of a surface o€ 1/600 000 square meter
of a blackbody at the temperature of freezing platinum under a pressure
101 325newtons per square meter.
--`,,,,```,``,`,```,,`````,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

The symbols for these base units are given in Table 1. Note that symbols
are never pluralized, are never written with a period, and the practice with
respect to upper and lower case modes must be followed without exception.
Refer to ANSI X3.50 or IS0 2955 for proper symbols €or use in limited
character sets (availability of only upper case letters or only lower case let-
ters).
TABLE I-SI BASE UNITS’

Quantity Unit Name Unit Symbol*

Length m meter
Mass kilogram** kg
Time second S
Electric current ampere A
Thermodynamic temperature kelvin K
Amount of matter mole mol
Luminous intensity
cd candela
’Special Publication 330, p. 6 , National Bureau o f Standards.
*In general, roman (upright type) lower case is used for symbols o f units; however, if
the symbols are derived from proper names, capital roman type is used for the first
letter.
**The kilogram is the only base unit with a prefix.

SECTION 4. SUPPLEMENTARY UNITS

The General Conference has not yet classified certain units of the Inter-
national System under either base units or derived units. These SI units are
assigned to the thirdclass called “Supplementary units” and may be regarded
either as base units or asderived units.
The two supplementary units are the radian for plane angle (symbol rad)
and the steradian for solid angle (symbol sr).

SECTION 5. PREFIXES

Decimal multiples and submultiples of the SI units are formed by means

of the prefixes detailed in Table 2 on next page. Only one multiplying prefix
is applied at one time togiven
a unit, e.g., nanometer (nm), not millimicrome-
ter (mpm).

107

Copyright ASME International

Multiples
and
Amount Submultiples Prefixes Symbols Pronounciations Means

--`,,,,```,``,`,```,,`````,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
1000000000000000000 1018 exa E ex’ a One quintillion times
1000 000000000000 1015 peta P pet’s One quadrillion times
1000000000000 lo’* tera T tzr’ii One trillion times
1000000000 IO9 giga G ji’ga One billion times
1000 000 lo6 mega M” m?g’a One million times
1000 lo3 kilo k” kil ‘o One thousand times
100 lo* hecto h hzk’t; One hundred times
10 10 deka da d&k% Ten times
I
0.1 10-l deci d d&i One tenth of
0.01 1o-2 centi C s&r*tY One hundredth of
0.001 1o-3 milli m* m3 ‘Y One thousandth of
0.000 001 lo+ micro Ez* mi’kr6 One millionth of
0.000 000 001 1o-g nano n n&r ‘6 One billionth of
0.000 000 000 001 10-l* pica P pzc; One trillionth of
0.000 000 000 000 001 lo-l5 femto f fZm ‘6 One quadrillionth of
0.000000000000000001 10-r* atto a Ht‘t’o One quintillionth of

*Most commonlyused.

Copyright ASME International

ANSI/ASME PTC 38 - 1980 APPENDIX L

The symbol of a prefix is considered to be combined with the unit symbol

to which it is directly attached, fomling with it a new unit symbol which can
be raised to a positive or negative power and which can be combined with
other unitsymbols to form symbols for compound units.
Examples:
1 mm3 = = 1 0 ' ~m 3
1 ns" = (10-9 s1-1 = 109 S-1
1 mm'/s = (10'~m)'/s = m'/s
When expressing a quantity by a numerical value and a specific unit, it is
desirablein most applications to selecta multiple or submultiple of the
unit which resuits in a numericalvalue between 0.1 and 1000.
It is desirable, however, fo carry the multiples and submultiples togreater
or smaller numerical values where the predominant usage is dictated by this
rule, e.g., mechanical design uses:mm.
Example:
7950 mm instead of 7.950 m
Note: In text and tables, if a numerical value is less than one, a zero
shall precede the decimal point.
The use of prefures representing 10 raised to a power which is a multiple
of 3 isespecially recommended in IS0 1000. The use of prefixes in the
denominator of derived units should be avoided.

