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Point Groups

The document lists various point groups and their corresponding symmetry elements and illustrative chemical species. Point groups describe the symmetry of molecular structures and range from no symmetry (C1) to high symmetry such as octahedral (Oh) and icosahedral (Ih). Each point group is defined by its rotational axes, planes of symmetry, and inversion centers that leave the structure unchanged. Examples of species that belong to different point groups are provided to illustrate the symmetry operations.

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6K views2 pages

Point Groups

The document lists various point groups and their corresponding symmetry elements and illustrative chemical species. Point groups describe the symmetry of molecular structures and range from no symmetry (C1) to high symmetry such as octahedral (Oh) and icosahedral (Ih). Each point group is defined by its rotational axes, planes of symmetry, and inversion centers that leave the structure unchanged. Examples of species that belong to different point groups are provided to illustrate the symmetry operations.

Uploaded by

Alpha Jeff
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Point group Symmetry elements Illustrative species

Cs E σh hypochlorous acid = HClO


Ci Ei anti-1,2-dichloro-1,2-dibromoethane
E /C1 E Si(CH3BrClF)
C2 E C2 hydrogen peroxide = H2O2
C3 E C3 NHF2
C2h E C2 i σ h trans-1,2-dichloroethylene
2 5
C3h E C3 C3 σh S3 S3 Boric acid = B(OH)3
C2v E C2 σv(xz) σv'(yz) Water = H2O
C3v E 2C3 3σv Ammonia = NH3
C4v E 2C4 C2 2σv 2σd xenon oxytetrafluoride = XeOF4
C∞ E 2C∞ σv hydrogen chloride = HCl
D3 E C3(z) 3C2 tris(ethylenediamine)cobalt(III) = [Co(en)3]3+
E C2(z) C2(y) C2(x) i σ(xy) σ(xz)
D2h dinitrogen tetroxide = N2O4
σ(yz)
D3h E 2C3 3C2 σh 2S3 3σv boron trifluoride = BF3
D4h E 2C4 C2 2C2' 2C2 i 2S4 σh 2σv 2σd xenon tetrafluoride = XeF4
D5h E 2C5 2C52 5C2 σh 2S5 2S53 5σv ruthenocene
3
E 2C6 2C3 C2 3C2' 3C2 i 3S3 2S6 σh
D6h benzene = C6H6
3σd 3σv
D2d E 2S4 C2 2Ch 2C2' 2σd tetrasulfur tetranitride = S4N4
D3d E 2C3 3C2 i 2S6 3σd cyclohexane (chair conformer)
3
D4d E 2S8 2C4 2S8 C2 4C2' 4σd dimanganese decacarbonyl (staggered rotamer)
D5d E 2C5 2C52 5C2 i 3S103 2S10 5σd ferrocene (staggered rotamer)
D∞h E 2C∞ ∞σi i 2S∞ ∞C2 hydrogen = H2, carbon dioxide = CO2
Td E 8C3 3C2 6S4 6σd Methane = CH4
Oh E 8C3 6C2 6C4 3C2 i 6S4 8S6 3σh 6σd sulfur hexafluoride = SF6
2
E 12C5 12C5 20C3 15C2 i 12S10
Ih B12H122-
12S103 20S6 15σ

Important
Point group Simple description
Cs Planar, no other symmetry
Ci Inversion center
C1 No symmetry, chiral
C2 "open book geometry," chiral
C3 propeller, chiral
C2h Planar with inversion center
C3h
C2v angular (H2O) or see-saw (SF4)
C3v trigonal pyramidal
C4v square pyramidal
C∞ linear
D3 triple helix, chiral
D2h planar with inversion center
D3h trigonal planar or trigonal bipyramidal
D4h square planar
D5h pentagonal
D6h hexagonal
D2d 90° twist
D3d 60° twist
D4d 45° twist
D5d 36° twist
D∞h linear with inversion center
Td tetrahedral
Oh octahedral or cubic
Ih icosahedral

Important

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