9/23/18

MATRICES &
DETERMINANTS

OUTLINE

ü Matrix Operations
ü Multiplying Matrices
ü Determinants and Cramer’s Rule
ü Identity and Inverse Matrices
ü Solving systems using Inverse matrices

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MATRIX

A rectangular arrangement of numbers in rows and columns

For example:

⎡ 6 2 −1⎤
⎢ ⎥ 2 rows
⎣−2 0 5 ⎦
3 columns

TYPES OF MATRICES
NAME DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE
Row matrix A matrix with only 1
row [3 2 1− 4]
Column matrix A matrix with only I ⎡2⎤
column ⎢ ⎥
⎣3⎦
Square matrix A matrix with same ⎡ 2 4⎤
number of€ rows and ⎢ ⎥
columns ⎣−1 7⎦
€
Zero matrix A matrix with all zero
entries ⎡0 0⎤
⎢ ⎥
€ ⎣0 0⎦

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MATRIX OPERATIONS

COMPARING MATRICES

EQUAL MATRICES: Matrices having equal corresponding

entries.

For Example:

⎡5 0⎤ ⎡ 5 0 ⎤ ⎡−2 6 ⎤ ⎡−2 6 ⎤
⎢ 4 3⎥ = ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥≠⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣− 4 ⎥
4⎦ ⎣−1 0.75⎦ ⎣ 0 −3⎦ ⎣ 3 −2⎦

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ADDING MATRICES

Matrices of same dimension can be added

For Example:

⎡ 3 ⎤ ⎡1⎤ ⎡ 3+1 ⎤ ⎡ 4 ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢−4⎥ + ⎢0⎥ = ⎢−4 + 0⎥ = ⎢−4⎥
⎢⎣ 2 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 + 2 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 5 ⎥⎦

SUBTRACTING MATRICES

Matrices of same dimension can be subtracted

For example:

⎡8 3⎤ ⎡2 −7⎤ ⎡8 − 2 3− (−7)⎤ ⎡ 6 10⎤

⎢ ⎥−⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎣4 0⎦ ⎣6 −1⎦ ⎣4 − 6 0 − (−1)⎦ ⎣−2 1 ⎦

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MULTIPLYING A MATRIX BY A
SCALAR
For example:
⎡ 1 −2⎤ ⎡−4 5 ⎤ ⎡ (−2)1 (−2) − 2⎤ ⎡−4 5 ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
−2⎢ 0 3 ⎥ + ⎢ 6 −8⎥ = ⎢ (−2)0 (−2)3 ⎥ + ⎢ 6 −8⎥
⎢⎣−4 5 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣−2 6 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣(−2) − 4 (−2)5 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣−2 6 ⎥⎦
⎡−2 4 ⎤ ⎡−4 5 ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
= ⎢ 0 −6 ⎥ + ⎢ 6 −8⎥
⎢⎣ 8 −10⎥⎦ ⎢⎣−2 6 ⎥⎦
⎡−6 9 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
= ⎢ 6 −14 ⎥
⎢⎣ 6 −4 ⎥⎦

SOLVING A MATRIX
EQUATION
Solve :
For example:
⎛⎡3x −1⎤ ⎡ 4 1 ⎤⎞ ⎡26 0⎤
2⎜⎢ ⎥+ ⎢ ⎥⎟ = ⎢ ⎥
⎝⎣ 8 5 ⎦ ⎣−2 −y⎦⎠ ⎣12 8⎦
⎡3x + 4 −1+1⎤ ⎡26 0⎤
2⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎣ 8 − 2 5 − y ⎦ ⎣12 8⎦
⎡6x + 8 0 ⎤ ⎡26 0⎤
⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎣ 12 10 − 2y⎦ ⎣12 8⎦
Equate :
6x + 8 = 26
x=3
10 − 2y = 8
y =1

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MULTIPLYING MATRICES

PRODUCT OF TWO MATRICES

For example:

⎡3 2⎤
A =⎢ ⎥
⎣−1 0⎦
⎡1 −4⎤
B =⎢ ⎥
⎣2 1⎦

FIND (a.) AB and (b.) BA

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SOLUTION

⎡ 3 2⎤⎡1 4⎤
AB = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣−1 0⎦⎣2 1⎦
⎡ 7 −10⎤
AB = ⎢ ⎥
⎣−1 4 ⎦

⎡1 −4⎤⎡ 3 2⎤
BA = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣2 1 ⎦⎣−1 0⎦
⎡7 2⎤
BA = ⎢ ⎥
⎣5 4⎦

SIMPLIFY

⎡ 2 1⎤ ⎡−2 0⎤ ⎡1 1⎤
A =⎢ ⎥, B = ⎢ ⎥,C = ⎢ ⎥
⎣−1 3⎦ ⎣ 4 2⎦ ⎣3 2⎦
Simplify:
a.) A(B+C)
b.) AB+AC