SECTION 6. DERIVED UNITS

Units coherently derived from S1 base units are given by algebraic expres-
sions in the form of powers of the SI base units with a numerical factor equal
to unity.
TABLE 3-DERIVED UNITS WITH NAMES
Expression in Terms
Quantity Name Symbol Formula of SI Base Units

Frequency hertz Hz l/s or S' S'

Force newton N m*kg.<2 m- kg S-"
Energy, work joule J Nem m' kg -S'
Power watt W J/s m' -kg*<3
Electric charge coulomb C Aas A*S
Electric potential volt W/A V m' .kg.<3 .A-*
Electric resistance ohm QI VIA m2 kg S3 A-2
Electric capacitance farad F c/v m-2.kg-l .s4.A2
Magnetic flux weber Wb Vas m' kg. s-2A-'
Pressure or stress* pascal Nlm' Pa m-1 kg. <2
Conductance siemens S A/V m-2 kg-1 s3 e A2
Magnetic flux density tesla T Wb/m' kg S 2 A-'
Inductance henry H WblA m' kg S2 A-2
Luminous flux lumen cd*sr lm cd*sr
Illuminance lux Ix lm/m2 m-'-cd*sr
*Care should be taken to differentiate between absolute and gage pressure where thisis
important. Thus add the word which applies (not the abbreviation) immediately after
the unit nameor symbol.

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Copyright ASME International

APPENDIX L ANSI/ASME PTC 38 - 1980

When two or more units expressed in base units are multiplied or divided
as required to obtain derived,quantities, the result is a unit value. No numer-
ical constant is introduced. Such units arecalled “coherent.” Table 3 lists
these derived units together with formulas and symbols. Note that each unit
is spelled with a lower-casefirstletter except if it occurs at the beginning of a
sentence. The symbol is then capitalized. If the unit is named for an indi-
vidual, the first letter of the symbol is capitalized; otherwise, the symbol is
lower case.
Table 4 lists some derived units without names. Units not shown should be
derived from approved units; e.g., the proper units for mass per unit time is
kgls.

TABLE 4-SOME DERIVED UNITS WITHOUTNAMES

Quantity Unit Formula

Velocity-linear per meter second mls

Acceleration-linear meterpersecondpersecondm/sz
Density kilogram per cubic meter
Entropy kelvin
joule per JIK
Thermal flux density watt per square
meter W/m2
-

SECTION 7. RULES FOR USE OF SI UNITS IN ASME PUBLICATIONS

The kilogram is the unit of mass. The newton is the unit of force and shall
be used rather than kilogram-force (which is a non-SI unit). In SI, the differ-
ence between mass and force is very clear. The term weight has been used by
engineers and scientists to denote theforce of local gravity. Although this has
been the meaning accepted for scientific use, the term is also widely used to
denote other closely-related forces and to denote mass.
This fact is intertwined with the past use of the same names as units of
both force and mass (e.g., lbf and lbm, andkgf and kg).
Both ambiguities lead to communication difficulties. Therefore, the use
of the term weight is discouraged in ASME technical communications.
Either “force of gravity on” or “gravity force on” will be far less likely to
be misinterpreted than “weight of”.
Length measurements in technical papers and publications should be ex-
pressed in millimeters or meters. Centimeters should be avoided. Other units
which may be used with SI units are given in Sections 10 and 1l .
--`,,,,```,``,`,```,,`````,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

ASME requirements establish the use of SI units in the following manner-

either:
As the preferred units with In parentheses followingquantities
customary units in parentheses: in other units:
60.0 mm (2.36 in.) 2.45 in. (62.2 mm)
170 kPa (24.7 psi) 25 psi (172 kPa)
1.60 MJ (1519 Btu) 1500 Btu (1 S 8 MJ)
600 N (61.22 kgf) 60 kgf (588 N)
or :
As the only unit without customary unitequivalents:
104.5 J
24.5 MN

Copyright ASME International

I “
ASME P T C * 3 8 8 0 W 0 7 5 9 b 7 0 0053924 3 W

ANSI/ASME PTC 38 - 1980 APPENDIX L

When nominal sizes that are -not measurements but are names of items are
used, no conversion should be made, e.g., 1/4-20UNC thread, 2 X 4 lumber.
Requirements for tabular data are presented in the appendices.

SECTION 8. CONVERSION AND ROUNDING

Conversion of quantities between systems of units requires careful deter-

mination of the number of significant digits to be retained. To convert “one
quart of oil” to “0.946 352 9 liter of oil” is, of course, nonsense because the
intended accuracy of the values does not warrant a conversion to seven deci-
mal places. AU conversions, to be logical, must be rounded based on the pre-
cision of the original quantity, either expressed by a tolerance or implied by
the nature of the quantity.
Where a value represents a maximum or minimum limit that must be
respected, the rounding must be in the direction that does not violate the
original limit.
The ultimate test of a correct conversion is fidelity to the intended form,
fit, function, and interchangeability. It is not an automatic process, but re-
quires sound engineering judgment. One or more initial zeroes are not called
“significant”. Zeroes at the end of a number are considered significant only
when they represent the true value more closely than one more or one less.
In any conversion take the following steps:
--`,,,,```,``,`,```,,`````,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

1. Convert the values and tolerance, if there is one, by multiplying by the

approximate conversion factor.
2. Choose the number of significant digits to be retained in the converted
value. See rounding practices in par. 8.1 and 8.2.
3. Round off the converted value to the desired number of significant
digits using the rules inthe following table which apply to all the
rounding practices par.in 8.1 and 8.2, except par. 8.2.1.

