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Lab Report Experiment 1 Pressure Measure-1

The document is a lab report that examines different pressure measurement methods. The objective was to demonstrate pressure measurement using U-tube, inclined tube manometers, and a Bourdon tube manometer. Readings were taken at different air volumes added to the manometers. Pressure increased linearly with increased weight applied to the Bourdon gauge. The experiment concluded pressure measurement techniques provide accurate results when uncertainties are considered.

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3K views6 pages

Lab Report Experiment 1 Pressure Measure-1

The document is a lab report that examines different pressure measurement methods. The objective was to demonstrate pressure measurement using U-tube, inclined tube manometers, and a Bourdon tube manometer. Readings were taken at different air volumes added to the manometers. Pressure increased linearly with increased weight applied to the Bourdon gauge. The experiment concluded pressure measurement techniques provide accurate results when uncertainties are considered.

Uploaded by

Pashew Pirot
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LAB REPORT

EXPERIMENT # 1

PRESSURE MEASUREMENT

PNGE 211: AN INTRODUCTION TO FLUID MECHANICS

Made By: Nabeel Ahmed Khan

Submitted To: Doruk Alp

Date of Submission: 15/04/16


OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this experiment is to demonstrate different pressure measurement methods. Pressure
measurement operations will be conducted by using U-tube and inclined tube manometers. Bourdon
tube manometer will be calibrated by using dead weight piston gauge.

THEORY
Pressure (symbol: p or P) is the force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit
area over which that force is distributed. It has units of N/m2 or Pa or psi.

The absolute pressure - pabs - is measured relative to the absolute zero pressure - the pressure that
would occur at absolute vacuum. All calculations involving the gas law requires pressure (and
temperature) to be in absolute units.

A gauge is often used to measure the pressure difference between a system and the surrounding
atmosphere. This pressure is often called the gauge pressure and can be expressed as

pg = ps - patm (2)

where

pg = gauge pressure

ps = system pressure

patm = atmospheric pressure

U-tube manometer is widely used to measure pressure difference between two containers or two points
in the system.

Bourdon pressure gage is one of the most commonly used devices. It operates on a principle that when
a pressure acts on an elastic structure, the structure will deform and this deformation can be related to
the magnitude of the pressure. It is most commonly used technique for fluids.

EQUIPMENTS TO BE USED
 U tube manometer
 Inclined Utube manometer
 Bourdon Gage Manometer
 Syringes.
Figure 1 Bourdon Gage Manometer

Procedure
We would measure the pressure changes in the U-tube and inclined U-tube manometer by applying air
pressure using syringe at different volumes i.e 1cc and 3cc

Moreover, we would take mean of the values obtained and use standard deviation to write the
experimental errors.

Standard Deviation is given by the following formula.


𝑁
1
𝜎=( ∑(𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥𝑚 )2 )1/2
𝑁−1
𝑖=1 𝑖

Figure 2 U and Incline Tube Manometers


CALCULATED DATA
Using U-tube and inclined U-tube manometer. (density of fluid is density of water = 1000kg/m3)

Table 1 Data for U tube manometers

U tube Manometer Pressure/ Inclined U tube Pressure/


∆h (mm) bars Manometer bars
∆h (mm)
-3
x mean value 10 x±𝞼 mean value
69 65.79
69 68.65
1cc Syringe 66 66.4±2.61 6.51±2.61 65.79 67.106±1.29 6.58±1.29
63 67.65
65 67.65
199 200.21
195 197.48
3cc syringe 196 195.6±2.07 19.19±2.07 201.21 200.758±2.59 19.69±2.59
194 204.68
194 200.21
Using Bourdon gage

Table 2 Data for Bourdon gage

Sample weight/g P calculated P label(bar) P reading(bar) P(corrected)/


weight (bar) (bar)
0 0 - - 0.30 ± 0.025 0.0 ± 0.025
Carrier 519 0.45 0.44 ± 0.025 0.14 ± 0.025
1 191.4 0.166 0.166 ± 0.002 0.60 ± 0.025 0.16± 0.025
2 574.9 0.4987 0.50 ± 0.002 0.94 ± 0.025 0.50 ± 0.025
3 (191.4+574.9) 0.6647 0.666 ± 0.004 1.10 ± 0.025 0.66 ± 0.025
4 (573.9+574.9) 0.9965 1.00 ± 0.004 1.43 ± 0.025 0.99 ± 0.025
5 (573.9+574.9+570.8) 1.4916 1.50 ± 0.006 1.92 ± 0.025 1.48 ± 0.025
unknown x - - 0.94 ± 0.025 0.50 ± 0.025
P(calculated) = Force/Area ,

Force is in N, (mass times the gravitational acceleration)

Area is in m2

Some important information:

Density of the fluid = density of the water Inclination angle = 60o \


Diameter of the piston = 12 mm
Weight of the carrier = 519 g
Uncertainty in electronic scale = ±0.05

Uncertainty in Bourdon gage = ±0.025


ANALYSIS

1) Table1 shows a comparison between the pressure changes in the manometer when we apply
external air pressure by inserting 1cc and 3cc air. Pressure is measured as p= ρg∆h in Pascal.
We can clearly see from the table that as the volume of air added increases the pressure change
in the manometer increases for both the manometers. We know from theory that the inclined U
tube manometer gives greater accuracy in finding the readings as it has smaller calibrations.
2) We can draw a curve of P(corrected) against the weight to obtain a linear relationship. And also
we could read the value of the unknown weight from the graph.

P(corrected) Vs. weight


1.6
1.48
1.4

1.2
p(corrected)

1 0.99
(bars)

0.8
0.66
0.6
0.5
0.4

0.2 0.16
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Weight (kg)

The weight that is on the x-axis of the graph is the accumulated weight which also includes the weight of
the carrier (piston).

From this graph we can see that the pressure is increasing linearly with the increase in weight. The
values of the uncertainties have been shown in the graph as well with the help of error bars. The linear
relationship is what we had expected it to be since pressure is force over area and as the force increases
on a particular area, the pressure increases. We can also see from Table 2 that the values that we
obtained through calculations and those written on their labels are almost the same as the values that
we have obtained through the Bourdon Gage. In our calculations we have subtracted the value of the
pressure created due to the piston and have found the actual pressures due to the weights.

Moreover, one unknown weight was also tested and it gave us a pressure reading of 0.5 ± 0.025 bars
and from the graph we can see that weight reading is 1.1 kg, hence the weight of the unknown is (1.09-
0.519) = 0.571 kg or 571g.
CONCLUSION
It can be concluded that pressure measurement using manometers is a very widely used technique and
gives us accurate results. We have seen from our readings that the expected values and the obtained
values were very much similar and small differences could be attributed to experimental errors. One
thing that we had to keep in mind using the Bourdon Gage Manometer that the scale reading has an
initial calibration error of 0.3 bars which could be a result of air bubble present in the linings of the
piston. It was a short experiment and did not require many efforts. More than three manometer
readings were taken so as to take mean of a larger number of values to make the results as reliable as
possible. We also included uncertainties in our calculations which make results more accurate.

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