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SOLUTION

A(B+C):
⎡ 2 1⎤⎛⎡ 2 1⎤ ⎡1 1⎤⎞
=⎢ ⎥⎜⎢ ⎥+ ⎢ ⎥⎟
⎣−1 3⎦⎝⎣−1 3⎦ ⎣3 2⎦⎠
⎡ 2 1⎤⎡−1 1⎤
=⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣−1 3⎦⎣ 7 4⎦
⎡ 5 6⎤
=⎢ ⎥
⎣22 11⎦

SOLUTION

AB+AC:
⎡ 2 1⎤⎡−2 0⎤ ⎡ 2 1⎤⎡1 1⎤
=⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥+ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣−1 3⎦⎣ 4 2⎦ ⎣−1 3⎦⎣3 2⎦
⎡ 0 2⎤ ⎡5 4⎤
=⎢ ⎥+⎢ ⎥
⎣14 6⎦ ⎣8 5⎦
⎡ 5 6⎤
=⎢ ⎥
⎣22 11⎦

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DETERMINANTS &
CRAMER”S RULE

DETERMINANT OF 2´2 MATRIX

The determinant of a 2´2 matrix is the difference of

the entries on the diagonal.

⎡a b⎤
det⎢ ⎥ = ad − bc
⎣c d ⎦

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EVALUATE

Find the determinant of the matrix:

⎡1 3⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎣2 5⎦
Solution:

1 3
€ 2 5 =1(5) − 2(3) = 5 − 6 = −1

DETERMINANT OF 3´3 MATRIX

The determinant of a 3´3 matrix is the difference in the

sum of the products in red from the sum of the products
in black.

⎡a b c⎤ a b ca b
⎢ ⎥
det⎢d e f⎥= d e f d e
⎢⎣g h i ⎥⎦ g h i g h

Determinant = [a(ei)+b(fg)+c(dh)]-[g(ec)+h(fa)+i(db)]
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EVALUATE
⎡ 2 −1 3⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎢ −2 0 1 ⎥
⎢⎣ 1 2 4⎥⎦
Solution:
2 −1 3 2 −1
−2 0 1 −2 0
€ 1 2 4 1 2
= [0 + (−1) + (−12)]− (0 + 4 + 8)
= −13 −12
= −25

USING MATRICES IN REAL LIFE

The Bermuda Triangle is a large trianglular region in

the Atlantic ocean. Many ships and airplanes have
been lost in this region. The triangle is formed by
imaginary lines connecting Bermuda, Puerto Rico, and
Miami, Florida. Use a determinant to estimate the area
of the Bermuda Triangle.
N
Bermuda (938,454)
.
W
Miami (0,0)
. E
.
Puerto Rico (900,-518)
S

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SOLUTION

The approximate coordinates of the Bermuda Triangle’s

three vertices are: (938,454), (900,-518), and (0,0). So
the area of the region is as follows:
938 454 1
1
Area = ± 900 −518 1
2
0 0 1
1
Area = ± [(−458, 884 + 0 + 0) − (0 + 0 + 408, 600)]
2
Area = 447, 242

Hence, area of the Bermuda Triangle is about 447,000

square miles.
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USING MATRICES IN REAL LIFE

The Golden Triangle is a large triangular region in the
India.The Taj Mahal is one of the many wonders that lie
within the boundaries of this triangle. The triangle is
formed by the imaginary lines that connect the cities of
New Delhi, Jaipur, and Agra. Use a determinant to
estimate the area of the Golden Triangle. The

.
coordinates given are measured in miles.
N New Delhi (100,120)

W
Jaipur (0,0)
. . E

Agra (140,20)
S

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SOLUTION

The approximate coordinates of the Golden Triangle’s

three vertices are: (100,120), (140,20), and (0,0). So the
area of the region is as follows:

100 120 1
1
Area = ± 140 20 1
2
0 0 1
1
Area = ± [(2000 + 0 + 0) − (0 + 0 +16800)]
2
Area = 7400
Hence, area of the Golden Triangle is about 7400 square
miles.
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USING MATRICES IN REAL LIFE

Black neck stilts are birds that live throughout Florida
and surrounding areas but breed mostly in the
triangular region shown on the map. Use a determinant
to estimate the area of this region. The coordinates
given are measured in miles.
N
.
(35,220)

.
.
(112,56)
W E
(0,0)

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SOLUTION

The approximate coordinates of the Golden Triangle’s

three vertices are: (35,220), (112,56), and (0,0). So the
area of the region is as follows:

35 220 1
1
Area = ± 112 56 1
2
0 0 1
1
Area = ± [(1960 + 0 + 0) − (0 + 0 + 24640)]
2
Area = 11340
Hence, area of the region is about 11340 square miles.

CRAMER”S RULE FOR A 2´2

SYSTEM
Let A be the co-efficient matrix of the linear system:
ax+by= e & cx+dy= f.

IF det A ≠0, then the system has exactly one solution.