When the
First
Digit
Dropped Is: The Last Digit
Retained Is:

.Less than 5 Unchangèd

More than 5 or 5 followed Increased by 1
by other thanall zeros
5 followed only by zeros Unchanged if even
Increased by 1 if odd

8.1 Rounding of General Technical Dafa

The following chart based on the first significant digits of the conversion
factor and a comparison of the original and converted values can be used to
determine the number of significant digits to be retained in converted values
other than drawing dimensions and temperatures.
As an example, conversion of 34 feet to meters is as follows:
(a) From Appendix 9 the conversion factor is 0.3048 m/ft.The converted
value is 10.3632 m.
(b) Thefirst significant digit of the conversion factor is “3” which is
between 1 and 5. Therefore, the tophalf of the chartis used.
(c) Compare the first significant digits of the original value and the con-
verted value. The “1” in 10.3632 m is less than the “3” in 34 feet.
(d) Therefore the converted value should be rounded to one more signifi-
cant digit than the original value; thus 34 feet becomes 10.4 meters.

111

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ASME P T C * 3 B B O M 0 7 5 7 6 7 0 0 0 5 3 7 2 5 5 W

APPENDIX L ANSI/ASME PTC 38 - 1980

It Significant
s 1st Significant
Digit of Con- Digit of Con-
verted Value Round to Example

> 1st signifi- same no. signifi- 31 ft X 0.3048 m/ft

cant digit of cant digits = 9.4488 m which
orig. value rounds to 9.4
~~

< 1st signif- one more signif- 34 ft X 0.3048 m/ft

icant digit of icant digit = 10.3632 m which
orig. value rounds to 10.4

6-9 G 1st signifi- same no. signif- 25 psi X 6.895 @a/

cant digit of icant digits psi = 172.375 kPa
orig. value which roundsto 170
(The final O is not a
significant digit but
is required to give
correct magnitude)

> 1st signif- one less signif- 10.5 yd X 0.9144

icant digit of icant digit m/yd = 9.6102 m
orig. value which rounds to
9.6 m

8.1.1 Rounding of Temperatures

Temperatures can be rounded to the nearest whole degree or a multiple
of whole degrees.

8.2 Rounding of Toleranced Values

There are several methods used to determine the number of. significant
digits to be retained in converted values. Following are three common prac-
tices.

8.2.1RoundingInward.
This practice rounds the converted values to within the range of the origi-
nal dimension and tolerance. For example, 0.880 k 0.003 inch is 0.877 to
0.883 inch which equals 22.2758to 22.4282 millimeters. Two decimalplaces

--`,,,,```,``,`,```,,`````,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
in millimeterscould be consideredcomparable to threedecimal places in
inches when considering the accuracy required and the measuring equipment
that would be used in machining or inspecting this dimension. The 22.2758
to 22.4282 range would therefore round to 22.28 to 22.42. Note that the
lower limit is rounded up andthe upper limit is rounded down.
The advantage of this practice is that absolutely every part meeting the
converted dimension and tolerance would also meet the inch dimension and
tolerance. The disadvantage to this practice is that tolerance isalways de-
creased. In this example the tolerancereduction is 0.0124mm(0.00049
inch), approximately 8%. .
8.2.2 Rounding Based on Decimal Places.
This practice assumes that the number of decimal places reflects the in-
tended precision. Millimeter dimensions are then rounded to one less place
than the inch dimension and tolerance, but no less than a certain number of
decimal places - generally two decimal places. In this case 0.880 ?r 0.003 inch