The solution is:
e b
The numerators for x and y are the
f d determinant of the matrices formed by
x=
det A using the column of constants as
a e replacements for the coefficients of x and
c f y, respectively.
y=
det A

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EXAMPLE

Use cramer’s rule to solve this system:

8x+5y = 2
2x-4y = -10

SOLUTION
Solution: Evaluate the determinant of the coefficient matrix

8 5
= −32 −10 = −42
2 −4

Apply cramer’s rule since the determinant is not zero.

2 5
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−10 −4 −8 − (−50) 42
x= = = = −1
−42 −42 −42
8 2
2 −10 −80 − 4 −84 The solution is (-1,2)
y= = = =2
−42 −42 −42

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CRAMER”S RULE FOR A 3´3

SYSTEM
Let A be the co-efficient matrix of the linear system:
ax+by+cz= j, dx+ey+fz= k, and gx+hy+iz=l.

IF det A ≠0, then the system has exactly one solution.

The solution is:

j b c a j c a b j
k e f d k f d e k
l h i g l i g h l
x= ,y = ,z =
det A det A det A

EXAMPLE

The atomic weights of three compounds are shown. Use a

linear system and Cramer’s rule to find the atomic weights
of carbon(C ), hydrogen(H), and oxygen(O).

Compound Formula Atomic weight

Methane CH4 16

Glycerol C3H8O3 92

Water H2O 18

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SOLUTION

Write a linear system using the formula for each compound

C + 4H = 16
3C+ 8H + 3O = 92
2H + O =18

Evaluate the determinant of the coefficient matrix.

1 4 0
3 8 3 = (8 + 0 + 0) − (0 + 6 +12) = −10
0 2 1

SOLUTION

Apply cramer’s rule since determinant is not zero.

16 4 0
92 8 3
18 2 1 −120
C= = = 12 Atomic weight of carbon = 12
−10 −10
1 16 0
3 92 3

H=
0 18 1 −10
= =1
Atomic weight of hydrogen =1
−10 −10
1 4 16
3 8 92

O=
0 2 18 −160
= = 16
Atomic weight of oxygen =16
−10 −10

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IDENTITY AND INVERSE

MATRICES

IDENTITY MATIX

2´2 IDENTITY MATRIX 3´3 IDENTITY MATRIX

⎡1 0 0⎤
⎡1 0⎤ ⎢ ⎥
I =⎢ ⎥ I = ⎢0 1 0⎥
⎣0 1⎦ ⎢⎣0 0 1⎥⎦

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INVERSE MATRIX

The inverse of the matrix

⎡a b⎤
A =⎢ ⎥
⎣c d ⎦
is
1 ⎡ d −b⎤
A −1 = ⎢ ⎥
A ⎣−c a ⎦
1 ⎡ d −b⎤
A −1 = ⎢ ⎥
ad − cb ⎣−c a ⎦
provided
ad − cb ≠ 0

EXAMPLE

Find the inverse of

⎡ 3 1⎤
A =⎢ ⎥
⎣4 2⎦

Solution:
⎡ −1⎤
€
1 2 −1 1 2 −1 ⎢ 1
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
2⎥
A−1 = ⎢ ⎥= ⎢ ⎥=⎢
6 − 4 ⎣−4 3 ⎦ 2 ⎣−4 3 ⎦ ⎢−2 3⎥
⎥
⎣ 2⎦

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CHECK THE SOLUTION

Show
AA −1 = I = A −1 A
⎡ 1⎤
⎡ 3 1⎤⎢ 1 − ⎥ ⎡1 0⎤
2 =
⎢ ⎥⎢ 3 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥,
⎣4 2⎦⎢−2 ⎥ ⎣0 1⎦
⎣ 2⎦
and
⎡ 1⎤
⎢ 1 − 2 ⎥⎡ 3 1⎤ ⎡1 0⎤
=
⎢ 3 ⎥⎢⎣4 2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 ⎥
1⎦
⎢−2 ⎥
⎣ 2⎦

SOLVING SYSTEMS USING

INVERSE MATRICES

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SOLVING A LINEAR SYSTEM

-3x + 4y = 5
2x - y = -10

Writing the original matrix equation.

A X B AX = B
⎡−3 4 ⎤⎡x⎤ ⎡ 5 ⎤ A-1AX= A-1B
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥ IX = A-1B
⎣ 2 −1⎦⎣y⎦ ⎣−10⎦ X = A-1B

USING INVERSE MATRIX TO

SOLVE THE LINEAR SYSTEM
-3x + 4y = 5
2x - y = -10

⎡1 4⎤
1 ⎡ −1 −4 ⎤ ⎢5 5⎥
A −1 = ⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ 2 3⎥
3 − 8 ⎣−2 −3⎦ ⎢ ⎥
⎣5 5⎦
⎡1 4⎤
⎢ ⎥⎡ 5 ⎤ ⎡−7⎤ ⎡x⎤
X = A −1 B = ⎢ 5 5 ⎥⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥
2 3 ⎣−10⎦ ⎣−4⎦ ⎣ y⎦
⎢ ⎥
⎣5 5⎦

Hence the solution of the system is (-7,-4)

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