112

Copyright ASME International

ANSI/ASME PTC 38 - 1980 APPENDIX L

equals 22.3520 f 0,0762 mm, whichwouldbe 22.35 0.08 mm. The in- *
*
crease in tolerance is 0.0038 or a total of 0.0076 mm (0.0003 inch), or
approx. 5%. 0.75 k 0.01 inch equals 19.050 k 0.254 which would be 19.05 t
0.25 mm, a decrease in total tolerance of 0.008 mm (0.00031 inch).
The practice of basing the number of decimal places in theconverted value
on the number of decimal places in the original dimension presumesthat the
number ofdecimalplaces in the original dimension reflects the intended
precision. This practice may be most suitable for conversion of millimeters
to inches where the designeris aware that the dimensions are to be con-
verted.
When converting millimeters to inches, inches would be expressed to one
moredecitnalplace than .the millimeter dimension. Thus, whenexpressing
the width of a bracket, 150 mm could be shown and the conversion to 5.9
inches would be satisfactory. However, when showing the internal diameter

--`,,,,```,``,`,```,,`````,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
of a ball bearing, 150.000 mmwould berequired to get a conversion to
5.9055 inches.

8.2.3 Rounding Based-on Total Tolerance.

Using another practice;.the number of decimal places isdetermined by the
size of the total tolerance i, plied to the dimension. The followingchart may
be used: F
Total Tolerance Converted Value
In Inches In Millimeters
Shall be Rounded To
At L m
Least Than

0.000 0.0004
04 4 places (0.0001)
0.004
0.000 4 3 places (0.00 1)
0.04 0.004 2 places (0.01)
0.04 - 1 place (0.1)

0.880 k-0.003 inch equals 22.3520t 0.0762 mm. The total toleranceis 0.006
inch which is between 0.004 and 0.04 inch. Thus the dimension and tolerance
would be rounded to 2 decimal places, 22.35 2 0.08 mm.
8.3NumericalValues in Formulas
Formulas which use letter symbols to represent physical quantities should
be valid with any units used. However, in practice, formulas may have coeffi-
cients which contain unit conversion factors aswellas empirical or other
factors. Such formulas are tailored for use with specific units, and the engi-
neer may wish to “convert” them so that a specific set of SI units can be used
directly. It is essential that any “unit-tailored” formula be accompanied by
clear directions for correct units to be used,
8.3.1 describes a recommended method of handling units. 8.3.2 describes
a method of converting formdas which contain coefficients or empirical fac-
tors which dependon theunits used.
8.3.1 If a formula is in unit-independent form, units can be most simply
determined as numerical values are substituted.
Example:The power whichcan be safely transmittedbya rotating,
round shaft is givenby

Il
P = - 7D3u
16

113

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~.
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ASME P T C * 3 B B O I0 7 5 7 b 7 00 0 5 3 7 2 7 7 9

. -.
APPENDIX L .. ANSI/ASME PTC 38 - 1980

in which

T is the allowable shear stress

D is the diameter of the shaft
W is the angular speed of the shaft.

For thevalues
T = 6000 lbf/in2 = 41.4 MPa = 41.4 X lo6 N/m2
D = 1.00 in = 0.0254 m
W = 1000 rev/min = 104.7 rad/s

the substitution is carried out as follows:

m (6000 lbf/in2) (1 .O0in)3 (1000 rev/min) (2n rad/rev)
P = = 18.7 HP

--`,,,,```,``,`,```,,`````,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
16 (12 inlft) (33 O00 ft lbf/min HP)
or 1
m
P = -
16
(41.4 X lo6 N/m2) (0.0254 m)3 (104.7 rad/s)

= 13 900 N m/s
= 13.9 kW

The results agree since 18.7 HP

A check of the units should
( 0‘7zkw) = 13.9kW, properly rounded.

be made by algebraic “cancelling” prior to

carrying out of the multiplication and/or division.
If the formula is to be used repeatedly to give horsepower in terms of
diameter in inches and angular speed in rev/min, with a shear stress of 6000
psi, it may be “unit-tailored” by incorporating the appropriate conversion
factors with them/16 and 6000 psi as follows:

R (6000 lbf/in2) (277 rad/rev) D3W

P=
16 (12 in/ft) (33 O00 ft lbf/min HP) -
- D3W
53.5in3rpm/HP

It is sound practice to write the units of the factor 53.5; thus when values
such as D = 1.O0 in and W = 1000 rpm are substituted,

(1 .O0 in)3 (1000 rpm)

P = = 18.7 HP
53.5 i n 3 rpm/HP

all units except HP cancel properly upon multiplication anddivision.

8.3.2 A formula may have the general form

Bm
A = K- Eq. 1
C”

where K is a constant which may contain a unit conversion factor as well as

other factors, andA, B, and C represent variables measured in U.S. customary
units. If the conversion’ factors for these variables are a, b, c, then KSI (the
correspondingfactorfortheconvertedformula)can be obtainedfrom

114

Copyright ASME International r-“

ANSI/ASME PTC 38 - 1980 APPENDIX L

Example: The power which can be safely transmitted by a rotating, round

shaft is given as

D3 (in) N (rpm)
P(HP) =
53.5 i n 3 - rpm/HP
where the following unitswill be used in the conversion of the formula:

customary -
SI
P HP kW
D in mm
N rPm rad/s

Applying the form of Eq. 2 to Eq. 1

where p = 0.7457 kW
HP
25.4 mm
d=
in
71 rad/s rad/s
n = = 0.1047"-
30 rev/min revlmin
so that

= 8.127 X

to prove, calculate in both systems:

D = lin D = 25.4mm
--`,,,,```,``,`,```,,`````,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

n = 1000 rpm n = 104.7 rad/s

In customary system:

(1 .OO in)3 (1000 rpm)

P= = 18.7 HP
53.5 i n 3 rpm/HP
In SI:

P = r8.12 X 1O"j kW/(mm3 rad/s)] (25.4 mm)3 (104.7 rad/s) = 13.9 kW

Proof:

(18.7 HP)(0.7457 kW/HP) = 13.9 kW

115

Copyright ASME International

APPENDIX L ANSI/ASME PTC 38 - 1980

SECTION 9. DIMENSIONING

There are strict rules about dimensioning but fortunately they are very
simple.
l . In general, product engineering drawings are dimensioned in millimeters
or decimal parts of a millimeter except for surface roughness which is
expressed in micrometers.
2. On drawings where very large items are depicted such as construction
and architectural, dimension in meters and decimal parts of a meter
using three or moredecimal places, e.g., 32 meters 40 millimeters
would be 32.040 m or 32.040 (see rule 3).
3. If the drawing is dimensioned “all in millimeters or meters,” this should
be indicated in note form applicable to all references.
4. Do not use centimeters on drawings.
5. The size of a millimeter should be kept in mind.
1 mm = 1/25.4 in. N 0.039 370 in. about 40-thousandths.
0.1 mm-0.004 in.
0.01 min %’ 0.0004 in.
Dimensioning to more than two decimal places in millimeters will be an
uncommon occurrence.
6. Always leave a space between the number and symbol:
1.71 mm not 1.71mm.
7. When using five or more figures in tables and text, space these as 10 O00
or 100 000. Do not use commas. The space should also be used with
quantities of four figures when columnized with quantities having five
or more.
8. Dimensional practice for drawings is governed by ANSI Y14.5, Dimen-
sioning and Tolerancing, publishedby ASME.
9. The use of tables is recommended where conversion of drawings is nec-
essary, with dimensions arranged in ascending order of magnitude and
other parameters listed in the same manner but in separate columns.
These tables may be placed on separate sheets and may be generated as
computer printouts.

--`,,,,```,``,`,```,,`````,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
SECTION I O . UNITS OUTSIDE THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM

Units Used with the International System

Certain units which are not part of SI are in widespread use. These units
play such an important part that they must be retained for general use with
the International System of Units. They are given in Table 5. It should be
recognized that these units need not be supplemented by the equivalent SI
units unless desired for clarity,
The international symbol for liter
is the lower case “l”, which caneasily be
confused with the numeral “1”. Accordingly, the symbol “L” is recommend-
ed for United States use.
It is likewisenecessary to recognize,outside theInternationalSystem,
some other units which are useful in specialized fields of scientific research,
because their values expressed in SI units must be obtained by experiment,
and are therefore not known exactly(Table 6 ) .

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ANSI/ASME PTC 38 - 1980 APPENDIX L

TABLE 5-UNITS IN USE WITH THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM

Name Symbol Value in SI Unit

minute min 1min=60s
hour h lh=60min=3600s
1 d day O
d=24h=86400s
degree 1o = (n/180) rad
I
minute 1' = (1/60)" = (?r/lO 800) rad
fl
second 1" = (1/60)' = (1r/648 000) rad.
liter L* 1L=Idm3=10-3m3
1metric
tton t = lo3
kg= 1 Mg
*Liter-This is the spelling recommended by the ASME Metric Study Committee foruse
in ASME publication. The alternate spelling, "Litre," may be used at the discretion of
the author.

TABLE 6-UNITS USED WITH THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM

IN SPECIALIZED FIELDS2

Name Symbol Magnitude

electronvolt eV 1.602
19 X IO"' J
unified atomic mass unit U 531.660 X kg
astronomical unit AU 149 600 X 106m
parsec PC 857
30 X lot2 m
--`,,,,```,``,`,```,,`````,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Special Publication 330, p- 14 National Bureau of Standards.

SECTION 11. UNITS ACCEPTED TEMPORARILY

In view of existing practice, the C I E " (1969) considered it was preferable

to keep for the time being, for use with those of the International System,
the units listed in Table 7.
TABLE 7-UNITS TO BE USED WITH THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM
FOR A LIMITED TIME

Name Symbol Value in SI Units

nautical mile 1 nautical mile = 1852 m

knot 1 nauticalmile per hour = (1852/3600)m/s
ångstrom a I A = 0.1 nm = 1O"O m
are 1a a = dam2
1 = IO2 m'
hectare ha1ha = 1hm2 = IO4 m'
barda) b 1b = 100 fm2 = IO2 X m2 = m2
standard atmosphere atm1atm = 101 325 Pa
gal@) Gal 1 Gal = 1 cm/s2 = m/s2
curie(c) Ci 1Ci = 3.3 X 10" S'
rÖntgen(4 R 1 R = 2.58 X C/kg
rad@) rad 1 rad = 10" J/kg
bar bar 1 bar = 0.1 MPa = lo5 Pa
(a) The barn is a special unit employed innuclear physics to express effective cross sections.
(b) The gal is a special unit employed in geodesy and geophysicsto express the acceleration
, . due to gravity.

[C) The cufie is äspecial unit employed in nuclear physics to express activity of radionuclides
[ 12th CGPM (1964) Resolution 71.
(d) The röntgen is a special unit employed toexpress exposure ofX or y radiations.
(e) The rad is a special unit employed to express absorbed dose of ionizing radiations. When
there is risk of confusion with the symbol for radian, rd maybe used as symbol forrad.

117

Copyright ASME International

SECTION 12. U N I T S N O T T OBE USED IN ASME DOCUMENTS

12.1 CGSUnits with SpecialNames. Suchunits are listed inTable 8, on

next page. The CIPM discourages the use of CGS” units which have special names.

12.2 Other Units Generally Deprecated

As regards units outside the International System which do not come under
Section 10, the CIPM considers that it is generally preferable to avoid them, and
to use instead units of the International System. Some of those units are listed
in Table 9.

TABLE 8-CGS UNITS WITH SPECIAL NAMES3

(Not t o be used in ASME publications)

Name Symbol Value in SI Units

--`,,,,```,``,`,```,,`````,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

erg erg 1erg = J

dyne dYn 1 dyn = N
poise P 1P = 1 dyn*s/cm2= 0.1 Pa-s
stokes st 1 St = 1 cm2/s = 10-~ m2/s
gauss Gs, G 1Gs corresponds to T
1000
oersted Oe 1 Oe corresponds to -A/m
4n
maxwell Mx 1Mx corresponds to Wb
stilb sb 1 stilb = 1 cd/cm2 = lo4 cd/m2
phot Ph 1ph = lo4 lx

3Special Publication 330, p. 16, National Bureau of Standards.

TABLE 9-OTHER UNITS4

(Not t o be used in ASME publications)

Value Name in SI Units

fermi 1fermi = 1fm = 1 0 - l ~m

metric
carat 1 metric
carat = 200 mg = 2 X kg
101 325 Pa
torr 1 torr = -
760
kilogram-force (kgf) 1 kgf = 9.806 65 N
calorie (cal) 1 cal = 4.186 8 J
micron (P) 1 p = 1 pm = m
X unit 1 X unit ’= 1.o02 X 10-4 mm approximately
stere (st) 1st=lm3
gamma (Y) 1 y = 1 nT = lo-’ T
gamma (Y) 1y = 1pg = lo-’ kg
lambda (h) 1 h = 1 pl = 1

“Special Publication 330, p. 17, National Bureau of Standards.

*CGS refers to the centimeter-gram-second system which has been superseded by the SI.

Copyright ASME International

SECTION 13. SI UNITS FOR ASME USE

TABLE IO-LIST OF SI UNITS FOR ASME USE
Other Units or
Quantitv Unit*
Limitations Svmbol
Space and Time
plane angle radian (decimalized)
degreerad
solid angle steradian SI ...
length meter nautical
m mile (navigation
only)

area meter
square m' ...
volume cubic
meter
m3-
liter (L) liquid
for only
(Limit use to L and mL)
(cc shall not be used)

time second S minute (min), hour (h), day

(d), week, andyear

angular velocity radian

per
second
rad/s ...
velocity meter per second
m/s kilometer per hour (km/h)
for vehicle speed, knot for
navigation only

Periodic and Related Phenomena

frequency hertz Hz (hertz = cycle per second)
rotational speed radian
per
second
rad/s rev. per second (r/s)
rev. per minute (r/min.)
--`,,,,```,``,`,```,,`````,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Mechanics
mass kilogram kg ...
density kilogram per cubic
kg/m3 ...
meter
momentum kilogram-meter per kg.m/s ...
second
moment of momentum kilogram-square meter kg.m2 /S' ...
per second
angular momentum kilogram-square meter kg.m2 /S ...
per second
acceleration meter
per
second mis. ...
squared
moment of inertia kilogram-squaiemeterkg.m2 ...
force newton N ...
moment of force newton-meter N.m ...
(torque)
pressure and stress pascal Pa (pascahewton per square
meter)
viscosity (dynamic) pascal-second Pas
viscosity (kinematic) square
meter per m2 /S ...
second

Mechanics (Cont'd)
surface
tension
meter
newton
per N/m ...
joule work energy, J kilowatt-hour &+
\h.')
watt power W ...
joule strength impact J ...
*Conversion factors between SI unifs and U.S. customary units are given in ASTM E380.
(ANSI 2210.1).

119

Copyright ASME International

TABLE 10-LIST OF St UNITS FOR ASME USE (Cont'd)

Other Units or
Quantity Unit * Limitations Symbol
Heat
temperature-thermo.** kelvin K degree Celsius ("C)
temperature-other than
thermodynamic** degree Celsius "C kelvin (K)
oc-I
1in.expansion coeff. meter
meter-
per K-
kelvin mm/(mm.K)
quantity of heat joule J ...
heat flow rate watt W ...
density of heat flow watt per meter squared W/m2 ...
rate
thermal conductivity watt per meter-kelvin W/(m.K)
coeff. of heattransfer watt per meter- W/(m* .IC)
squared-kelvin
heat capacity joule per kelvin Jlrc
specific heat capacity joule per kilogram- J/(kg.K)
kelvin
specific energy joule per kilogram J/kg ...
specific enthalpy kilojoule per kilogram kJ/kg ...
specific entropy kilojoule per kelvin- kJ/(K*kg) ...
kilogram
heat rate kilojoule per kilowatt kJ/(kW.s) ...
second
Electricity and Magnetism
electric current ampere A ...
electric charge coulomb C ...
vo1.density of charge coulomb per meter C/m ...
cubed
sur. density of charge coulomb per meter C/m2 ...
squared
electric field strength volt per meter V/m ...
electric potential volt V ...
capacitance farad F ...
current density ampere per meter A/mZ
squared
mag.field strength ampere per meter Alm ...
mag.flux density tesla T ...
magnetic flux we ber Wb ...
self-inductance henry H ...

--`,,,,```,``,`,```,,`````,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
permeability henry per meter H/m ...
magnetization ampere per meter Alm ...
resistance, impedance ohm S2 ...
conductance siemens S ...
resistivity ohm-meter S2.m ...
conductivity siemens per meter SIm e . .

reluctance ampere per weber H-' ...

tight
luminous intensity candela cd m . .

luminous flux lumen lm ...

illumination lux lx ...
luminance candela per meter- cd/m2 ...
squared
~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~

*Conversion factors between SI units and U.S.customary are given in ASTM 8380.
(ANSI 2210.1).
**Preferred use for temperature and temperature interval isdegrees Celsius ("C), except for
thermodynamic and cryogenic work wherekelvins may be moresuitable. For tempera-
ture interval, 1 K = 1°C exactly.

120

Copyright ASME International

SECTION 14. INTRODUCING SI UNITS IN ASME PUBLICATIONS

14.1 It is the policy of ASME that SI units of measurement should be in-

cluded in all new papers, publications andrevisions of ASME standards.
14.2 Each ASME committee shall have theoption ofgiving preference to U S .
customary orSI units.
14,2.1 When preference is givento SI units, the U.S. customary units may
be omitted orgiven in parentheses.
14.2.2 When U.S. customary units are given preference, the SI equivalent
shall be given in parentheses, or in axupplementarytable as described in Section
15.
14.3 The system of units to be -used in referee decisions shall be stated in a
note in each standard. For- example, the note should read as follows whenUS.
customary units are to be used:
Note: The values stated in U.S. customary units are t o be regarded as the
standard.
14.4 The calculated SI equivalent for a U.S. customary value should be
rounded to the proper number of significant figures as described herein and in
ANSI 2210.1, No attempt should be made to change to different values which
are used or may be adopted by othercountries, except as covered in 14.5 below.
14.5 In standards that have alternative or optional procedures based on in-
struments calibrated in either US. customary or SI units, convertedvalues need
not be included, If the optional procedures or dimensions produce equally ac-
ceptable results, the options may be shown similarly to conversions using the
word “or” rather than parentheses; for example, in a 2-in. gage length metal
tension test specimen,the gage length may be shownas “2 in. or50 mm”.
14.6 A specific equivalent, for example, 25 mm (1.0 h.),need be inserted
only the first time it occurs in each paragraphof a standard.
14.7 Conventions for useof SI and US. customary units may differ. The
equivalent expression should always be consistent with the units used. For ex-
ample, liters per 100 kilometers YS miles per gallon (mpg), mm pitch (which is
the crest-to-crest distance betweentwo successive threads) vs threads per inch
(tpi).
14.8 For methods of includingSIequivalents in tables, see Section15.
14.9 On simple illustrations the SIequivalents maybe included in parentheses.
On more complicated illustrations the dimensions are preferably indicated by
letters and the corresponding SI unitsUS. customary, shownin an accompany-
and
ing table. In the case of charts or graphs, dualscales may be used to advantage.
14.10 The need for SI equivalents can be avoided for tolerances if they are
expressed in percent.

SECTION 15. INTRODUCING SI UNITS IN TABLES

15.1 Case 1, Limited Tabular Material. Provided SI equivalents in tables in

parentheses or in separate columns. Exampleis given in Appendix l.
15.2 Case 2, ’One or Two Large Tables. When the size of a table and limita-
tions of space (on the printed page) make it impractical to expand the table to
include SI equivalents, the table shouldbe duplicated inUS.customary units and
SI units. Example is given in Appendix 2. If this procedure results in increasing
the size of the standard significantly, it may be desirable to apply Case 3.
15.3 Case 3, Extensive Tabular Material. Prepare a summary appendixlisting
all of the units that appear in the various tables, as shown in Appendix 3, or
consider the use of footnotes, as shown in Appendix 4.

121

--`,,,,```,``,`,```,,`````,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Copyright ASME International

APPENDIX L ANSI/ASME PTC 38 - 1980

SECTION 16. METHODS OF REPORTING SI EQUIVALENTS FOR

EXISTING STANDARDS UNDER REVISION

16.1 For text material in draft preparation, show the SI equivalent in the
margin.
16.2 For tables insert the SI equivalents when there is sufficient space as
illustrated. Example given in Appendix 5.
16.3 For tables where space does not permit the SI equivalents to be written
in, retype the table.
'16.4 For new illustrations it is preferable to indicate the dimensions with
letters while tabulating both inch and SI values. Example given in Appendix 6 .
16.5 For existing illustrations a tabulation of SI equivalents of customary
units appearing in that illustration may be inserted beneath the illustration. Ex-
ample given in Appendix 7.

--`,,,,```,``,`,```,,`````,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Copyright ASME International

PERFORMANCE TEST CODES NOWAVAILABLE

PTC 41 - A i r Heaters ..................................

PTC 23 -Atmospheric Water Cooling Equipment .................
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i
PTC 39.1 - Condensate Removal Devices for Steam Systems ............
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PTC 20.3 . Pressure Control Systems Used on Steam Turbine-Generator
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PTC 18.1 - Pumping Mode of Pump/Turbines ..................... (1978)
PTC 17-ReciprocatingInternal-Combustion Engines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1973)
PTC 7 - Reciprocating Steam-DrivenDisplacement Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . (1949)
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PTC 3.2 -Solid Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1954)
PTC 20.1 - Speed and Load GoverningSystems for Steam Turbine-
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--`,,,,```,``,`,```,,`````,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

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PTC 4.1 - Steam-GeneratingUnits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1964)
PTC 6-Steam Turbines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1976)
PTC 6A - Appendix A to Test Code for Steam Turbines . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1964)
PTC 6 Report - Guidance forEvaluationof Measurement
Uncertainty in Performance Tests of Steam Turbines .... (1969)
PTC 6s Report - Simplified Procedures for Routine Performance Tests
of Steam Turbines ........................ (1970)
PTC 32.2 Report - Methods of Measuring the Performance of Nuclear
Reactor Fuel in Light Water Reactors I ............ (1978)

Copyright ASME International

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